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Ž¼Ī#Ü9B…ģ¢ ė\x@yä;3ßż0qŚĶ4 eļĻ_ūSžÄŒüsą°‘ ÉS‡&  žqķ¹[Ś2,&P„pėŸŠØ+^p±»ą-=-$˜\ŲvÆ3›xŲųWš1if«”¾i*n"­©µ—õru=gīø-Ņö‡Žū\€zŁ¦- «(.™!į¼»ż”Q v.ģŠ\¢ŲŲ0tvy·XöŠ"ŹTמuæŅĢŹ”@`ēXÜR@Ā5&Bƒš•dbz-GH s/i} …Ŗ @¤N—µ%®„– 5J‰«…$‡7€QbÆM£¶¶ŚdÄ+`0Ŗöƒ.Č׉¦É‰%³ņ“ń»Ž±=ŅęŠĢȓŗż’Ó2Ŗdŗ÷ā“ÕŃ”+M²KŒ}½j«Éw§o½µ8ļØdnĄŁ““…ŅŒųĄ ˆĀ * >W;;(:žī‡P"7])UóŻ1w—j‘”Gxō®7j«ĘIM7~}Yhø‡FM3ZĪĶ’ŽØyņŽ>čæŅą×J×µ]l~āf'՚ū§8×E~šƒˆ Uä®ļ”[ń7Ēs…1LśYėnQNyÄĢ²WAlAņ,Ģżq×,5³$×ÕāÖDQö»Fé#ĮzUN; %‰ 0:^ ÉwÕ4Łķü mž 0c 1u€ 72õ 0w' 0Šž 0 ( 0“Č 0Ē| 0ŪC 0ļ 0D 1‰Q 72Ś  N"˜HP LaserJet 4000 Series PSČŁŲŁŁŲČŁ0&Öd9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(üœ$””ŌUSUS.,Ō=‘\, ½ha+œ œ¤hŸ3|x!’U‹’ĄĄĄ (;3£$““Ō2#ŌŚ  Ś0Ś  Ś.Ō3  Ōą0  ą3#37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a) i)(Oé;$µµą0  ąŌ2#ŌŚ  ŚaŚ  Ś.Ō3  Ōą0` (#(#ą(b·¤$¶¶ą0  ąą0` (#(#ąŌ2#ŌŚ  ŚŚ  Ś.Ō3  Ōą0ø ` (#` (#ą(xir$··ą0  ąą0` (#(#ąą0ø ` (#` (#ąŌ2#Ō(Ś  Ś0Ś  Ś)Ō3  Ōą0ø (#ø (#ą(ŒÜ$øøą0  ąą0` (#(#ąą0ø ` (#` (#ąą0ø (#ø (#ąŌ2#Ō(Ś  ŚaŚ  Ś)Ō3  Ōą0h(#(#ą(ŸF$¹¹ą0  ąą0` (#(#ąą0ø ` (#` (#ąą0ø (#ø (#ąą0h(#(#ąŌ2#Ō(Ś  ŚŚ  Ś)Ō3  Ōą0Ąh(#h(#ą(³Ąō$ŗŗą0  ąą0` (#(#ąą0ø ` (#` (#ąą0ø (#ø (#ąą0h(#(#ąą0Ąh(#h(#ąŌ2#ŌŚ  Ś0Ś  Ś)Ō3  Ōą0Ą(#Ą(#ą(Ēµ{$»»ą0  ąą0` (#(#ąą0ø ` (#` (#ąą0ø (#ø (#ąą0h(#(#ąą0Ąh(#h(#ąą0Ą(#Ą(#ąŌ2#ŌŚ  ŚaŚ  Ś)Ō3  Ōą0p(#(#ą(F$ļļą0  ąą0` (#(#ąą0ø ` (#` (#ąą0ø (#ø (#ąą0h(#(#ąą0Ąh(#h(#ąą0Ą(#Ą(#ąą0p(#(#ąŌ2#ŌŁ ŁŚ  ŚŚ  ŚŁ Ł)Ō3  Ōą0Čp(#p(#ąŁ Ł xEģGaeimquy}Bullet ListBullets List Ń ū ŃŻ ƒüœ!ŻŌUSUS.,ŌŻ  ŻŌ_ŌŌ‡¼l»XXŌÓ  Óņ ņ€ARGENTINAŠ ° ŠĢÓ  ÓŌ#†X+ŽX»¼l=#ŌŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€26ņņthóó€(A/8418)€(1971)ó óŠ Ņ" ŠĢĢ28.€€From€its€56ņņthóó€to€its€58ņņthóó€meetings,€the€Committee€proceeded€to€determine€formally€its€view€asŠ Ž Ž Ša€Committee€(as€distinct€from€the€views€expressed€at€previous€meetings,€which€were€those€of€theŠ w Ē Šindividual€members)€as€to€which€reports€were€š šsatisfactoryšš,€in€the€sense€that€they€furnished€all€orŠ ` ° Šmost€of€the€required€information,€and€which€reports€were€š šunsatisfactoryšš€or€š šincompletešš€andŠ I ™ Štherefore€needed€to€be€supplemented€by€further€information.€€The€initial€report€(and€supplementaryŠ 2 ‚  Šreport,€if€any)€of€each€State€Party€was€put€before€the€Committee€separately€by€the€Chairman.€€WhereŠ k  Šthere€was€no€consensus,€the€question€whether€a€State€Partyššs€report€(or€reports)€was€š šsatisfactoryššŠ T  Šor€whether,€failing€that,€the€Committee€wished€to€request€additional€information€from€that€StateŠ ķ=  ŠParty,€was€decided€by€vote.Š Ö&  ŠĢ.€.€.Š Øų  ŠĢ30.€€On€the€other€hand,€the€reports€submitted€by€the€following€17€States€Parties€were€considered€byŠ zŹ Šthe€Committee€š šincompletešš€or€š šunsatisfactoryšš,€in€the€sense€that€significant€categories€ofŠ c³ Šinformation€were€either€totally€lacking€or€insufficiently€provided€in€them:€Argentina€.€.€.€At€its€58ņņthóóŠ Lœ Šmeeting,€held€on€23€April€1971,€the€Committee€adopted€the€text€of€a€communication€which€itŠ 5… Šdecided€to€request€€the€Secretary„General€to€submit€to€the€aforementioned€States€Parties,€inŠ n Šaccordance€with€rule€65€of€its€provisional€rules€of€procedure.€€(The€text€of€this€communication€isŠ W Šreproduced€in€annex€V.)Š š@ ŠĢĢĢĢĢÓĢÓŌUS.,UK.,ŗŌņ ņŠ  f¶ ŠŌ_ŌŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€€€28ņņTHóó€No.18€(A/9018)€(1973)ó óŠ ° ŠĢÓ  Ó84.€€The€initial€report€of€Argentina,€dated€30€December€1969,€was€considered€by€the€Committee€atŠ ƒÓ Šits€third€session€„€together€with€a€supplementary€report€dated€27€April€1970€„€and€deemedŠ l¼ Šunsatisfactory.€€Additional€information€was€requested€but€not€received€by€the€Committee.€€TheŠ U„ Šsecond€periodic€report,€submitted€on€10€November€1971,€was€considered€at€the€seventh€session€ofŠ > Ž Šthe€Committee€(126ņņthóó€and€127ņņthóó€meetings).Š ' w ŠĢ85.€€Some€members€of€the€Committee€noted€that€the€Government€of€Argentina€had€tried€to€respondŠ ł I Što€some€points€raised€during€the€discussion€of€its€previous€reports;€that€the€present€report€containedŠ ā 2  Šinformation€on€legal€provisions€corresponding€to€some€articles€of€the€Convention;€and€that€suchŠ Ė   Šinformation€covered€not€only€certain€provisions€of€the€Criminal€Code€describing€prohibited€acts€ofŠ “  Šracial€discrimination€but€also€the€penalties€prescribed€for€such€crimes.€€Special€note€was€taken€ofŠ ķ  Šthe€statement,€that,€in€accordance€with€articles€20€and€21€of€the€Constitution,€š šthe€civil€equality€ofŠ †Ö  Šthe€alien€and€the€citizen€is€guaranteedšš€and€š šthe€political€status€of€the€alien€...€is€one€of€the€mostŠ oæ  Šadvantageousšš.Š XØ  ŠĢ86.€€On€the€other€hand,€it€was€observed€that€the€report€did€not€follow€the€guidelines€laid€down€byŠ *z Šthe€Committee€and€did€not€always€provide€the€texts€of€the€legal€provisions€to€which€it€referred.€Š c ŠFurthermore,€article€80,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Criminal€Code€appeared€to€some€members€to€be€moreŠ üL Šrestrictive€in€its€scope€than€article€213€ņņŌ_ŌbisŌ_Ōóó,€which€had€been€repealed.Š å5 ŠĢ87.€€Some€members€wished€that€demographic€information€had€been€included€in€the€report.€€It€wasŠ · Šinquired€whether€any€legislative,€administrative€or€other€measures€had€been€taken€in€order€toŠ  š Šimplement€the€provisions€of€the€Convention€that€required€positive€action€by€States€parties€or€toŠ ‰Ł Šprevent€the€possible€commission€of€acts€of€racial€discrimination.€€Noting€that€information€wasŠ rĀ Šsubmitted€which€referred€to€legislative€provisions€corresponding€in€part€to€the€requirements€ofŠ [« Šparagraph€(a)€of€article€4€of€the€Convention,€some€members€asked€whether€there€was€any€legislationŠ D” Šsatisfying€the€requirements€of€paragraph€(b)€of€that€article,€the€implementation€of€which€theŠ -} ŠCommittee€considered€mandatory.€€It€was€also€asked€whether€any€measures€had€been€adopted€toŠ f Šimplement€article€7€of€the€Convention.€€The€representative€of€Argentina€was€asked€whether€he€hadŠ ’O Šany€information€to€convey€to€the€Committee€regarding€the€status€of€his€countryššs€relations€with€theŠ č 8 Šracist€Ō_ŌrgimesŌ_Ō€of€southern€Africa,€in€accordance€with€general€recommendation€III,€which€wasŠ Ń!!  Šadopted€by€the€Committee€after€the€submission€of€the€report€€under€consideration.€€SpecificŠ ŗ" ! Šquestions€were€asked€about€the€scope€of€articles€80€and€209€of€the€Criminal€Code.Š £#ó" ŠĢ88.€€In€the€statement€he€made€before€the€Committee€at€its€127ņņthóó€meeting,€the€representative€ofŠ u%Å $ ŠArgentina€expressed€his€delegationššs€hope€that€the€report€under€consideration,€which€was€submittedŠ ^&®!% Šalmost€a€year€and€a€half€earlier,€would€be€brought€up€to€date€and€improved€on€the€basis€of€theŠ G'—"& ŠCommitteeššs€guidelines€and€the€comments€made€during€the€Committeeššs€debate.€€He€offered€someŠ 0(€#' Šclarification€of€the€scope€of€articles€80€and€209€of€the€Criminal€Code.€€Regarding€ArgentinaššsŠ )i$( Šrelations€with€the€racist€Ō_ŌrgimesŌ_Ō€in€southern€Africa,€he€referred€to€Act€19,846€of€September€1972,Š *R%) Šby€which€the€provisions€of€Security€Council€resolution€253€(1968)€had€been€incorporated€intoŠ ė*;&* ŠArgentine€positive€law.Š Ō+$'+ ŠĢ89.€€The€Committee€decided€to€consider€the€report€satisfactory€and€expressed€confidence€in€theŠ ¦-ö(- Šcontinued€co„operation€of€the€Government€of€Argentina.Š  ° Šņ ņŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€€30ņņTHóó€NO.18€(A/10018)€(1975)Š ° Šó óĢ79.€€Members€of€the€Committee€noted€that€the€information€contained€in€the€third€periodic€report€ofŠ ƒÓ ŠArgentina,€together€with€the€information€supplied€in€earlier€reports,€described€the€compliance€of€theŠ l¼ Šreporting€State€with€its€obligations€under€articles€4,€5€and€6€of€the€Convention.€€It€was€noted€alsoŠ U„ Šthat,€in€addition€to€constitutional€articles€and€legislative€provisions,€the€report€referred€to€judicialŠ > Ž Šmeasures,€as€required€by€article€9,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Convention.€€It€was€observed€that€theŠ ' w Šcomplete€texts€of€all€the€relevant€articles€of€the€Constitution€and€all€the€legislative€provisions,€toŠ  ` Šwhich€the€report€under€consideration€or€earlier€reports€referred,€were€supplied.€€On€the€other€hand,Š ł I Šthere€was€no€information€on€compliance€with€the€obligations€under€article€7€of€the€Convention;€norŠ ā 2  Šwas€the€information€envisaged€in€general€recommendations€III€(on€relations€with€racist€Ō_ŌrgimesŌ_Ō)€orŠ Ė   ŠIV€(on€population)€furnished€by€the€reporting€State.Š “  ŠĢ80.€€Some€members€doubted€that€the€information€at€hand€was€sufficient€to€show€full€compliance€byŠ †Ö  Šthe€reporting€State€with€the€requirements€of€article€4€of€the€Convention,€and€others€were€leftŠ oæ  Šuncertain€as€to€the€present€status€of€legislation€corresponding€to€the€subject„matter€of€paragraphs€(a)Š XØ  Šand€(b)€of€that€article.€€Members€were€of€the€opinion€that€the€requirements€of€articles€5€and€6€of€theŠ A‘ ŠConvention€were€only€partially€met€by€existing€legislation,€as€reported.Š *z ŠĢ81.€€Questions€were€asked€about€the€scope€of€š šŌ_ŌderechosŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌcivilesŌ_Ōšš€in€Argentinian€law;€the€connotationŠ üL Šof€the€expression€š šprerogatives€of€blood€and€birthšš€used€in€article€16€of€the€Constitution;€the€rightsŠ å5 Šenjoyed€by€migrant€workers;€whether€the€rights€enjoyed€by€aliens€under€articles€14€to€20€of€theŠ Ī ŠConstitution€„€which€appeared€to€assure€aliens€of€equal€rights€with€citizens€„€included€political€rights;Š · Šthe€applicability€of€ņņŌ_ŌamparoŌ_Ōóó€proceedings€to€acts€of€racial€discrimination€perpetrated€by€privateŠ  š Šindividuals€or€groups;€and€the€territorial€scope€of€application€of€the€act€concerning€ņņŌ_ŌamparoŌ_ŌóóŠ ‰Ł Šproceedings,€and€in€particular€whether€it€applied€to€Antarctica.Š rĀ ŠĢ82.€€The€representative€of€Argentina€commented€on€the€questions€relating€to€rights€of€migrantŠ D” Šworkers€and€the€applicability€of€ņņŌ_ŌamparoŌ_Ōóó€proceedings€to€ņņAntarcticaóó.€€She€stated€that€she€wouldŠ -} Šconvey€the€comments€made€by€members€of€the€Committee€to€her€Government€so€that€they€mightŠ f Šbe€taken€into€consideration€in€future€reports.Š  ’O ŠŃū°Ńņ ņŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€€A/31/18€+€Corr.€1€(1976)ó óŠ ° ŠĢ99.