’WPC× ’ōĻc‹„į4ŃO­lāŲ$˜é8ū‘ŃtĖ¢u—0ĀŽż7T%I&_CāE£«³cXō3LBY™•L[*2A’•*.’ ŅķąyėtĶn øĒč, Ubą8ÅŁļGA/ŻxŽwŲĀ}ä+Kśü#­Aķćūü“šRŽÄ8…s“ä>i±ómĘ[Ó)W› …#“æ2†, f †nV”£gŽJĄę¦¤AtV޲įˆĒ?NV›©S£ÅmF c¶’*(,(±®aP%jl\Jk®ƒÄÓX—)Źt¹Üń¾‰<ĻØ)ŹTņsķ+jŅĬQˆ•Ž£yzkź“ÜfŌ¶ŁtŒĢ”÷WĄćŪ9pĆ„‘|6'‹öEģMT?ČØ”°ŌC čŖHQźeń£r•xŪ}JŪäŚqŠĖ7|±Š©uw_˜°6ƋE„b*¾ ƒą|©6-ś”ܾå’Ē2|.1e¢åxԃµL’wŲ0Œ}ŗ„„½’ø¼Š/éY"|ĆQŗs‰øa”ßfU‹ļ>­ œÅW(–|ØĖiŸpö栕@¾†õā"Ą®Ó72õŽī![ØXīܟųŹąŠGœ«ØI„®ącĢāĢ…óѱ‡–f޹Įß,-ūĒ*•#ĮŅUN“ %į 0:ē^ !w-41ET mVm"uN—U>™˜HP LaserJet 4000 Series PSČŁŲŁŁŲČŁ0&Öd9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(üœ$””ŌUSUS.,Ōi‘\, ½ha+œ œ¤hŸ3|x’U‹’ĄĄĄ  Ń e ŃŃ ū Ńō\  `‹&Times New RomanŻ ƒüœ!ŻŌUSUS.,ŌŻ  ŻŌ_Ōņ ņņņóóŃū°ŃŌ‡¼mŠ»XXŌÓ  ÓŃ€ ®_ŃARGENTINAņņŌ#†X1ŽX»¼mŠT#Ōó óóóŠ ° ŠĢĢÓsÓņ ņŌ_ŌCCPRŌ_Ō€€A/45/40€(1990)Š “ć Šó óĢĢÓ  Ó212.€€The€Committee€considered€the€initial€report€of€Argentina€(Ō_ŌCCPRŌ_Ō/C/45/Add.2)€at€its€952ņņndóó,Š O Ÿ Š955ņņthóó€and€956ņņthóó€meetings€on€19€and€21€March€1990€(Ō_ŌCCPRŌ_Ō/C/SR.Ō_Ō952,SRŌ_Ō.955€and€SR.956).Š 8 ˆ Šą  ąĢ213.€€The€report€was€introduced€by€the€representative€of€the€State€party,€who€emphasized€thatŠ  Z  ŠArgentina€was€committed€to€promoting€and€protecting€human€rights€and€had€established€machineryŠ ó C  Šfor€that€purpose.€€It€was€difficult,€however,€in€view€of€the€economic€crisis€prevailing€in€ArgentinaŠ Ü,  Što€further€promote€and€protect€economic,€social€and€cultural€rights.€€The€representative€noted€thatŠ Å  Šthe€Government€had€made€the€communications€referred€to€in€article€4,€paragraph€3€of€the€CovenantŠ ®ž  Šin€respect€of€states€of€siege€declared€in€Argentina€in€May€1989.€€Argentina€had€also€informed€theŠ —ē  ŠUnited€Nations€and€had€provided€details€regarding€the€rights€which€had€been€temporarily€suspendedŠ €Š  Šduring€the€state€of€siege€after€that€exceptional€measure€had€been€lifted.Š i¹ Šą€(#(#K(#ąˆĢ214.€€Members€of€the€Committee€welcomed€the€State€partyššs€report€but€expressed€regret€that,Š ;‹ Šwhereas€it€gave€a€clear€idea€of€the€welcome€developments€since€the€end€of€the€military€dictatorshipŠ $t Šin€Argentina,€not€enough€information€had€been€provided€on€factors€and€difficulties€affecting€theŠ  ] Šimplementation€of€the€Covenant.Š öF ŠĢ215.€€In€connection€with€article€2€of€the€Covenant,€members€of€the€Committee€wished€to€receiveŠ Č Šadditional€information€regarding€the€status€of€the€Covenant€in€domestic€law.€€In€particular,€theyŠ ± Šwished€to€know€whether€the€Covenant€took€precedence€over€the€national€Constitution,€the€provincialŠ šź ŠConstitutions€and€the€national€laws€and€what€the€procedure€was€for€eliminating€any€discrepanciesŠ ƒÓ Šbetween€an€international€human€rights€instrument€and€domestic€legislation.€€In€that€regard,Š l¼ Šclarification€was€requested€of€the€statement€in€the€report€that€rights€protected€under€the€CovenantŠ U„ Šwere€already€protected€under€the€Constitution,€particularly€€in€view€of€the€fact€that€Argentina€hadŠ >Ž Šjust€emerged€from€a€period€during€which€the€Constitution€had€not€been€applied€in€respect€of€theŠ ' w Šrights€and€freedoms€it€contained.€It€was€also€asked€whether€there€had€been€any€specific€cases€inŠ !` Šwhich€alleged€violations€of€rights€by€the€authorities€had€been€declared€unconstitutional;€whetherŠ ł!I  Šcourts€other€than€the€Supreme€Court€were€competent€to€decide€on€such€matters,€what€the€relationshipŠ ā"2! Šbetween€administrative€and€judicial€remedies€was;€and€whether€there€were€any€rights€and€guaranteesŠ Ė#" Šother€than€those€listed€in€the€Constitution.Š “$ # ŠĢ216.€€Further€information€was€also€sought€on€the€organizational€structure€and€functions€of€theŠ †&Ö!% ŠUnder„Secretariat€of€Human€Rights€and€on€the€number,€nature€and€dispositions€made€of€theŠ o'æ"& Šcomplaints€that€had€been€received€by€that€body.€It€was€also€asked€what€specific€action€had€beenŠ X(Ø#' Štaken€to€raise€public€awareness€of€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant,€particularly€in€the€police€andŠ A)‘$( Šsecurity€forces€and€among€minority€groups;€what€was€the€scope€of€the€term€š šinhabitantšš€as€used€inŠ **z%) ŠArgentine€law;€and€whether€article€€20€of€the€Constitution,€setting€forth€the€rights€of€aliens,€was€inŠ +c&* Šconformity€with€article€2€of€the€Covenant.Š ü+L'+ ŠŠ å,5(, ŠŃ ®_Ńā  āŃe°ŃŃūūŃā  āŃ  ŃŌ_Ō217.€€Additionally,€members€expressed€grave€doubts€as€to€whether€the€Law€of€š šņņŌ_ŌPuntoŌ_Ō€Finalóóšš,€theŠ e ŠLaw€of€š šDue€Obediencešš€and€the€presidential€pardons€of€October€1989€were€compatible€with€articleŠ Né Š2,€paragraph€3,€and€article€9,€paragraph€5€of€the€Covenant€and€sought€further€information€as€to€theŠ 7Ņ Šreasons€that€had€led€the€Government€to€adopt€those€measures.€They€also€wished€to€know€whatŠ  » Šremedies€were€currently€available€to€victims€of€offences€committed€by€the€military€for€whichŠ  ¤ Šamnesty€had€been€granted.€It€was€further€asked€whether€the€provisions€of€those€laws€had€beenŠ ņ Šscrutinized€by€the€courts;€how€many€investigations€into€alleged€violations€of€human€rights€had€beenŠ Ū v Šcompleted€and€with€what€results;€what€the€present€position€was€with€regard€to€investigations€not€yetŠ Ä _ Šcompeted;€and€why€the€Attorney€General€had€issued€instructions€to€the€prosecutors€not€to€challengeŠ ­ H Šthe€constitutionality€of€the€presidential€pardons.Š – 1  ŠĢ218.€€In€connection€with€article€3€of€the€Covenant,€members€wished€to€know€whether€the€Under„Š h  ŠSecretariat€for€Women€had€received€any€complaints€about€discrimination€and,€if€so,€what€the€mainŠ Qģ  Šsubjects€of€such€complaints€had€been.€It€was€also€noted€that€the€concept€of€there€being€individualsŠ :Õ  Što€whom€particular€respect€was€due,€enshrined€in€some€provisions€of€Argentine€legislation€such€asŠ #¾  Šarticle€42€or€80€of€the€Penal€Code,€seemed€to€be€rooted€in€archaic€principles€and€appeared€to€beŠ  §  Šclearly€discriminatory.Š õ ŠĢ219.€€With€regard€to€article€4€of€the€Covenant,€members€of€the€Committee€requested€clarificationŠ Ēb Šof€the€provisions€governing€the€state€of€siege€in€Argentina€and€requested€information,€in€particular,Š °K Šon€the€state€of€siege€that€had€been€declared€since€the€return€of€civilian€rule.€They€also€wished€toŠ ™4 Šknow€what€the€maximum€duration€of€a€state€of€siege€was;€what€guarantees€were€available€duringŠ ‚ Ša€state€of€siege€to€a€person€whose€rights€had€been€infringed;€whether€there€was€any€explicit€legalŠ k Šprovision€to€guarantee€that€there€could€be€no€derogation€from€the€basic€rights€laid€down€in€articleŠ Tļ Š4,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Covenant;€whether€ņņhabeas€corpusóó€and€the€ņņŌ_ŌamparoŌ_Ōóó€procedure€remainedŠ =Ų Šapplicable€during€a€state€of€siege;€whether€the€€mere€probability€of€internal€disturbances€could€justifyŠ &Į Ša€declaration€of€state€of€siege;€and€what€control€was€exercised€by€the€legislature€over€the€powersŠ Ŗ Šaccorded€to€the€President€during€a€state€of€siege.