’WPC5 @-'Ż=ēv· ¹¤ā(޲TüVÖ厅s{Āb šdh/‹‡āõc©ÕHöʹ0p5I*³ĻZ„5ÅāRęņw§‹·‘I4ź~“D^;^*UJo&źĆ˜ĢHżL‰DOͰ-ūę4©ōęĘÖ5ńœ—i¼…Ų"Ōķ» ²tŠ•?ŽDaxēŹ$d° „„OÄŠē±Ć¹ŽŹ®Ks{ŲŁ„ŻĮŃ˜ńœO\®ß ČÓ,.6™Q|ĮČ ˜ś“44rZ%­ÖU&Ī!œę &g;8ī5šéæ›k«¢ø*ŗ”ūb“Ƨ6Ńī”f·—$L ³påFl²sPg‰ąÕõĖŽ4·¾ęųV+ü¬œmn"Ū4!äpį*r{×Jų`Ä*C’OĀɽüfż€_2z”3(ŠigäŲ¼ztś‘›żóI3Ö§”Ģh;ļ¬y£;(ŠŻ¶XOä ą7­±7=qųóļZŸ:ńń^l4ų·#ˆ›&éčÜŗ¶žŚŁŅ×aܳŸ-ż ½ƒā+[QX$.³7gŅLB’ĆtR 1pÉņ$5ūŁuĮGŖ«}Y¤™†Ā ]‰0IZµl—PŠIŒ Z®lˆ70xŌé #ĮšUN[ %© 0:Æ^ éwõ4ł  m˜HP LaserJet 6P/6MP - StandardČŠššČŠ0(ČhH  Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(ūœ$””ŌUKUS.,Ōz•), tQ+8t„cs‡ 3|x’U‹’ĄĄĄŻ ƒūœ!ŻŌUKUS.,ŌŻ  ŻŌ_Ōņ ņHUMAN€RIGHTS€Ō_ŌCOMMITTEŌ_Ōó óŠ ° ŠĢņņņ ņRoss€v.€Canadaó óóóŠ ą ŠĢņ ņCommunication€No€736/1997Š pĄ ŠĢ18€October€2000Š P   ŠĢŌ_ŌCCPRŌ_Ō/C/70/D/736/1997Š 0 € ŠĢĢVIEWSŠ P  Šó óĢņņĢņņSubmitted€byóó:€€Malcolm€Ross€(represented€by€Douglas€H.€Christie,€legal€counsel)Š Š  ŠĢņņAlleged€victimóó:€€The€authorŠ ° ŠĢņņState€partyóó:€CanadaŠ ą ŠĢņņDate€of€communicationóó:€€1€May€1996Š pĄ ŠĢņņPrior€decisionsóó:€Special€Rapporteurššs€rule€91€decision,€transmitted€to€the€State€party€on€20Š P  Šą  ąą ` ą€January€1997€(not€issued€in€document€form)Š @ ŠóóĢĢą  ąņņThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,€established€under€article€28€of€the€International€CovenantŠ ` Šon€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€Š P ŠĢą  ąņņMeeting€onóó€18€October€2000,Š ą0 ŠĢņņą  ąHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€communication736/1997€submitted€to€the€HumanŠ Ą! ŠRights€Committee€by€€Malcolm€Ross€under€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€International€CovenantŠ °"  Šon€Civil€and€Political€Rights,Š  #š! ŠĢą  ąņņHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€written€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€author€of€theŠ €%Š # Šcommunication,€and€the€State€party,Š p&Ą!$ ŠĢĢÓ  ÓņņViews€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Optional€ProtocolóóŠ @)$' ŠÓ6ÓĢÓ  Ó1.€€The€author€of€the€communication€is€Malcolm€Ross,€a€Canadian€citizen.€He€claims€to€be€a€victimŠ  +p&) Šof€a€violation€by€Canada€of€articles€18€and€19€of€the€Covenant.€He€is€represented€by€counsel,€Mr.Š ,`'* ŠDouglas€H.€Christie.€Š -P(+ ŠŠ š-@), Їņ ņThe€facts€as€submitted€by€the€authoró óŠ ° ŠĢ2.1€€The€author€worked€as€a€modified€resource€teacher€for€remedial€reading€in€a€school€district€ofŠ ą ŠNew€Brunswick€from€September€1976€to€September€1991.€Throughout€this€period,€he€publishedŠ €Š Šseveral€books€and€pamphlets€and€made€other€public€statements,€including€a€television€interview,Š pĄ Šreflecting€controversial,€allegedly€religious€opinions.€His€books€concerned€abortion,€conflictsŠ ` ° Šbetween€Judaism€and€Christianity,€and€the€defence€of€the€Christian€religion.€Local€media€coverageŠ P   Šof€his€writings€contributed€to€his€ideas€gaining€notoriety€in€the€community.€€The€author€emphasisesŠ @  Šthat€his€publications€were€not€contrary€to€Canadian€law€and€that€he€was€never€prosecuted€for€theŠ 0 € Šexpression€of€his€opinions.€Furthermore,€all€writings€were€produced€in€his€own€time,€and€hisŠ  p  Šopinions€never€formed€part€of€his€teaching.€Š `  ŠĢ2.2€€Following€expressed€concern,€the€author's€in-class€teaching€was€monitored€from€1979€onwards.Š š@  ŠControversy€€around€the€author€grew€and,€as€a€result€of€publicly€expressed€concern,€the€SchoolŠ ą0  ŠBoard€on€16€March€1988,€€reprimanded€the€author€and€warned€him€that€continued€public€discussionŠ Š  Šof€his€views€could€lead€to€further€disciplinary€action,€including€dismissal.€He€was,€however,€allowedŠ Ą Što€continue€to€teach,€and€this€disciplinary€action€was€removed€from€his€file€in€September€1989.€OnŠ ° Š21€November€1989,€the€author€made€a€television€appearance€€and€was€again€reprimanded€by€theŠ  š ŠSchool€Board€on€30€November€1989.€Š ą ŠĢ2.3€€On€21€April€1988,€a€Mr.€David€Ō_ŌAttisŌ_Ō,€a€Jewish€parent,€whose€children€attended€another€schoolŠ pĄ Šwithin€the€same€School€District,€filed€a€complaint€with€the€Human€Rights€Commission€of€NewŠ `° ŠBrunswick,€alleging€that€the€School€Board,€by€failing€to€take€action€against€the€author,€condoned€hisŠ P  Šanti-Jewish€views€and€breached€section€5€€of€the€Human€Rights€Act€by€discriminating€against€JewishŠ @ Šand€other€minority€students.€This€complaint€ultimately€led€€to€the€sanctions€set€out€in€para€4.3€below.€Š 0€ ŠĢ3.1€€As€a€result€of€its€federal€structure,€Canada's€human€rights€law€is€bifurcated€between€the€federalŠ ` Šand€the€€provincial€jurisdictions.€Each€province,€as€well€as€the€federal€and€territorial€jurisdictions,Š P Šhas€enacted€human€rights€legislation.€The€details€of€the€different€legislative€regimes€may€differ,€butŠ š@ Štheir€overall€structure€and€contour€are€similar.€Š ą0 ŠĢ3.2€€According€to€the€State€party,€the€human€rights€codes€protect€Canadian€citizens€and€residentsŠ Ą! Šfrom€discrimination€in€numerous€areas,€including€employment,€accommodation€and€servicesŠ °"  Šprovided€to€the€public.€Any€individual€claiming€to€be€a€victim€of€discrimination€may€file€a€complaintŠ  #š! Šwith€the€relevant€human€rights€commission,€which€will€in€turn€inquire€into€the€complaint.€TheŠ $ą" Šburden€of€proof€to€be€met€by€the€complainant€is€the€civil€standard€based€on€a€balance€of€probabilities,Š €%Š # Šand€the€complainant€need€not€show€that€the€individual€intended€to€discriminate.€A€tribunal€appointedŠ p&Ą!$ Što€inquire€into€a€complaint€has€the€authority€to€impose€a€wide€range€of€remedial€orders,€but€has€noŠ `'°"% Šauthority€to€impose€penal€sanctions.€Individuals€concerned€about€speech€that€denigrates€particularŠ P( #& Šminorities€may€choose€to€file€a€complaint€with€a€human€rights€commission€rather€than€or€in€additionŠ @)$' Što€filing€a€complaint€with€the€police.€Š 0*€%( ŠĢ3.3€€The€complaint€against€the€School€Board€was€lodged€under€section€5(1)€of€the€New€BrunswickŠ ,`'* ŠHuman€Rights€Code.€This€section€reads:Š -P(+ ŠŌ_ŌŠ š-@), ŠÓŖÓÓ  Óą0  ą€No€person,€directly€or€indirectly,€alone€or€with€another,€by€himself€or€by€the€interpretationŠ ° Šof€another,€shallŠ š(#(# ŠĢą8  ąą0` Š Š ą(a)€deny€to€any€person€or€class€of€persons€with€respect€to€anyŠ €Š Šaccommodation,€services€or€facilities€available€to€the€public,€or€ŠpĄ` Š ` Š  ŠĢą0  ąą8` (#(#ą(b)€discriminate€against€any€person€or€class€of€persons€with€respect€€to€anyŠ P   Šaccommodation,€services€or€facilities€available€to€the€public,Š@ ` Š ` Š  ŠĢą0  ąbecause€of€race,€colour,€religion,€national€origin,€ancestry,€place€of€origin,€age,€physicalŠ  p  Šdisability,€mental€disability,€marital€status,€sexual€orientation€or€sex.Š` (#(# ŠÓrÓÓÓą  ąą ` ąą ø ąą  ąą h ąą Ą ąą  ąą p ąą Č ąą  ąą x ąą Š ąĢ3.4€€In€his€complaint,€Mr.€Ō_ŌAttisŌ_Ō€submitted€that€the€School€Board€had€violated€section€5€by€providingŠ š@  Šeducational€services€to€the€public€which€discriminated€on€the€basis€of€religion€and€ancestry€in€thatŠ ą0  Šthey€failed€to€take€adequate€measures€to€deal€with€the€author.€Under€section€20(1)€of€the€same€Act,Š Š  Šif€unable€to€effect€a€settlement€of€the€matter,€the€Human€Rights€Commission€may€appoint€a€boardŠ Ą Šof€inquiry€composed€of€one€or€more€persons€to€hold€an€inquiry.€The€board€appointed€to€examine€theŠ ° Šcomplaint€against€the€School€Board€made€its€orders€pursuant€to€section€20€(6.2)€of€the€same€Act,Š  š Šwhich€reads:Š ą ŠĢą0  ąWhere,€at€the€conclusion€of€an€inquiry,€the€Board€finds,€on€a€balance€of€probabilities,€thatŠ pĄ Ša€violation€of€this€Act€has€occurred,€it€may€order€any€party€found€to€have€violated€the€Act€Š`°(#(# ŠĢą0  ąą8` (#(#ą(a)€to€do,€or€refrain€from€doing,€any€act€or€acts€so€as€to€effect€complianceŠ @ Šwith€the€€Act,€Š0€` Š ` Š  ŠĢą  ąą ` ą(b)€to€rectify€any€harm€caused€by€the€violation€Š ` ŠĢą0  ąą8` (#(#ą(c)€to€restore€any€party€adversely€affected€by€the€violation€to€the€position€heŠ š@ Šwould€€have€been€in€but€for€the€violation,€Šą0` Š ` Š  ŠĢą0  ąą8` (#(#ą(d)€to€reinstate€any€party€who€has€been€removed€from€a€position€ofŠ Ą! Šemployment€in€violation€of€the€Act€Š°" ` Š ` Š  ŠĢą0  ąą8` (#(#ą(e)€to€compensate€any€party€adversely€affected€by€the€violation€for€anyŠ $ą" Šconsequent€expenditure,€financial€loss€or€deprivation€of€benefit,€in€suchŠ €%Š # Šamount€as€the€Board€€considers€just€and€appropriate,€€and€Šp&Ą!