€€While€observing€that€the€fourth€periodic€report€of€Argentina€did€not€contain€new€informationŠ ƒÓ Šnot€already€contained€in€earlier€reports,€members€of€the€Committee€took€note€of€the€replies€to€someŠ l¼ Šof€the€questions€raised€at€earlier€sessions,€and€in€particular,€those€relating€to€the€rights€enjoyed€byŠ U„ Šmigrant€workers€and€other€aliens,€cases€of€racial€discrimination€brought€before€the€courts,€andŠ > Ž Šrelations€with€the€racist€Ō_ŌrgimesŌ_Ō€of€southern€Africa.€€It€was€noted,€however,€that€the€remainingŠ ' w Šquestions€had€not€been€answered;€and€it€was€emphasized€that,€accordingly,€the€comments€madeŠ  ` Šduring€the€consideration€of€the€third€report€remained€valid.Š ł I ŠĢ100.€€In€addition€to€the€unanswered€questions€raised€at€an€earlier€session,€two€additional€questionsŠ Ė   Šwere€raised€during€the€current€discussion:€(a)€Did€article€31€of€the€Argentine€Constitution,€underŠ “  Šwhich€the€Convention€had€the€force€of€a€national€law,€imply€that€the€Convention€would€supersedeŠ ķ  Šonly€earlier€and€contrary€provincial€laws€or€constitutions,€or€did€it€imply€that€the€Convention€wouldŠ †Ö  Šapply€also€in€cases€where€an€earlier€federal€law€was€at€variance€with€the€aims€of€the€Convention?€Š oæ  Š(b)€Was€the€1853€National€Constitution€still€in€force?Š XØ  ŠĢ101.€€It€was€observed€that€the€report€did€not€provide€information€on€the€forms€of€racialŠ *z Šdiscrimination€existing€in€the€Ō_ŌMalvinasŌ_Ō€(Falkland€Islands),€a€territory€occupied€by€a€foreign€PowerŠ c Šand€claimed€by€Argentina.Š üL ŠĢ102.€€The€representative€of€the€Government€of€Argentina€commented€first€on€some€of€the€questionsŠ Ī Šwhich€had€been€raised€at€previous€sessions€but€had€remained€unanswered.€€Regarding€theŠ · Šimplementation€of€article€7€of€the€Convention,€he€stated€that€responsibility€for€public€education€layŠ  š Šprimarily€with€the€provincial€authorities,€11€of€which€had€primary€education€programmes€which€metŠ ‰Ł Šthe€requirements€of€the€article.€€Regarding€foreign€workers€and€other€aliens,€he€said€that€they€wereŠ rĀ Štreated€for€legal€purposes€on€exactly€the€same€basis€as€Argentine€workers,€that€their€rights€andŠ [« Šobligations€were€set€out€in€bilateral€agreements€and€that€the€Constitution€guaranteed€foreigners€civilŠ D” Šrights€equal€to€those€enjoyed€by€Argentine€nationals.€€Regarding€the€political€rights€enjoyed€byŠ -} Šaliens,€he€referred€the€Committee€to€his€Governmentššs€second€periodic€report.€€He€confirmed€thatŠ f ŠņņŌ_ŌamparoŌ_Ōóó€proceedings€could€be€instituted€in€the€event€of€racial€discrimination€by€individuals€orŠ ’O Šgroups.€€And€he€informed€the€Committee€that€the€procedure€was€applicable€also€in€the€ArgentineŠ č 8 Športion€of€Antarctica.€€The€remaining€questions,€which€he€was€unable€to€answer,€would€beŠ Ń!!  Šcommunicated€to€his€Government.€€Regarding€the€two€questions€raised€at€the€current€session,€he€saidŠ ŗ" ! Šthat,€under€article€31€of€the€Constitution,€the€Convention€took€precedence€over€all€contraryŠ £#ó" Šlegislation,€whether€provincial€or€federal,€and€that€the€1853€Constitution,€which€contained€thatŠ Œ$Ü# Šarticle,€remained€in€force€and€had€not€been€amended€by€any€subsequent€legislation.€€As€for€theŠ u%Å $ Šobservation€(mentioned€in€para.€101,€above)€that€his€Governmentššs€report€did€not€provideŠ ^&®!% Šinformation€on€the€situation€the€Ō_ŌMalvinasŌ_Ō€(Falkland€Islands),€he€reaffirmed€Argentinaššs€sovereigntyŠ G'—"& Šover€that€territory,€but€said€that€he€would€transmit€the€question€concerning€the€forms€of€racialŠ 0(€#' Šdiscrimination€Ō_ŌpractisedŌ_Ō€there€to€his€Government.Š  )i$( Šņ ņŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€€€A/33/18€(1978)Š ° ŠĢó ó244.€€The€fifth€periodic€report€of€Argentina€was€considered€by€the€Committee€together€with€theŠ „Ō Šintroductory€statement€made€by€the€representative€of€the€reporting€State,€which€supplemented€andŠ m½ Šbrought€up€to€date€the€information€given€in€the€report.Š V¦ ŠĢ245.€€Article€31€of€the€Argentine€Constitution€gave€rise€to€the€question€whether€a€treaty,€uponŠ ( x Šentering€into€force,€automatically€superseded€laws€which€were€not€compatible€with€it€or€whetherŠ  a Šspecial€legislation€had€to€be€promulgated€to€that€effect.Š ś J ŠĢ246.€€The€information€regarding€the€š šaboriginalšš€population€and€the€measures€taken€by€theŠ Ģ   ŠGovernment€with€respect€to€them€received€much€of€the€Committeeššs€attention€during€itsŠ µ  Šconsideration€of€the€report.€€The€doubts€expressed€by€some€members€about€the€appropriateness€ofŠ žī  Šthe€word€š šaboriginalšš€were€not€shared€by€other€members.€€Requests€were€made€for€the€texts€of€theŠ ‡×  Šdirectives€related€to€the€development€of€the€š šaboriginalšš€communities,€and€for€additionalŠ pĄ  Šinformation€on€their€implementation.€€It€was€emphasized€that€the€policy€of€š švoluntary€integrationššŠ Y©  Šmust€be€gradually€implemented€in€order€to€ensure€that€š šaboriginalšš€communities€retained€theirŠ B’ Šcultural€identity,€and€that€the€purpose€of€that€policy€should€be€to€secure€the€economic€and€socialŠ +{ Šdevelopment€of€the€ethnic€groups€concerned€while€at€the€same€time€enabling€them€to€preserve€theirŠ d Šcultural€characteristics.€€The€following€questions€were€put€to€the€representative€of€Argentina:€€WereŠ żM Šthe€characteristics€of€š šaboriginalšš€persons€enumerated€in€the€report€considered€to€be€essentialŠ ę6 Šprerequisites€for€the€enjoyment€of€the€benefits€of€special€measures€adopted€in€their€Ō_ŌfavourŌ_Ō?€€WhatŠ Ļ Šwere€the€institutions€responsible€for€applying€those€measures,€and€what€were€the€sources€of€theirŠ ø Šfinancing?€€And€did€ignorance€of€the€Spanish€language€prevent€an€š šaboriginalšš€person€from€votingŠ ”ń Šand€participating€in€the€local€public€administration€of€regions€in€which€his€dialect€was€spoken?Š ŠŚ ŠĢ247.€€The€representative€of€Argentina€assured€the€Committee€that,€in€its€next€periodic€report,€herŠ \¬ ŠGovernment€would€supply€additional€information€and€the€requisite€clarifications€concerning€the€lawsŠ E• Šand€regulations€in€force.€€She€affirmed€that€great€efforts€were€being€made€to€preserve€the€culture€ofŠ .~ Šthe€indigenous€inhabitants,€including€their€crafts.€€There€were€official€bodies,€such€as€the€NationalŠ g ŠArts€Fund,€and€provincial€and€private€bodies€which€were€seeking€to€preserve€that€culture.€€At€theŠ  P Šsame€time,€the€Government€was€attempting€to€raise€the€levels€of€living€of€the€š šaboriginalššŠ é 9 Šcommunities,€despite€the€difficulties€of€reaching€those€groups,€which€were€often€nomadic€and€š šwereŠ Ņ!"  Šnot€composed€exclusively€of€indigenous€personsšš.€€The€competent€body€was€the€Secretariat€of€StateŠ »" ! Šfor€Social€Development€and€Welfare,€which€was€not€concerned€exclusively€with€the€š šaboriginalššŠ ¤#ō" Šcommunities€but€with€the€rest€of€the€populations€as€well,€especially€the€most€underprivileged€groups.€Š $Ż# ŠShe€observed€that€lack€of€knowledge€of€Spanish€was€a€serious€problem,€for€the€indigenous€languagesŠ v%Ę $ Šexisted€only€in€oral€and€not€in€written€form,€so€that€when€the€š šaboriginalšš€inhabitants€learned€to€readŠ _&Æ!% Šand€write€they€could€not€apply€that€knowledge€in€their€own€language.€€The€right€to€vote€was€grantedŠ H'˜"& Šuniversally€and€without€exception;€but€in€order€to€be€a€public€official€it€was€necessary€to€know€howŠ 1(#' Što€read€and€write.Š )j$( ŠĢ248.€€The€committee€took€note€of€the€information,€given€by€the€representative€of€Argentina€in€herŠ ģ*<&* Šintroductory€statement,€that€a€commission,€presided€over€by€a€former€member€of€the€Committee€onŠ Õ+%'+ Šthe€Elimination€of€Racial€Discrimination,€had€been€established€to€prepare€a€reform€of€the€CriminalŠ ¾,(, ŠCode€and€that€Ō_ŌthatŌ_Ō€commission€was€considering€a€text€based€on€article€4€of€the€Convention,€whichŠ §-÷(- Šit€was€hoped€would€be€completed€in€time€for€inclusion€in€the€next€Argentine€report.€€A€member€ofŠ ° Šthe€Committee€referred€to€article€80€of€the€Argentine€Criminal€Code€and€observed€that€it€seemed€toŠ ™é Šprovide€only€for€the€case€of€homicide€and€did€not€include€acts€of€violence€or€to€incitement€to€suchŠ ‚Ņ Šacts€against€a€group€of€persons,€as€stipulated€in€article€4€of€the€Convention.€€Another€member€askedŠ k» Šfor€an€interpretation€of€the€phrase€š što€form€associations€for€useful€purposesšš,€contained€in€article€14Š T¤ Šof€the€Constitution.€€The€representative€of€Argentina€said€that€Ō_ŌthatŌ_Ō€phrase€meant€that€persons€couldŠ =  Šform€associations€for€any€purposes€that€were€not€unlawful€and,€in€addition,€not€detrimental€to€others;Š & v Šthe€Argentine€Civil€Code€stated€that€the€law€did€not€protect€the€abuse€of€rights.Š  _ ŠĢ249.€€Referring€to€the€information€on€measures€adopted€by€the€Government€in€the€field€of€educationŠ į 1  Što€implement€article€7€of€the€Convention,€a€member€of€the€Committee€asked€for€information€on€theŠ Ź   Šuse€of€radio€and€television€Ō_ŌprogrammesŌ_Ō.€€The€representative€of€Argentina€confirmed€that€there€wereŠ ³  Šofficial€measures€to€ensure€that€the€press€reflected€official€anti„racist€attitudes.€€Thus,€officialŠ œģ  ŠŌ_ŌcommuniqusŌ_Ō€were€issued€on€special€occasions€and€were€widely€disseminated€by€the€press.Š …Õ  ŠĢ250.€€ņ ņó óA€member€of€the€Committee€requested€additional€information€on€the€rights€of€migrant€workers,Š W§  Šand€in€particular€their€rights€with€regard€to€trade€unions,€housing€and€social€benefits;€and€he€askedŠ @ Šwhether€any€legislation€had€been€enacted€in€that€field.Š )y ŠĢ251.€€A€member€of€the€Committee€requested€that€the€information€contained€in€the€report€in€responseŠ ūK Što€general€recommendation€III€and€decision€2€(XI)€of€the€Committee€be€expanded€in€the€next€report.Š  ä4 Šņ ņŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€€A/35/18€(1980)ó óŠ ° ŠĢ268.€€The€sixth€periodic€report€of€Argentina€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/66/Add.6)€was€introduced€by€theŠ ƒÓ Šrepresentative€of€the€reporting€State,€who€pointed€out€that€the€report€mainly€dealt€with€three€mattersŠ l¼ Šthat€had€previously€attracted€the€attention€of€the€Committee:€special€measures€taken€by€theŠ U„ ŠArgentinian€Government€with€regard€to€the€indigenous€population€living€in€the€country;€recentŠ > Ž Šdevelopments€with€respect€to€the€implementation€of€article€4€of€the€Convention€with€particularŠ ' w Šreference€to€the€reform€of€the€Argentinian€Penal€Code,€and€measures€concerning€the€problem€ofŠ  ` Šseasonal€or€migrant€workers.Š ł I ŠĢ269.€€The€Committee€commended€the€Government€of€Argentina€for€its€report,€which€showed€thatŠ Ė   Šthe€Government€continued€to€seek€to€co„operate€with€the€Committee,€and€took€note€with€particularŠ “  Šinterest€of€the€information€provided€therein€on€many€practical€measures€and€programmes€dealingŠ ķ  Šwith€the€actual€situation€and€rights€of€the€various€ethnic€groups€in€the€country.