Š ų“ ŠĢ220.€€In€connection€with€article€6€of€the€Covenant,€information€was€requested€about€cases€ofŠ Źe Šenforced€or€involuntary€disappearances€in€Argentina€that€had€occurred€before€Argentina€becameŠ ³N Šparty€to€the€Covenant€and€about€the€results€of€the€relevant€investigations.€Referring€to€the€rules€andŠ œ 7 Šregulations€governing€the€use€of€firearms€by€the€police€and€security€forces,€members€asked€howŠ …!   Šmany€officers€had€been€found€guilty€of€offences€and€disciplined€for€them;€what€the€penalties€hadŠ n" ! Šbeen;€and€whether€the€deaths€of€persons€participating€in€peaceful€demonstrations€were€automaticallyŠ W#ņ" Šinvestigated.€Information€was€also€sought€on€measures€taken€in€reaction€to€the€attack€on€La€Ō_ŌTabladaŌ_ŌŠ @$Ū# Šbarracks€in€January€1989€and,€in€that€connection,€it€was€asked€whether€any€complaints€of€tortureŠ )%Ä $ Šwere€currently€under€investigation€by€the€Government.€Additionally,€members€requested€detailsŠ &­!% Šabout€the€implementation€of€legislative€measures€concerning€abortion.Š ū&–"& ŠĢ221.€€With€regard€to€articles€7€and€9€of€the€Covenant,€members€wished€to€receive€clarification€of€theŠ Ķ(h$( Šmeaning€of€corporal€punishment€for€š šfailure€to€carry€out€duties€of€family€assistancešš,€whichŠ ¶)Q%) Šappeared€to€be€incompatible€with€article€7€of€the€Covenant;€on€legal€provisions€and€court€practiceŠ Ÿ*:&* Šconcerning€compensation€for€unlawful€arrest€or€detention;€and€on€a€specific€recent€Supreme€CourtŠ ˆ+#'+ Šdecision€concerning€ņņhabeas€corpusóó.€Members€also€wished€to€know€how€soon€after€arrest€a€personŠ q, (, Šcould€contact€a€lawyer;€and€whether€there€were€any€time€limits€within€which€a€detainee€had€to€beŠ Z-õ(- Šbrought€before€a€judge.€In€the€latter€connection,€it€was€noted€that€article€255€of€the€Code€of€PenalŠ e ŠProcedure,€providing€for€a€defendant€to€be€informed€of€the€reason€for€the€proceedings€and€for€hisŠ Né Šimprisonment€only€after€making€a€statement€before€the€judge,€seemed€to€be€incompatible€with€articleŠ 7Ņ Š9€of€the€Covenant.Š  » ŠĢ222.€€With€regard€to€article€14€of€the€Covenant,€members€of€the€Committee€wished€to€receiveŠ ņ Šadditional€information€on€the€organization€of€the€civil€and€military€court€systems;€on€the€status€ofŠ Ū v Šjudges,€and€on€the€steps€which€had€been€taken€to€strengthen€the€independence€of€the€judiciary.Š Ä _ ŠClarification€was€also€sought€of€the€provision€according€to€which€appeals€on€administrative€casesŠ ­ H Šwere€to€be€lodged€with€the€same€body€which€had€ruled€in€the€first€instance;€of€the€possibilities€forŠ – 1  Šchallenging€administrative€decisions€before€the€courts;€and€of€the€scope€of€Argentinaššs€reservationŠ    Što€article€15,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Covenant,€in€the€light€of€existing€imperative€international€law.€ItŠ h  Šwas€also€inquired€whether€the€right€to€seek€legal€assistance€could€be€denied€to€a€defendant€duringŠ Qģ  Šthe€preliminary€and€investigatory€stages€of€proceedings;€how€the€right€to€a€public€trial€was€ensuredŠ :Õ  Šin€Argentina;€what€procedures€were€used€by€military€courts€and,€in€particular,€whether€theirŠ #¾  Šcompetence€was€determined€ņņŌ_ŌrationeŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌmateriaeŌ_Ōóó€or€ņņŌ_ŌrationeŌ_Ō€personaeóó;€and€whether€remedies€wereŠ  §  Šavailable€to€any€civilians€who€had€been€sentenced€to€death€by€military€courts€during€the€period€ofŠ õ Šmilitary€rule.Š Žy ŠĢ223.€€Members€of€the€Committee€wished€to€receive€further€information€on€the€implementation€ofŠ °K Šarticle€17€of€the€Covenant€and€wished€to€know,€in€particular,€under€what€circumstances€telegraphŠ ™4 Šand€telephone€€tapping€was€authorized.Š ‚ ŠĢ224.€€Regarding€article€18€of€the€Covenant,€members€of€the€Committee€wished€to€know€what€theŠ Tļ Šprocedures€for€legal€recognition€and€inscription€of€religious€denominations€were;€how€many€non„Š =Ų ŠCatholic€denominations€had€been€registered;€whether,€once€registered,€the€latter€were€equal€underŠ &Į Šthe€law€with€the€Roman€Catholic€Church€and€also€enjoyed€financial€privileges;€what€had€been€theŠ Ŗ Šconsequences€of€the€designation€of€the€Roman€Catholic€Church€as€a€public€legal€person;€how€LawŠ ų“ ŠNo.€21.745€could€be€reconciled€ņņde€factoóó€with€article€18€of€the€Covenant;€and€whether€any€provisionsŠ į| Šhad€been€made€for€conscientious€objectors.Š Źe ŠĢ225.€€With€regard€to€articles€19€and€20€of€the€Covenant,€members€of€the€Committee€inquired€how,Š œ 7 Šin€practice,€journalists€were€guaranteed€access€to€information;€to€what€extent€officials€were€legallyŠ …!   Šbound€to€provide€information€to€the€press;€whether€there€were€any€limitations€imposed€on€theŠ n" ! Šactivities€of€non„registered€journalists;€and€whether€anti„Ō_ŌsemitismŌ_Ō€still€persisted€in€some€circlesŠ W#ņ" Šdespite€anti„discrimination€legislation.€It€was€observed€that€Argentine€law€did€not€seem€to€complyŠ @$Ū# Šwith€the€provisions€of€article€20€of€the€Covenant€since€no€provisions€had€been€made€for€theŠ )%Ä $ Šprohibition€of€war€propaganda€and€members€also€sought€clarification€of€article€22€of€theŠ &­!% ŠConstitution€relating€to€the€crime€of€sedition.Š ū&–"& ŠĢ226.€€In€connection€with€articles€21€and€22€of€the€Covenant,€members€of€the€Committee€wished€toŠ Ķ(h$( Šknow€what€legal€restrictions,€if€any,€could€be€imposed€on€freedom€of€assembly;€how€the€exerciseŠ ¶)Q%) Šof€freedom€of€assembly€and€freedom€of€association€was€guaranteed€in€practice;€and€what€theŠ Ÿ*:&* Šprerequisites€were€for€forming€associations€and€political€parties.Š ˆ+#'+ ŠĢ227.€€With€regard€to€article€24€of€the€Covenant,€further€information€was€sought€on€the€situation€ofŠ Z-õ(- ŠŌ_ŌkidnappedŌ_Ō€and€abducted€children€and€about€any€plans€to€maintain€the€data€bank€that€had€beenŠ e Šestablished€on€such€children,€and€on€the€reasons€for€the€reduction€of€penalties€for€murdering€orŠ Né Šabandoning€children€in€order€to€conceal€the€Ō_ŌdishonourŌ_Ō€of€the€mother€or€of€other€members€of€theŠ 7Ņ Šfamily.Š  » ŠĢ228.€€Regarding€article€25€of€the€Covenant,€it€was€asked€whether€there€were€instances€in€whichŠ ņ Šforeigners€had€actually€voted€and€been€elected€in€the€municipalities€in€which€they€lived€and€whetherŠ Ū v ŠArgentina€planned€to€change€the€religious€test€for€eligibility€for€the€office€of€President€or€Vice„Š Ä _ ŠPresident,€which€it€had€acknowledged€to€be€contrary€to€article€25€of€the€Covenant.€Members€alsoŠ ­ H Šquestioned€the€compatibility€with€the€Covenant€of€the€requirement€that€senatorial€candidates€possessŠ – 1  Ša€certain€minimum€income€and€requested€clarification€of€the€statement€in€the€report€that€theŠ    ŠConstitution€established€political€rights€š šin€implicit€formšš.