$` Š ` Š  ŠĢą0  ąą8` (#(#ą(f)€to€compensate€any€party€adversely€affected€by€the€violation€for€anyŠ P( #& Šconsequent€emotional€suffering,€including€that€resulting€from€injury€toŠ @)$' Šdignity,€feeling€or€self-respect,€in€such€amount€as€the€Board€considers€justŠ 0*€%( Šand€appropriate.Š +p&)` Š ` Š  ŠĢ3.5€€Since€1982,€the€Canadian€Charter€of€Rights€and€Freedoms€(š šthe€Charteršš)€has€been€part€of€theŠ -P(+ ŠCanadian€Constitution,€and€consequently€any€law€that€is€inconsistent€with€its€provisions€is,€to€theŠ š-@), Šextent€of€that€inconsistency,€of€no€force€or€effect.€The€Charter€applies€to€the€federal,€provincial€andŠ ° Šterritorial€governments€in€Canada,€with€respect€to€all€actions€of€those€governments,€whether€they€beŠ  š Šlegislative,€executive€or€administrative.€Provincial€human€rights€codes€and€any€orders€made€pursuantŠ ą Što€such€codes€are€subject€to€review€under€the€Charter.€The€limitation€of€a€Charter€right€may€beŠ €Š Šjustified€under€section€1€of€the€Charter,€if€the€Government€can€demonstrate€that€the€limitation€isŠ pĄ Šprescribed€by€law€and€is€justified€in€a€free€and€democratic€society.€Sections€1,€2(a)€and€2(b)€of€theŠ ` ° ŠCharter€provide:€Š P   ŠĢą0  ąš š1.€The€Canadian€Charter€of€Rights€and€Freedoms€guarantees€the€rights€and€freedoms€set€outŠ 0 € Šin€it€subject€only€to€such€reasonable€limits€prescribed€by€law€as€can€be€demonstrably€justifiedŠ  p  Šin€a€free€and€democratic€society.€Š` (#(# ŠĢą  ą2.€Everyone€has€the€following€fundamental€freedoms:Š š@  ŠĢą  ąą ` ą(a)€freedom€of€conscience€and€religion;€Š Š  ŠĢą0  ąą8` (#(#ą(b)€freedom€of€thought,€belief,€opinion€and€expression,€including€freedom€ofŠ ° Šthe€press€and€other€€media€of€communication;€š š€Š š` Š ` Š  ŠĢ3.6There€are€also€several€other€legislative€mechanisms€both€at€the€federal€and€provincial€level€to€dealŠ €Š Šwith€expressions€that€denigrate€particular€groups€in€Canadian€society.€For€example,€the€CriminalŠ pĄ ŠCode€prohibits€advocating€genocide,€the€public€incitement€of€hatred€and€the€willful€promotion€ofŠ `° Šhatred.€The€consent€of€the€Attorney€General€is€required€to€commence€a€prosecution€with€respect€toŠ P  Šthese€offences.€The€burden€of€proof€on€€the€Crown€is€to€demonstrate€that€the€accused€is€guiltyŠ @ Šbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt€and€the€Crown€must€prove€all€the€requisite€elements€of€the€offence,Š 0€ Šincluding€that€the€accused€possessed€the€requisite€mens€rea.€Š  p ŠĢņ ņThe€procedure€before€the€domestic€tribunals:€ó óŠ P ŠĢ4.1€€On€1€September€1988,€a€Human€Rights€Board€of€Inquiry€was€established€to€investigate€theŠ ą0 Šcomplaint.€In€€December€1990€and€continuing€until€the€spring€of€1991,€the€first€hearing€was€heldŠ Š  Šbefore€the€Board.€All€parties€were€represented€at€the€hearing€and,€according€to€the€State€party,€wereŠ Ą! Šgiven€full€opportunity€to€present€evidence€and€make€representations.€There€were€in€total€twenty-twoŠ °"  Šdays€of€hearing,€and€testimony€was€given€by€eleven€witnesses.€The€Board€found€that€there€was€noŠ  #š! Ševidence€of€any€classroom€activity€by€the€author€on€which€to€base€a€complaint€of€discrimination.Š $ą" ŠHowever,€the€Board€of€Inquiry€also€noted€that€Š €%Š # ŠĢ€ą8  ąš š...€a€teacher's€off-duty€conduct€can€impact€on€his€or€her€assigned€duties€and€thus€isŠ `'°"% Ša€relevant€€€consideration...€An€important€factor€to€consider,€in€determining€if€theŠ P( #& ŠComplainant€has€been€discriminated€against€by€Mr.€Malcolm€Ross€and€the€SchoolŠ @)$' ŠBoard,€is€the€fact€that€teachers€are€role€models€for€students€whether€a€student€is€in€aŠ 0*€%( Šparticular€teacher's€class€or€not.€In€addition€to€merely€conveying€curriculum€Š  +p&) Šinformation€to€children€in€the€classroom,€teachers€play€a€much€broader€role€inŠ ,`'* Šinfluencing€children€through€their€general€demeanour€in€the€classroom€and€throughŠ -P(+ Štheir€off-duty€lifestyle.€This€role€model€influence€on€€students€means€that€a€teacher'sŠ š-@), Šoff-duty€conduct€can€fall€within€the€scope€of€the€employment€relationship.€WhileŠ ° Šthere€is€a€reluctance€to€impose€restrictions€on€the€freedom€of€employees€to€live€theirŠ  š Šindependent€lives€when€on€their€own€time,€the€right€to€discipline€employees€forŠ ą Šconduct€while€off-duty,€when€that€conduct€can€be€shown€to€have€a€negative€influenceŠ €Š Šon€the€employer's€operation€has€been€well€established€in€legal€precedentšš.ŠpĄŠ Š  ŠĢ4.2€€In€its€assessment€of€the€author's€off-duty€activities€and€their€impact,€the€Board€of€Inquiry€madeŠ P   Šreference€to€four€published€books€or€pamphlets€entitled€respectively€Web€of€Deceit,€The€RealŠ @  ŠHolocaust,€Spectre€of€Power€€and€Christianity€vs.€Ō_ŌJudeoŌ_Ō-Christianity,€as€well€as€to€a€letter€to€theŠ 0 € Šeditor€of€The€Ō_ŌMiramichiŌ_Ō€Leader€dated€22October€1986€and€a€local€television€interview€given€inŠ  p  Š1989.€The€Board€of€Inquiry€stated,€inter€alia,€that€it€had€Š `  ŠĢą8  ąš š...€no€hesitation€in€concluding€that€there€are€many€references€in€these€publishedŠ š@  Šwritings€and€comments€by€Malcolm€Ross€which€are€prima€facie€discriminatoryŠ ą0  Šagainst€persons€of€the€Jewish€faith€and€ancestry.€It€€would€be€an€impossible€task€toŠ Š  Šlist€every€prejudicial€view€or€discriminatory€comment€contained€in€his€€€writings€asŠ Ą Šthey€are€innumerable€and€permeate€his€writings.€These€comments€denigrate€the€faithŠ ° Šand€beliefs€€of€Jews€and€call€upon€true€Christians€to€not€merely€question€the€validityŠ  š Šof€Jewish€beliefs€and€teachings€but€€to€hold€those€of€the€Jewish€faith€and€ancestry€inŠ ą Šcontempt€as€undermining€freedom,€democracy€and€Christian€beliefs€and€values.Š €Š ŠMalcolm€Ross€identifies€Judaism€as€the€enemy€and€calls€on€all€Christians€to€join€theŠ pĄ Šbattle.€Š`°Š Š  ŠĢą8  ąMalcolm€Ross€has€used€the€technique€in€his€writings€of€quoting€other€authors€whoŠ @ Šhave€made€derogatory€comments€about€Jews€and€Judaism.€He€intertwines€theseŠ 0€ Šderogatory€quotes€with€his€own€comments€in€a€€way€such€that€he€must€reasonably€beŠ  p Šseen€as€adopting€the€views€expressed€in€them€as€his€own.€Throughout€his€books,Š ` ŠMalcolm€Ross€continuously€alleges€that€the€Christian€faith€and€way€of€life€are€underŠ P Šattack€by€an€international€conspiracy€in€which€the€leaders€of€Jewry€are€prominent.€Šš@Š Š  ŠĢą8  ą...€The€writings€and€comments€of€Malcolm€Ross€cannot€be€categorized€as€fallingŠ Š  Šwithin€the€scope€of€scholarly€€discussion€which€might€remove€them€from€the€scopeŠ Ą! Šof€section€5€[of€the€Human€Rights€Act].€The€materials€are€not€expressed€in€a€fashionŠ °"  Šthat€objectively€summarizes€findings€and€conclusions€or€propositions.€While€theŠ  #š! Šwritings€may€have€involved€some€substantial€research,€Malcolm€Ross'€primaryŠ $ą" Špurpose€is€clearly€to€€€attack€the€truthfulness,€integrity,€dignity€and€motives€of€JewishŠ €%Š # Špersons€rather€than€the€presentation€of€scholarly€research.ššŠp&Ą!$Š Š  ŠĢ4.3€€The€Board€of€Inquiry€heard€evidence€from€two€students€from€the€school€district€who€describedŠ P( #& Šthe€educational€community€in€detail.€ņņInter€aliaóó,€they€gave€evidence€of€repeated€and€continualŠ @)$' Šharassment€in€the€form€of€derogatory€name€calling€of€Jewish€students,€carving€of€swastikas€intoŠ 0*€%( Šdesks€of€Jewish€children,€drawing€of€swastikas€on€blackboards€and€general€intimidation€of€JewishŠ  +p&) Šstudents.€The€Board€of€Inquiry€found€no€direct€evidence€that€the€author's€off-duty€conduct€hadŠ ,`'* Šimpacted€on€the€school€district,€but€found€that€it€would€be€€reasonable€to€anticipate€that€his€writingsŠ -P(+ Šwere€a€factor€influencing€some€discriminatory€conduct€by€the€students.€In€conclusion,€the€Board€ofŠ š-@), ŠInquiry€held€that€the€public€statements€and€writings€of€Malcolm€Ross€had€continually€over€manyŠ ° Šyears€contributed€to€the€creation€of€a€š špoisoned€environment€within€School€District€15€which€hasŠ  š Šgreatly€interfered€with€the€educational€services€provided€to€the€Complainant€and€his€childrenšš.€Thus,Š ą Šthe€Board€of€Inquiry€held€that€the€School€Board€was€vicariously€liable€for€the€discriminatory€actionsŠ €Š Šof€its€employee€and€that€it€was€directly€in€violation€of€the€Act€due€to€its€failure€to€discipline€theŠ pĄ Šauthor€in€a€timely€and€appropriate€manner,€so€€endorsing€his€out-of-school€activities€and€writings.