€€Some€members€ofŠ †Ö  Šthe€Committee,€however,€felt€that€a€summary€providing€an€over„all€picture€of€the€results€of€theŠ oæ  Švarious€measures€taken€by€the€Government€was€lacking€in€the€report€and,€in€this€connection,Š XØ  Šexpressed€the€wish€to€receive€a€general€view€of€the€effect€of€such€governmental€measures€as€wellŠ A‘ Šas€a€description€of€all€indigenous€groups€giving€details€of€their€size€and€location,€and€referring€toŠ *z Šthem€by€their€ethnic€name.€€It€was€asked,€in€particular,€whether€more€factual€information,€such€asŠ c Šthe€average€ņņper€capitaóó€income,€the€literacy€rate,€the€mortality€rate€and€the€average€life€expectancyŠ üL Šof€the€indigenous€peoples€in€the€various€regions,€could€be€made€available€to€enable€the€CommitteeŠ å5 Što€evaluate€the€progress€that€the€Government€had€made€in€assisting€such€peoples.€€It€was€also€notedŠ Ī Šthat€although€there€were€provisions€in€various€provincial€constitutions€dealing€with€the€situation€andŠ · Šrights€of€the€various€ethnic€groups,€there€was€no€information€in€the€report€on€similar€provisionsŠ  š Šwhich€applied€at€the€national€level,€and€it€was€asked€in€this€connection€whether€representatives€ofŠ ‰Ł Šthe€ethnic€groups€were€able€to€participate€at€the€national€or€local€levels€in€the€formulation€of€policyŠ rĀ Šaffecting€their€life€and€work,€and€whether€there€was€some€degree€of€autonomy€or€self„governmentŠ [« Šor€other€machinery€for€dealing€locally€with€internal€problems.€€Citing€article€71of€the€ConstitutionŠ D” Šof€Ō_ŌChubutŌ_Ō€Province€dealing€with€special€legislation€to€be€enacted€for€the€Ō_ŌdefenceŌ_Ō€of€aborigines,€oneŠ -} Šmember€asked€whether€such€legislation€had,€in€fact,€been€enacted.Š f ŠĢ270.€€Referring€in€particular€to€the€information€provided€by€the€Argentine€Government€on€itsŠ č 8 Šimplementation€of€article€2,€paragraph€2€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€noted€thatŠ Ń!!  Šin€the€activities€relating€to€area€co„ordination€for€community€development€priority€was€given€toŠ ŗ" ! Šaboriginal€communities€and€communities€established€in€frontier€areas,€and€asked€whether€there€wereŠ £#ó" Šrules€and€regulations€to€guide€the€authorities€in€the€assignment€of€priority€or€if€the€matter€was€leftŠ Œ$Ü# Što€the€discretion€of€the€authorities€concerned;€whether€there€was€any€kind€of€participation€of€theŠ u%Å $ Špeople€directly€concerned€in€the€area€co„ordination€work;€and€whether€the€projects€of€the€IndigenousŠ ^&®!% ŠAffairs€Sector€handled€during€1979€were€to€be€considered€isolated€projects.€€Noting€that€one€of€theŠ G'—"& Šgoals€in€creating€primary€sources€of€labour€was€to€prevent€an€exodus€of€populations€in€search€ofŠ 0(€#' Šbetter€labour€opportunities,€it€was€asked€whether€there€was€any€law€to€prevent€an€individual€or€groupŠ )i$( Šof€individuals€from€leaving€an€area€if€they€so€wished.€€Members€of€the€Committee€referred€also€toŠ *R%) Šthe€information€provided€in€the€report€concerning€the€legislation€regulating€the€system€of€land€tenureŠ ė*;&* Šand€the€disposition€of€different€provinces.€€It€was€noted€in€this€regard€that€an€attempt€had€been€madeŠ Ō+$'+ Što€secure€for€indigenous€populations€in€Argentina€possession€of€the€land€they€occupied,€and€it€wasŠ ½, (, Šasked€whether€that€attempt€had€been€successful.€€In€addition,€it€was€noted€that€differences€existedŠ ¦-ö(- Šin€the€laws€of€the€various€provinces€concerning€land€ownership,€and€clarification€was€requested€withŠ ° Šregard€to€the€criteria€at€the€basis€of€such€legislative€differences,€with€regard€to€the€criteria€at€the€basisŠ ™é Šof€such€legislative€differences,€with€regard€to€the€possibility€for€aborigines€to€be€entitled€to€theŠ ‚Ņ Šroyalties€derived€from€the€exploitation€of€third„category€minerals€found€in€areas€covered€byŠ k» Šreservations,€and€on€the€Governmentššs€policy€concerning€the€amount€of€land€granted€per€person.€Š T¤ ŠIn€this€connection,€information€was€requested€on€the€number€of€reservations€existing€in€ArgentinaŠ =  Šand€the€global€amount€of€their€populations.€€Members€of€the€committee€also€stressed€the€importanceŠ & v Šof€protecting€the€cultures€and€languages€of€the€ethnic€groups€living€in€Argentina€and€asked€whetherŠ  _ Šthere€were€any€cultural€or€other€organizations€for€different€ethnic€groups.Š ų H ŠĢ271.€€With€reference€to€article€3€of€the€Convention,€information€was€requested€about€relationsŠ Ź   Šbetween€Argentina€and€the€racist€Ō_ŌrgimeŌ_Ō€of€South€Africa.Š ³  ŠĢ272.€€The€Committee€was€of€the€view€that€the€provisions€of€the€Civil€and€Penal€Codes€of€ArgentinaŠ …Õ  Šreferred€to€in€the€report€did€not€meet€the€requirements€of€article€4€of€the€Convention,€especiallyŠ n¾  Šparagraph€(b)€of€that€article,€and€expressed€the€hope€that€the€Commission€established€to€reform€theŠ W§  ŠPenal€Code€would€take€the€requirements€of€the€Convention€fully€into€account€before€completing€itsŠ @ Šwork.€€Some€members€asked,€in€particular,€whether€there€were€any€provisions€in€the€Penal€CodeŠ )y Šprotecting€ethnic€groups,€and€what€was€the€meaning€of€š šunlawful€associationšš,€referred€to€in€articleŠ b Š210€of€the€existing€Penal€Code,€or€whether€the€new€Penal€Code€would€provide€a€new€definition.Š ūK ŠĢ273.€€In€connection€with€article€5€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€asked€for€moreŠ Ķ Šinformation€on€the€working€conditions€of€seasonal€workers€and€unskilled€migrant€Ō_ŌlabourŌ_Ō,€inŠ ¶ Šparticular€statistical€data€showing€the€progress€made€in€raising€their€wages€to€the€national€standard,Š Ÿļ Šwith€a€breakdown€for€the€various€areas€and€regions.€€The€question€was€raised€whether€there€was€anyŠ ˆŲ Šlaw€to€prevent€individuals€from€leaving€an€area€in€search€of€better€Ō_ŌlabourŌ_Ō€opportunities.€€MembersŠ qĮ Šalso€asked€whether€there€were€in€Argentina€any€legal€provisions€relating€to€prosecution€of€violationsŠ ZŖ Šof€Act€No.€22105€of€15€November€1979€on€trade€unions,€in€particular€its€article€7€dealing€withŠ C“ Šdiscrimination€in€their€formation,€and€what€was€the€meaning€and€purpose€of€that€article€whichŠ ,| Šprovided€that€š štrade€unions€shall€not€be€constituted€on€the€basis€of€political€ideologiesšš.€€Moreover,Š e Šinformation€was€requested€on€the€responsibilities€and€actual€performance€of€both€the€GovernmentŠ žN Šand€employers€in€ensuring€the€availability€of€proper€living€conditions,€basic€amenities€and€welfareŠ ē 7 Šfor€migrant€workers,€on€the€observation€in€Argentina€of€the€ILO€Convention€on€migratory€workersŠ Š!   Šand€on€the€guarantees€relating€to€the€right€of€access€to€public€places€and€services€in€accordance€withŠ ¹" ! Šarticle€5,€paragraph€(f)€of€the€Convention.Š ¢#ņ" ŠĢ274.€€With€regard€to€article€6€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€asked€whether€anyŠ t%Ä $ Šmachinery€or€recourse€procedure€had€been€set€up€for€possible€victims€of€racial€discrimination.€€ItŠ ]&­!% Šwas€also€noted€that,€at€the€administrative€level,€it€appeared€that€in€Argentina€a€victim€ofŠ F'–"& Šdiscrimination€by€an€official€body€had€no€means€of€readily€safeguarding€his€rights.Š /(#' ŠĢ275.€€The€Committee€noted€with€interest€the€information€by€the€Argentine€Government€on€measuresŠ *Q%) Štaken€for€the€implementation€of€article€7€of€the€Convention;€however,€it€requested€more€detailsŠ ź*:&* Šconcerning€in€particular€the€school€curricula,€the€measures€to€disseminate€information€in€schoolsŠ Ó+#'+ Šabout€the€evils€of€ņņapartheidóó,€and€the€measures€to€impart€tolerance€and€to€increase€awareness€andŠ ¼, (, Šappreciation€of€other€religions€in€an€effort€to€liberalize€attitudes€to€non„Christians.Š „-õ(- Š‡276.€€The€representative€of€Argentina,€replying€to€questions€raised€by€members€of€the€Committee,Š ° Šreferred€to€the€information€already€provided€in€her€Governmentššs€reports€and€explained€that€theŠ ™é Špopulation€of€her€country€included€a€great€many€individuals€of€mixed€parentage€and€that€herŠ ‚Ņ ŠGovernment€was€unable€to€provide€exact€figures€for€the€number€of€indigenous€people.€€She€alsoŠ k» Šexplained€that€the€projects€aimed€at€promoting€the€integrated€development€of€the€indigenousŠ T¤ Šcommunities€differed€considerably€from€province€to€province€according€to€the€need€of€the€variousŠ =  Šindigenous€groups€and€provided€details€on€the€criteria€governing€the€distribution€of€land.€€TheŠ & v Šrepresentative€stated,€in€addition,€that€even€though€each€province€had€its€own€policy,€there€wasŠ  _ Šnevertheless€co„ordination€at€the€national€level€to€ensure€that€certain€standards€were€met€in€theŠ ų H Šresults€obtained.Š į 1  ŠĢ277.€€On€the€subject€of€relations€with€South€Africa,€the€representative€underlined€the€internationalŠ ³  Šcommitments€of€Argentina€against€the€policy€of€ņņapartheidóó;€and€as€regards€measures€for€theŠ œģ  Šimplementation€of€article€4€of€the€Convention€she€provided€more€information€on€the€application€ofŠ …Õ  Šthe€existing€penal€provisions€and€on€the€relevant€work€of€the€Commission€established€to€reform€theŠ n¾  ŠArgentine€Penal€Code€which,€she€stated,€would€deal€with€acts€of€violence€motivated€by€racial€hatred.Š W§  ŠĢ278.€€Referring€to€some€of€the€questions€raised€in€connection€with€article€5€of€the€Convention,€theŠ )y Šrepresentative€explained€that€the€aim€of€article€7€of€the€Act€No.€22105€on€trade€unions€was€to€ensureŠ b Šthat€no€individual€would€be€prevented€from€joining€a€trade€union€on€the€grounds€of€his€membershipŠ ūK Šin€a€political€party€or€his€political€beliefs€and€to€ban€the€establishment€of€trade€unions€whoseŠ ä4 Šmembership€was€open€exclusively€to€those€subscribing€to€the€same€political€ideology.€€She€statedŠ Ķ Šthat€the€right€of€access€to€places€or€services€intended€for€use€by€the€general€public€was€fullyŠ ¶ Šprotected€in€Argentina.Š Ÿļ ŠĢ279.€€With€regard€to€the€remedies€available€to€the€victims€of€racial€discrimination,€the€representativeŠ qĮ Šstated€that€those€victims,€like€the€victims€of€any€crime,€could€bring€suit€in€courts,€but€that€no€specialŠ ZŖ Šlegal€machinery€had€been€set€up€in€connection€with€article€6€of€the€Convention.€€The€fact€that€noŠ C“ Šcases€involving€racial€discrimination€had€so€far€been€brought€before€the€courts€could€perhaps€beŠ ,| Šexplained€by€the€effectiveness€of€social€mechanisms€in€her€country€in€checking€racial€prejudice€andŠ e Šinhibiting€racial€violence.