Š h  ŠĢ229.€€Lastly,€with€regard€to€article€27€of€the€Covenant,€members€of€the€Committee€wished€to€receiveŠ :Õ  Šadditional€information€on€the€aboriginal€communities€referred€to€in€paragraph€246€of€the€report;€onŠ #¾  Šthe€right€of€indigenous€groups€to€Ō_ŌpractiseŌ_Ō€their€own€religion€and€use€their€own€languages;€and€on€theŠ  §  Šactivities€of€the€National€Institute€of€Indigenous€Affairs€since€its€establishment€in€1985.Š õ ŠĢ230.€€Replying€to€questions€raised€by€members€of€the€Committee€concerning€article€2€of€theŠ Ēb ŠCovenant,€the€representative€said€that€the€two€international€human€rights€covenants,€together€withŠ °K Šthe€American€Convention€on€Human€Rights,€had€been€incorporated€€into€Argentine€law€betweenŠ ™4 Š1984€and€1986.€Pursuant€to€article€31€of€the€Constitution,€the€Covenant€ranked€below€theŠ ‚ ŠConstitution,€was€on€an€equal€footing€with€national€laws€and€took€precedence€over€provincial€laws.Š k ŠConflicts€between€national€law€and€international€law€were€resolved€by€applying€the€general€principleŠ Tļ Šthat€a€subsequent€rule€took€precedence€over€a€prior€rule€on€the€same€subject.€The€Covenant€couldŠ =Ų Šbe€invoked€in€any€jurisdiction,€and€any€court€could€directly€apply€its€provisions.€Victims€of€humanŠ &Į Šrights€violations€had€recourse€to€all€civil€and€criminal€remedies€provided€in€the€national€judicialŠ Ŗ Šsystem,€including€administrative€remedies€if€applicable.€The€Argentinian€system€did€not€have€€aŠ ų“ Šspecialized€court€for€constitutional€review€and€that€function€was€performed€by€the€Supreme€CourtŠ į| Šof€Justice€through€the€extraordinary€appeal€procedure.€€All€executive€and€legislative€acts,€with€theŠ Źe Šexception€of€acts€which€were€merely€discretional€or€ministerial,€were€subject€to€such€constitutionalŠ ³N Šreview,€if€and€when€there€was€a€complaint€by€a€litigant€alleging€unconstitutionality.€By€virtue€ofŠ œ 7 Šarticle€100€of€the€Constitution,€the€Supreme€Court€was€the€final€authority€in€interpreting€theŠ …!   ŠConstitution.Š n" ! ŠĢ231.€€Concerning€the€questions€relating€to€the€Law€of€š šDue€Obediencešš,€the€Law€of€š šņņŌ_ŌPuntoŌ_Ō€Finaló󚚊 @$Ū# Šand€the€presidential€pardons€of€October€1989,€the€representative€recalled€that€the€Covenant€onlyŠ )%Ä $ Šapplied€to€events€occurring€on€or€after€the€date€of€its€entry€into€force€and€that,€consequently,€theŠ &­!% Šprovisions€of€the€Covenant€did€not€apply€to€Acts€23.492€and€23.049.€In€its€judgment€of€3€July€1987,Š ū&–"& Šthe€Supreme€Court€had€declared€Act€23.521€to€be€constitutional.€While€that€Act€placed€limitationsŠ ä'#' Šon€criminal€prosecution€of€individuals€who€had€committed€crimes€on€orders€of€their€superiors€it€didŠ Ķ(h$( Šnot€imply€the€denial€of€the€facts€or€of€the€criminality€of€the€acts€and€the€guilt€of€those€who€hadŠ ¶)Q%) Šcommitted€them.€Neither€did€the€presidential€pardon€eliminate€the€crime€itself;€it€merely€preventedŠ Ÿ*:&* Šthe€execution€of€the€sentence.€The€decision€to€exercise€clemency€had€been€based€on€the€fact€that€theŠ ˆ+#'+ Ševents€of€the€past€two€decades€had€constantly€jeopardized€the€maintenance€of€public€order€withinŠ q, (, ŠArgentina€and€its€purpose€was€to€bring€peace€to€all€sectors€of€Argentinian€society.€Nothing€inŠ Z-õ(- ŠArgentinaššs€legislation€prevented€the€continuing€investigation€of€the€facts€and,€indeed,€suchŠ e Šinvestigations€were€being€pursued.€Seven€officers€of€the€armed€forces€had€been€sentenced€for€humanŠ Né Šrights€violations€and,€in€early€October€1989,€34€other€persons€were€placed€on€trial,€many€of€themŠ 7Ņ Šfor€several€human€rights€offences.Š  » ŠĢ232.€€In€reply€to€questions€raised€by€members€of€the€Committee€concerning€article€4€of€theŠ ņ ŠCovenant,€the€representative€stated€that€a€state€of€siege€could€be€declared€in€the€event€that€internalŠ Ū v Šdisorder€or€foreign€attack€endangered€the€operations€of€the€Constitution€and€of€the€authoritiesŠ Ä _ Šcreated€thereunder.€A€state€of€siege€was€declared€for€a€limited€period,€but€the€exact€duration€of€thatŠ ­ H Šperiod€did€not€have€to€be€specified.€During€a€state€of€siege,€the€power€of€the€President€of€theŠ – 1  ŠRepublic€was€limited€to€arresting€or€displacing€individuals€and€he€had€no€power€to€convict€them€ofŠ    Šany€criminal€offences.€The€rights€provided€for€under€article€4,€paragraph€2,€of€the€CovenantŠ h  Šcontinued€in€force.€The€existence€of€a€state€of€siege€did€not€imply€the€suspension€of€the€ConstitutionŠ Qģ  Šor€any€weakening€of€the€division€of€powers€among€the€executive,€legislative€and€judicial€branches.Š :Õ  ŠAccording€to€a€Supreme€Court€decision€taken€in€1978,€notwithstanding€the€fact€that€taking€measuresŠ #¾  Šsuch€as€the€arrest€and€transfer€of€persons€was€provided€for€under€the€Constitution,€officials€were€notŠ  §  Šexempt€from€possible€criminal€liability€when€their€actions€constituted€an€offence€under€the€law.€TheŠ õ Šlegality€of€the€declaration€of€a€state€of€siege€could€be€reviewed,€under€Act€23.098€of€1984,€as€partŠ Žy Šof€the€procedure€of€ņņhabeas€corpusóó.€Both€ņņŌ_ŌamparoŌ_Ōóó€and€ņņhabeas€corpus€óócould€be€invoked€during€a€stateŠ Ēb Šof€siege.€The€enactment€of€a€law€regulating€the€exercise€of€the€powers€of€the€executive€branch€withŠ °K Šrespect€to€the€imposition€of€a€state€of€siege€was€currently€under€consideration.Š ™4 ŠĢ233.€€Responding€to€questions€raised€by€members€concerning€article€6€of€the€Covenant,€theŠ k Šrepresentative€noted€that,€since€the€restoration€of€democracy,€successive€constitutional€GovernmentsŠ Tļ Šhad€provided€the€Working€Group€on€Enforced€or€Involuntary€Disappearances€with€informationŠ =Ų Šconcerning€reported€cases€of€€forced€disappearances.€The€National€Commission€on€theŠ &Į ŠDisappearances€of€Persons€(Ō_ŌCONADEPŌ_Ō)€and€the€Public€Prosecutorššs€Office€had€investigated€casesŠ Ŗ Šthat€had€been€brought€before€the€competent€Federal€Appeal€Chamber.€Three€such€cases,€of€specialŠ ų“ Šsignificance,€involved€persons€who€had€been€detained€by€the€military€Ō_ŌrgimeŌ_Ō€and€who€hadŠ į| Šsubsequently€claimed€compensation€for€illegal€detention.€They€showed€that€despite€the€Law€of€š šDueŠ Źe ŠObediencešš€and€the€Law€of€š šŌ_ŌPuntoŌ_Ō€Finalšš€it€was€possible€to€continue€litigation€€until€compensationŠ ³N Šwas€awarded.€Referring€to€the€attack€on€La€Ō_ŌTabladaŌ_Ō€military€barracks,€the€representative€said€thatŠ œ 7 Š20€persons€had€been€brought€to€trial€and€that€a€decision€had€been€handed€down€on€5€October€1989.Š …!   ŠBoth€the€Office€of€the€Public€Attorney€and€the€Ō_ŌdefenceŌ_Ō€attorneys€had€lodged€appeals€against€thatŠ n" ! Šdecision,€the€latter€alleging€mistreatment€or€unlawful€use€of€force€by€the€police€„€allegations€thatŠ W#ņ" Šwere€all€currently€under€investigation.Š @$Ū# ŠĢ234.