Š ` ° ŠTherefore,€on€28€August€1991,€the€Board€of€Inquiry€ordered€Š P   ŠĢą  ą(2)€That€the€School€Board€Š 0 € ŠĢą8  ą(a)€immediately€place€Malcolm€Ross€on€a€leave€of€absence€without€pay€for€a€periodŠ `  Šof€eighteen€months;€ŠP Š Š  ŠĢą8  ą(b)€appoint€Malcolm€Ross€a€non-teaching€position€if,...€,€a€non-teaching€positionŠ ą0  Šbecomes€available€in€School€District€15€for€which€Malcolm€Ross€is€qualified.€ŠŠ Š Š  ŠĢą8  ą(c)€terminate€his€employment€at€the€end€of€the€eighteen€months€leave€of€absenceŠ ° Šwithout€pay€if,€in€the€€interim,€he€has€not€been€offered€and€accepted€a€non-teachingŠ  š Šposition.€ŠąŠ Š  ŠĢą8  ą(d)€terminate€Malcolm€Ross'€employment€with€the€School€Board€immediately€if,€atŠ pĄ Šany€time€during€the€eighteen€month€leave€of€absence€or€of€at€any€time€during€hisŠ `° Šemployment€in€a€non-teaching€position,€he€(Ō_ŌiŌ_Ō)€publishes€or€writes€for€the€purpose€ofŠ P  Špublication,€anything€that€mentions€a€Jewish€or€Zionist€conspiracy,€or€attacksŠ @ Šfollowers€of€the€Jewish€religion,€or€(ii)€publishes,€sells€or€distributes€any€of€theŠ 0€ Šfollowing€publications,€directly€or€indirectly:€ņņWeb€of€Deceit,€The€Real€HolocaustŠ  p Š(The€attack€on€unborn€children€and€life€itself),€Spectre€of€Power,€Christianity€vsŠ ` ŠŌ_ŌJudeoŌ_Ō-Christianity€(The€battle€for€truth)óó.šš€ŠPŠ Š  ŠĢ4.4€€Pursuant€to€the€Order,€the€School€Board€transferred€the€author€to€a€non-classroom€teachingŠ ą0 Šposition€in€the€School€District.€The€author€applied€for€judicial€review€requesting€that€the€order€beŠ Š  Šremoved€and€quashed.€On€31€December€1991,€Ō_ŌCreaghanŌ_Ō€J.€of€the€Court€of€Queen's€Bench€allowedŠ Ą! Šthe€application€in€part,€quashing€clause€2(d)€of€the€order,€on€the€ground€that€it€was€in€excess€ofŠ °"  Šjurisdiction€and€violated€section€2€of€the€Charter.€As€regards€clauses€(a),€(b),€and€(c)€of€the€order,€theŠ  #š! Šcourt€found€that€they€limited€the€author's€Charter€rights€to€freedom€of€religion€and€expression,€butŠ $ą" Šthat€they€were€saved€under€section€1€of€the€Charter.€Š €%Š # ŠĢ4.5€€The€author€appealed€the€decision€of€the€Court€of€Queen's€Bench€to€the€Court€of€Appeal€of€NewŠ `'°"% ŠBrunswick.€€At€the€same€time,€Mr.€Ō_ŌAttisŌ_Ō€cross-appealed€the€Court's€decision€regarding€section€2(d)Š P( #& Šof€the€Order.€The€Court€of€Appeal€allowed€the€author's€appeal,€quashing€the€order€given€by€theŠ @)$' ŠBoard€of€Inquiry,€and€accordingly€rejected€the€cross-appeal.€By€judgement€of€20€December€1993,Š 0*€%( Šthe€Court€held€that€the€order€violated€the€author's€rights€under€section€2€(a)€and€(b)€of€the€Charter€inŠ  +p&) Šthat€they€penalised€him€for€publicly€expressing€his€sincerely€held€views€by€preventing€him€fromŠ ,`'* Šcontinuing€to€teach.€The€Court€considered€that,€since€it€was€the€author's€activities€outside€the€schoolŠ -P(+ Šthat€had€attracted€the€complaint,€and€since€it€had€never€been€suggested€that€he€used€his€teaching€Š š-@), Šposition€to€further€his€religious€views,€the€ordered€remedy€did€not€meet€the€test€under€section€1€ofŠ ° Šthe€Charter,€i.e.€it€could€not€be€deemed€a€specific€purpose€so€pressing€and€substantial€as€to€overrideŠ  š Šthe€author's€constitutional€guarantee€of€freedom€of€expression.€To€find€otherwise€would,€in€theŠ ą ŠCourt's€view,€have€the€effect€of€condoning€the€suppression€of€views€that€are€not€politically€popularŠ €Š Šany€given€time.€One€judge,€Ryan€Ō_ŌJ.A.Ō_Ō,€dissented€and€held€that€the€author's€appeal€should€have€beenŠ pĄ Šdismissed€and€that€the€cross-appeal€should€have€been€allowed,€with€the€result€that€section€2(d)€of€theŠ ` ° ŠOrder€should€have€been€reinstated.€Š P   ŠĢ4.6€€Mr.€Ō_ŌAttisŌ_Ō,€the€Human€Rights€Commission€and€the€Canadian€Jewish€Congress€then€sought€leaveŠ 0 € Što€appeal€to€the€Supreme€Court€of€Canada,€which€allowed€the€appeal€and,€by€decision€of€3€AprilŠ  p  Š1996,€reversed€the€judgment€€of€the€Court€of€Appeal,€and€restored€clauses€2(a),€(b)€and€(c)€of€theŠ `  Šorder.€In€reaching€its€decision,€the€Supreme€Court€first€found€that€the€Board€of€Inquiry's€finding€ofŠ P  Šdiscrimination€contrary€to€section€5€of€the€Human€Rights€Act€on€the€part€of€the€School€Board€wasŠ š@  Šsupported€by€the€evidence€and€contained€no€error.€With€regard€to€the€evidence€of€discrimination€onŠ ą0  Šthe€part€of€the€School€Board€generally,€and€in€particular€as€to€the€creation€of€a€€poisoned€environmentŠ Š  Šin€the€School€District€attributable€to€the€conduct€of€the€author,€the€Supreme€Court€heldŠ Ą ŠĢą8  ąš š...that€a€reasonable€inference€is€sufficient€in€this€case€to€support€a€finding€that€theŠ  š Šcontinued€employment€of€[the€author]€impaired€the€educational€environmentŠ ą Šgenerally€in€creating€a€'poisoned'€environment€€characterized€by€a€lack€of€equalityŠ €Š Šand€tolerance.€[The€author's]€off-duty€conduct€impaired€his€ability€to€be€€impartialŠ pĄ Šand€impacted€upon€the€educational€environment€in€which€he€taught.€(para.€49)€Š`°Š Š  ŠĢą8  ą...€The€reason€that€it€is€possible€to€'reasonably€anticipate'€the€causal€relationship€inŠ @ Šthis€appeal€is€because€of€the€significant€influence€teachers€exert€on€their€students€andŠ 0€ Šthe€stature€associated€with€the€role€of€a€teacher.€It€€is€thus€necessary€to€remove€[theŠ  p Šauthor]€from€his€teaching€position€to€ensure€that€no€influence€of€this€kind€is€€exertedŠ ` Šby€him€upon€his€students€and€to€ensure€that€educational€services€are€discriminationŠ P Šfree.šš€(para€101)Šš@Š Š  ŠĢ4.7€€On€the€particular€position€and€responsibilities€of€teachers€and€on€the€relevance€of€a€teacher's€offŠ Š  Šduty€conduct,€the€Supreme€Court€further€commented:Š Ą! ŠĢą8  ąš š...Teachers€are€inextricably€linked€to€the€integrity€of€the€school€system.€TeachersŠ  #š! Šoccupy€positions€of€trust€and€confidence,€and€exert€considerable€influence€over€theirŠ $ą" Šstudents€as€a€result€of€their€positions.€The€€conduct€of€a€teacher€bears€directly€uponŠ €%Š # Šthe€community's€perception€of€the€ability€of€the€teacher€to€fulfill€such€a€position€ofŠ p&Ą!$ Štrust€and€influence,€and€upon€the€community's€confidence€in€the€public€school€systemŠ `'°"% Šas€a€whole.€ŠP( #&Š Š  ŠĢą8  ą...€By€their€conduct,€teachers€as€ššmediumšš€must€be€perceived€to€uphold€the€values,Š 0*€%( Šbeliefs€and€knowledge€sought€to€be€transmitted€by€the€school€system.€The€conductŠ  +p&) Šof€a€teacher€is€evaluated€on€the€basis€of€his€or€€her€position,€rather€than€whether€theŠ ,`'* Šconduct€occurs€within€the€classroom€or€beyond.€Teachers€are€seen€by€the€communityŠ -P(+ Što€be€the€medium€for€the€educational€message€and€because€of€the€community€positionŠ š-@), Šthey€occupy,€they€are€not€able€to€ššchoose€which€hat€they€will€wear€on€what€occasionšš.€Š°Š Š  ŠĢą8  ą...€It€is€on€the€basis€of€the€position€of€trust€and€influence€that€we€can€hold€the€teacherŠ ą Što€high€standards€both€on€and€off€duty,€and€it€is€an€erosion€of€these€standards€thatŠ €Š Šmay€lead€to€a€loss€in€the€community€of€confidence€€in€the€public€school€system.€I€doŠ pĄ Šnot€wish€to€be€understood€as€advocating€an€approach€that€subjects€the€entire€lives€ofŠ ` ° Šteachers€to€inordinate€scrutiny€on€the€basis€of€more€onerous€moral€standards€ofŠ P   Šbehaviour.€€This€could€lead€to€a€substantial€invasion€of€the€privacy€rights€andŠ @  Šfundamental€freedoms€of€teachers.€However,€where€a€ššpoisonedšš€environment€withinŠ 0 € Šthe€school€system€is€traceable€to€the€off-duty€conduct€of€a€teacher€that€is€likely€toŠ  p  Šproduce€a€corresponding€loss€of€confidence€in€the€teacher€and€the€system€as€a€whole,Š `  Šthen€the€off-duty€conduct€of€the€teacher€is€relevant.šš€(paras.€43-45)ŠP Š Š  ŠĢ4.8€€Secondly,€the€Court€examined€the€validity€of€the€impugned€Order€under€the€CanadianŠ ą0  ŠConstitution.€In€this€regard,€the€Court€first€considered€that€the€Order€infringed€sections€2(a)€and€2(b)Š Š  Šof€the€Charter€as€it€in€effect€restricted€respectively€the€author's€freedom€of€religion€and€his€freedomŠ Ą Šof€expression.€The€Court€went€on€to€consider€whether€these€infringements€were€justifiable€underŠ ° Šsection€1€of€the€Charter,€and€found€that€the€infringements€had€occurred€with€the€aim€of€eradicatingŠ  š Šdiscrimination€in€the€provision€of€educational€services€to€the€€public,€a€'pressing€and€substantial'Š ą Šobjective.