Š žN ŠĢ280.€€With€reference€to€article€7,€€the€representative€provided€some€details€concerning€the€teachingŠ Š!   Šof€religious€and€racial€tolerance€in€primary€schools€and€assured€members€of€the€Committee€that€herŠ ¹" ! ŠGovernment€would€Ō_ŌendeavourŌ_Ō€to€provide€the€information€requested€by€them€in€the€next€periodicŠ ¢#ņ" Šreport.€€Regarding€the€situation€of€migrant€workers,€she€pointed€out€that€detailed€information€wasŠ ‹$Ū# Šprovided€at€the€request€of€the€Committee€in€the€annexes€to€the€Argentine€report€which,€however,€hadŠ t%Ä $ Šnot€been€translated.Š  ]&­!% Šņ ņŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€€A/37/18€(1982)ó óŠ ° ŠĢ296.€€The€seventh€periodic€report€of€Argentina€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/91/Add.8)€was€introduced€by€theŠ ƒÓ Šrepresentative€of€the€reporting€State€who€stated,€in€particular,€that€the€report€had€been€prepared€toŠ l¼ Šreflect€social€and€legal€developments€over€the€past€two€years€in€order€to€supplement€the€informationŠ U„ Šprovided€in€previous€reports€and€to€respond€to€the€concerns€expressed€by€members€of€the€CommitteeŠ > Ž Šduring€their€discussion€of€the€sixth€periodic€report.€€The€report€contained€detailed€information€onŠ ' w Šthe€situation€of€the€aboriginal€communities,€the€subject€which€had€elicited€the€most€comments€byŠ  ` Šmembers.€€In€reply€to€questions€concerning€the€existence€of€multiracial€or€Ō_ŌintegrationistŌ_Ō€associationsŠ ł I Šin€Argentina,€the€representative€stated€that€a€great€many€such€organizations€existed€and,€by€way€ofŠ ā 2  Šexample,€read€out€a€list€of€some€40€civic,€fraternal,€cultural€and€other€organizations.€€He€stated€thatŠ Ė   Šracial€and€religious€hatred€constitute€aggravating€circumstances€in€the€case€of€offences€against€theŠ “  Šperson€and€against€liberty€under€the€Penal€Code€of€Argentina.€€Although€no€case€of€racialŠ ķ  Šdiscrimination€had€occurred,€the€Supreme€Court€had€recently€handed€down€a€judgement€annullingŠ †Ö  Šan€administrative€act€which€it€had€found€to€be€discriminatory.€€The€case,€which€affected€the€religiousŠ oæ  Šand€educational€rights€of€a€foreigner,€illustrated€by€analogy€the€remedies€available€to€all€inhabitantsŠ XØ  Šfor€the€enforcement€of€their€rights.Š A‘ ŠĢ297.€€€The€Committee€commended€the€Government€of€Argentina€for€the€comprehensive€and€detailedŠ c Šreport€it€had€submitted.€€€With€regard€to€the€policy€adopted€by€the€Government€toward€indigenousŠ üL Špopulations,€reference€was€made€to€the€history€of€Argentina€as€a€country€of€settlement€forŠ å5 Šimmigrants€from€Western€and€Central€Europe,€which€had€resulted€in€the€displacement€of€theŠ Ī Šindigenous€peoples.€The€Government€was€praised€for€its€programme€of€land€distribution€to€theŠ · Šindigenous€peoples,€although€the€problems€posed€by€the€existence€of€€Ō_ŌlatifundiaŌ_Ō€and€by€the€size€ofŠ  š Šthe€national€territory€and€its€federal€structure€were€pointed€out.€€Some€members€remarked€that,€whileŠ ‰Ł Šthe€report€contained€a€wealth€of€detail€on€the€various€regions,€it€was€difficult€to€understand€theŠ rĀ Šprecise€legal€and€constitutional€position€of€the€indigenous€peoples€and€what€their€rights€were,Š [« Šparticularly€in€view€of€their€grouping€in€reservations.€€Questions€were€also€asked€concerning€€theŠ D” ŠŌ_ŌsocioŌ_Ō„economic€position€of€those€groups,€their€cultural€and€linguistic€development€and€theirŠ -} Šparticipation€in€all€levels€of€political€and€public€life€in€Argentina.€€Information€was€also€requestedŠ f Šconcerning€the€composition€and€functioning€of€the€governmental€bodies€established€to€deal€with€theŠ ’O Šquestion,€and€the€extent€of€participation€by€the€indigenous€peoples€in€their€decision„making,€as€wellŠ č 8 Šas€on€the€results€of€the€measures€adopted.€€The€Government€of€Argentina€was€invited€to€include€suchŠ Ń!!  Šinformation€in€its€next€periodic€report€to€the€Committee.Š ŗ" ! ŠĢ298.€€Concerning€article€3,€satisfaction€was€expressed€at€the€measures€already€taken€againstŠ Œ$Ü# Šņņapartheidóó.€€Additional€information€was€requested€concerning€diplomatic,€economic€and€otherŠ u%Å $ Šrelations€still€existing€between€Argentina€and€South€Africa.Š ^&®!% ŠĢ299.€€In€connection€with€article€4,€several€members€observed€that€the€provisions€of€the€Penal€CodeŠ 0(€#' Šmentioned€in€the€report€did€not€satisfy€the€obligations€laid€down€in€that€article.€€It€was€pointed€outŠ )i$( Šthat€article€4€required€the€enactment€of€specific€legislation€by€States€parties€declaring€an€offenceŠ *R%) Špunishable€by€law€the€dissemination€of€ideas€based€on€racial€superiority€or€hatred,€incitement€toŠ ė*;&* Šracial€discrimination€and€acts€of€racial€violence€as€well€as€prohibiting€organizations€and€activitiesŠ Ō+$'+ Špromoting€racial€discrimination.€€Legislation€simply€declaring€racial€hatred€an€aggravatingŠ ½, (, Šcircumstance€for€other€types€of€crime€was€therefore€insufficient.€€The€Committee€expressed€the€hopeŠ ¦-ö(- Šthat€the€governmental€Commission€which€was€working€on€a€reform€of€the€Penal€Code€wouldŠ ° Šrecommend€the€adoption€of€appropriate€legislation€in€order€to€satisfy€the€obligations€undertaken€byŠ ™é ŠArgentina€under€article€4€of€the€Convention.€€The€Government€was€invited€to€inform€the€CommitteeŠ ‚Ņ Šin€its€next€report€of€steps€taken€in€this€direction.Š k» ŠĢ300.€€With€respect€to€article€5,€the€members€pointed€out€that€the€relevant€section€of€the€reportŠ =  Šreferred€mainly€to€constitutional€provisions€and€requested€information€regarding€any€specificŠ & v Šlegislative€provisions€in€implementation€of€the€rights€to€freedom€of€thought,€conscience€and€religion,Š  _ Šfreedom€of€opinion€and€expression,€and€freedom€of€peaceful€assembly.Š ų H ŠĢ301.€€Information€was€also€requested€with€respect€to€article€6€regarding€the€availability€of€remediesŠ Ź   Šagainst€governmental€acts.€€It€was€recalled€that,€during€the€Committeeššs€consideration€of€the€sixthŠ ³  Šreport€of€Argentina,€the€representative€had€stated€that€there€were€no€special€remedies€and€that€theyŠ œģ  Šwere€unnecessary.€€However,€the€seventh€report€made€mention€of€remedies€against€arrest€andŠ …Õ  Šincarceration.€€It€was€asked€what€remedies€were€available€to€victims€of€racial€discrimination€notŠ n¾  Šinvolving€arrest.Š W§  ŠĢ302.€€Additional€information€was€also€requested€concerning€the€implementation€of€article€7,€inŠ )y Šparticular€on€whether€there€was€any€instruction€in€civics€in€primary€schools€for€the€benefit€of€theŠ b Šmajority€of€children€who€did€not€go€on€to€secondary€schools.Š ūK ŠĢ303.€€The€representative€of€Argentina€stated€that€it€was€impossible€at€this€stage€to€reply€to€all€theŠ Ķ Šquestions€raised€about€the€report,€which€had€been€prepared€by€an€Ō_ŌinterministerialŌ_Ō€commission.€€TheŠ ¶ Šrequests€for€information€would,€however,€be€conveyed€to€the€Government€of€Argentina€with€anŠ Ÿļ Šindication€of€the€desire€expressed€by€the€Committee€for€greater€conciseness€and€the€inclusion€of€aŠ ˆŲ Šgeneral€overview€in€future€reports.€Referring€to€his€Governmentššs€policy€toward€indigenous€peoples,Š qĮ Šthe€representative€pointed€out€that€it€was€very€different€to€promote€development€without€integrationŠ ZŖ Šand€the€danger€was€ever„present€of€segregating€people€on€the€pretext€of€autonomy.€€He€indicated€thatŠ C“ Šthe€indigenous€reservations€were€not€ghettos€or€prisons€but€farm€unit€areas€provided€with€servicesŠ ,| Što€develop€their€potential.€€People€from€the€reservations€could€attend€school€in€any€part€of€theŠ e Šcountry,€and€had€the€same€right€to€travel€as€anyone€else.€€As€to€the€concern€expressed€about€theŠ žN Šparticipation€of€indigenous€peoples€in€development€projects€which€affected€them,€noteworthyŠ ē 7 Šprogress€had€been€achieved,€as€shown€by€the€formation€of€associations€on€the€part€of€communitiesŠ Š!   Šand€groups,€and€the€participation€of€their€natural€leaders€(chiefs,€mayors,€teachers€and€the€like)€inŠ ¹" ! Šthe€different€stages€of€project€activities.€€Together€with€indigenous€groups,€immigration€flows€hadŠ ¢#ņ" Šlong€held€the€attention€of€Argentine€authorities.€€Argentina€was€now€host€to€5,000€Laotian€familiesŠ ‹$Ū# Šamong€other€nationals.€€The€representative€of€Argentina€further€assured€the€Committee€thatŠ t%Ä $ Šminorities€enjoyed€the€same€rights€as€other€inhabitants€of€Argentina€under€articles€14€and€15€of€theŠ ]&­!% ŠConstitution.€€With€reference€to€article€3,€he€stated€that€Argentina€not€only€condemned€ņņapartheidóó€butŠ F'–"& Šhad€also€placed€a€ban€on€sporting€or€cultural€activities€with€South€Africa€and€had€reduced€itsŠ /(#' Šdiplomatic€ties€to€trade€attach€level.Š )h$( ŠĢ304.€€In€reply€to€the€comments€regarding€implementation€of€article€4€of€the€Convention,€theŠ ź*:&* Šrepresentative€stated€that€international€agreements€had€the€force€of€supreme€law€in€Argentina€underŠ Ó+#'+ Šarticle€31€of€the€Constitution.€€Since€the€Convention€contained€no€penalties€for€infringement,€theŠ ¼, (, Šrelevant€provisions€of€domestic€legislation,€as€described€in€the€report,€were€applied.€€Regarding€theŠ „-õ(- Špromotion€of€notions€of€racial€superiority,€there€were€a€number€of€measures€prohibiting€publicationŠ ° Šof€racist€propaganda€and€specific€provisions€to€deal€with€specific€situations.€€With€reference€toŠ ™é Šarticle€5,€he€stated€that€the€Argentine€legislature€had,€since€1853,€incorporated€in€all€its€laws€andŠ ‚Ņ Šjurisprudence€provisions€expressing€the€principle€of€equality€in€accordance€with€article€5€(d)€(vii),Š k» Š(viii)€and€(ix)€of€the€Convention.€€Regarding€the€concern€expressed€as€to€the€legal€remedies€availableŠ T¤ Što€victims€of€discrimination,€in€connection€with€article€6,€he€stated€that€the€court€case€alreadyŠ =  Šdescribed€showed€that€the€requirements€of€that€article€had€been€met€and€that€all€inhabitants,Š & v Šincluding€minorities€and€foreigners,€had€access€alike€to€the€courts€for€redress.Š   _ Šņ ņŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€€€A/39/18€(1984)ó óŠ ° ŠĢ438.€€The€eight€periodic€report€of€Argentina€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/118/Add.1€and€Add.16)€was€considered€byŠ ƒÓ Šthe€Committee€together€with€the€introductory€statement€of€the€representative€of€the€reporting€State,Š l¼ Šwho€pointed€out€that€the€report€had€been€prepared€on€the€basis€of€material€emanating€from€the€ņņdeŠ U„ Šfactoóó€authorities€that€had€been€in€power€before€10€December€1983.