ÿWPC¤  ‰Fˆaçéò¥Í“†‰²Ī+A>’Šfà:~¸u‡ô™W9w:qÖáÙec*šîøR¸sBÖ%yÌÆÑY=ö²°ï€Ó?+N›ôV&øÄ¥Ê-7lýTò«ª&ÎÅdÕ $^«„døñe%iª¬%0é“þ1C(£³,[\Â7¼Sýg6ËÀz÷)Ûò†±Wv ÖÅþSsÁNA«¬1ƒÍ>÷AæÓüÖA¤Î„ùe¥Z#ÁìUN­ %û 0: ^ ; wG 4K _ n mp p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p B‡ ˜HP LaserJet 6P/6MP - Standard,ä,,,,,ä0&Öd9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(ûœ$¡¡ÔUKUS.,Ô2{ô* Äpì*ê:i¢Ø+003|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ dÝ ƒûœ!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òHUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEEÐ ° ÐÌòòSingh€v.€CanadaóóÐ à ÐÌCommunication€No.€761/1997**Ð pÀ ÐÌ29€July€1997Ð P   ÐÌÔ_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/60/D/761/1997*Ð 0 € ÐÌòòóóÌADMISSIBILITYó óÐ P  ÐÌÌòòòòSubmitted€byóó:€€Ô_ÔRanjitÔ_Ô€SinghÐ Ð  ÐÌòòVictimóó:€€The€authorÐ ° ÐÌòòState€partyóó:€CanadaÐ à ÐÌòòDate€of€communicationóó:€€20€January€1995€(initial€submission)óóÐ pÀ ÐÌÌòòÓ  ÓThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,€established€under€article€28€of€the€International€Covenant€on€CivilÐ @ Ðand€Political€Rights,Ð 0€ ÐÌòòMeetingóó€on€29€July€1997,Ð ` ÐÌòòAdoptsóó€the€following:Ð ð@ ÐÓ{ÓÌÌòòÓ  Óò òDecision€on€admissibilityó óóóÐ À! ÐÓ¢ÓÌÌÓ  Ó1.€€The€author€of€the€communication€is€Ô_ÔRanjitÔ_Ô€Singh,€a€Canadian€citizen€residing€in€Edmonton,Ð $à" ÐCanada.€€In€his€submission,€the€author€claims€to€be€victim€of€a€violation€of€articles€7,€14,€paragraphsÐ €%Ð # Ð2€and€3€(a),€17€and€26€of€the€Covenant.Ð p&À!$ ÐÌòòThe€facts€as€submitted€by€the€authoróóÐ P( #& ÐÌ2.1€€On€29€April€1986,€the€author€was€dismissed€from€a€graduate€training€course€in€CommunicativeÐ 0*€%( ÐDisorders€at€the€University€of€Western€Ontario,€after€having€spent€two€years€in€this€programme.€€TheÐ  +p&) Ðgrounds€for€dismissal€invoked€by€the€Department€of€Communicative€Disorders€were€communicatedÐ ,`'* Ðto€the€author€during€a€meeting€with€the€Department€Graduate€Committee€on€29€April€1986:€theyÐ -P(+ Ðrelate€to€repeated€occurrences€of€hostile,€abusive€and€threatening€behaviour€on€the€part€of€the€authorÐ ð-@), Ðvis„„vis€various€individuals€working€within€the€Department,€as€well€as€the€insufficient€clinicalÐ ° Ðgrades€the€author€had€received€for€his€studies€(69%),€when€70%€is€the€passing€grade€for€clinicalÐ  ð ÐÔ_ÔpracticumÔ_Ô€courses€in€the€Department€òò1óó/.€€However,€the€author€claims€that€the€real€grounds€for€hisÐ à Ðdismissal€relate€to€an€incident€which€happened€on€27€April€1986,€when€the€office€of€the€instructorÐ €Ð Ðin€the€training€course€was€deliberately€set€on€fire€as€he€was€sleeping€in€it,€after€his€house€had€beenÐ pÀ Ðgutted€by€fire€a€month€earlier.€€According€to€the€author,€he€was€suspected€from€the€Department€toÐ ` ° Ðbe€responsible€for€the€incident,€although€he€was€never€formally€charged€with€a€criminal€offence.Ð P   ÐÌ2.2€€On€7€May€1986,€the€author€submitted€a€file€setting€out€the€details€of€his€case€to€the€Dean€of€theÐ 0 € ÐFaculty€€of€Graduate€Studies,€and€asked€for€an€appeal€hearing€against€the€decision€of€the€DepartmentÐ  p  ÐGraduate€Committee.€€The€Department€of€Communicative€Disorders€was€requested€to€set€out€itsÐ `  Ðposition;€in€the€latterððs€submission€to€the€Dean€of€the€Faculty€of€Graduate€Studies,€three€majorÐ P  Ðfactors€were€considered€by€the€Department€before€the€decision€to€dismiss€the€author€from€theÐ ð@  Ðprogramme,€namely€(1)€his€failing€grade€for€the€clinical€Ô_ÔpracticumÔ_Ô;€(2)€his€highly€defensive€andÐ à0  Ðconfrontational€attitude€towards€faculty€members;€and€(3)€his€hostile,€abusive€and€aggressiveÐ Ð  Ðbehaviour€towards€some€members€of€the€faculty,€which€on€two€occasions€included€statements€thatÐ À Ðwere€taken€as€threats€to€the€safety€and€physical€integrity€of€Department€staff,€their€families€andÐ ° Ðpossessions.