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w1.TheauthorofthecommunicationisMs.G.,aCanadiancitizen,bornon9May1949.Sheclaims $" tobeavictimofaviolationbyCanadaofarticles2,14(1),17(1)and26oftheCovenant,because % # ofdiscriminationrelatingtothecountryoforiginofheracademiccredentials. p&!$ Thefactsassubmitted P(#& 2.1TheauthorstatesthatsheobtainedaPh.D.ineducationalpsychologyfromtheUniversityof 0*%( Torontoin1976.Since1983shehasbeenrepeatedlyhiredforparttimetemporaryteachingbythe  +p&) DepartmentofPsychologyoftheUniversityofAlberta,buthasbeensystematicallyexcludedfrom ,`'* competitionforpermanentpositions,despitethefactthatshehaspublishedthreebooksand -P(+ numerousarticlesinacademicjournalsandthatshehasexcellentappraisalsforherteaching. -@), Ї2.2InJuly1993theauthorfiledacomplaintwiththeAlbertaHumanRightsCommissionfor  systemicdiscrimination.On28March1995,theCommissiondismissedthecomplaintanddeclined  toreferittoaBoardofInquiryforaformalinquiryonthebasisthattherewasnoevidenceofeither  specificdiscriminationorsystemicdiscriminationintheauthor'scase.On5July1996,theCourtof  Queen'sBenchdeniedtheapplicationforjudicialreviewandheldthattheCommissionhadno p jurisdictionovertheauthor'scomplaintsinceitrelatedtoagroundnotspecificallylistedunderthe `  AlbertaHumanRightslegislation.Sincethepartiesfailedtocometoanagreementoncosts,the P  Courtbydecisionof3February1997,orderedtheauthortopaycosts. @  2.3Onappeal,theCourtofAppealheldthatsystemicdiscrimination,ifestablished,ismerelypart  p  ofthebundleofevidencethatmayproveadverseimpactuponthecomplainant.Afterhaving `  revisitedtheevidencethatwasputbeforetheCommission,theCourtofAppealdecidedthatthe P  evidencewasnotsufficienttowarrantthecasetobedirectedtoaBoardofInquiry.TheCourtof @  Appealthereforeexpressednoopinionregardingthejurisdictionalquestionsthatwereraisedand 0  dismissedtheappeal.   2.4TheauthorstatesthatshedidnotappealtotheSupremeCourtbecausethatremedywasnotin  practiceavailabletoherbecauseofherlackoffinancialmeans.Shealsostatesthattheoutcomeof  thecase,ifshewouldwin,wouldbethatthecasewouldbereferredbackforconsiderationtothe  AlbertaHumanRightsTribunal,whosemembersareemployeesoftheAlbertaHumanRights  Commission.Moreover,suchaprocedurewouldbeseriouslyprolongedintime. p Thecomplaint P 3.1Theauthorclaimsthatshehasbeendiscriminatedagainstonthebasisoftheoriginofherdegree, 0 becauseCanadianuniversities,includingtheUniversityofAlberta,prefertohireacademicswitha  p degreefromauniversityintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.Theauthorarguesthatdiscriminationon ` originofcredentialsasaruleexcludesgroupsonthebasisoftheirplaceoforigin,asmostpeople P willreceivetrainingthere.Sheclaimsthatthecountryoriginofeducationalcredentialsisapersonal @ characteristicforwhichdiscriminationisprohibited. 0 3.2TheauthorfurthercomplainsaboutunequaltreatmentbytheAlbertaHumanRights ! Commission,theCourtandtheAppealCourtinrelationtohercomplaint.Inthiscontext,shestates "  thattherewassufficientprimafacieevidenceofsystemicdiscrimination,yettheHumanRights #! CommissionrefusedtoreferhercasetoaBoardofInquiryforinvestigation.Shefurthercomplains $" thattheCommissionrestatedhercase,andchangeditfromasystemicdiscriminationcomplaintto % # oneofindividualadverseimpactdiscrimination.ShealsocomplainsthattheCourtofQueen'sBench p&!$ inrefusingherapplicationforjudicialreviewdeniedhertheopportunitytohavehercase `'"% adjudicated.ShealsochallengestheCourt'sdecisiontoawardcoststotheUniversity,becausethe P(#& casewasacaseofreviewagainstadecisionoftheAlbertaHumanRightsCommissionandnot @)$' againsttheUniversity(whosedecisionsarenotsubjecttojudicialreviewunderCanadianlaw).As 0*%( tothehearingofhercomplaintbytheAlbertaCourtofAppeal,theauthorstatesthattheCourtmet  +p&) twicewithdifferentlyconstitutedpanels,andthatatthefirsthearingagreementwasreachedthather ,`'* complaintwaswithinthejurisdictionoftheHumanRightsCommission.However,accordingtothe -P(+ author,thispanelwasdissolvedwithoutreasongivenandafteranewhearingbythesecondpanel -@), theCourtdismissedtheappeal.ShealsoclaimsthattheCourtofAppealfailedtoapplytherelevant  caselawandthatitsinterpretationoftheAlbertaHumanRightsProtectionActwasinconsistentwith  theCanadianCharter.ShefurtherclaimsthattheCourtofAppealexceededitsjurisdictionby  substitutingitsownopinionforthatoftheCommissionwithoutfirstdecidingonthejurisdictionof  theCommission.Theauthorstatesthattheendresultwasthatshewasprecludedfromanyjudicial p remedywithouteverhavinghersystemicdiscriminationcomplaintadjudicated. `  3.3Theauthoralsoclaimsthattheaboveconstitutesdefamationofhercharacterandreputation.In @  thiscontext,shealsocomplainsaboutanallegedlydefamatoryletterwhichiskeptinherfileatthe 0  AlbertaUniversity,andwhichtheUniversityrefusestoremove,unlessshesignsanagreementto  p  endalllitigation. `  IssuesandproceedingsbeforetheCommittee @  4.1Beforeconsideringanyclaimcontainedinacommunication,theHumanRightsCommittee   must,inaccordancewithrule87ofitsrulesofprocedure,decidewhetherornotitisadmissible  undertheOptionalProtocoltotheCovenant.  4.2Withregardtotheauthor'sclaimunderarticle26,theCommitteenotesthattheauthorclaims  thatshehasbeendiscriminatedagainstonaccountoftheoriginofheracademicdegree.The  Committeenotesthattheauthor'sclaimofdiscriminationwasexaminedbytheCourtofAppealand p thattheCourtfoundthattheevidencewasnotsufficienttomakeafindingofdiscrimination.Inthe ` opinionoftheCommittee,theauthorhasfailedtosubstantiate,forpurposesofadmissibility,that P theCourt'sfindingwasmanifestlyarbitraryoramountedtoadenialofjustice.Itisthereforenotfor @ theCommitteetoreevaluatethefactsinthepresentcase.Thispartofthecommunicationis 0 thereforeinadmissibleasincompatiblewiththeprovisionsoftheCovenant,underarticle3ofthe  p OptionalProtocol. ` 4.3TheCommitteenotesthattheauthor'sclaimsunderarticle14oftheCovenantrelatemainlyto @ theevaluationoffactsandevidenceaswellastotheinterpretationofdomesticlaw.TheCommittee 0 recallsthatitisingeneralforthecourtsofStatesparties,andnotfortheCommittee,toevaluatethe   factsinaparticularcaseandtointerpretdomesticlegislation.TheinformationbeforetheCommittee ! andtheargumentsadvancedbytheauthordonotshowthattheCourts'evaluationofthefactsand "  theirinterpretationofthelawweremanifestlyarbitraryoramountedtoadenialofjustice.Thisclaim #! isthereforeinadmissibleunderarticles2and3oftheOptionalProtocol. $" 4.4Withregardtotheauthor'sclaimthattheCourtofAppealfirstheardherclaiminadifferent p&!$ composition,andthatthepanelwassubsequentlydissolved,afterwhichanewhearingwasheldby `'"% adifferentpanel,theCommitteenotesthatthisisabareallegationmadebytheauthorandthatshe P(#& hasnotdoneanythingtoexhaustdomesticremediesinconnectionwiththisclaim.Theclaimis @)$' thereforeinadmissibleunderarticle5(2)(b)oftheOptionalProtocol. 0*%( 4.5TheCommitteeconsidersthattheauthorhasfailedtosufficientlysubstantiate,forpurposesof ,`'* admissibility,thatshewasavictimofaviolationofarticle17oftheCovenant.Moreover,itappears -P(+ thattheauthorhasfailedtoexhaustdomesticremediesinconnectionwiththisclaim.Thisclaimis -@), thereforeinadmissibleunderarticles2and5(2)(b)oftheOptionalProtocol.  5.TheHumanRightsCommitteedecides:  (a)Thatthecommunicationisinadmissibleunderarticles2,3and5(2)(b)oftheOptionalProtocol; p (b)Thatthisdecisionshallbecommunicatedtotheauthorand,forinformation,totheStateparty. P  _______________ 0  *ThefollowingmembersoftheCommitteeparticipatedintheexaminationofthepresent `  communication:Mr._Abdelfattah_ԀAmor,Mr._Nisuke_ԀAndo,Mr._P.N._Ԁ_Bhagwati_,Ms.Christine P  _Chanet_,Lord_Colville_,Ms.ElizabethEvatt,Mr.Louis_Henkin_,Mr._Eckart_ԀKlein,Mr.David @  _Kretzmer_,Mr._Rajsoomer_Ԁ_Lallah_,Ms.CeciliaMedina_Quiroga_,Mr.Martin_Scheinin_,Mr._Hip;;lito_ 0  _Solari_Ԁ_Yrigoyen_,Mr.Roman_Wieruszewski_,andMr._Abdallah_Ԁ_Zakhia_.   [AdoptedinEnglishFrenchandSpanish,theEnglishtextbeingtheoriginalversion.Subsequently  tobetranslatedalsoinArabic,ChineseandRussianaspartoftheCommittee'sannualreporttothe  GeneralAssembly.]