€€The€new€Government€wasŠ > Ž Šengaged€in€the€arduous€task€of€reconstructing€the€country€to€enable€it€to€emerge€from€the€profoundŠ ' w Špolitical,€social€and€moral€crisis€prevailing€at€the€moment.€€She€also€stated€that€the€Government€wasŠ  ` Špaying€special€attention€to€the€position€of€the€indigenous€communities€and€had€adopted€variousŠ ł I Šmeasures,€including€an€emergency€Ō_ŌprogrammeŌ_Ō,€to€enable€them€to€settle€on€their€own€land€under€theirŠ ā 2  Šown€organization.€€Moreover,€the€representative€informed€the€Committee€about€several€otherŠ Ė   Špolitical,€juridical€and€Ō_ŌsocioŌ_Ō„economic€measures€taken€to€implement€the€Convention€to€reaffirmŠ “  Šrespect€for€individuals,€as€well€as€to€help€low„income€sectors€of€the€population.Š ķ  ŠĢ439.€€The€Committee€congratulated€the€representative€of€Argentina€on€the€full€and€comprehensiveŠ oæ  Šinformation€which€she€had€provided,€especially€with€regard€to€the€question€of€the€indigenousŠ XØ  Špopulation,€and€noted€with€interest€the€considerable€efforts€being€made€by€the€Government€ofŠ A‘ ŠArgentina€to€establish€a€system€in€which€all€people€would€have€equal€rights€with€due€respect€toŠ *z Šnational€unity.€€Members€looked€forward€to€closer€co„operation€with€the€Government€of€ArgentinaŠ c Šand€expressed€the€hope€that€the€next€periodic€report€would€be€even€more€substantive.Š üL ŠĢ440.€€Members€of€the€Committee€paid€tribute€to€the€humanitarian€approach€of€the€new€GovernmentŠ Ī Šwhich€was€designed€to€ensure€rapid€improvement€in€the€condition€of€the€indigenous€population€inŠ · Šconformity€with€article€1,€paragraph€4,€and€article€2,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Convention.€€However,Š  š Šsome€members€wished€to€receive€new€data€on€the€ethnic€groups€in€the€country€and€a€completeŠ ‰Ł Špicture€of€the€demographic€composition€of€the€nation€in€order€to€ascertain€whether€the€position€ofŠ rĀ Šparticular€groups€had€improved€or€deteriorated.€€Members€asked€whether,€and€to€what€extent,€theŠ [« Švulnerable€sectors€of€the€population€had€better€access€to€government€jobs€at€the€district€and€higherŠ D” Šlevel;€whether€they€were€confined€to€traditional€activities,€such€as€handicrafts€and€subsistenceŠ -} Šagriculture,€or€whether€they€were€able€through€education€to€enter€the€mainstream;€and€whether€thereŠ f Šwere€any€specific€measures€for€indigenous€groups€relating€to€the€marriage€laws.€€AdditionalŠ ’O Šinformation€was€requested€on€the€new€Governmentššs€strategy€regarding€national€minorities,€inŠ č 8 Šparticular€on€reservations€for€indigenous€groups,€and€it€was€asked€whether€the€Government€plannedŠ Ń!!  Što€maintain€such€reservations€or€whether€it€would€attempt€to€put€an€end€to€them€so€that€theirŠ ŗ" ! Šinhabitants€could€live€like€other€citizens.Š £#ó" ŠĢ441.€€The€Government€was€invited€to€inform€the€Committee€in€its€next€report€of€the€specific€areasŠ u%Å $ Šin€which€foreigners€were€assigned€a€role€in€exploiting€natural€resources€and€how€the€exploitationŠ ^&®!% Šof€national€resources€by€foreigners€would€affect€the€land€and€resources€of€indigenous€groups.Š G'—"& ŠĢ442.€€Additional€information€was€requested€on€the€position€of€the€Argentine€Government€regardingŠ )i$( Šthe€Falkland€Islands€(Ō_ŌMalvinasŌ_Ō),€particularly€as€to€whether€it€differed€from€that€of€the€previousŠ *R%) ŠŌ_ŌrgimeŌ_Ō.Š ė*;&* ŠĢ443.€€With€regard€to€article€3,€the€Committee€welcomed€the€fact€that€Argentina€had€maintained€itsŠ ½, (, Šdecision€not€to€grant€visas€to€representatives€of€South€African€sports€organizations€and€that€flightsŠ ¦-ö(- Šby€its€national€airline€to€South€Africa€had€been€discontinued.€€The€hope€was€expressed€that€the€newŠ ° ŠGovernment€would€go€a€step€further€in€that€direction€so€as€to€comply€fully€with€the€many€GeneralŠ ™é ŠAssembly€resolutions€on€the€subject.Š ‚Ņ ŠĢ444.€€In€connection€with€article€4,€members€of€the€Committee€looked€forward€to€receivingŠ T¤ Šinformation€in€the€next€periodic€report€on€the€outcome€of€the€consideration€by€the€Congress€of€theŠ =  ŠNation,€in€December€1983,€of€the€scope€of€the€specific€measures€referred€to€in€that€article.Š & v ŠĢ445.€€With€regard€to€implementation€of€article€5,€the€Committee€requested€information€on€theŠ ų H Šquestions€raised€during€consideration€of€the€seventh€periodic€report€concerning€the€right€to€freedomŠ į 1  Šof€conscience€and€religion,€freedom€of€thought€and€freedom€of€opinion€and€expression,€as€well€asŠ Ź   Šon€what€action€the€Government€could€take€if€private€educational€establishments,€which€adhered€toŠ ³  Šthe€official€education€system,€indulged€in€discriminatory€procedures.€€One€member€asked€forŠ œģ  Šinformation€on€the€question€of€the€missing€persons.Š …Õ  ŠĢ446.€€With€reference€to€article€6,€members€recalled€that,€during€its€consideration€of€ArgentinaššsŠ W§  Šseventh€periodic€report,€the€Committee€had€requested€information€on€action€against€governmentalŠ @ Šacts€of€racial€discrimination.€€In€this€connection€it€was€asked€whether€any€progress€had€been€madeŠ )y Šor€was€contemplated€beyond€the€stage€obtaining€at€the€time€of€the€consideration€of€the€seventhŠ b Šreport,€and€whether€any€measures€were€being€taken€to€educate€persons€in€vulnerable€positions€aboutŠ ūK Štheir€rights€and€the€remedies€available.Š ä4 ŠĢ447.€€In€reply€to€questions€raised€by€members€of€the€Committee,€the€representative€stated€that€it€wasŠ ¶ Šthe€Governmentššs€policy€to€ensure€full€participation€by€the€indigenous€communities€in€all€plans€andŠ Ÿļ ŠŌ_ŌprogrammesŌ_Ō€devised€for€them,€that€her€Government€was€fully€aware€that€the€indigenous€populationŠ ˆŲ Šwas€entitled€to€reparation€on€historical€grounds€and€that€such€reparation€would€be€based€on€theŠ qĮ Šgranting€of€land€rights€to€indigenous€groups.€€A€preparatory€meeting€had€already€been€convened€forŠ ZŖ Ša€National€Meeting€on€Indigenous€Policy€to€be€held€soon,€which€was€expected€to€be€fully€andŠ C“ Šeffectively€representative€of€all€communities.€€She€also€said€that€her€Government€was€conscious€ofŠ ,| Šthe€need€to€obtain€and€Ō_ŌanalyseŌ_Ō€demographic€data€and€the€bill€envisaged€for€that€purpose€wouldŠ e Šcontain€a€section€concerning€the€registration€of€individuals€belonging€to€indigenous€communities.€Š žN ŠThe€representative€assured€the€Committee€that€the€aim€of€her€Governmentššs€education€policy€forŠ ē 7 Šindigenous€communities€was€to€ensure€their€integration€in€national€life€while€strictly€preserving€theirŠ Š!   Šidentity€through€the€teaching€of€indigenous€languages€and€special€educational€curricula.€€There€wasŠ ¹" ! Šno€question€of€their€being€completely€absorbed€into€the€mainstream€of€society€with€the€consequentŠ ¢#ņ" Šdisappearance€of€the€indigenous€culture.Š ‹$Ū# ŠĢ448.€€In€reply€to€the€question€concerning€Argentine€policy€towards€the€Falkland€Islands€(Ō_ŌMalvinasŌ_Ō),Š ]&­!% Šshe€stated€that€one€of€the€main€bases€of€her€Governmentššs€policy€was€the€Ō_ŌdefenceŌ_Ō€of€its€nationalŠ F'–"& Šsovereignty€and€it€had€absolutely€no€doubt€with€regard€to€its€legitimate€sovereign€rights€over€theŠ /(#' ŠFalkland€Islands€(Ō_ŌMalvinasŌ_Ō),€South€Georgia€and€South€Sandwich€Islands.€€At€the€same€time,€herŠ )h$( ŠGovernment€supported€the€principle€of€the€peaceful€solution€of€international€disputes€and€fullyŠ *Q%) Šendorsed€General€Assembly€resolution€38/12.€€In€a€desire€to€negotiate€for€peace,€her€GovernmentŠ ź*:&* Šhad€sent€representatives,€at€the€invitation€of€the€Swiss€Government,€to€a€meeting€held€at€Bern€on€18Š Ó+#'+ Šand€19€July€1984.€€Unfortunately,€the€Government€of€the€United€Kingdom€had€not€been€preparedŠ ¼, (, Što€negotiate€on€the€sovereignty€of€the€Falkland€Islands€(Ō_ŌMalvinasŌ_Ō)€at€that€meeting.€€However,€sheŠ „-õ(- Šassured€the€Committee€that€her€Government€would€continue€to€employ€all€peaceful€means€for€aŠ ° Šsolution€until€its€legitimate€rights€to€the€Falkland€Islands€(Ō_ŌMalvinasŌ_Ō)€were€recognized.Š ™é ŠĢ449.€€So€far€as€article€3€was€concerned,€she€said€that€Argentina€had€always€condemned€ņņapartheidóó€andŠ k» Šbeen€in€Ō_ŌfavourŌ_Ō€of€self„determination€for€the€people€of€Namibia.€€Its€national€airline€had€discountedŠ T¤ Šflights€to€South€Africa€and€the€Government€would€continue€to€refuse€to€issue€visas€to€South€AfricanŠ =  Šathletes.Š & v ŠĢ450.€€Concerning€the€provisions€of€article€4,€the€representative€pointed€out€that€as€soon€as€the€billŠ ų H Šbecame€law€a€copy€would€be€sent€to€Committee€members€for€study€so€that€they€could€assureŠ į 1  Šthemselves€that€it€covered€all€aspects€of€that€article.Š Ź   ŠĢ451.€€With€regard€to€questions€on€the€right€to€education,€there€were€absolutely€no€elements€in€theŠ œģ  Šcurricula€of€the€private€schools€mentioned€in€the€report€which€might€be€conductive€to€racialŠ …Õ  Šdiscrimination.€€Those€schools€received€Government€subsides€and€their€Ō_ŌprogrammesŌ_Ō€were€approvedŠ n¾  Šby€the€Ministry€of€Education€which€would€never€accept€the€inclusion€of€such€elements.Š W§  ŠĢ452.€€Replying€to€another€question,€she€stated€that€the€Committee€was€familiar€with€the€problem€ofŠ )y Šmissing€persons;€unfortunately€many€of€those€missing€persons€were€refugees€from€Ō_ŌneighbouringŌ_ŌŠ b Šcountries€who€had€been€subjected€to€repression€by€the€military€authorities,€but€the€Government€wasŠ ūK Šdoing€its€utmost€to€find€a€solution€to€the€problem.€€Many€concrete€measures€had€also€been€taken€byŠ ä4 Šthe€Government€for€the€return€of€Argentine€exiles.€€A€national€commission€for€the€return€of€exilesŠ Ķ Šhad€been€set€up€and€an€agreement€had€been€signed€with€Ō_ŌUNHCRŌ_Ō€and€the€IntergovernmentalŠ ¶ ŠCommittee€for€Migration€(Ō_ŌICMŌ_Ō),€as€a€result€of€which€a€Ō_ŌprogrammeŌ_Ō€of€repatriation€of€ArgentineŠ Ÿļ Šrefugees€had€begun.Š ˆŲ ŠĢ453.€€The€representative€of€Argentina€finally€assured€the€Committee€that€her€Government€would€beŠ ZŖ Šready€to€provide€more€comprehensive€information€even€before€its€next€periodic€report€was€due.Š  C“ Šņ ņŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€€A/42/18€(1987)ó óŠ ° ŠĢ467.€€The€ninth€periodic€report€of€Argentina€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/149/Add.1)€was€considered€by€the€CommitteeŠ ƒÓ Šat€its€783ņņrdóó€meeting,€on€5€March€1987€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/SR.783).Š l¼ ŠĢ468.€€The€report€was€introduced€by€the€representative€of€Argentina,€who€said€that€the€primaryŠ > Ž Šobjective€of€the€democratic€Government€which€had€taken€office€on€10€December€1983€had€been€toŠ ' w Šre„establish€the€rule€of€law,€together€with€full€respect€for€human€rights,€after€a€long€period€duringŠ  ` Šwhich€the€military€dictatorship€had€flagrantly€and€systematically€violated€fundamental€human€rights.