€€With€reference€to€questions€raised€by€members€of€the€Committee€concerning€article€9€of€theŠ &­!% ŠCovenant,€the€representative€said€that,€under€the€law,€detainees€had€to€be€provided€with€counselŠ ū&–"& Šimmediately€and€that€a€judge€had€to€be€informed€of€the€alleged€violation€and€had€to€be€provided€willŠ ä'#' Šall€relevant€documentation€within€24€hours€of€an€arrest.€A€detainee€had€the€right€to€make€a€telephoneŠ Ķ(h$( Šcall€indicating€his€whereabouts,€which€enabled€a€lawyer€to€begin€representing€him.€The€remedy€ofŠ ¶)Q%) ŠņņŌ_ŌamparoŌ_Ōóó€was€admissible€in€connection€with€any€act€by€the€authorities€which€infringed,€restricted€orŠ Ÿ*:&* Šarbitrarily€jeopardized€any€right€recognized€by€the€Constitution.€The€right€of€ņņhabeas€corpusóó€wasŠ ˆ+#'+ Šinvoked€when€freedom€of€movement€had€been€restricted€by€the€public€authorities€without€a€warrantŠ q, (, Šor€when€an€arrest€had€been€made€illegally.Š Z-õ(- Ї235.€€Turning€to€questions€raised€by€members€of€the€Committee€concerning€article€14€of€theŠ e ŠCovenant,€the€representative€of€the€State€party€said€that€Argentina€still€followed€the€practice€ofŠ Né Šwritten€proceedings,€which€provided€for€a€limited€period€of€secrecy.€A€proposed€amendment€to€theŠ 7Ņ Šexisting€law,€which€aimed€at€institutionalizing€verbal€and€public€proceedings,€had€not€been€adopted.Š  » ŠHowever,€the€Code€of€Military€Justice€and€the€Law€for€the€Ō_ŌDefenceŌ_Ō€of€Democracy€now€provided€forŠ  ¤ Špublic€hearings€before€a€court€of€charges,€evidence€and€expert€testimony.€Journalists€had€directŠ ņ Šaccess€to€courtrooms,€the€persons€under€trial,€and€to€judges€and€attorneys.€Referring€to€theŠ Ū v Šcompetence€of€military€courts,€the€representative€explained€that,€in€1984,€the€Congress€hadŠ Ä _ Šintroduced€amendments€to€the€Code€of€Military€Justice€providing€for€a€transitional€Ō_ŌrgimeŌ_Ō€in€judgingŠ ­ H Šoffences€committed€during€the€repression.€The€jurisdiction€of€the€military€courts€had€been€reducedŠ – 1  Što€strictly€military€matters€which€further€limited€the€possibility€of€a€civilian€being€judged€by€aŠ    Šmilitary€court€for€civil€offences.€Additionally,€there€was€a€recourse€of€mandatory€appeal€to€theŠ h  Šcompetent€Federal€Appeal€Chambers€against€decisions€handed€down€by€military€courts€concerningŠ Qģ  Šmilitary€offences€in€time€of€peace.Š :Õ  ŠĢ236.€€Responding€to€questions€raised€under€article€18€of€the€Covenant,€the€representative€said€thatŠ  §  Šthere€was€freedom€of€worship€in€Argentina€but€not€equality€of€worship.€The€Government€providedŠ õ Šfinancial€aid€for€helping€to€train€members€of€the€Catholic€clergy€and€for€the€support€of€bishops€andŠ Žy Šattributed€special€value€to€the€Roman€Catholic€Church,€which€represented€the€majority€of€theŠ Ēb Špopulation.€While€the€Catholic€Church€enjoyed€pre„eminence€and€enjoyed€the€legal€status€of€a€publicŠ °K Šbody€corporate€whereas€other€religious€denominations€were€allowed€to€function€only€as€associations,Š ™4 Šit€was€not€a€state€church.€Discussions€were€currently€under€way€with€a€view€to€granting€a€specialŠ ‚ Šlegal€status€to€non„Catholic€religions.€Under€Act€No.€21.745,€all€non„Catholic€religious€institutionsŠ k Šand€organizations€were€required€to€register.€Registration€itself€was€a€simple€procedure€and€once€aŠ Tļ Šgroup€was€registered€it€was€allowed€to€carry€out€its€activities€anywhere€in€the€country€and€couldŠ =Ų Šrequest€a€tax€exemption.€So€far,€approximately€2,730€religious€groups€had€registered.€A€billŠ &Į Šproviding€for€regulations€concerning€conscientious€objectors€had€been€submitted€to€the€CongressŠ Ŗ Šand€on€18€April€1989€the€Supreme€Court€had€recognized€the€principle€that€the€obligation€of€militaryŠ ų“ Šservice€could€be€met€without€taking€up€arms.€Exemptions€from€military€service€were€granted€on€a€Š į| Šcase„by„case€basis€to€seminary€students€belonging€to€Jehovahššs€Witnesses€who€presented€theŠ Źe Šnecessary€certificates€from€the€relevant€institutions.Š ³N ŠĢ237.€€With€reference€to€questions€raised€by€members€of€the€Committee€concerning€article€20€of€theŠ …!   ŠCovenant,€the€representative€said€that€discrimination€of€any€kind€was€essentially€incompatible€withŠ n" ! Šthe€provisions€of€the€Constitution.€Under€the€Criminal€Code,€racial€or€religious€hatred€wasŠ W#ņ" Šconsidered€as€an€aggravating€circumstance€in€respect€of€various€crimes.€The€law€regulating€theŠ @$Ū# Šactivities€of€political€parties€prohibited€the€use€of€party€names€containing€words€that€expressedŠ )%Ä $ Šracial,€class€or€religious€hostility,€or€that€might€provoke€such€hostility.Š &­!% ŠĢ238.€€With€regard€to€article€24€of€the€Covenant,€the€representative€stated€that€the€Genetic€Data€BankŠ ä'#' Šcarefully€collected€and€stored€genetic€data€on€family€members€of€disappeared€persons.€Through€theŠ Ķ(h$( ŠBank,€it€had€been€possible€to€return€many€children€to€their€natural€families.Š ¶)Q%) ŠĢ239.€€In€reply€to€questions€raised€under€article€25€of€the€Covenant,€the€representative€said€that,€apartŠ ˆ+#'+ Šfrom€article€76€of€the€Constitution,€which€provided€that€a€person€must€belong€to€the€Roman€CatholicŠ q, (, ŠChurch€in€order€to€be€elected€President€or€Vice„President€of€the€nation,€there€were€no€other€religiousŠ Z-õ(- Šrequirements€for€holding€high€office.€Although€proposals€to€amend€the€Constitution€could€beŠ e Šenvisaged€in€respect€of€article€76,€it€could€not€be€said€categorically€that€the€requirement€containedŠ Né Štherein€was€contrary€to€the€Covenant.Š 7Ņ ŠĢ240.€€Responding€to€questions€relating€to€article€27€of€the€Covenant,€the€representative€stated€thatŠ  ¤ Šaccording€to€the€latest€census,€taken€in€1966,€there€were€302,000€indigenous€inhabitants€inŠ ņ ŠArgentina.€Their€rights€were€being€protected€and€their€traditions€were€being€preserved.Š Ū v ŠĢņņGeneral€observationsóóŠ ­ H ŠĢ241.€€Members€of€the€Committee€thanked€the€representative€of€the€State€party€for€the€co„operativeŠ    Šand€open€spirit€in€which€she€had€answered€many€of€their€questions.€They€observed€that€while€it€wasŠ h  Ševident€that€the€Government€of€Argentina€was€seriously€committed€to€the€protection€of€human€rightsŠ Qģ  Šwhich€had€been€violated€during€the€military€dictatorship,€there€was€nevertheless€some€cause€forŠ :Õ  Šconcern€regarding€the€effective€implementation€of€the€Covenant€in€Argentina.€Members€voicedŠ #¾  Šconcern€especially€in€respect€of€the€compatibility€of€the€Law€of€š šDue€Obediencešš€and€the€Law€ofŠ  §  Šš šņņŌ_ŌPuntoŌ_Ō€Finaló󚚀with€the€Covenant€and€of€the€negative€precedents€that€those€measures€could€set€andŠ õ Šexpressed€the€hope€that€those€laws€would€not€jeopardize€the€rights€of€victims€to€reparation.€TheyŠ Žy Šalso€hoped€that€the€Government€would€make€further€efforts€and€take€appropriate€action€in€respectŠ Ēb Šof€the€disappearances€that€had€occurred€before€Argentina€had€become€party€to€the€Covenant.