€The€Court€further€found€that€the€measures€(a)€(b)€and€(c)€imposed€by€the€order€couldŠ €Š Šwithstand€the€proportionality€test,€that€is€there€existed€a€rational€connection€between€the€measuresŠ pĄ Šand€the€objective,€the€impairment€of€the€author's€right€was€minimal,€and€there€was€proportionalityŠ `° Šbetween€the€effects€of€the€measures€and€their€objective.€Clause€(d)€was€found€not€to€be€justified€sinceŠ P  Šit€did€not€minimally€impair€the€author's€constitutional€freedoms,€but€imposed€a€permanent€ban€onŠ @ Šhis€expressions.€Š 0€ ŠĢņ ņThe€complaint:€ó óŠ ` ŠĢ5.1€€The€author€claims€that€his€rights€under€articles€18€and€19€of€the€Covenant€have€been€violatedŠ š@ Šin€that€he€is€refused€the€right€to€express€freely€his€religious€opinions.€In€this€context,€his€counselŠ ą0 Šemphasises,€which€was€recognised€by€the€Courts,€that€the€author€never€expressed€his€opinions€inŠ Š  Šclass€and€that€he€had€a€good€record€as€a€teacher.€Counsel€further€states€that€there€is€no€evidence€thatŠ Ą! Šany€of€the€students€at€the€school€had€been€adversely€affected€by€the€author's€writings€or€wereŠ °"  Šinfluenced€by€them,€nor€that€the€author€ever€committed€any€act€of€discrimination.€In€this€context,€itŠ  #š! Šis€pointed€out€that€there€were€no€Jewish€students€in€the€author's€class.€Š $ą" ŠĢ5.2€€Counsel€argues€that€there€is€no€rational€connection€between€expressing€a€discriminatoryŠ p&Ą!$ Šreligious€opinion€(i.e.€this€religion€is€true€and€that€is€false)€and€an€act€of€discrimination€(i.e.€treatingŠ `'°"% Šsomeone€differently€because€of€€religion).€In€this€regard,€it€is€submitted€that€the€author's€opinions€areŠ P( #& Šsincere€and€of€a€religious€character,€opposing€the€philosophy€of€Judaism,€since€he€feels€thatŠ @)$' ŠChristianity€is€under€attack€from€Zionist€interests.€Counsel€asserts€that€the€requirement€that€anŠ 0*€%( Šemployee's€conscience€and€religious€expression€be€subject€to€State€scrutiny€or€employer€regulationŠ  +p&) Šin€their€off-duty€time€would€make€religious€freedom€meaningless.€Š ,`'* ŠĢ5.3€€Counsel€further€claims€that€the€author's€opinions€and€expressions€are€not€contrary€to€CanadianŠ š-@), Šlaw,€which€prohibits€hate€propaganda,€and€that€he€had€never€been€prosecuted€for€expressing€hisŠ ° Šideas.€Counsel€submits€that€the€author's€case€is€not€comparable€to€ņņJ.€R.€T.€and€W.€G.€v€Canadaóó€(1),Š  š Šbut€rather€draws€comparison€to€the€case€of€ņņVogt€v.€Germanyóó€(2),€decided€by€the€European€Court€ofŠ ą ŠHuman€Rights.€Counsel€submits€that€the€order€destroyed€€the€author's€right€to€teach€which€was€hisŠ €Š Šprofessional€livelihood.€Š pĄ ŠĢ5.4€€Counsel€further€argues€that,€if€the€Board€of€Inquiry€was€of€the€opinion€that€there€was€anŠ P   Šanti-Semitic€€atmosphere€among€the€students€in€the€school€district,€it€should€have€recommendedŠ @  Šmeasures€to€discipline€the€€students€committing€such€acts€of€discrimination.€The€author€denies€thatŠ 0 € Šhis€views€are€racist,€any€more€than€atheism€€is€racist€or€Judaism€itself.€It€is€further€stated€thatŠ  p  Šcriticism€of€Judaism€or€Zionism€for€religious€reasons€cannot€be€equated€to€anti-Semitism.€The€authorŠ `  Šfeels€discriminated€against,€because€he€is€convinced€that€a€teacher€publicly€€attacking€ChristianityŠ P  Šwould€not€be€disciplined€in€a€similar€way.€Š š@  ŠĢņ ņThe€State€party's€submission€and€the€author's€comments€thereon:€ó óŠ Š  ŠĢ6.1€€In€its€submission€of€7€September€1998,€the€State€party€offers€its€observations€both€on€theŠ ° Šadmissibility€and€the€merits€of€the€communication.€The€State€party€submits€that€the€communicationŠ  š Šshould€be€deemed€inadmissible€both€for€lack€of€substantiation€and€because€it€is€incompatible€withŠ ą Šthe€relevant€provisions€of€the€Covenant.€Alternatively,€€in€the€event€that€the€Committee€decides€thatŠ €Š Šthe€author's€communication€is€admissible,€the€State€party€submits€that€€it€has€not€violated€articles€18Š pĄ Šand€19€of€the€Covenant.€Š `° ŠĢ6.2€€The€State€party€submits€that€the€communication€should€be€deemed€inadmissible€as€incompatibleŠ @ Šwith€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant€because€the€publications€of€the€author€fall€within€the€scope€ofŠ 0€ Šarticle€20,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Covenant,€i.e.€they€must€be€considered€š šadvocacy€of€national,€racialŠ  p Šor€religious€hatred€that€constitutes€incitement€to€discrimination,€hostility€or€violencešš.€In€this€regard,Š ` Šthe€State€party€points€out€that€the€Supreme€Court€of€Canada€found€that€the€publications€denigratedŠ P Šthe€faith€and€beliefs€of€Jewish€people€and€called€upon€š štrue€Christiansšš€to€not€merely€question€theŠ š@ Švalidity€of€those€beliefs€but€to€hold€those€of€the€Jewish€faith€in€contempt.€Furthermore,€it€is€statedŠ ą0 Šthat€the€author€identified€Judaism€as€the€enemy€and€called€upon€š šChristiansšš€to€join€in€the€battle.€Š Š  ŠĢ6.3€€The€State€party€argues€that€articles€18,€19€and€20€of€the€Covenant€must€be€interpreted€in€aŠ °"  Šconsistent€manner,€and€that€the€State€party€therefore€cannot€be€in€violation€of€articles€18€or€19€byŠ  #š! Štaking€measures€to€comply€with€article€20.€It€is€submitted€that€freedom€of€religion€and€expressionŠ $ą" Šunder€the€Covenant€must€be€interpreted€as€not€including€the€advocacy€of€national,€racial€or€religiousŠ €%Š # Šhatred€that€constitutes€incitement€to€discrimination,€hostility€or€€violence.€In€this€regard,€the€StateŠ p&Ą!$ Šparty€also€invokes€article€5,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant,€and€submits€that€to€interpret€articles€18Š `'°"% Šand€19€as€protecting€the€dissemination€of€anti-Semitic€speech€cloaked€as€Christianity€denies€JewsŠ P( #& Šthe€freedom€to€exercise€their€religion,€instills€fear€in€Jews€and€other€religious€minorities€and€degradesŠ @)$' Šthe€Christian€faith.€Š 0*€%( ŠĢ6.4€€With€regard€to€the€interpretation€and€application€of€article€20,€the€State€party€makes€referenceŠ ,`'* Što€the€€jurisprudence€of€the€Committee,€in€particular€the€case€of€ņņJ.€R.€T.€and€W.€G.€v€Canadaóó€(3).€TheŠ -P(+ ŠState€party€notes€that€the€author's€counsel€contends€that€the€present€case€is€distinguishable€fromŠ š-@), ŠņņŌ_ŌJ.R.T.Ō_Ō€and€Ō_ŌW.G.Ō_Ō€v€Canadaóó€in€that€Mr.€Ross€did€not€introduce€his€opinions€into€the€workplace;€hisŠ ° Šopinions€were€of€a€religious€nature;€and€none€of€€his€publications€were€contrary€to€Canadian€law.Š  š ŠWhile€acknowledging€that€there€are€some€factual€differences€between€the€two€cases,€the€State€partyŠ ą Šsubmits€that€there€are€also€important€similarities€between€them€and€that€the€rule€concerning€theŠ €Š Šinadmissibility€of€communications€incompatible€with€the€Covenant€is€equally€applicable.€First,€itŠ pĄ Šis€pointed€out€that€both€communications€concerned€anti-Semitic€speech.€The€State€party€deniesŠ ` ° Šcounsel's€contention€that€the€author's€views€are€of€a€religious€nature,€and€argues€that€they€promoteŠ P   Šanti-Semitism€and€cannot€be€said€to€be€religious€beliefs€or€part€of€the€Christian€faith.€Second,€it€isŠ @  Špointed€out€that€both€communications€involved€orders€made€pursuant€to€human€rights€legislation€andŠ 0 € Šnot€charges€under€the€hate€propaganda€provisions€of€the€Criminal€Code.€In€this€regard,€it€is€submittedŠ  p  Šthat€counsel€is€wrong€when€he€argues€that€the€author's€writings€and€public€statements€were€notŠ `  Šcontrary€to€Canadian€law.€The€writings€and€statements€did,€according€to€the€State€party,€contraveneŠ P  Šthe€New€Brunswick€Human€Rights€Act€as€they€were€found€to€be€discriminatory€and€to€have€createdŠ š@  Ša€poisoned€environment€in€the€school€district.€Š ą0  ŠĢ6.5€€The€State€party€further€submits€that€the€author's€claim€under€article€18€should€be€heldŠ Ą Šinadmissible€as€being€incompatible€with€the€Covenant€also€because€his€opinions€š šdo€not€expressŠ ° Šreligious€beliefs€and€certainly€do€not€fall€within€the€tenets€of€Christian€faith.šš€The€State€party€arguesŠ  š Šthat€the€author€has€š šcloaked€his€views€under€the€guise€of€the€Christian€faith€but€in€fact€his€viewsŠ ą Šexpress€hatred€and€suspicion€of€the€Jewish€people€and€their€religion.šš€It€is€further€submitted€that€theŠ €Š Šauthor€has€not€provided€any€evidence€showing€how€anti-Semitic€views€are€part€of€the€Christian€faith,Š pĄ Šand€that€no€such€evidence€would€be€forthcoming.€Similarly,€it€is€asserted€that€the€author's€Š `° Šexpressions€are€not€manifestations€of€a€religion,€as€he€did€not€publish€them€for€the€purpose€ofŠ P  Šworship,€observance,€practice€or€teaching€of€a€religion.