€Š ł I ŠDuring€the€period€under€review,€Argentina€had€taken€steps€to€ratify€all€the€international€conventionsŠ ā 2  Šon€human€rights,€which€could€then€be€invoked€directly€before€domestic€courts€and€administrativeŠ Ė   Šauthorities.€€On€30€September€1985,€the€National€Congress€had€adopted€Act€No.€23€302,€which€wasŠ “  Šdesigned€to€enable€indigenous€communities€to€participate€in€the€task€of€government€and€preserveŠ ķ  Štheir€cultural€and€linguistic€identity,€and€to€compensate€them€for€the€lands€of€which€they€had€beenŠ †Ö  Šdispossessed.€€On€22€May€1986,€the€Argentine€Government€had€decided€to€sever€diplomaticŠ oæ  Šrelations€with€the€racist€Government€in€Pretoria€in€compliance€with€article€3€of€the€Convention.€€AŠ XØ  Šbill€opposing€any€type€of€discrimination€or€incitement€thereto,€consistent€with€article€4€of€theŠ A‘ ŠConvention,€had€been€adopted€by€the€Chamber€of€Deputies€and€was€now€before€the€Senate.€€In€MayŠ *z Š1986,€Argentina€had€organized€a€Latin€American€seminar€against€discrimination€within€the€contextŠ c Šof€article€7€of€the€Convention.€€The€representative€of€Argentina€assured€the€Committee€that€theŠ üL ŠConvention€was€being€implemented€throughout€Argentina,€but€not€in€the€Falkland€IslandsŠ å5 Š(Ō_ŌMalvinasŌ_Ō),€where€his€Government€had€been€prevented€from€exercising€its€sovereignty.Š Ī ŠĢ469.€€The€Committee€paid€tribute€to€the€Government€of€Argentina€for€the€impressive€work€ofŠ  š Šreparation€and€healing,€which€it€had€carried€out€with€speed€and€determination€after€the€years€ofŠ ‰Ł Šhavoc€wrought€by€military€dictatorship.€€The€Government€and€Congress€of€Argentina€had€succeededŠ rĀ Šin€restoring€a€system€of€democracy.€€Members€of€the€Committee€commended€the€report€for€itsŠ [« Šfrankness€and€for€its€new€spirit.€€Argentina,€once€a€problem€case,€was€now€taking€an€active€part€inŠ D” Šthe€struggle€against€discrimination€both€at€home€and€abroad.€€The€enactment€of€domestic€legislationŠ -} Šand€the€ratification€of€international€human€rights€instruments€were€impressive€measures€to€build€upŠ f Ša€strong€system€of€guarantees€for€preserving€human€rights€and€were€evidence€of€the€GovernmentššsŠ ’O Šwill€to€overcome€problems€inherited€from€the€past.€€The€report,€which€had€been€submitted€on€time,Š č 8 Šfollowed€the€Committeeššs€guidelines€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/70/Rev.1)€and€had€been€supplemented€with€valuableŠ Ń!!  Šinformation€by€the€representative€of€Argentina.€€One€member€noted€with€regret€that€the€report€couldŠ ŗ" ! Šcover€only€the€mainland€territory€of€Argentina.Š £#ó" ŠĢ470.€€Members€of€the€Committee€pointed€out€that€the€report€did€not€contain€data€on€the€demographicŠ u%Å $ Šcomposition€of€the€population,€requested€on€previous€occasions,€and€expressed€the€hope€that€Ō_ŌthatŌ_ŌŠ ^&®!% Šinformation€would€be€included€in€the€next€periodic€report.€€Additional€information€on€the€numbersŠ G'—"& Šof€refugees€and€exiles€and€how€that€issue€had€been€dealt€with€was€also€requested.€€Members€wishedŠ 0(€#' Što€know€to€what€extent€the€debt€burden€and€austerity€measures€imposed€by€the€InternationalŠ )i$( ŠMonetary€Fund€(IMF)€had€affected€the€implementation€of€the€Convention€and€other€human€rightsŠ *R%) Šinstruments€in€Argentina,€and€in€particular,€how€it€had€affected€the€situation€of€indigenous€peoplesŠ ė*;&* Šand€the€poorest€sections€of€the€population.Š Ō+$'+ ŠĢ471.€€In€relation€to€article€2€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€noted€with€appreciationŠ ¦-ö(- Šthat€the€Government€had€enacted€a€series€of€laws€for€the€benefit€of€indigenous€peoples€and€wishedŠ ° Što€receive€more€detailed€information€regarding€the€National€Institute€of€Indigenous€Affairs,€theŠ ™é ŠNational€Register€of€Indigenous€Communities€and€the€registration€of€indigenous€names.€€They€wouldŠ ‚Ņ Šwelcome€information€on€the€land€redistribution€measures,€such€as€which€authority€would€beŠ k» Šresponsible€for€the€indigenous€populations,€when€the€indigenous€peoples€would€be€provided€withŠ T¤ Šland,€whether€indigenous€communities€were€to€be€relocated,€brought€back€to€the€land€which€wasŠ =  Šoriginally€theirs€or€resettled€where€the€Government€considered€that€their€conditions€would€improve,Š & v Šwhether€any€budgetary€provision€had€been€made€to€enable€the€persons€concerned€to€make€a€livingŠ  _ Šon€the€land€they€would€occupy,€and€who€would€determine€the€price€of€land€in€cases€of€expropriation.€Š ų H ŠClarification€was€requested€as€to€how€indigenous€peoples€could€both€preserve€their€historical€andŠ į 1  Šcultural€identity€and,€at€the€same€time,€be€assimilated€into€national€society.€€Further€information€wasŠ Ź   Šrequested€on€the€size€of€indigenous€communities,€the€percentage€of€the€total€population€theyŠ ³  Šrepresented,€the€number€of€schools€for€indigenous€communities€and€language€of€instruction.€€It€wasŠ œģ  Šalso€asked€whether€the€communities€were€dispersed€throughout€the€territory€or€concentrated€inŠ …Õ  Šspecific€areas,€and€whether€nomadic€and€semi„nomadic€peoples€were€included€under€indigenousŠ n¾  Šcommunities.€€Members€of€the€Committee€expressed€the€hope€that€Argentinaššs€next€periodic€reportŠ W§  Šwould€contain€information€on€the€extent€to€which€the€Governmentššs€policy€and€measures€had€beenŠ @ Šimplemented,€the€amount€of€land€transferred,€the€number€of€indigenous€peoples€given€land€rights,Š )y Šthe€steps€taken€to€promote€agricultural€production,€and€the€Ō_ŌprogrammesŌ_Ō€designed€to€give€indigenousŠ b Špeoples€access€to€all€levels€of€education,€health€care€and€governmental€schemes.Š ūK ŠĢ472.€€With€regard€to€the€implementation€of€article€3,€members€of€the€Committee€commended€theŠ Ķ Šaction€taken€by€the€Government.€€However,€they€hoped€that€all€relations€with€Pretoria€would€beŠ ¶ Šsevered.€€Members€wished€to€receive€information€on€the€private€trade€that€Argentinian€citizensŠ Ÿļ Šmaintained€with€South€Africa€and€on€Argentinaššs€position€with€regard€to€mandatory€andŠ ˆŲ Šcomprehensive€sanctions.€€It€was€asked€how€the€Argentine€Consular€Official€in€Cape€Town€wasŠ qĮ Šempowered€to€sign€on€behalf€of€the€Embassy€which€had€been€closed€in€Pretoria.€€Information€wasŠ ZŖ Šalso€requested€regarding€Argentinaššs€relations€with€liberation€movements€other€than€the€AfricanŠ C“ ŠNational€Congress€of€South€Africa€(ANC)€and€the€South€West€Africa€Peopleššs€OrganizationŠ ,| Š(Ō_ŌSWAPOŌ_Ō)€in€southern€Africa.Š e ŠĢ473.€€In€connection€with€article€4,€members€of€the€Committee€congratulated€the€Government€on€theŠ ē 7 Šlegislation€being€enacted€to€implement€its€obligations€under€that€article.€€The€amendments€to€theŠ Š!   ŠPenal€Code€proposed€in€the€bill€currently€before€Congress€appeared€to€meet€the€requirements€ofŠ ¹" ! Šarticle€4.€€The€only€missing€elements€seemed€to€be€the€financing€of€racist€organizations€by€personsŠ ¢#ņ" Šwho€were€not€themselves€members.€€That€would€be€considered€an€offence€under€article€4,€but€didŠ ‹$Ū# Šnot€appear€in€the€bill.€€More€detailed€information€would€be€appreciated.€€It€was€also€asked€whetherŠ t%Ä $ Šanti„Semitism€was€still€a€problem€in€Argentina€and€how€it€was€tackled.Š ]&­!% ŠĢ474.€€In€relation€to€article€6,€members€welcome€the€establishment€of€the€Office€of€the€Under„Š /(#' ŠSecretary€for€Human€Rights€within€the€Ministry€of€the€Interior.€€They€wished€to€know€how€it€wasŠ )h$( Šorganized,€how€it€functioned,€how€many€persons€were€involved€and€whether€it€was€also€responsibleŠ *Q%) Šfor€indigenous€peoples.€€It€was€also€asked€whether€it€might€not€have€been€more€appropriate€to€placeŠ ź*:&* Šit€within€the€Ministry€of€Justice.€€Members€were€interested€to€know€how€successful€the€efforts€of€theŠ Ó+#'+ ŠOffice€of€the€Under„Secretary€for€Human€Rights€to€report€infringements€of€human€rights€to€theŠ ¼, (, Šauthorities€had€been€and€what€subsequent€action€had€been€taken.€€They€noted€with€satisfaction€thatŠ „-õ(- Šthe€Ministry€of€Education€had€reinstated€all€teaching€staff€dismissed€on€political€grounds€during€theŠ ° Šmilitary€dictatorship€and€asked€whether€those€reinstated€had€been€compensated€for€their€lost€salariesŠ ™é Šand€whether€other€Ministries€had€taken€similar€action.€€It€was€asked€whether€article€5€of€the€bill€toŠ ‚Ņ Šcombat€discrimination,€which€provided€for€compensation€in€certain€circumstances,€was€currentlyŠ k» Šin€force€and€how€speedy€the€legal€process€was.€€Members€expressed€concern€about€the€š šŌ_ŌPuntoŌ_Ō€FinalššŠ T¤ Šlegislation€and€requested€an€explanation€of€the€real€implications€of€establishing€a€statute€of€limitationŠ =  Šfor€human€rights€offences€committee€by€the€military€during€the€š šdirty€waršš.€€They€raised€theŠ & v Šquestion€of€whether€the€š šŌ_ŌPuntoŌ_Ō€Finalšš€legislation€might€not€be€contrary€to€article€€6€of€theŠ  _ ŠConvention,€since€the€limitation€which€it€established€might€have€the€effect€of€depriving€victims€ofŠ ų H Šan€effective€remedy.Š į 1  ŠĢ475.€€Regarding€Ō_Ōarticle7Ō_Ō€of€the€Convention,€the€Government€was€congratulated€on€the€course€onŠ ³  Šhuman€rights€for€civil€servants,€organized€by€the€Office€of€the€Under„Secretary€for€Human€Rights.€Š œģ  ŠIt€was€asked€whether€police€officers€were€regarded€as€members€of€the€civil€service€for€that€purpose.Š …Õ  ŠĢ476.€€As€to€article€14€of€the€Convention,€members€were€interested€to€know€whether€the€GovernmentŠ W§  Šwas€considering€making€the€declaration€provided€for€under€that€article€recognizing€the€competenceŠ @ Šof€the€Committee€to€deal€with€individual€communications.Š )y ŠĢ477.€€Replying€to€the€members€of€the€Committee,€the€representative€of€Argentina€said€that,Š ūK Šaccording€to€the€latest€census€taken,€in€1965,€the€estimated€indigenous€population€was€150,000,€butŠ ä4 Šthat€it€could€well€be€twice€the€size.€€It€represented€0.64€per€cent€of€the€total€population.€€The€mainŠ Ķ Šethnic€groups€lived€in€nine€provinces.€€The€former€educational€system,€in€which€indigenous€childrenŠ ¶ Šwho€did€not€understand€Spanish€were€taught€in€that€language,€had€been€an€additional€source€ofŠ Ÿļ ŠŌ_ŌmarginalizationŌ_Ō€for€the€indigenous€peoples.€€It€was€intended€to€remedy€that€situation€through€the€newŠ ˆŲ Šlegislation.€€Efforts€were€being€made€to€provide€for€the€promotion€of€education€and€indigenousŠ qĮ Šculture,€with€emphasis€on€indigenous€aspects,€employment€of€indigenous€teachers€and€teaching€inŠ ZŖ Šindigenous€languages.