Ð  ð ÐÌ2.3€€The€author€and€members€of€the€Department€of€Communicative€Disorders€were€heard€by€an€òòadÐ €Ð Ðhocóó€Committee€on€18€and€24€June€1986.€€Two€days€later,€the€author€received€a€letter€from€the€DeanÐ pÀ Ðof€the€Faculty€of€Graduate€Studies,€notifying€him€that€the€Committee€had€unanimously€rejected€hisÐ `° Ðpetition€for€reinstatement,€on€the€grounds€that€the€authorððs€academic€performance€had€beenÐ P  Ðborderline€in€1984„85€(71.8%);€that€difficulties€had€emerged€when€supervisors€attempted€to€provideÐ @ Ðfeedback€and€corrections€on€his€activities;€and€that€the€author€failed€to€achieve€a€passing€grade€in€hisÐ 0€ ÐOral€Rehabilitation€programme.€The€author,€arguing€that€in€this€decision,€the€grounds€for€hisÐ  p Ðexpulsion€from€the€programme€had€been€fabricated€as€purely€academic€by€the€òòad€hocóó€Committee,Ð ` Ðpetitioned€the€Senate€Review€Board€Academic,€which€held€a€hearing€on€3€October€1986.€€TheÐ P Ðauthorððs€petition€was€denied€by€the€Review€Board,€thus€concluding€the€appeal€hearings€within€theÐ ð@ ÐUniversity€appeal€process.Ð à0 ÐÌ2.4€€On€11€January€1989,€the€author,€through€counsel,€filed€a€statement€of€claim€against€theÐ À! ÐUniversity€and€14€individual€defendants€with€the€Supreme€Court€of€Ontario,€which€dismissed€theÐ °"  Ðauthorððs€claims€on€19€August€1992,€on€the€grounds€that€the€court€was€not€satisfied€that€theÐ  #ð! Ðdefendants€acted€with€malice€toward€the€plaintiff,€and€thus€that€the€decision€reached€by€the€FacultyÐ $à" Ðwas€based€on€injurious€falsehoods.€€Nevertheless,€the€Court,€taking€into€account€medical€reportsÐ €%Ð # Ðstating€that€the€authorððs€current€condition€resulted€from€his€forced€withdrawal€from€the€audiologyÐ p&À!$ Ðtraining€programme,€assessed€non„pecuniary€general€damages€to€the€author€at€40,000€Canadian€$,Ð `'°"% Ðbut€condemned€the€plaintiff€to€pay€the€costs€to€the€defendants,€for€an€amount€of€28,184€CanadianÐ P( #& Ð$.€€The€author€appealed€this€decision€to€the€Court€of€Appeal€for€Ontario,€which€dismissed€the€appealÐ @)$' Ðon€18€October€1993,€on€the€grounds€that€the€University€followed€its€proper€procedures€and€appliedÐ 0*€%( Ðits€usual€standards;€and€that€the€trial€judge€had€found,€on€the€evidence€before€him,€that€there€wasÐ  +p&) Ðsufficient€factual€foundation€to€justify€the€Universityððs€decision.€€The€Supreme€Court€of€CanadaÐ ,`'* Ðdismissed€the€authorððs€application€for€Leave€to€Appeal€on€5€May€1994.Ð -P(+ ÐÐ ð-@), Ð2.5€€On€6€May€1996,€the€author€applied€to€the€Court€of€Queenððs€Bench€of€Alberta€to€set€aside€theÐ ° Ðregistration€of€legal€costs€ordered€against€him€by€the€Supreme€Court€of€Ontario,€which€denied€theÐ  ð Ðapplication€on€the€grounds€that€Alberta€courts€must€give€full€faith€and€credit€to€the€decision€takenÐ à Ðby€the€Ontario€Court€of€Appeal,€which€properly€evaluated€all€the€evidence€in€the€case.Ð €Ð ÐÌòòThe€complaintóóÐ ` ° ÐÌ3.1€€The€author€claims€to€be€a€victim€of€a€violation€of€his€human€rights€by€the€Canadian€judiciaryÐ @  Ðand€the€University€of€Western€Ontario,€and€invokes€articles€7,€14,€paragraphs€2€and€3(a),€17€and€26Ð 0 € Ðof€the€Covenant.