Š °K ŠReferences€were€also€made€by€members€to€the€use€of€excessive€force€by€the€police;€the€privilegesŠ ™4 Šenjoyed€by€the€Roman€Catholic€Church;€and€to€the€guarantees€relating€to€the€prevention€of€abuseŠ ‚ Šof€power€by€the€authorities,€particularly€in€respect€of€the€practice€of€torture€and€during€a€state€ofŠ k Šsiege.Š Tļ ŠĢ242.€€The€representative€of€the€State€party€expressed€appreciation€to€the€Committee€for€its€commentsŠ &Į Šand€recommendations€and€assured€it€that€they€would€be€conveyed€to€her€Government.Š Ŗ ŠĢ243.€€In€concluding€the€consideration€of€the€initial€report€of€Argentina,€the€Chairman€also€thankedŠ į| Šthe€representative€of€the€State€party€for€her€co„operation€and€expressed€the€hope€that€the€issuesŠ Źe Šraised€by€the€Committee,€particularly€in€respect€of€such€important€matters€as€torture,€which€had€beenŠ ³N Ša€great€evil€in€Argentina,€and€religious€freedom€and€religious€equality,€would€be€acted€uponŠ œ 7 Šimmediately€and€would€be€addressed€in€Argentinaššs€second€periodic€report.Š  …!   Šņ ņŌ_ŌCCPRŌ_Ō€€A/50/40€(1995)ó óŠ e ŠĢĢ144.€€The€Committee€considered€the€second€periodic€report€of€Argentina€(Ō_ŌCCPRŌ_Ō/C/75/Add.1)€at€itsŠ !¼ Š1389ņņthóó€€to€1391ņņstóó€meetings,€on€21€and€22€March€1995,€and€adopted€ņņ13óó/€the€following€final€comments:€Š  „ ŠĢ1.€€ņņIntroductionóóŠ Ü w ŠĢ145.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€second€periodic€report€submitted€by€the€State€party€and€viewsŠ ® I Šwith€satisfaction€the€frank€and€constructive€manner€in€which€the€dialogue€with€the€Committee€hasŠ — 2  Šbeen€conducted.€It€welcomes€in€particular€the€comprehensive€answers€provided€by€the€high-levelŠ €   Šdelegation€representing€the€State€party.€None€the€less,€the€Committee€expresses€its€regret€that€theŠ i  Šreport€does€not€adequately€deal€with€the€factors€and€difficulties€encountered€with€regard€to€the€actualŠ Rķ  Šimplementation€of€the€Covenant.€The€Committee€notes€that€this€shortcoming€was€compensated€inŠ ;Ö  Špart€by€the€oral€update€of€the€report,€as€well€as€the€oral€replies€provided€to€the€list€of€issues€and€otherŠ $æ  Šquestions€raised€by€the€Committee€during€the€consideration€of€the€State€party's€report.Š  Ø  ŠĢ2.€€ņņFactors€and€difficulties€affecting€the€implementation€of€the€CovenantóóŠ ßz ŠĢ146.€€The€Committee€notes€that€the€compromises€made€by€the€State€party€with€respect€to€itsŠ ±L Šauthoritarian€past,€especially€the€Law€of€Due€Obedience€and€Law€of€ņņŌ_ŌPuntoŌ_Ō€Finalóó€and€the€presidentialŠ š5 Špardon€of€top€military€personnel,€are€inconsistent€with€the€requirements€of€the€Covenant.Š ƒ ŠĢ3.€€ņņPositive€aspectsóóŠ Uš ŠĢ147.€€The€Committee€notes€with€satisfaction€Argentina's€continuous€progress€in€its€efforts€toŠ 'Ā Šdemocratize€and€to€match€its€level€of€human€rights€protection€with€international€standards.€AlthoughŠ « Šmuch€work€remains€to€be€done€in€this€area,€legislative€developments€since€1983€indicate€thatŠ ł” ŠArgentina€is€committed€to€the€protection€of€human€rights€at€the€highest€levels.€In€this€connection,Š ā} Šthe€Committee€welcomes€the€constitutional€reforms€of€August€1994,€which€elevate€severalŠ Ėf Šinternational€human€rights€instruments,€including€the€Covenant€and€the€First€Optional€Protocol,Š “O Šabove€national€laws€and€grants€them€constitutional€status€(arts.€31€and€75€(22)€of€the€Constitution).Š  8 ŠThe€Committee€further€welcomes€the€creation€of€the€post€of€"Defender€of€the€People",€which€wasŠ †!!  Šestablished€in€December€1993€under€Act€24,284.€This€post€is€responsible€for€the€protection€of€theŠ o" ! Šrights€of€the€Argentine€people€against€possible€infringement€by€the€national€authorities.Š X#ó" Šą  ąą ` ąą ø ąą  ąą h ąĢą  ąĢĢ_____________Š ü&—"& ŠĢą  ąņņ13óó/€€€€At€its€1411ņņthóó€€meeting€(fifty„third€session),€held€on€5€April€1995.Š Ī(i$( ŠĢŠ   *;&* Š148.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€Ō_ŌprogrammesŌ_Ō€established€for€the€advancement€of€women'sŠ e Šequality€and€particularly€welcomes€the€recognition€on€the€part€of€the€State€party€of€violence€againstŠ Né Šwomen€as€a€matter€of€concern.Š 7Ņ ŠĢ149.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€enactment€of€Act€24,043€granting€compensation€to€those€whoŠ  ¤ Šwere€detained€by€order€of€the€Executive.€It€also€welcomes€Act€24,411,€which€grants€some€benefitsŠ ņ Što€relatives€of€disappeared€persons.Š Ū v ŠĢ150.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€revisions€made€to€the€Code€of€Criminal€Procedure,€those€whichŠ ­ H Šare€under€way€to€the€Code€of€Civil€Procedure,€the€reform€of€the€prison€system€and€the€establishmentŠ – 1  Šof€the€Office€of€the€Government€Procurator€for€the€Prison€System.€It€also€welcomes€the€efforts€byŠ    Šthe€State€party€to€rehabilitate€convicted€prisoners€and€construct€more€facilities€to€alleviate€prisonŠ h  Šcrowding.Š Qģ  ŠĢ151.€€The€Committee€notes€with€satisfaction€the€elimination€in€the€constitutional€reforms€of€1994Š #¾  Šof€the€qualification€that€the€President€of€the€Republic€must€be€Catholic.Š  §  ŠĢ152.€€The€Committee€also€notes€with€satisfaction€that€the€Ministries€of€the€Interior€and€of€ForeignŠ Žy ŠAffairs€are€conducting€human€rights€training€Ō_ŌprogrammesŌ_Ō€for€law€enforcement€officials,€personnelŠ Ēb Šengaged€in€the€administration€of€justice,€and€the€general€public.Š °K ŠĢ4.€€ņņPrincipal€subjects€of€concernóóŠ ‚ ŠĢ153.€€The€Committee€reiterates€its€concern€that€Act€23,521€(Law€of€Due€Obedience)€and€Act€23,492Š Tļ Š(Law€of€ņņŌ_ŌPuntoŌ_Ō€Finalóó)€deny€effective€remedy€to€victims€of€human€rights€violations,€in€violation€ofŠ =Ų Šarticle€2,€paragraphs€2€and€3,€and€article€9,€paragraph€5,€of€the€Covenant.€The€Committee€isŠ &Į Šconcerned€that€amnesties€and€pardons€have€impeded€investigations€into€allegations€of€crimesŠ Ŗ Šcommitted€by€the€armed€forces€and€agents€of€national€security€services€and€have€been€applied€evenŠ ų“ Šin€cases€where€there€exists€significant€evidence€of€such€gross€human€rights€violations€as€unlawfulŠ į| Šdisappearances€and€detention€of€persons,€including€children.€The€Committee€expresses€concern€thatŠ Źe Špardons€and€general€amnesties€may€promote€an€atmosphere€of€impunity€for€perpetrators€of€humanŠ ³N Šrights€violations€belonging€to€the€security€forces.€Respect€for€human€rights€may€be€weakened€byŠ œ 7 Šimpunity€for€perpetrators€of€human€rights€violations.Š …!   ŠĢ154.€€In€the€latter€connection,€the€Committee€regrets€that€evidence€presented€to€the€Senate€againstŠ W#ņ" Šmembers€of€the€armed€forces,€proving€that€they€have€engaged€in€extrajudicial€executions,€forcedŠ @$Ū# Šdisappearances,€torture,€or€other€violations€of€human€rights,€may€in€some€cases€prevent€theŠ )%Ä $ Špromotion€of€those€accused€but€does€not€in€itself€cause€their€dismissal.