€€He€informed€the€Committee€that€the€new€draft€law€on€indigenousŠ C“ Šcommunities€envisaged€granting€them€land€in€the€areas€where€they€lived.€€They€would€not€be€movedŠ ,| Što€other€areas;€the€land€would€be€situated€where€they€lived€or€nearby€and€would€be€appropriate€forŠ e Šdevelopment.€€He€explained€that€integration€of€the€indigenous€people€into€society€on€equal€termsŠ žN Šmeant€the€elimination€of€oppression€and€Ō_ŌmarginalizationŌ_Ō€and€the€granting€of€equal€opportunities.€Š ē 7 ŠThe€new€Act€No.€23€162€authorizing€the€registration€of€indigenous€names€would€fill€a€legislativeŠ Š!   Šgap.€€The€operation€of€the€new€National€Institute€of€Indigenous€Affairs,€proposed€by€a€new€draft€law,Š ¹" ! Šwould€be€determined€by€the€executive€and€it€would€have€the€same€competence,€but€not€theŠ ¢#ņ" Šbureaucratic€drawbacks,€of€the€former€Institute,€which€it€would€replace.€€In€accordance€with€theŠ ‹$Ū# Šrelevant€provisions€of€that€draft€law,€the€authorities€would€conduct€a€census€of€the€indigenousŠ t%Ä $ Špeoples€in€order€to€obtain€the€data€required€as€a€basis€for€the€law.€€He€trusted€that€adequate€dataŠ ]&­!% Šwould€be€provided€in€the€next€periodic€report.Š F'–"& ŠĢ478.€€Regarding€the€external€debt,€the€representative€said€that,€while€Argentina€could€restore€civilŠ )h$( Šand€political€rights,€it€was€obviously€difficult€to€ensure€the€exercise€of€economic,€social€and€culturalŠ *Q%) Šrights€in€a€situation€where€an€unjust€international€economic€system€caused€overwhelming€debts,Š ź*:&* Šbecause€interest€on€those€debts€exceeded€the€balance€of€trade.Š Ó+#'+ ŠĢ479.€€Referring€to€the€questions€on€South€Africa€and€Namibia,€he€informed€the€Committee€that,€inŠ „-õ(- Šaddition€to€the€information€given€in€the€report€and€to€breaking€off€diplomatic€relations€with€SouthŠ ° ŠAfrica,€Argentina€had€voted€for€all€United€Nations€resolutions€on€South€Africa€and€Namibia,Š ™é Šincluding€a€Security€Council€resolution€sponsored€by€his€delegation.Š ‚Ņ ŠĢ480.€€He€indicated€that€the€observations€made€by€members€of€the€Committee€in€relation€to€the€draftŠ T¤ Šlaw€against€discrimination€to€implement€the€provisions€of€article€4€of€the€Convention€would€beŠ =  Štransmitted€to€the€relevant€authorities.€€He€added€that€the€Committee€had€made€a€valuableŠ & v Šcontribution€and€that€the€summary€of€the€dialogue€would€be€transmitted€to€Congress€together€withŠ  _ Šthe€recommendations€concerning€the€declaration€under€article€14€of€the€Convention.Š ų H ŠĢ481.€€A€series€of€regulations€had€been€adopted€on€the€question€of€remedies€under€the€lawŠ Ź   Šincorporating€international€law€within€Argentine€internal€law.€€Argentina€had€in€fact€adhered€toŠ ³  Šnearly€all€international€conventions€relating€to€refugees,€since€it€wished€to€amend€its€internal€lawŠ œģ  Šso€that€the€right€of€asylum€would€apply€to€all€refugees.€€The€previous€law€implied€that€only€NazisŠ …Õ  Šcould€apply€for€asylum,€since€that€right€applied€only€to€people€defeated€in€war.€€In€1984,€CongressŠ n¾  Šhad€enacted€a€law€withdrawing€such€a€reservation.Š W§  ŠĢ482.€€The€Office€of€the€Under„Secretary€for€Human€Rights,€which€had€replaced€the€NationalŠ )y ŠCommission€on€Missing€Persons,€was€responsible€for€continuing€the€work€of€that€Commission,Š b Šproviding€evidence€and€bringing€the€guilty€to€justice.€€It€was€not€only€the€Ministry€of€Justice€thatŠ ūK Šwould€be€dealing€with€missing€persons.€€Other€departments€would€be€involved€and€courses€wereŠ ä4 Šbeing€organized€for€civil€servants€on€the€law,€human€rights€and€other€relevant€subjects.€€ConcerningŠ Ķ Šthe€reinstatement€of€teachers€and€former€officials,€he€said€that€each€Ministry€tried€to€provideŠ ¶ Šcompensation€and€each€one€had€a€list€of€applications€from€former€employees€who€had€returned€fromŠ Ÿļ Šabroad.€€Many,€of€course,€had€disappeared.Š ˆŲ ŠĢ483.€€Regarding€the€punishment€of€crimes€perpetrated€under€the€military€dictatorship,€which€hadŠ ZŖ Šresulted€in€the€disappearance€of€thousands€of€people,€he€referred€to€the€repeal€of€the€law€enacted€byŠ C“ Šthe€former€Government€granting€itself€amnesty€for€its€acts€and€to€the€spectacular€trial€of€the€formerŠ ,| Šmilitary€President€who€had€been€given€a€life€sentence.€€The€fact€that€Parliament€had€now€adoptedŠ e Ša€law€setting€a€time„limit€for€such€penal€action€did€not€mean€that€all€criminals€would€be€protected.€Š žN ŠThere€was€ample€evidence€and€the€trials€would€continue€until€guilt€had€been€established.Š ē 7 ŠĢ484.€€Lastly,€in€connection€with€the€territory€over€which€Argentina€exercised€authority,€he€recalledŠ ¹" ! Šthat€his€Government€had€always€contested€efforts€by€the€United€Kingdom€to€extend€the€coverageŠ ¢#ņ" Šof€any€convention€to€the€Falkland€Islands€(Ō_ŌMalvinasŌ_Ō).€€He€added€that€in€the€case€of€Non„Self„Š ‹$Ū# ŠGoverning€Territories,€the€Committee€was€not€competent€to€receive€information€directly€from€StatesŠ t%Ä $ Šparties€to€the€Convention€regarding€such€Territories€and€referred€to€the€provisions€of€article€15€ofŠ ]&­!% Šthe€Convention€and€General€Assembly€resolution€1514€(XV).Š  F'–"& Šņ ņŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€€€A/46/18€(1991)ó óŠ ° ŠĢ48.€€The€tenth€periodic€report€of€Argentina€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/172/Add.18)€was€considered€by€the€CommitteeŠ ƒÓ Šat€its€892ņņndóó€and€894ņņthóó€meetings,€held€on€6€and€7€March€1991€(see€Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/SR.892€and€894).Š l¼ ŠĢ49.€€The€report€was€introduced€by€the€representative€of€the€State€party,€who€declared€that€ArgentinaŠ > Ž Šhad€a€long„standing€republican€tradition,€under€which€equality€of€opportunity€was€regarded€as€theŠ ' w Šcornerstone€of€every€aspect€of€public€life.€€The€Constitution€guaranteed€equal€treatment€for€allŠ  ` Šcitizens€regardless€of€race€or€origin€and€left€no€room€for€discrimination.€€Argentina€took€pride€in€itsŠ ł I Šindigenous€roots€and€regarded€indigenous€culture€as€an€essential€element€of€its€nationhood.€€The€nextŠ ā 2  Šnational€census,€which€was€to€be€held€on€14€May€1991,€would€make€it€possible€to€make€an€accurateŠ Ė   Šestimate€of€the€number€of€indigenous€inhabitants,€leaving€no€room€for€doubts€or€misunderstandings.€Š “  ŠLike€the€majority€of€Latin€American€countries,€Argentina€was€now€undergoing€a€severe€economicŠ ķ  Šcrisis,€which€made€it€difficult€to€meet€the€just€demands€of€all€its€citizens€and€to€give€full€effect€to€theŠ †Ö  Šprinciple€of€equality€of€opportunity.€€Argentina€had€consistently€rejected€the€segregationist€regimeŠ oæ  Šin€South€Africa,€as€was€evidence€by€its€refusal€to€trade€with€that€country€until€it€put€and€end€onceŠ XØ  Šand€for€all€to€the€odious€system€of€apartheid,€granted€every€South€African€citizen€the€same€civil€andŠ A‘ Špolitical€rights,€and€allowed€enjoyment€by€all€of€economic,€social€and€cultural€rights.€€Argentina€hadŠ *z Šalso€strongly€denounced€the€various€forms€of€discrimination€Ō_ŌpractisedŌ_Ō€against€Palestinian€workersŠ c Šin€the€Israeli„occupied€territories€and€had€joined€in€condemning€violations€of€the€human€rights€ofŠ üL Šminorities,€notably€the€Kurds.Š å5 ŠĢ50.€€The€Governmentššs€policy€on€the€indigenous€population€was€to€give€priority€to€promotingŠ · Šindigenous€interests,€within€the€limits€imposed€by€the€countryššs€current€situation.€€ThroughŠ  š Šapplication€of€that€policy,€it€was€intended€to€improve€the€situation€of€the€indigenous€communities,Š ‰Ł Šparticularly€the€Guaranis,€who€lived€in€the€province€of€Ō_ŌMisionesŌ_Ō,€in€the€Ō_ŌsocioŌ_Ō„economic,€health€andŠ rĀ Šcultural€fields.€€The€Government€of€Argentina€was€determined,€as€part€of€its€policy€of€social€justice,Š [« Što€preserve€the€historic€and€cultural€asset€represented€by€Argentinaššs€indigenous€communities€andŠ D” Šwas€pleased€that€1993€had€been€proclaimed€International€Year€for€the€Worldššs€Indigenous€People.Š -} ŠĢ51.€€Members€of€the€Committee€commended€the€Government€of€Argentina€for€the€efforts€it€hadŠ ’O Šmade€to€strengthen€the€democratic€process€initiated€in€1983,€following€the€dark€days€of€the€militaryŠ č 8 Šdictatorship,€in€adopting€legislation€to€guarantee€human€rights€and€introducing€a€Ō_ŌprogrammeŌ_Ō€toŠ Ń!!  Špromote€cultural€freedom€and€national€identity.€€They€also€commended€the€Government€for€havingŠ ŗ" ! Šfulfilled€its€obligations€in€regard€to€periodicity€and€for€having€submitted€an€excellent€report,€whichŠ £#ó" Šstrictly€followed€the€Committeeššs€guidelines€for€the€preparation€of€reports,€took€account€of€theŠ Œ$Ü# Šquestions€raised€by€members€during€the€Committeeššs€consideration€of€Argentinaššs€previous€reportŠ u%Å $ Šand€was€amply€documented.Š ^&®!% ŠĢ52.€€With€reference€to€the€measures€taken€by€the€city€of€Buenos€Aires€and€by€the€province€ofŠ 0(€#' ŠCordoba€to€safeguard€human€rights,€members€wished€to€know€what€was€the€situation€in€otherŠ )i$( Šprovinces,€which€did€not€have€the€benefit€of€such€measures.€€Having€noted€the€information€on€theŠ *R%) Šnew€Act€No.€2627.89€relating€to€the€protection€of€the€Guarani€community€in€the€province€ofŠ ė*;&* ŠŌ_ŌMisionesŌ_Ō,€they€asked€for€information€on€the€situation€in€other€provinces;€similarly,€more€recentŠ Ō+$'+ Šinformation€was€sought€on€Act€No.€23.302,€which€had€been€amended€following€consultations€withŠ ½, (, Šthe€indigenous€communities.€€More€precise€and€up„to„date€information€was€also€requested€on€theŠ ¦-ö(- Šcurrent€economic,€social€and€political€situation€in€the€country€and€on€problems€encountered;€on€ratesŠ ° Šof€migration€of€the€rural€population€to€the€towns€and€on€any€resulting€tension€in€the€shanty€townsŠ ™é Šsurrounding€large€cities;€on€how€the€setting„up€of€a€new€Ministry€of€Justice€would€affect€governmentŠ ‚Ņ Šmachinery€responsible€for€implementing€human€rights€policy;€and€on€reports€by€certain€human€rightsŠ k» Šnon„governmental€organizations€alleging€discrimination€in€the€courts€against€certain€members€ofŠ T¤ Šleft„wing€organizations€who€had€been€implicated€in€the€attack€on€La€Ō_ŌTabladaŌ_Ō€barracks€in€BuenosŠ =  ŠAires€in€1989.€€With€reference€to€the€establishment€of€an€Ombudsmanššs€Office€by€the€Buenos€AiresŠ & v ŠCity€Council,€members€wished€to€know€whether€the€Argentine€Government€was€consideringŠ  _ Šestablishing€similar€offices€in€other€areas€of€the€country;€whether€any€cases€of€racial€discriminationŠ ų H Šhad€been€brought€before€the€Ombudsmanššs€Office€since€its€creation€in€1985;€and€whether€any€casesŠ į 1  Šhad€been€referred€to€the€Prosecutor„General€for€action.