€Š @ ŠĢ6.6€€Lastly€on€the€compatibility€of€the€communication€with€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant,€the€StateŠ  p Šparty€invokes€article€18,€paragraphs€2€and€4,€and€claims€that€States€parties€under€these€provisionsŠ ` Šhave€an€obligation€to€ensure€that€teachers€within€their€public€education€systems€promote€respect€forŠ P Šall€religions€and€beliefs€and€actively€denounce€any€forms€of€bias,€prejudice€or€intolerance.€The€StateŠ š@ Šparty€argues€that€if€it€were€to€permit€the€author€to€continue€teaching,€it€could€be€in€violation€of€theseŠ ą0 Šprovisions€for€impeding€the€rights€of€Jewish€students€to€express€their€faith€and€to€feel€comfortableŠ Š  Šand€self-confident€in€the€public€school€system.€Thus,€it€is€submitted€that€the€author's€claim€underŠ Ą! Šarticle€18€should€be€held€inadmissible€as€being€incompatible€also€with€article€18,€paragraphs€2€andŠ °"  Š4,€of€the€Covenant.€Š  #š! ŠĢ6.7€€Furthermore,€the€State€party€submits€that€both€the€claim€under€article€18€and€the€claim€underŠ €%Š # Šarticle€19€should€be€held€inadmissible€on€the€ground€that€the€author€has€not€submitted€sufficientŠ p&Ą!$ Ševidence€to€substantiate€a€ņņprima€facieóó€claim.€Noting€that€the€author€only€provided€the€CommitteeŠ `'°"% Šwith€copies€of€his€own€submissions€to€the€Supreme€Court€and€the€decisions€of€the€courts,€the€StateŠ P( #& Šparty€argues€that€beyond€making€the€bald€assertion€that€the€decision€of€the€Supreme€court€infringesŠ @)$' Šthe€author's€rights€under€articles€18€and€19,€the€communication€provides€no€specificity€of€termsŠ 0*€%( Šsufficient€to€support€its€admissibility.€In€particular,€it€is€submitted€that€nowhere€is€the€expansive€andŠ  +p&) Šcarefully€reasoned€decision€of€a€unanimous€nine-person€Bench€of€the€Supreme€Court€subjected€toŠ ,`'* Ša€sustained€critique€which€would€support€the€allegations€made€by€the€author.€Š -P(+ ŠŠ š-@), Š6.8€€As€to€the€merits€of€the€communication,€the€State€party€first€submits€that€the€author€has€notŠ ° Šestablished€how€his€rights€to€freedom€of€religion€and€expression€have€been€limited€or€restricted€byŠ  š Šthe€Order€of€the€Board€of€Inquiry€as€upheld€by€the€Supreme€Court.€It€is€argued€that€the€author€is€freeŠ ą Što€express€his€views€while€employed€by€the€school€board€in€a€non-teaching€position€or€whileŠ €Š Šemployed€elsewhere.€Š pĄ ŠĢ6.9€€Should€the€Committee€find€that€the€author's€rights€to€freedom€of€religion€and/or€expression€haveŠ P   Šbeen€limited,€the€State€party€submits€that€these€limitations€are€justified€pursuant€to€article€18,Š @  Šparagraph€3,€and€19,€paragraph€3,€respectively,€as€they€were€(Ō_ŌiŌ_Ō)€provided€by€law,€(ii)€imposed€for€oneŠ 0 € Šof€the€recognized€purposes,€and€(iii)€were€necessary€to€achieve€its€stated€purpose.€The€State€partyŠ  p  Šsubmits€that€the€analysis€that€must€be€undertaken€by€the€Committee€in€this€respect€is€very€similarŠ `  Što€that€which€was€employed€by€the€Supreme€Court€of€Canada€under€section€1€of€the€Charter,€and€thatŠ P  Šthe€Committee€should€give€considerable€weight€to€the€Court's€decision.€Š š@  ŠĢ6.10€€With€regard€to€the€requirement€that€any€limitations€must€be€provided€by€law,€the€State€partyŠ Š  Špoints€out€that€the€author's€writings€and€public€statements€were€found€to€be€discriminatory€and€toŠ Ą Šhave€created€a€poisoned€environment€in€violation€of€subsection€5(1)€of€the€New€Brunswick€HumanŠ ° ŠRights€Act.€It€is€further€stated€that€the€Order€rendered€by€the€Board€of€Inquiry€was€the€remedyŠ  š Šgranted€for€the€violation€of€subsection€5(1)€and€was€made€pursuant€to€the€Act.€Š ą ŠĢ6.11€€With€regard€to€the€requirement€that€the€limitation€must€be€imposed€for€one€of€the€purposes€setŠ pĄ Šout€in€articles€18,€paragraph€3,€and€19,€paragraph€3,€respective,€the€State€party€submits€that€the€OrderŠ `° Šwas€imposed€both€for€the€protection€of€the€fundamental€rights€of€others€(4)€and€for€the€protectionŠ P  Šof€public€morals.€As€regards€the€first€of€these€purposes,€the€State€party€makes€reference€to€the€caseŠ @ Šof€Ō_ŌFaurissonŌ_Ō€v€France€(5),€and€submits€that€the€Order€was€imposed€on€the€author€for€the€purposesŠ 0€ Šof€protecting€the€freedom€of€religion€and€expression€and€the€right€to€equality€of€the€JewishŠ  p Šcommunity.€The€State€party€points€out€that€the€Supreme€Court€found€that€the€Order€protected€theŠ ` Šfundamental€rights€and€freedoms€of€Jewish€parents€to€have€their€children€educated€and€for€JewishŠ P Šchildren€to€receive€an€education€in€the€public€school€system€free€from€bias,€prejudice€andŠ š@ Šintolerance.€As€regards€the€protection€of€public€morals,€the€State€party€submits€that€Canadian€societyŠ ą0 Šis€multicultural€and€that€it€is€fundamental€to€the€moral€fabric€that€all€Canadians€are€entitled€toŠ Š  Šequality€without€discrimination€on€the€basis€of€race,€religion€or€nationality.€Š Ą! ŠĢ6.12€€Furthermore,€the€State€party€submits€that€any€restrictions€contained€in€the€Order€were€clearlyŠ  #š! Šnecessary€to€protect€both€the€fundamental€rights€and€freedoms€of€the€Jewish€people€and€CanadianŠ $ą" Švalues€of€respect€for€equality€and€diversity€(public€morals).€The€State€party€argues€that€the€Order€wasŠ €%Š # Šnecessary€to€ensure€that€children€in€the€school€district€could€be€educated€in€a€school€system€free€fromŠ p&Ą!$ Šbias,€prejudice€and€intolerance€and€in€which€Canadian€values€of€equality€and€respect€for€diversityŠ `'°"% Šcould€be€fostered.€Furthermore,€it€is€argued€that€it€was€€necessary€to€remove€the€author€from€teachingŠ P( #& Šin€order€to€remedy€the€poisoned€environment€that€his€writings€and€public€statements€had€created.€InŠ @)$' Šthis€last€regard,€the€State€party€submits,€as€the€Supreme€Court€found,€that€teachers€occupy€positionsŠ 0*€%( Šof€trust€and€confidence€and€exert€considerable€influence€over€their€students.€As€a€result,€it€isŠ  +p&) Šsubmitted€that€teachers€should€be€held€to€a€higher€standard€with€respect€to€their€conduct€whileŠ ,`'* Šteaching,€as€well€as€during€their€off-duty€activities.€According€to€the€State€party,€the€author,€as€aŠ -P(+ Špublic€school€teacher,€was€in€€a€position€to€exert€influence€on€young€persons€who€did€not€yet€possessŠ š-@), Šthe€knowledge€or€judgment€to€place€views€and€beliefs€into€a€proper€context.€Moreover,€the€BoardŠ ° Šof€Inquiry€heard€witnesses€who€testified€that€Jewish€students€experienced€fear,€injury€toŠ  š Šself-confidence€and€a€reluctance€to€participate€in€the€school€system€because€of€the€author'sŠ ą Šstatements.€It€is€submitted€that€to€remedy€this€situation,€it€was€necessary€to€pass€the€Order.€Š €Š ŠĢ6.13€€Finally,€the€State€party€notes€that€the€author€draws€comparison€to€the€European€Court€ofŠ ` ° ŠHuman€Rights'€decision€in€ņņVogt€v€Germanyóó€(6),€but€argues€that€Ō_ŌthatŌ_Ō€decision€is€distinguishable€fromŠ P   Šthe€instant€case€in€several€important€respects:€First,€the€applicant€in€Vogt€was€an€active€member€ofŠ @  Ša€lawful€political€party€for€the€stated€purpose€of€promoting€peace€and€combatting€neo-fascism.Š 0 € ŠSecondly,€the€nature€of€speech€involved€in€the€two€€cases€is€profoundly€different,€as€the€politicalŠ  p  Šexpression€in€Vogt€was€not€of€a€discriminatory€character€as€in€this€case.€Š `  ŠĢ€7.1€€In€his€comments€of€27€April€1999,€the€author€reiterates€that€there€exists€no€evidence€that€he€everŠ š@  Šexpressed€any€of€his€opinions€in€class.€Furthermore,€there€exists€no€evidence€that€his€privatelyŠ ą0  Šestablished€beliefs€had€any€effect€on€his€workplace,€i.e.€that€they€created€a€poisoned€environment.Š Š  ŠThe€Board€of€Inquiry€only€found€that€it€was€reasonable€to€anticipate€such€effects.€Š Ą ŠĢ7.2€€The€author€denies€that€his€writings€and€statements€undermine€democratic€values€and€that€theyŠ  š Šare€anti-Semitic.€€He€also€denies€that€they€amount€to€advocacy€of€religious€hatred€that€constitutesŠ ą Šincitement€to€discrimination,€€hostility€and€violence.€With€regard€to€the€State€party's€claim€in€relationŠ €Š Što€article€20€of€the€Covenant,€the€author€submits€that€nowhere€in€his€writings€does€he€attempt€toŠ pĄ Šincite€hatred,€but€rather€to€š šdefend€his€religion€from€the€hatred€of€othersšš.€As€regards€article€5€of€theŠ `° ŠCovenant,€the€author€argues€that€he€has€never€stated€anything€to€the€effect€that€Jews€cannot€practiceŠ P  Štheir€religion€without€restriction.