Š &­!% ŠĢ155.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€about€threats€to€members€of€the€judiciary,€which€throughŠ ä'#' Šintimidation€seek€to€compromise€the€independence€of€the€judiciary€as€set€forth€in€article€14€of€theŠ Ķ(h$( ŠCovenant.€The€Committee€is€further€concerned€about€attacks€against€journalists€and€unionists,€andŠ ¶)Q%) Šthe€lack€of€protection€afforded€to€them,€which€restricts€the€enjoyment€of€the€rights€of€expression€andŠ Ÿ*:&* Šassociation€provided€for€in€articles€19€and€22€of€the€Covenant.Š ˆ+#'+ ŠĢ156.€€While€the€Committee€welcomes€Act€24,043€and€Act€24,411,€it€regrets€that€they€do€not€provideŠ Z-õ(- Šfor€compensation€for€victims€of€torture.€The€Committee€expresses€concern€about€cases€of€excessiveŠ e Šuse€of€force,€torture€and€arbitrary€or€unlawful€detentions€committed€by€members€of€the€police€andŠ Né Šthe€armed€forces€which€have€been€brought€to€its€attention.€It€is€concerned€that€there€is€no€clearŠ 7Ņ Šmechanism€for€investigating€complaints€of€police€violence€that€ensures€there€will€be€no€reprisalsŠ  » Šagainst€complainants,€that€where€provincial€administrations€are€lax€in€dealing€with€allegations€ofŠ  ¤ Špolice€violence€the€federal€authorities€do€not€ensure€compliance€with€the€Covenant,€and€that€theŠ ņ Šperpetrators€of€acts€of€police€violence€generally€are€not€punished€and€the€victims€are€notŠ Ū v Šcompensated.€It€expresses€concern€about€the€delay€in€resolving€the€situation€of€children€ofŠ Ä _ Šdisappeared€persons€and€is€especially€disturbed€at€the€failure€of€the€report€to€provide€any€informationŠ ­ H Šat€all€on€the€real€situation€as€it€relates€to€article€7€of€the€Covenant.Š – 1  ŠĢ157.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€that€the€Penal€Code€appears€to€be€deficient€in€certain€key€areasŠ h  Šthat€apparently€conflict€with€the€principle€of€presumption€of€innocence€(art.€14,€para.€2,€of€theŠ Qģ  ŠCovenant).€It€is€concerned€about€the€system€of€pre-trial€detention,€which€it€considers€to€be€one€ofŠ :Õ  Šthe€remaining€vestiges€of€authoritarian€rule.€The€Committee€also€expresses€concern€that€persons€mayŠ #¾  Šbe€detained€for€a€period€longer€than€the€maximum€penalty€allowed€by€law€and€regrets,€in€thisŠ  §  Šconnection,€that€article€317€of€the€Constitution€does€not€order€their€release.€The€Committee€furtherŠ õ Šnotes€that€bail€is€established€according€to€the€economic€consequences€of€the€crime€committed€andŠ Žy Šnot€by€reference€to€the€probability€that€the€defendant€will€not€appear€in€court€or€otherwise€impedeŠ Ēb Šdue€process€of€law.€Nor€is€it€compatible€with€the€presumption€of€innocence€that€the€length€ofŠ °K Špre-trial€detention€is€not€a€product€of€the€complexity€of€the€case€but€is€set€by€reference€to€theŠ ™4 Špossible€length€of€sentence.€The€Committee€is€also€concerned€that€accused€persons€are€held€inŠ ‚ Šdetention€in€the€same€facilities€as€convicted€persons,€and€that€the€grounds€for€judicial€authorizationŠ k Šof€telephone€tapping€may€be€too€broadly€drawn.Š Tļ ŠĢ5.€€ņņSuggestions€and€recommendationsóóŠ &Į ŠĢ158.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party,€in€accordance€with€article€2,€paragraph€2,€ofŠ ų“ Šthe€Covenant,€develop€mechanisms€for€compensating€all€remaining€victims€of€past€violations€ofŠ į| Šhuman€rights€by€amending€Act€24,043€or€enacting€appropriate€legislation€for€the€victims€of€suchŠ Źe Šcrimes.€The€Committee€especially€recommends€that€appropriate€care€be€taken€in€the€use€of€pardonsŠ ³N Šand€general€amnesties€so€as€not€to€foster€an€atmosphere€of€impunity€(see€the€Committee's€generalŠ œ 7 Šcomment€No.€7€(16)).€The€Committee€recommends€that€members€of€the€armed€forces€or€securityŠ …!   Šforces€against€whom€sufficient€evidence€of€involvement€in€gross€human€rights€violations€exists€beŠ n" ! Šremoved€from€their€posts.Š W#ņ" ŠĢ159.€€The€Committee€urges€the€State€party€to€continue€to€investigate€the€whereabouts€of€disappearedŠ )%Ä $ Špersons,€to€complete€urgently€investigations€into€the€allegations€of€illegal€adoption€of€children€ofŠ &­!% Šdisappeared€persons€and€to€take€appropriate€action.€It€also€urges€the€State€party€fully€to€investigateŠ ū&–"& Šrecent€allegations€of€murders€committed€by€the€military€during€the€period€of€military€rule€and€to€takeŠ ä'#' Šaction€on€the€findings.Š Ķ(h$( ŠĢ160.€€The€Committee€notes€that€the€Office€of€the€Under-Secretary-General€of€Human€and€SocialŠ Ÿ*:&* ŠRights€falls€under€the€jurisdiction€of€the€Ministry€of€the€Interior,€which€also€regulates€the€policeŠ ˆ+#'+ Šforces.€The€Committee€recommends€that€measures€to€guarantee€the€independence€of€theŠ q, (, ŠUnder-Secretary-General€be€taken,€particularly€with€respect€to€investigations€of€human€rightsŠ Z-õ(- Šviolations.Š e ŠĢ161.€€The€Committee€urges€that€all€necessary€steps€be€taken€to€prevent€cases€of€excessive€use€ofŠ 7Ņ Šforce,€torture,€arbitrary€detention€or€extrajudicial€execution€by€members€of€the€armed€forces€or€theŠ  » Špolice.€These€steps€should€include€preventive,€disciplinary€and€punitive€measures,€as€well€asŠ  ¤ Šappropriate€training.€All€violations€should€be€investigated€and€the€victims€compensated.Š ņ ŠĢ162.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€special€protection€be€provided€to€journalists€and€membersŠ Ä _ Šof€trade€unions€under€threat€or€intimidation€so€as€effectively€to€protect€the€rights€provided€for€inŠ ­ H Šarticles€19€and€22€of€the€Covenant.Š – 1  ŠĢ163.€€With€respect€to€the€Code€of€Criminal€Procedure,€the€Committee€recommends€that€the€systemŠ h  Šof€pre-trial€detention€be€carefully€reviewed.€Legal€safeguards€should€be€established€to€ensure€that,Š Qģ  Šin€instances€where€pre-trial€detention€exceeds€the€maximum€applicable€penalty€for€a€crime,€theŠ :Õ  Šdefendant€will€be€released€without€qualification.€The€Committee€urges€the€State€party€to€defineŠ #¾  Šclearly€the€purpose€of€pre-trial€detention€and€to€set€the€length€of€detention€accordingly,€applying€theŠ  §  Šprinciple€of€presumption€of€innocence.€It€recommends€the€same€consideration€in€the€setting€of€bail.Š õ ŠĢ164.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€include€information€in€its€next€report€on€theŠ Ēb Šprocedures€established€to€ensure€compliance€with€the€views€and€recommendations€adopted€by€theŠ °K ŠCommittee€under€the€First€Optional€Protocol,€also€bearing€in€mind€its€obligations€under€article€2€ofŠ ™4 Šthe€Covenant.Š ‚ ŠĢ165.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€Argentina€include,€in€its€next€periodic€report,€informationŠ Tļ Šon€the€measures€adopted€to€follow€up€on€the€present€comments€and€give€effect€to€its€suggestions€andŠ =Ų Šrecommendations.