Ð  p  ÐÌ3.2€€The€author€alleges€that,€being€suspected€by€the€University€of€Western€Ontario€of€havingÐ P  Ðcommitted€a€serious€criminal€offence,€he€was€expelled€from€the€University,€with€lastingÐ ð@  Ðconsequences€for€his€professional€and€private€life,€in€violation€of€article€14,€paragraph€2,€of€theÐ à0  ÐCovenant.€€He€claims€that,€since€he€was€never€formally€charged€with€any€criminal€offence,€he€wasÐ Ð  Ðdenied€the€opportunity€to€defend€himself€from€the€Universityððs€suspicions,€in€breach€of€article€14,Ð À Ðparagraph€3(a),€of€the€Covenant.Ð ° ÐÌ3.3€€By€reference€to€a€letter€dated€14€May€1986€from€an€employee€of€the€University,€which€retracesÐ à Ðthe€authorððs€alleged€history€of€violence,€including€stabbing€and€his€being€characterized€as€aÐ €Ð Ðdangerous€psychopath€by€a€member€of€the€University€of€Alberta€where€he€was€a€former€student,€andÐ pÀ Ðwhich€was€admitted€as€evidence€in€the€Canadian€courts,€the€author€contends€that€these€falseÐ `° Ðstatements€greatly€injured€him€in€his€character,€credit,€reputation€in€the€community,€in€violation€ofÐ P  Ðarticle€17€of€the€Covenant.€€They€are€said€to€have€caused€a€loss€of€status€and€a€loss€of€employmentÐ @ Ðopportunities.Ð 0€ ÐÌ3.4€€The€author€claims€that€a€confusion€in€some€of€the€University€membersðð€minds€between€anotherÐ ` Ðman€named€Singh€involved€in€the€bombing€of€a€transatlantic€flight,€and€his€being€regularlyÐ P Ðconsidered€as€a€Sikh,€were€the€reasons€for€his€being€investigated€and€regarded€as€the€perpetrator€ofÐ ð@ Ðserious€criminal€offences.€€According€to€the€author,€his€ethnic€origin€was€thus€a€principal€reason€forÐ à0 Ðthe€treatment€he€received,€contrary€to€article€26€of€the€Covenant.Ð Ð  ÐÌ3.5€€Finally,€the€author€claims€that€the€State€partyððs€failure€to€provide€social€security€to€himself€andÐ °"  Ðhis€dependent€children,€while€he€is€unable€to€sustain€his€family€as€a€consequence€of€his€forcedÐ  #ð! Ðwithdrawal€from€the€University,€constitutes€inhuman€and€degrading€treatment,€in€violation€of€articleÐ $à" Ð7€of€the€Covenant.Ð €%Ð # ÐÌòòAdmissibility€considerationsóóÐ `'°"% ÐÌ4.1€€Before€considering€any€claims€contained€in€a€communication€the€Human€Rights€CommitteeÐ @)$' Ðmust,€in€accordance€with€rule€87€of€its€rules€of€procedure,€decide€whether€or€not€it€is€admissibleÐ 0*€%( Ðunder€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€Covenant.Ð  +p&) ÐÌ4.2€€The€Committee€notes€that€the€majority€of€the€authorððs€claims€relate€to€the€evaluation€of€facts€andÐ -P(+ Ðevidence€in€his€case€by€the€authorities€of€the€University€of€Western€Ontario€and€the€Canadian€courts,Ð ð-@), Ðwhich€were€seized€of€the€authorððs€grievances.€€It€recalls€that€it€is€primarily€for€the€courts€of€StatesÐ ° Ðparties€to€the€Covenant€and€the€appellate€instances€of€States€parties€to€the€Covenant€to€evaluate€theÐ  ð Ðfacts€and€evidence€in€any€particular€case.€€It€is€not€for€the€Committee€to€review€such€evaluation€ofÐ à Ðfacts€and€evidence€by€the€domestic€tribunals,€unless€it€can€be€ascertained€that€the€domestic€judgesÐ €Ð Ðmanifestly€violated€their€obligation€of€impartiality€or€otherwise€acted€arbitrarily,€or€that€the€courtsððÐ pÀ Ðverdict(s)€amounted€to€a€denial€of€justice.€€On€the€basis€of€the€material€before€the€Committee,€thereÐ ` ° Ðis€no€indication€that€the€State€partyððs€tribunals€seized€of€the€case€acted€in€any€way€that€would€haveÐ P   Ðbeen€contrary€to€article€14.