€On€the€contrary,€it€is€submitted€that€the€State€party€denied€him€theŠ @ Šrights€and€freedoms€recognized€in€the€Covenant,€when€the€Supreme€Court€ruled€that€the€authorŠ 0€ Šcannot€exercise€his€religious€freedom€and€still€be€a€teacher.€Š  p ŠĢ7.3€€Furthermore,€it€is€submitted€that,€as€opposed€to€what€is€held€by€the€State€party,€his€statementsŠ P Šexpress€religious€beliefs€within€the€meaning€of€the€Covenant.€The€author€argues€that€his€books€wereŠ š@ Šwritten€š što€defend€the€Christian€Faith€and€Heritage€against€those€who€would€denigrate€them,€and€toŠ ą0 Šencourage€people€to€worship€God,€the€Holy€Trinity,€as€revealed€in€the€Christian€Faithšš.€AccordingŠ Š  Što€the€author,€š ša€perusal€of€his€books€point€to€his€desire€to€work€with€other€Christians€to€fulfill€theŠ Ą! Šancient€Christian€mandate€to€establish€the€Kingship€of€Christ€in€Societyšš.€In€this€connection,€theŠ °"  Šauthor€also€points€out€that€the€Supreme€Court€of€Canada€in€its€judgment€held€that€€the€case€involvedŠ  #š! Šreligious€expression,€and€that€it€found€that€the€Order€of€the€Board€of€Inquiry€infringed€the€author'sŠ $ą" Šfreedom€of€religion.€Š €%Š # ŠĢ7.4€€With€regard€to€the€State€party's€contention€that€the€author€has€not€submitted€evidence€as€to€howŠ `'°"% Šthe€Order,€removing€him€from€his€teaching€position€but€allowing€him€to€express€himself€while€inŠ P( #& Ša€non-teaching€position,€has€impinged€upon€the€freedoms€to€profess€his€religious€beliefs€or€hisŠ @)$' Šfreedom€to€express€his€opinions,€the€author€claims€that€in€June€1996€he€was€handed€a€lay€off€noticeŠ 0*€%( Šby€his€employer.€The€author€claims€that€this€is€š šsevere€punishment€for€exercising€his€constitutionallyŠ  +p&) Šguaranteed€rights€to€freedom€of€religion€and€freedom€of€expressionšš,€and€implies€that€the€notice€wasŠ ,`'* Ša€result€of,€or€at€least€linked€to,€the€previous€Order€and€Supreme€Court€judgment€against€him.€It€isŠ -P(+ Šfurther€claimed€that€he€received€no€compensation€or€severance€pay,€and€that€the€only€reason€givenŠ š-@), Šwas€that€the€job€had€been€terminated.€The€author€states€that€he€has€never€been€interviewed€for,€norŠ ° Šoffered€another€position€even€though€he€at€the€time€had€worked€the€school€district€for€almost€25Š  š Šyears.€Š ą ŠĢņ ņFurther€submission€by€the€State€party€and€the€author's€comments€thereon:€ó óŠ pĄ ŠĢ8.1€€In€its€further€submission€of€28€September€1999,€the€State€party€notes€the€author's€assertion€thatŠ P   Šthere€was€no€evidence€to€support€the€finding€of€a€š špoisoned€environmentšš€within€the€School€DistrictŠ @  Šattributable€to€the€author's€writings€and€public€statements.€To€contest€this€assertion,€the€State€partyŠ 0 € Šrefers€to€the€unanimous€decision€of€the€Supreme€Court€and,€in€particular,€its€findings€quoted€in€para.Š  p  Š4.7€ņņsupraóó.€The€State€party€argues€that€the€Supreme€Court€extensively€reviewed€the€findings€of€factŠ `  Šas€to€discrimination€and€held€that€there€was€sufficient€evidence.€Thus,€it€is€submitted,€the€author'sŠ P  Šassertions€on€this€question€must€be€rejected.€Š š@  ŠĢ8.2€€With€regard€to€the€issue€of€whether€or€not€the€author's€opinions€can€be€deemed€religious€beliefsŠ Š  Šwithin€the€meaning€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€recognizes€that€the€Supreme€Court€of€CanadaŠ Ą Šconsidered€the€opinions€to€be€'religious€beliefs'€within€the€meaning€of€the€Canadian€Charter.Š ° ŠHowever,€the€State€party€points€out€that€even€if€Canadian€law€places€virtually€no€limits€on€what€itŠ  š Šconsiders€to€be€religious€beliefs€under€section€2€of€the€Charter,€€it€nevertheless€protects€againstŠ ą Šabuses€of€the€right€to€religious€freedom€by€the€limitation€clause€in€section€1.€The€State€party€arguesŠ €Š Šthat€while€this€is€the€approach€taken€under€Canadian€law,€the€jurisprudence€of€the€Human€RightsŠ pĄ ŠCommittee€suggests€that€it€has€applied€a€narrower€interpretation€with€regard€to€article€18.€InŠ `° Šparticular,€the€State€party€refers€to€the€case€of€ņņM.€A.€B,€W.€A.€T.€and€J.-A.€Y.€T.€v€Canadaóó€(7).€It€isŠ P  Šdue€to€this€difference€in€approach€that€the€State€party€submits€that€the€claim€under€article€18€shouldŠ @ Šbe€held€inadmissible€under€article€3€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€even€if€the€similar,€CanadianŠ 0€ Šprovisions€are€interpreted€differently€in€domestic€law.€Š  p ŠĢ8.3€€With€regard€to€the€author's€employment€status,€the€State€party€notes€that€the€author€š šhas€beenŠ P Šlaid€off€his€job€since€1996",€but€contests€that€this€was€š šsevere€punishment€for€exercising€hisŠ š@ Šconstitutionally€guaranteed€rights€to€freedom€of€religion€and€freedom€of€expressionšš€or€that€it€in€anyŠ ą0 Šmanner€was€connected€to€the€previous€actions€against€the€author.€It€is€submitted€that€the€author'sŠ Š  Šsecurity€of€employment€was€only€minimally€affected€by€the€€Order€of€the€Board€of€Inquiry,€as€upheldŠ Ą! Šby€the€Supreme€Court.€It€is€stated€that,€after€the€Order€was€issued€on€28€€August€1991,€the€authorŠ °"  Šwas€placed€on€leave€without€pay€for€one€week€only,€from€4-10€September€1991.€As€of€11€SeptemberŠ  #š! Š1991,€he€was€assigned€to€a€full€time€position€in€the€District€office,€providing€assistance€in€theŠ $ą" Šdelivery€of€programs€to€students€'at€risk'.€According€to€the€State€party,€that€position,€originally€inŠ €%Š # Šplace€for€the€duration€of€the€1991-92€school€year€was€specifically€based€on€the€availability€ofŠ p&Ą!$ Šfunding,€but€in€fact€continued€to€be€funded€through€to€June€1996.€The€funding€was€lost€as€part€of€aŠ `'°"% Šgeneral€reorganization€of€the€New€Brunswick€School€System,€effective€1€March€1996.€This€entailedŠ P( #& Šthe€abolition€of€School€Boards€and€the€vesting€of€authority€for€the€administration€of€the€educationalŠ @)$' Šsystem€in€the€Minister€of€Education,€with€a€consequent€reduction€of€both€teaching€and€administrativeŠ 0*€%( Špositions€throughout€the€Province.€Š  +p&) ŠĢ8.4€€In€any€event,€it€is€submitted,€the€author's€non-teaching€position€was€specifically€noted€to€fallŠ -P(+ Šunder€the€terms€and€conditions€of€the€collective€agreement€between€the€Board€of€Management€andŠ š-@), Šthe€New€Brunswick€Teachers'€Federation,€which€allows€for€any€employee€to€complain€of€anŠ ° Šimproper€lay€off€or€dismissal€and,€if€the€complaint€is€upheld,€to€obtain€relief.€As€the€author€has€failedŠ  š Što€seek€such€relief,€it€is€submitted€that€he€cannot€now€bring€unsubstantiated€allegations€to€theŠ ą ŠCommittee€that€his€loss€of€employment€is€a€result€of€the€Order€or€the€judgment€of€the€SupremeŠ €Š ŠCourt.€Š pĄ ŠĢ9.€€In€his€submission€of€5€January€2000,€the€author€reiterates€his€arguments€with€regard€to€the€lackŠ P   Šof€direct€evidence€and€again€points€out€that€his€controversial€views€never€formed€part€of€his€teaching.Š @  ŠAs€regards€his€employment€status,€the€author€notes€that€the€Supreme€Court€on€3€April€1996€upheldŠ 0 € Šthe€Order€against€the€School€Board,€following€which€he€was€to€be€offered€a€non-teaching€post.€It€isŠ  p  Šsubmitted€that€he€was€never€offered€such€a€€post,€but€that€in€fact€he€was€laid€off€as€of€1€July€1996.Š `  ŠAccording€to€counsel,€the€fact€that€the€author€has€not€been€offered€further€employment€since€his€layŠ P  Šoff€in€1996€š šis€further€evidence€of€the€contempt€with€which€the€governmentšš€treats€him.€Š š@  ŠĢņ ņConsideration€of€the€admissibility€of€the€communication€ó óŠ Š  ŠĢ10.1€€Before€considering€any€claims€contained€in€a€communication,€the€Human€Rights€CommitteeŠ ° Šmust,€in€accordance€with€rule€87€of€its€rules€of€procedure,€decide€whether€or€not€it€is€admissibleŠ  š Šunder€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€Covenant.€Š ą ŠĢ10.2€€The€Committee€notes€that€both€parties€have€addressed€the€merits€of€the€communication.€ThisŠ pĄ Šenables€the€Committee€to€consider€both€the€admissibility€and€the€merits€of€the€case€at€this€stage,Š `° Špursuant€to€rule€94,€paragraph€1,€of€the€rules€of€procedure.€However,€pursuant€to€rule€94,€paragraphŠ P  Š2,€of€the€rules€of€procedure,€the€Committee€shall€not€decide€on€the€merits€of€a€communicationŠ @ Šwithout€having€considered€the€applicability€of€the€grounds€of€admissibility€referred€to€in€the€OptionalŠ 0€ ŠProtocol.