€It€further€recommends€that€its€comments€be€widely€disseminated€and€incorporatedŠ &Į Šinto€the€curriculum€of€the€human€rights€training€Ō_ŌprogrammesŌ_Ō€organized€for€law€enforcement€officialsŠ Ŗ Šand€administrators€of€justice.Š ų“ ŠĢĢŠ  ³N Šņ ņŌ‡X1ŽXXX1ŽŌŌ_ŌCCPRŌ_Ō€A/56/40€Ō_Ō(2001)ó óŌ_ŌŠ e ŠĢ74.€€ņņArgentinaóóŠ 8Ó ŠĢ(1)€€The€Committee€examined€the€third€periodic€report€of€Argentina€(Ō_ŌCCPRŌ_Ō/C/Ō_ŌARGŌ_Ō/98/3)€atitsŠ  „ Š1883rd€and€1884th€meetings,€held€on€25€and€26€October€2000.€€At€its€1893rd€meetingŠ óŽ Šon1November€2000,€the€Committee€adopted€the€following€concluding€observations.Š Ü w ŠĢŌ& Ņ ŌņņIntroductionóóŠ ® I ŠŌ'Ņ® ޵ŌĢ(2)€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€frank€and€constructive€elaboration€by€the€delegation€of€measuresŠ €   Šundertaken€by€the€State€party,€since€the€presentation€of€its€second€periodic€report,€to€ensure€respectŠ i  Šfor€rights€guaranteed€by€the€Covenant.€€It€also€appreciates€the€additional€information€provided€orallyŠ Rķ  Šby€the€delegation€during€the€examination€of€the€report€and€in€response€to€membersšš€questions.Š ;Ö  ŠĢ(3)€€The€Committee€observes€that€the€federal€system€of€government€in€the€State€party€entailsŠ  Ø  Šprovincial€involvement€in€the€implementation€of€many€of€the€rights€provided€for€in€the€Covenant,Š ö‘ Šand€that€it€therefore€requires€additional€information€on€the€laws€and€measures€undertaken€at€theŠ ßz Šprovincial€level,€in€order€to€assess€progress€in€ensuring€Covenant€rights,€in€accordance€with€articleŠ Čc Š50€of€the€Covenant.Š ±L ŠĢņņPositive€aspectsóóŠ ƒ ŠĢ(4)€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€consolidation€of€democratic€processes€and€measures€taken€toŠ Uš Špromote€national€reconciliation€following€the€years€of€military€rule€when€many€basic€human€rightsŠ >Ł Šwere€flagrantly€violated.€€In€this€regard,€the€Committee€notes€with€satisfaction€the€operation€of€aŠ 'Ā Šnumber€of€institutions€and€programmes€designed€to€serve€as€a€channel€of€redress€for€victims€of€pastŠ « Šabuses,€ņņinter€aliaóó€the€Historical€Reparation€Programme,€the€National€Commission€on€theŠ ł” ŠDisappearance€of€Persons,€and€the€National€Commission€for€the€Right€to€an€Identity.€€TheŠ ā} ŠCommittee€also€appreciates€the€efforts€being€made€to€provide€financial€and€other€compensation€toŠ Ėf Švictims€of€arbitrary€detention€and€the€families€of€persons€who€died€or€disappeared€under€the€militaryŠ “O Šregime.Š  8 ŠĢ(5)€€The€Committee€welcomes€recent€developments€in€which€some€of€those€responsible€for€the€mostŠ o" ! Šserious€violations€of€human€rights,€including€forced€disappearances,€torture,€and€removal€of€childrenŠ X#ó" Šfrom€their€parents€for€purposes€of€illegal€adoption€or€trafficking,€are€being€brought€to€trial.€€ItŠ A$Ü# Šparticularly€welcomes€the€establishment€of€a€mechanism,€without€time€restriction€on€its€activities,Š *%Å $ Što€restore€the€identities€of€children€who€were€forcibly€removed€from€their€families.Š &®!% ŠĢ(6)€€The€Committee€is€pleased€to€note€the€recent€reforms€enacted€to€promote€the€independence€ofŠ å'€#' Šthe€judiciary,€particularly€the€creation€of€a€competitive€selection€process€for€judges.Š Ī(i$( ŠĢ(7)€€The€Committee€also€notes€with€satisfaction€the€advances€made€in€the€protection€of€the€rights€ofŠ  *;&* Šthe€indigenous€peoples,€the€devolution€of€national€and€provincial€land€to€indigenous€communitiesŠ ‰+$'+ Šthrough€the€National€Registry€of€Indigenous€Communities,€and€the€promotion€of€Ō_ŌmulticulturalŌ_Ō€andŠ r, (, Šmultilingual€education.Š [-ö(- ŠŌ_Ō‡ņņPrincipal€subjects€of€concern€and€recommendationsóóŠ e ŠĢ(8)€€The€Committee€is€concerned€at€the€continuing€uncertainty€over€the€status€of€Covenant€rights€inŠ 7Ņ Šnational€law.€€Despite€assurances€that€the€Covenant€has€constitutional€status€and€is€therefore€directlyŠ  » Šinvocable€in€courts,€the€Committee€notes€that€it€has€been€further€described€by€the€State€party€asŠ  ¤ Šbeing€applied€in€a€manner€which€is€š šcomplementaryšš€to€the€Constitution,€without€further€precisionŠ ņ Šconcerning€that€term.€€It€also€notes€that€the€federal€system€of€government€confers€upon€the€provincesŠ Ū v Šresponsibilities€in€critical€areas,€such€as€the€administration€of€justice,€which€has€resulted€in€unevenŠ Ä _ Šapplication€of€the€Covenant€in€different€areas€of€the€State€partyššs€territory.Š ­ H ŠĢThe€Committee,€recalling€the€responsibility€of€the€State€party€itself€with€regard€to€implementationŠ    Šof€obligations€under€the€Covenant,€recommends€that€clarification€of€the€status€of€Covenant€rightsŠ h  Šbe€included€in€the€fourth€periodic€report,€including€any€specific€examples€of€cases€where€CovenantŠ Qģ  Šrights€have€been€invoked€in€the€courts.€€The€next€report€should€also€contain€information€on€the€legalŠ :Õ  Šand€other€measures€taken€to€implement€the€Covenant€at€the€provincial€level€to€ensure€that€all€personsŠ #¾  Šare€able€to€enjoy€their€rights€throughout€the€territory€of€the€State€party.Š  §  ŠĢ(9)€€Despite€positive€measures€taken€recently€to€overcome€past€injustices,€including€the€repeal€inŠ Žy Š1998€of€the€Law€of€Due€Obedience€and€the€ņņPunto€Final€Lawóó,€the€Committee€is€concerned€that€manyŠ Ēb Špersons€whose€actions€were€covered€by€these€laws€continue€to€serve€in€the€military€or€in€publicŠ °K Šoffice,€with€some€having€enjoyed€promotions€in€the€ensuing€years.€€It€therefore€reiterates€its€concernŠ ™4 Šat€the€atmosphere€of€impunity€for€those€responsible€for€gross€human€rights€violations€under€militaryŠ ‚ Šrule.Š k ŠĢGross€violations€of€civil€and€political€rights€during€military€rule€should€be€prosecutable€for€as€longŠ =Ų Šas€necessary,€with€applicability€as€far€back€in€time€as€necessary,€to€bring€to€justice€their€perpetrators.€Š &Į ŠThe€Committee€recommends€that€rigorous€efforts€continue€to€be€made€in€this€area,€and€that€measuresŠ Ŗ Šbe€taken€to€ensure€that€persons€involved€in€gross€human€rights€violations€are€removed€from€militaryŠ ų“ Šor€public€service.Š į| ŠĢ(10)€€In€the€light€of€articles€9€and€14€of€the€Covenant,€the€Committee€reiterates€its€deep€concern€atŠ ³N Šthe€failure€of€the€State€party€fully€to€ensure€the€principle€of€presumption€of€innocence€in€criminalŠ œ 7 Šproceedings.€€In€this€respect,€the€Committee€considers€it€a€matter€of€concern€that€the€duration€of€suchŠ …!   Šdetention€is€determined€by€reference€to€the€possible€length€of€sentence€following€conviction€ratherŠ n" ! Šthan€the€need€to€bring€the€detainee€before€the€courts.€€It€stresses€in€this€regard€that€the€impositionŠ W#ņ" Šof€pre„trial€detention€should€not€be€the€norm€but€should€be€resorted€to€only€as€an€exceptionalŠ @$Ū# Šmeasure€to€the€extent€necessary€and€consistent€with€due€process€of€law€and€article€9€(3)€of€theŠ )%Ä $ ŠCovenant.