€€Both€the€Supreme€Court€of€Ontario€and€the€Court€of€Appeal€for€Ontario,Ð @  Ðas€well€as€the€Court€of€Queenððs€Bench€of€Alberta,€heard€the€authorððs€grievances€in€some€detail€andÐ 0 € Ðdismissed€them€as€without€merits,€giving€reasoned€decisions.€€The€fact€that€these€decisions€wentÐ  p  Ðagainst€the€author€and€that€the€author€continues€to€express€dissatisfaction€with€them€does€not,€òòperÐ `  Ðseóó,€raise€an€issue€under€the€Covenant.€€Accordingly,€this€part€of€the€communication€is€inadmissibleÐ P  Ðas€incompatible€with€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant.Ð ð@  ÐÌ4.3€€The€author€has€claimed€that€the€decisions€against€him€taken€by€the€University€of€WesternÐ Ð  ÐOntario€and€the€Canadian€judiciary€amount€to€violations€of€articles€7,€14,€paragraphs€2€and€3(a),€17Ð À Ðand€26€of€the€Covenant.€€The€Committee€considers€that€on€the€basis€of€the€material€submitted€by€theÐ ° Ðauthor,€no€issues€under€these€provisions€arise€in€the€instant€case.€€Firstly,€there€is€no€evidence€in€anyÐ  ð Ðof€the€impugned€decisions,€whether€they€are€by€university€authorities€or€Canadian€tribunals,€that€theÐ à Ðauthor€was€treated€differently€from€other€Canadian€citizens€on€account€of€his€ethnic€origin.€Ð €Ð ÐSecondly,€the€Committee€considers€that€the€non„provision€of€social€security€services€to€the€authorÐ pÀ Ðor€to€his€family€after€his€withdrawal€from€the€University€of€Western€Ontario€raises€no€issues€underÐ `° Ðarticle€7.€€Thirdly,€since€the€author€was€never€implicated€in€any€offence,€there€can€be€no€question€ofÐ P  Ða€violation€of€the€presumption€of€innocence€and€of€guarantees€of€the€defence€protected€by€article€14,Ð @ Ðparagraph€3.€€Finally,€the€Committee€observes€that€the€conduct€of€judicial€proceedings€in€accordanceÐ 0€ Ðwith€the€requirements€of€article€14€does€not€raise€issues€under€article€17€of€the€Covenant.€Ð  p ÐAccordingly,€in€respect€of€all€of€the€above€allegations,€the€author€has€failed€to€advance€a€claimÐ ` Ðwithin€the€meaning€of€article€2€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€Ð P ÐÌ5.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee€therefore€decides:Ð à0 ÐÌ(a)€€that€the€communication€is€inadmissible;Ð À! ÐÌ(b)€€that€this€decision€be€communicated€to€the€author€and,€for€information,€to€the€State€party.Ð  #ð! ÐÌÌ______________________Ð p&À!$ Ð*/€Made€public€by€decision€of€the€Human€Rights€CommitteeÐ `'°"% ÐÌòò*óó/€The€following€members€of€the€Committee€participated€in€the€examination€of€the€presentÐ @)$' Ðcommunication:€Mr.€Ô_ÔNisukeÔ_Ô€Ando,€Mr.€Ô_ÔPrafullachandraÔ_Ô€N.€Ô_ÔBhagwatiÔ_Ô,€Mr.€Thomas€Ô_ÔBuergenthalÔ_Ô,€Ms.Ð 0*€%( ÐChristine€Ô_ÔChanetÔ_Ô,€Lord€Ô_ÔColvilleÔ_Ô,€Ms.€Elizabeth€Evatt,€Ms.€Pilar€Ô_ÔGaitanÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔPomboÔ_Ô,€Mr.€Ô_ÔEckartÔ_Ô€Klein,Ð  +p&) ÐMr.€David€Ô_ÔKretzmerÔ_Ô,€Mr.€Ô_ÔRajsoomerÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔLallahÔ_Ô,€Ms.€Cecilia€Medina€Ô_ÔQuirogaÔ_Ô,€Mr.€Fausto€Ô_ÔPocarÔ_Ô€and€Mr.Ð ,`'* ÐMartin€Ô_ÔScheininÔ_Ô.Ð -P(+ ÐÐ ð-@), Ðòò**óó/€Pursuant€to€rule€85€of€the€Committeeððs€rules€of€procedure,€Mr.€Maxwell€Ô_ÔYaldenÔ_Ô€did€notÐ ° Ðparticipate€in€the€examination€of€the€case.Ð  ð ÐÌòò1óó/€The€letter€from€the€Departmental€Graduate€Committee,€together€with€the€minutes€of€the€meetingÐ €Ð Ðbetween€the€author€and€the€Committee,€are€reprinted€in€a€book€entitled€ð ðBreach€of€Trustðð,€publishedÐ pÀ Ðby€the€author€and€attached€to€the€communication.Ð ` ° ÐÓ÷Ó