€Š  p ŠĢ10.3€€With€regard€to€the€author's€claim€that€his€dismissal€in€1996€was€connected€to€the€order€of€theŠ P ŠSupreme€Court€and€thus€a€result€of€the€restrictions€imposed€upon€his€freedom€of€speech€and€freedomŠ š@ Što€manifest€his€€religion,€the€Committee€notes€that€the€author€has€failed€to€make€use€of€the€domesticŠ ą0 Šremedies€that€were€in€Ō_Ōplace.ThisŌ_Ō€part€of€the€author's€claim€is€thus€inadmissible€under€article€5,Š Š  Šparagraph€2(b)€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€Š Ą! ŠĢ10.4€€Insofar€as€the€author€claims€that€he€is€a€victim€of€discrimination,€the€Committee€considers€thatŠ  #š! Šhis€claim€is€unsubstantiated,€for€purposes€of€admissibility,€and€thus€inadmissible€under€article€2€ofŠ $ą" Šthe€Optional€Protocol.€Š €%Š # ŠĢ10.5€€The€Committee€notes€that€the€State€party€has€contested€the€admissibility€of€the€remainder€ofŠ `'°"% Šthe€communication€on€several€grounds.€First,€the€State€party€invokes€article€20,€paragraph€2,€of€theŠ P( #& ŠCovenant,€claiming€that€the€author's€publications€must€be€considered€š šadvocacy€of€national,€racialŠ @)$' Šor€religious€hatred€that€constitutes€incitement€to€discrimination,€hostility€or€violencešš.€Citing€theŠ 0*€%( Šdecision€of€the€Committee€in€ņņJ.€R.€T.€and€W.€G.€v€Canadaóó,€the€State€party€submits€that,€as€a€matterŠ  +p&) Šof€consequence,€the€communication€must€be€deemed€inadmissible€under€article€3€of€the€OptionalŠ ,`'* ŠProtocol€as€being€incompatible€with€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant.€Š -P(+ ŠŠ š-@), Š10.6€€While€noting€that€such€an€approach€indeed€was€employed€in€the€decision€inņņ€Ō_ŌJ.R.T.Ō_Ō€and€Ō_ŌW.G.Ō_ŌŠ ° Šv€Canadaóó,€the€Committee€considers€that€restrictions€on€expression€which€may€fall€within€the€scopeŠ  š Šof€article€20€must€also€be€permissible€under€article€19,€paragraph€3,€which€lays€down€requirementsŠ ą Šfor€determining€whether€restrictions€on€expression€are€permissible.€In€applying€those€provisions,€theŠ €Š Šfact€that€a€restriction€is€claimed€to€be€required€under€article€20€is€of€course€relevant.€In€the€presentŠ pĄ Šcase,€the€permissibility€of€the€restrictions€is€an€issue€for€consideration€on€the€merits.€Š ` ° ŠĢ10.7€€Similarly,€the€Committee€finds€that€the€questions€whether€there€were€restrictions€on€theŠ @  Šauthor's€right€to€manifest€religious€belief€and€whether€any€such€restrictions€were€permissible€underŠ 0 € Šarticle€18,€paragraph€3,€are€admissible.€Š  p  ŠĢ10.8€€The€State€party€has€also€submitted€that€the€communication€should€be€held€inadmissible€as€theŠ P  Šauthor€has€not€submitted€sufficient€evidence€to€support€a€ņņprima€facieóó€case.€The€State€party€arguesŠ š@  Šthat€the€author,€instead€of€filing€a€detailed€submission€to€the€Committee,€merely€relied€on€theŠ ą0  Šdecisions€of€the€domestic€courts€and€his€own€submissions€to€the€Supreme€Court.€Thus,€it€is€held,€theŠ Š  Šcommunication€š šprovides€no€specificity€of€terms€sufficient€to€support€its€admissibilityšš.€TheŠ Ą ŠCommittee€finds,€however,€that€the€author€has€stated€his€claims€of€violation€clearly€and€that€theŠ ° Šadduced€material€sufficiently€substantiates€those€claims,€for€purposes€of€admissibility.€Thus,€theŠ  š ŠCommittee€proceeds€with€the€examination€of€the€merits€of€the€author's€claims,€in€the€light€of€theŠ ą Šinformation€made€available€to€it€by€the€parties,€as€required€by€article€5,€paragraph€1,€of€the€OptionalŠ €Š ŠProtocol.€Š pĄ ŠĢņ ņConsideration€of€the€merits€ó óŠ P  ŠĢ11.1€€With€regard€to€the€author's€claim€under€article€19€of€the€Covenant,€the€Committee€observesŠ 0€ Šthat,€in€accordance€with€article€19€of€the€Covenant,€any€restriction€on€the€right€to€freedom€ofŠ  p Šexpression€must€cumulatively€meet€several€conditions€set€out€in€paragraph€3.€The€first€issue€beforeŠ ` Šthe€Committee€is€therefore€whether€or€not€the€author's€freedom€of€expression€was€restricted€throughŠ P Šthe€Board€of€Inquiry's€Order€of€28€August€1991,€as€upheld€by€the€Supreme€Court€of€Canada.€As€aŠ š@ Šresult€of€this€Order,€the€author€was€placed€on€leave€without€pay€for€a€week€and€was€subsequentlyŠ ą0 Štransferred€to€a€non-teaching€position.€While€noting€the€State€party's€argument€(see€para€6.8€supra)Š Š  Šthat€the€author's€freedom€of€expression€was€not€restricted€as€he€remained€free€to€express€his€viewsŠ Ą! Šwhile€holding€a€non-teaching€position€or€while€employed€elsewhere,€the€Committee€is€unable€toŠ °"  Šagree€that€the€removal€of€the€author€from€his€teaching€position€was€not,€in€effect,€a€restriction€on€hisŠ  #š! Šfreedom€of€expression.€The€loss€of€a€teaching€position€was€a€significant€detriment,€even€if€no€or€onlyŠ $ą" Šinsignificant€pecuniary€damage€is€suffered.€This€detriment€was€imposed€on€the€author€because€ofŠ €%Š # Šthe€expression€of€his€views,€and€in€the€view€of€the€Committee€this€is€a€restriction€which€has€to€beŠ p&Ą!$ Šjustified€under€article€19,€paragraph€3,€in€order€to€be€in€compliance€with€the€Covenant.€Š `'°"% ŠĢ11.2€€The€next€issue€before€the€Committee€is€whether€the€restriction€on€the€author's€right€to€freedomŠ @)$' Šof€expression€met€the€conditions€set€out€in€article€19,€paragraph€3,€i.e.€that€it€must€be€provided€byŠ 0*€%( Šlaw,€it€must€address€one€of€the€aims€set€out€in€paragraph€3€(a)€and€(b)€(respect€of€the€rights€andŠ  +p&) Šreputation€of€others;€protection€of€national€security€or€of€public€order,€or€of€public€health€or€morals),Š ,`'* Šand€it€must€be€necessary€to€achieve€a€legitimate€Ō_Ōpurpose.Ō_ԀР-P(+ ŠŠ š-@), Š11.3€€As€regards€the€requirement€that€the€restriction€be€provided€by€law,€the€Committee€notes€thatŠ ° Šthere€was€a€legal€framework€for€the€proceedings€which€led€to€the€author's€removal€from€a€teachingŠ  š Šposition.€The€Board€of€Inquiry€found€that€the€author's€off-duty€comments€denigrated€the€Jewish€faithŠ ą Šand€that€this€had€adversely€affected€the€school€environment.€The€Board€of€Inquiry€held€that€theŠ €Š ŠSchool€Board€was€vicariously€liable€for€the€discriminatory€actions€of€its€employee€and€that€it€hadŠ pĄ Šdiscriminated€against€the€Jewish€students€in€the€school€district€directly,€in€violation€of€section€5€ofŠ ` ° Šthe€New€Brunswick€Human€Rights€Act,€due€to€its€failure€to€discipline€the€author€in€a€timely€andŠ P   Šappropriate€manner.€Pursuant€to€section€20€(6.2)€of€the€same€Act,€the€Board€of€Inquiry€ordered€theŠ @  ŠSchool€Board€to€remedy€the€discrimination€by€taking€the€measures€set€out€in€para€4.3€ņņsupra.óó€InŠ 0 € Šeffect,€and€as€stated€above,€the€discrimination€was€remedied€by€placing€the€author€on€leave€withoutŠ  p  Špay€for€one€week€and€transferring€him€to€a€non-teaching€position.€Š `  ŠĢ11.4€€While€noting€the€vague€criteria€of€the€provisions€that€were€applied€in€the€case€against€theŠ š@  ŠSchool€Board€and€which€were€used€to€remove€the€author€from€his€teaching€position,€the€CommitteeŠ ą0  Šmust€also€take€into€consideration€that€the€Supreme€Court€considered€all€aspects€of€the€case€and€foundŠ Š  Šthat€there€was€sufficient€basis€in€domestic€law€for€the€parts€of€the€Order€which€it€reinstated.€TheŠ Ą ŠCommittee€also€notes€that€the€author€was€heard€in€all€proceedings€and€that€he€had,€and€availedŠ ° Šhimself€of,€the€opportunity€to€appeal€the€decisions€against€him.€In€the€circumstances,€it€is€not€for€theŠ  š ŠCommittee€to€reevaluate€the€findings€of€the€Supreme€Court€on€this€point,€and€accordingly€it€findsŠ ą Šthat€the€restriction€was€provided€for€by€law.€Š €Š ŠĢ11.5€€When€assessing€whether€the€restrictions€placed€on€the€author's€freedom€of€expression€wereŠ `° Šapplied€for€the€purposes€recognized€by€the€Covenant,€the€Committee€begins€by€noting€(8)€that€theŠ P  Šrights€or€reputations€of€others€for€the€protection€of€which€restrictions€may€be€permitted€under€articleŠ @ Š19,€may€relate€to€other€persons€or€to€a€community€as€a€whole.€For€instance,€and€as€held€in€ņņŌ_ŌFaurissonŌ_ŌŠ 0€ Šv.€Franceóó,€restrictions€may€be€permitted€on€statements€which€are€of€a€nature€as€to€raise€or€strengthenŠ  p Šanti-Ō_ŌsemiticŌ_Ō€feeling,€in€order€to€uphold€the€Jewish€communities'€right€to€be€protected€from€religiousŠ ` Šhatred.€Such€restrictions€also€derive€support€from€the€principles€reflected€in€article€20(2)€of€theŠ P ŠCovenant.