€€In€this€regard,€there€should€not€be€any€offences€for€which€pre„trial€detention€isŠ &­!% Šobligatory.Š ū&–"& ŠĢAll€aspects€of€the€system€of€pre„trial€detention,€including€the€determination€of€the€length€ofŠ Ķ(h$( Šdetention,€should€be€reformed€in€accordance€with€the€requirements€of€article€9€and€the€principle€ofŠ ¶)Q%) Špresumption€of€innocence€under€article€14.Š Ÿ*:&* ŠĢ(11)€€The€Committee€is€deeply€concerned€that€prison€conditions€fail€to€meet€the€requirements€ofŠ q, (, Šarticles€7€and€10€of€the€Covenant.€€It€considers€the€severe€overcrowding€and€the€poor€quality€of€basicŠ Z-õ(- Šnecessities€and€services,€including€food,€clothing€and€medical€care,€to€be€incompatible€with€the€rightŠ e Što€be€treated€with€humanity€and€with€respect€for€the€inherent€dignity€of€the€human€person€to€whichŠ Né Šall€persons€are€entitled.€€It€has€been€established,€in€addition,€that€there€are€abuses€of€authority€byŠ 7Ņ Šprison€officials,€such€as€torture€and€ill„treatment,€and€corruption.Š  » ŠĢWhile€noting€the€plans€under€way€to€construct€new€prison€facilities,€the€Committee€recommends€thatŠ ņ Šimmediate€attention€be€paid€to€the€need€to€provide€adequately€for€the€basic€necessities€of€all€personsŠ Ū v Šdeprived€of€their€liberty.€€With€respect€to€complaints€of€ill„treatment€or€torture,€it€recommends€thatŠ Ä _ Šthe€State€party€include€in€its€next€report€detailed€information€on€the€number€of€complaints€received,Š ­ H Šincluding€the€recourse€procedures€that€are€available€to€complainants,€the€outcome€of€complaints€toŠ – 1  Šdate,€the€type€of€disciplinary€or€punitive€measures€imposed€on€those€found€guilty€of€these€practices,Š    Šand€the€specific€responsibilities€of€all€relevant€government€bodies€at€federal€and€provincial€levels.Š h  ŠĢ(12)€€Further€in€relation€to€article€7€of€the€Covenant,€the€Committee€regrets€that€questions€of€tortureŠ :Õ  Šand€excessive€use€of€force€by€police€officials€were€not€adequately€dealt€with€in€the€present€report.€Š #¾  ŠThe€Committee€is€concerned€at€allegations€it€has€received€indicating€that€this€is€a€widespreadŠ  §  Šproblem€and€that€Government€mechanisms€established€to€address€it€are€inadequate.Š õ ŠĢThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€include€in€its€next€report€detailed€information€onŠ Ēb Šthe€number€of€complaints€received€of€torture€and€ill„treatment€by€the€police,€including€the€recourseŠ °K Šprocedures€and€remedies€that€are€available€to€complainants,€the€outcomes€of€such€complaints,€theŠ ™4 Štype€of€disciplinary€or€punitive€measures€imposed€on€those€found€guilty€of€these€practices,€and€theŠ ‚ Šspecific€responsibilities€of€all€relevant€government€bodies€at€federal€and€provincial€levels.Š k ŠĢ(13)€€The€Committee€expresses€concern€over€continuing€attacks€on€human€rights€defenders,€judges,Š =Ų Šcomplainants€and€representatives€of€human€rights€organizations,€and€members€of€the€media.€€InŠ &Į Šaddition,€persons€who€participate€in€peaceful€demonstrations€are€reportedly€subject€to€detention€andŠ Ŗ Špenal€action.Š ų“ ŠĢAttacks€against€human€rights€defenders€and€persons€participating€in€peaceful€demonstrations€shouldŠ Źe Šbe€promptly€investigated€and€the€perpetrators€disciplined€or€punished€as€required.€€The€State€partyŠ ³N Šshould€provide€details€in€its€next€report€on€the€results€of€such€investigations€and€the€proceduresŠ œ 7 Šinvolved€in€disciplining€or€punishing€offenders.Š …!   ŠĢ(14)€€On€the€issue€of€reproductive€health€rights,€the€Committee€is€concerned€that€the€criminalizationŠ W#ņ" Šof€abortion€deters€medical€professionals€from€providing€this€procedure€without€judicial€order,€evenŠ @$Ū# Šwhen€they€are€permitted€to€do€so€by€law,€ņņinter€aliaóó€when€there€are€clear€health€risks€for€the€motherŠ )%Ä $ Šor€when€pregnancy€results€from€rape€of€mentally€disabled€women.€€The€Committee€also€expressesŠ &­!% Šconcern€over€discriminatory€aspects€of€the€laws€and€policies€in€force,€which€result€inŠ ū&–"& Šdisproportionate€resort€to€illegal,€unsafe€abortions€by€poor€and€rural€women.Š ä'#' ŠĢThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€take€measures€to€give€effect€to€the€ReproductiveŠ ¶)Q%) ŠHealth€and€Responsible€Procreation€Act€of€July€2000,€by€which€family€planning€counselling€Ō_ŌandŠ Ÿ*:&* Šcontraceptives€are€to€be€provided,€in€order€to€grant€women€real€alternatives.€€It€further€recommendsŠ ˆ+#'+ Šthat€the€laws€and€policies€with€regard€to€family€planning€be€reviewed€on€a€regular€basis.€€WomenŠ q, (, Šshould€be€given€access€to€family€planning€methods€and€sterilization€procedures;€and€in€cases€whereŠ Z-õ(- Šabortion€procedures€may€lawfully€be€performed,€all€obstacles€to€obtaining€them€should€be€removed.€Š e ŠArgentine€law€should€be€amended€to€permit€abortions€in€all€cases€of€pregnancy€caused€by€rape.Š Né ŠĢ(15)€€With€regard€to€article€3€of€the€Covenant,€the€Committee€is€concerned€that,€despite€significantŠ  » Šadvances,€traditional€attitudes€toward€women€continue€to€exercise€a€negative€influence€on€theirŠ  ¤ Šenjoyment€of€Covenant€rights.€€The€Committee€is€particularly€concerned€at€the€high€incidence€ofŠ ņ Šviolence€against€women,€including€rape€and€domestic€violence.€€Sexual€harassment€and€otherŠ Ū v Šmanifestations€of€discrimination€in€both€the€public€and€private€sectors€are€also€a€matter€of€concern.€Š Ä _ ŠThe€Committee€notes€as€well€that€information€on€these€matters€is€not€systematically€maintained,€thatŠ ­ H Šwomen€have€a€low€awareness€of€their€rights€and€the€remedies€available€to€them,€and€that€complaintsŠ – 1  Šare€not€being€adequately€dealt€with.Š    ŠĢThe€Committee€recommends€that€a€large„scale€information€campaign€be€undertaken€to€promoteŠ Qģ  Šawareness€among€women€of€their€rights€and€the€remedies€available€to€them.€€It€urges€that€reliableŠ :Õ  Šdata€be€systematically€collected€and€maintained€on€the€incidence€of€violence€and€discriminationŠ #¾  Šagainst€women€in€all€their€forms,€and€provided€in€the€next€periodic€report.Š  §  ŠĢ(16)€€The€Committee€reiterates€its€concern€that€the€preferential€treatment,€including€financialŠ Žy Šsubsidies,€accorded€to€the€Catholic€Church€as€against€other€religious€denominations€constitutesŠ Ēb Šreligious€discrimination€under€article€26€of€the€Covenant.Š °K ŠĢ(17)€€The€Committee€requests€that€the€fourth€periodic€report€be€submitted€by€31€October€2005.€€ItŠ ‚ Šalso€requests€that€appropriate€disaggregated€statistics€on€major€areas€of€concern€be€provided€intheŠ k Šreport.€€The€Committee€further€requests€that€the€present€concluding€observations€and€theŠ Tļ Šnextperiodic€report€be€widely€disseminated€among€the€public,€including€civil€society€andŠ =Ų Šnon-governmental€organizations€operating€in€the€State€party.Š &Į ŠŌ_ŌŌ#†X1ŽXXX1ެ³#ŌŌ_Ō