€The€Committee€notes€that€both€the€Board€of€Inquiry€and€the€Supreme€Court€found€thatŠ š@ Šthe€author's€statements€were€discriminatory€against€persons€of€the€Jewish€faith€and€ancestry€and€thatŠ ą0 Šthey€denigrated€the€faith€and€beliefs€of€Jews€and€called€upon€true€Christians€to€not€merely€questionŠ Š  Šthe€validity€of€Jewish€beliefs€and€teachings€but€to€hold€those€of€the€Jewish€faith€and€ancestry€inŠ Ą! Šcontempt€as€undermining€freedom,€democracy€and€Christian€beliefs€and€values.€In€view€of€theŠ °"  Šfindings€as€to€the€nature€and€effect€of€the€author's€public€statements,€the€Committee€concludes€thatŠ  #š! Šthe€restrictions€imposed€on€him€were€for€the€purpose€of€protecting€the€"rights€or€reputations"€ofŠ $ą" Špersons€of€Jewish€faith,€including€the€right€to€have€an€education€in€the€public€school€system€freeŠ €%Š # Šfrom€bias,€prejudice€and€intolerance.Š p&Ą!$ ŠĢ11.6€€The€final€issue€before€the€Committee€is€whether€the€restriction€on€the€author's€freedom€ofŠ P( #& Šexpression€was€necessary€to€protect€the€right€or€reputations€of€persons€of€the€Jewish€faith.€In€theŠ @)$' Šcircumstances,€the€Committee€recalls€that€the€exercise€of€the€right€to€freedom€of€expression€carriesŠ 0*€%( Šwith€it€special€duties€and€responsibilities.€€These€special€duties€and€responsibilities€are€of€particularŠ  +p&) Šrelevance€within€the€school€system,€especially€with€regard€to€the€teaching€of€young€students.€In€theŠ ,`'* Šview€of€the€Committee,€the€influence€exerted€by€school€teachers€may€justify€restraints€in€order€toŠ -P(+ Šensure€that€legitimacy€is€not€given€by€the€school€system€to€the€expression€of€views€which€areŠ š-@), Šdiscriminatory.€In€this€particular€case,€the€Committee€takes€note€of€the€fact€that€the€Supreme€Court€Š ° Šfound€that€it€was€reasonable€to€anticipate€that€there€was€a€causal€link€between€the€expressions€of€theŠ  š Šauthor€and€the€š špoisoned€school€environmentšš€experienced€by€Jewish€children€in€the€School€district.Š ą ŠIn€that€context,€the€removal€of€the€author€from€a€teaching€position€can€be€considered€a€restrictionŠ €Š Šnecessary€to€protect€the€right€and€freedom€of€Jewish€children€to€have€a€school€system€free€from€bias,Š pĄ Šprejudice€and€intolerance.€Furthermore,€the€Committee€notes€that€the€author€was€appointed€to€aŠ ` ° Šnon-teaching€position€after€only€a€minimal€period€on€leave€without€pay€and€that€the€restriction€thusŠ P   Šdid€not€go€any€further€than€that€which€was€necessary€to€achieve€its€protective€functions.€The€HumanŠ @  ŠRights€Committee€accordingly€concludes€that€the€facts€do€not€disclose€a€violation€of€article€19.€Š 0 € ŠĢ€11.8€€As€regards€the€author's€claims€under€article€18,€the€Committee€notes€that€the€actions€takenŠ `  Šagainst€the€author€through€the€Human€Rights€Board€of€Inquiry's€Order€of€August€1991€were€notŠ P  Šaimed€at€his€thoughts€or€beliefs€as€such,€but€rather€at€the€manifestation€of€those€beliefs€within€aŠ š@  Šparticular€context.€The€freedom€to€manifest€religious€beliefs€may€be€subject€to€limitations€which€areŠ ą0  Šprescribed€by€law€and€are€necessary€to€protect€the€fundamental€rights€and€freedoms€of€others,€andŠ Š  Šin€the€present€case€the€issues€under€paragraph€3€of€article€18€are€therefore€€substantially€the€same€asŠ Ą Šunder€article€19.€Consequently,€the€Committee€holds€that€article€18€has€not€been€violated.€Š ° ŠĢ12.€The€Human€Rights€Committee,€acting€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Optional€Protocol€toŠ ą Šthe€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€do€notŠ €Š Šdisclose€a€violation€of€any€of€the€articles€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.€Š pĄ ŠĢ€_____________€Š P  ŠĢ*€€The€following€members€of€the€Committee€participated€in€the€examination€of€the€presentŠ 0€ Šcommunication:€Mr.€Ō_ŌAbdelfattathŌ_Ō€Amor,€Mr.€Ō_ŌPrafullachandraŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌNatwarlalŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌBhagwatiŌ_Ō,€Ms.€ChristineŠ  p ŠŌ_ŌChanetŌ_Ō,€Lord€Ō_ŌColvilleŌ_Ō,€Ms.€Elizabeth€Evatt,€Ms.€Pilar€Ō_ŌGaitanŌ_Ō€de€Ō_ŌPomboŌ_Ō,€Mr.€Louis€Ō_ŌHenkinŌ_Ō,€Mr.Š ` ŠŌ_ŌEckartŌ_Ō€Klein,€Mr.€David€Ō_ŌKretzmerŌ_Ō,€Mr.€Ō_ŌRajsoomerŌ_Ō€€Ō_ŌLallahŌ_Ō,€Ms.€Cecilia€Medina€Ō_ŌQuirogaŌ_Ō,€Mr.€MartinŠ P ŠŌ_ŌScheininŌ_Ō,€Mr.€Ō_ŌHipš;šlitoŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌSolariŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌYrigoyenŌ_Ō,€Mr.€Roman€Ō_ŌWieruszewskiŌ_Ō€and€Mr.€Ō_ŌAbdallahŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌZakhiaŌ_Ō.€UnderŠ š@ Šrule€85€of€the€Committee's€rules€of€procedure,€Mr.€Maxwell€Ō_ŌYaldenŌ_Ō€did€not€participate€in€theŠ ą0 Šexamination€of€the€case.€Š Š  ŠĢThe€text€of€an€individual€opinion€by€one€Committee€member€is€appended€to€the€present€document.€Š °"  ŠĢ[Adopted€in€English,€French€and€Spanish,€the€English€text€being€the€original€version.€SubsequentlyŠ $ą" Što€be€translated€€into€Arabic,€Chinese€and€Russian€as€part€of€the€Committee's€Annual€Report€to€theŠ €%Š # ŠGeneral€Assembly.]€Š p&Ą!$ ŠĢĢ1.€€Communication€No.€104/1981,€Inadmissibility€decision€adopted€on€6€April€1983.€Š @)$' ŠĢ2.€€Case€No.€7/1994/454/535,€Judgment€passed€26€September€1995.€In€the€case,€Mrs.€VogtŠ  +p&) Šmaintained,€ņņinter€aliaóó,€that€her€dismissal€from€the€civil€service€(as€a€schoolteacher)€on€account€of€herŠ ,`'* Špolitical€activities€as€a€member€of€the€German€Communist€Party€had€infringed€her€right€to€freedomŠ -P(+ Šof€expression€secured€under€article€10€of€the€European€Convention.€In€the€circumstances,€the€CourtŠ š-@), Šfound€that€article€10€had€been€violated.€Š ° ŠĢ3.€€The€case€concerned€tape-recorded€telephone€messages€from€the€author€and€a€political€partyŠ ą Šwarning€the€callers€š šof€the€dangers€of€international€finance€and€international€Jewry€leading€the€worldŠ €Š Šinto€wars,€unemployment€and€inflation€and€the€collapse€of€world€values€and€principlesšš.€PursuantŠ pĄ Što€section€3€of€the€Human€Rights€Act,€the€Canadian€Human€Rights€Commission€ordered€the€authorŠ ` ° Šand€the€political€party€to€cease€using€the€telephone€to€€communicate€such€matters.€The€Human€RightsŠ P   ŠCommittee€decided€that€the€communication€from€the€political€party€was€inadmissible€for€lack€ofŠ @  Šstanding,€while€the€communication€from€the€author€was€inadmissible€as€incompatible€with€theŠ 0 € ŠCovenant€because€the€disseminated€messages€š šclearly€Ō_Ōconstitute[dŌ_Ō]€advocacy€of€racial€or€religiousŠ  p  Šhatredšš.€Š `  ŠĢ4.€€Article€18,€paragraph€3,€refers€to€the€š šfundamental€rights€and€freedoms€of€othersšš€while€articleŠ š@  Š19,€paragraph€3,€refers€to€the€š šrights€and€reputations€of€othersšš.€Š ą0  ŠĢ5.€€Communication€No.€550/1993,€Views€adopted€on€8€November€1996.€Š Ą ŠĢ6.€See€footnote€no.€3.€Š  š ŠĢ7.€€Communication€No.€570/1993,€Inadmissibility€decision€adopted€on€8€April€1994.€Š €Š ŠĢ8.€As€it€did€in€General€Comment€No.€10€and€Communication€No.€550/1993,€ņņŌ_ŌFaurissonŌ_Ō€v.€Franceóó,Š `° ŠViews€adopted€on€8€November€1996.€Š P  ŠĢĢĢÓ×ÓÓ  Óņ ņIndividual€opinion€of€Ō_ŌHipš;šlitoŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌSolariŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌYrigoyenŌ_Ō€(dissenting)€ó óŠ ` ŠÓ!ÓÓÓĢĢIn€my€opinion,€paras€11.1€and€11.2€of€the€Committee's€Views€should€read€as€follows:€Š ą0 ŠĢą8  ąConcerning€the€author's€claim€of€a€violation€of€the€right€protected€by€article€19€of€theŠ Ą! ŠCovenant,€the€Committee€observes€that€the€exercise€of€the€right€to€freedom€ofŠ °"  Šexpression€covered€by€paragraph€2€of€that€article€entails€special€duties€andŠ  #š! Šresponsibilities€enumerated€in€paragraph€3.€It€cannot,€therefore,€accept€the€claim€thatŠ $ą" Šthe€€author's€freedom€of€expression€was€restricted€by€the€Board€of€Inquiry's€Order€ofŠ €%Š # Š28€August€1991€as€upheld€by€the€Supreme€Court€of€Canada,€since€that€Order€was€inŠ p&Ą!$ Škeeping€with€article€19,€paragraph€3,€of€the€Covenant.€It€€must€also€be€pointed€outŠ `'°"% Šthat€the€exercise€of€freedom€of€expression€cannot€be€regarded€in€isolation€from€the€Š P( #& Šrequirements€of€article€20€of€the€Covenant,€and€that€it€is€that€article€that€the€StateŠ @)$' Šparty€invokes€to€justify€the€measures€applied€to€the€author,€as€indicated€in€paragraphŠ 0*€%( Š6.3€above.€Š +p&)Š Š  ŠĢH.€Ō_ŌSolariŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌYrigoyenŌ_Ō€Ō_Ō[signed]Ō_ŌŌ_ŌŌ_ŌŌ_ŌŌ_ŌŠ -P(+ ŠÓf"Ó