Š Ź   ŠĢ53.€€In€connection€with€the€implementation€of€article€2€of€the€Convention,€members€of€theŠ œģ  ŠCommittee€expressed€a€wish€to€have€details€concerning€the€planned€revision€of€Act€No.€23.302,Š …Õ  Šparticularly€with€respect€to€the€replacement€of€the€National€Indigenous€Institute€by€an€authority€toŠ n¾  Šbe€designated€by€the€Executive.€€They€asked€in€that€regard€what€arrangements€were€being€made€toŠ W§  Šprevent€the€risk€of€government€control€and€what€role€the€indigenous€population€itself€would€playŠ @ Šin€the€new€authority.€€Since€the€definition€of€an€indigenous€community€was€to€be€based€on€self„Š )y Šrecognition,€it€was€important€to€learn€whether€a€community€could€reject€an€individualššs€applicationŠ b Šfor€membership€and€how€the€legal€personality€of€a€community€could€be€terminated.€€With€referenceŠ ūK Što€the€proposal€to€make€provision€for€bilingual€inter€cultural€curricula€in€education,€members€askedŠ ä4 Šwhat€guarantees€were€provided€to€ensure€that€the€indigenous€population€would€have€access€to€theŠ Ķ Šteaching€of€its€own€culture,€pending€the€implementation€of€the€proposed€new€legislation.€€MembersŠ ¶ Šalso€wished€to€know€whether€the€survival€of€the€indigenous€communities€was€in€danger,€whetherŠ Ÿļ Šaction€was€being€taken€to€improve€their€chances€of€survival€and€whether€the€indigenous€populationŠ ˆŲ Šwas€tending€to€move€from€the€countryside€into€shanty€towns.Š qĮ ŠĢ54.€€Regarding€article€3€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€welcomed€Argentinaššs€braveŠ C“ Šdecision€of€22€May€1986€to€break€off€diplomatic€relations€with€South€Africa,€despite€the€large€lossŠ ,| Šof€trade€involved,€and€asked€whether€that€policy€was€still€being€maintained.€€They€also€wished€toŠ e Šknow€whether€there€were€still€political€contacts€or€trade€or€investment€relations€between€ArgentinaŠ žN Šand€South€Africa.Š ē 7 ŠĢ55.€€Concerning€article€4€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€noted€that€racial€hatred€wasŠ ¹" ! Šconsidered€to€be€an€aggravating€factor€in€various€offences€under€Argentinaššs€Penal€Code€andŠ ¢#ņ" Šinquired€whether€incitement€to€racial€hatred€and€racist€remarks€were€in€themselves€punishableŠ ‹$Ū# Šoffences.€€They€also€pointed€out€that€the€report€gave€no€examples€and€no€statistics€of€sentencesŠ t%Ä $ Šimposed€for€offences€connected€with€racism.€€Members€asked€whether€any€groups€or€organizationsŠ ]&­!% Šreferred€to€in€article€4€(b)€existed€in€Argentina€and,€if€so,€whether€criminal€proceedings€had€beenŠ F'–"& Štaken€against€their€members.€€In€that€connection,€they€observed€that€the€scope€of€the€Act€of€1988Š /(#' Šrelating€to€the€punishment€of€discriminatory€acts€was€not€entirely€clear,€and€they€asked€for€furtherŠ )h$( Šclarification.€€Noting€that€Argentina€had€a€history€of€anti„Ō_ŌsemitismŌ_Ō,€which€occasionally€producedŠ *Q%) Šanti„Ō_ŌsemiticŌ_Ō€incidents,€members€pointed€out€that€no€reference€to€this€aspect€had€been€made€in€theŠ ź*:&* Šreport.€€Noting€also€that€the€systematic€exclusion€of€Jews€from€important€institutions€such€as€theŠ Ó+#'+ Šarmed€forces€was€also€discriminatory,€members€asked€if€any€action€had€been€taken€on€such€groundsŠ ¼, (, Šagainst€the€persons€responsible€for€recruitment.Š „-õ(- Š‡56.€€With€reference€to€article€5€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€wished€to€receiveŠ ° Šinformation€on€the€degree€of€indigenous€representation€in€Parliament€and€particularly€in€legislativeŠ ™é Šbodies€of€provinces€with€large€indigenous€concentrations;€on€the€use€of€indigenous€languages€in€theŠ ‚Ņ Šcourts;€and€on€the€general€educational€level€of€the€indigenous€population.€€They€also€wished€to€knowŠ k» Šwhether€it€was€possible€to€expropriate€land€for€transfer€to€indigenous€communities€and€whether€theŠ T¤ Šauthorities€could€declare€former€unfair€purchases€of€such€land€to€be€illegal€or€void;€how€theŠ =  Šprovision€for€bilingual€inter€cultural€curricula€was€working€out€in€Ō_ŌpractiseŌ_Ō,€particularly€in€the€lightŠ & v Šof€difficulties€mentioned€in€the€report;€and€whether€it€was€true€that€immigrants€from€the€RepublicŠ  _ Šof€Korea€had€to€pay€a€large€sum€in€order€to€qualify€for€residence€in€Argentina.Š ų H ŠĢ57.€€In€connection€with€the€implementation€of€article€6€of€the€Convention,€members€of€theŠ Ź   ŠCommittee€wished€to€know€the€nature€of€offences€in€respect€of€which€criminal€proceedings€wereŠ ³  Šinitiated€automatically€and€what€the€system€was€for€initiating€proceedings€in€respect€of€otherŠ œģ  Šoffences,€as€well€as€how€frequently€the€special€remedies€referred€to€in€paragraph€66€of€the€report€hadŠ …Õ  Šbeen€applied€for€and€what€the€respective€roles€were€of€the€Under„Secretariat€for€Human€RightsŠ n¾  Šwithin€the€Ministry€of€Interior€and€the€ordinary€courts€in€that€regard.Š W§  ŠĢ58.€€In€his€reply€to€the€questions€raised€and€comments€made,€the€representative€of€the€reporting€StateŠ )y Šemphasized€that€Argentina€had€absorbed€individuals€from€many€different€cultures,€and€for€thatŠ b Šreason€racism€in€the€European€sense€was€unknown€in€Argentina.€€During€the€past€10€years,€theŠ ūK Šcountryššs€output€had€fallen€by€10€per€cent,€largely€due€to€international€conditions€such€as€growingŠ ä4 Šprotectionism€in€overseas€markets€and€Ō_ŌunfavourableŌ_Ō€terms€of€trade.€€While€economic€hardship€couldŠ Ķ Šaffect€the€living€conditions€of€the€population,€it€did€not€affect€human€rights€because€of€theŠ ¶ Šwidespread€awareness€of€fundamental€rights€and€freedoms€among€the€population.€€Subsequent€toŠ Ÿļ Šthe€period€of€military€rule,€there€had€been€a€consolidation€of€democracy€in€terms€of€freedom€ofŠ ˆŲ Šspeech,€freedom€of€the€press€and€observance€of€all€the€guarantees€specified€in€the€InternationalŠ qĮ ŠConvention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€Racial€Discrimination.€€The€right€to€grant€amnestyŠ ZŖ Šor€pardon€was€the€personal€prerogative€of€the€President€of€Argentina€alone.€€The€Argentine€judicialŠ C“ Šsystem€was€independent,€and€the€Executive€was€not€permitted€to€intervene€in€the€work€of€the€courts.€Š ,| ŠThe€Ombudsman€system€also€existed€in€the€provinces€of€Rio€Negro€and€San€Luis,€and€the€possibilityŠ e Šwas€being€investigated€of€introducing€it€in€Ō_ŌChubutŌ_Ō€in€the€south.€€The€amendments€proposed€by€theŠ žN ŠGovernment€to€Act€No.€23.302€had€not€yet€been€approved€and€the€Act€therefore€continued€in€forceŠ ē 7 Šin€its€existing€form.€€Decree€No.€2347€of€17€December€1986€had€established€the€Directorate„GeneralŠ Š!   Šfor€Women,€within€the€Under„Secretariat€for€Human€Rights€in€the€International€Sector€of€theŠ ¹" ! ŠMinistry€of€Foreign€Affairs€and€Worship.€€There€was€no€recent€information€on€populationŠ ¢#ņ" Šmovements€from€rural€areas€to€urban€Ō_ŌcentresŌ_Ō.Š ‹$Ū# ŠĢ59.€€In€connection€with€article€2€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€of€the€reporting€State€indicatedŠ ]&­!% Šthat€much€provincial€legislation,€particularly€in€the€north€and€in€the€Andean€region,€went€back€a€longŠ F'–"& Šway€in€time,€and€frequently€there€was€no€compilation€of€such€legislation.€€The€aim€of€theŠ /(#' Šamendments€to€the€Indigenous€Policy€and€Assistance€to€Indigenous€Communities€Act€was€to€protectŠ )h$( Šthe€indigenous€communities€from€persons€or€entities€fraudulently€claiming€property€in€the€name€ofŠ *Q%) Šindigenous€communities€that€no€longer€existed.€€The€amendments€to€Act€No.€23.302€would€beŠ ź*:&* Šadopted€in€consultation€with€the€indigenous€communities.Š Ó+#'+ ŠĢ60.€€With€regard€to€article€3€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€said€that€diplomatic€relations€withŠ „-õ(- ŠSouth€Africa€had€been€broken€off€in€1986,€leaving€only€relations€at€the€consular€level.€€Cultural€tiesŠ ° Šwere€maintained€and€there€was€no€bar€on€relations€between€individual€citizens€of€the€two€countries.€Š ™é ŠThere€were€no€laws€against€South€African€investment€and€property€ownership€in€Argentina.Š ‚Ņ ŠĢ61.€€With€reference€to€article€4€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€of€the€State€party€pointed€outŠ T¤ Šthat€engaging€in€racist€propaganda€was€a€punishable€offence.€€Any€incitement€to,€or€acts€of,Š =  Šdiscrimination€within€the€meaning€of€article€4€of€the€Convention€constituted€a€breach€of€the€law,Š & v Šincluding€the€Civil€and€Penal€Codes€and€laws€passed€to€give€effect€to€the€international€conventionsŠ  _ Što€which€Argentina€was€a€party.€€Anti„Ō_ŌsemitismŌ_Ō€was€a€thing€of€the€past.€€Isolated€incidents€hadŠ ų H Šoccurred,€but€they€were€not€symptomatic€of€a€wider€social€phenomenon€in€Argentina,€which€had€theŠ į 1  Šlargest€Jewish€population€in€Latin€America€and€also€had€substantial€Arab€communities€in€the€northŠ Ź   Šof€the€country.Š ³  ŠĢ62.€€In€connection€with€article€5€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€stated€that€there€was€noŠ …Õ  Šofficial€distinction€between€indigenous€and€non„indigenous€members€of€Parliament,€although€manyŠ n¾  Šparliamentarians€belonged€ethnically€to€indigenous€groups.€€While€Spanish€was€the€official€languageŠ W§  Šin€the€courts,€the€Ō_ŌdefenceŌ_Ō€of€non„Spanish„speaking€citizens€was€guaranteed€by€the€provision€ofŠ @ Šinterpretation€services.€€The€Government€was€trying€to€strengthen€the€position€of€individualŠ )y Šindigenous€communities€in€respect€of€land€ownership.€€The€period€during€which€land€awarded€couldŠ b Šnot€be€sold€or€transferred€had€been€extended€from€20€to€40€years.€€A€continuing€problem,€however,Š ūK Šwas€the€lack€of€adequate€registers€of€land€ownership€in€areas€more€than€400€Ō_ŌkilometresŌ_Ō€from€BuenosŠ ä4 ŠAires.€€Education€was€now€non„denominational,€free€and€compulsory€for€all,€although€there€wereŠ Ķ Šclearly€difficulties€for€pupils€living€in€very€remote€areas.€€Overall,€the€educational€standard€was€highŠ ¶ Šand€Argentinaššs€literacy€rate€of€94€per€cent€was€the€highest€in€Latin€America.€€The€Government€wasŠ Ÿļ Šaware€of€the€need€to€preserve€indigenous€culture€through€appropriate€programmes,€such€as€theŠ ˆŲ Šbilingual€curricula,€still€at€the€drafting€stage,€and€through€the€media.€€Special€radio€programmesŠ qĮ Šexisted€in€some€provinces,€such€as€La€Pampa€and€Ō_ŌMisionesŌ_Ō.€€Bilingual€education€could€be€providedŠ ZŖ Šonly€in€provinces€with€large€indigenous€communities.€€A€current€problem€was€to€safeguard€thoseŠ C“ Šlanguages,€such€as€Guarani,€Ō_ŌQuechuaŌ_Ō€and€Ō_ŌMapuchiŌ_Ō,€which€were€disappearing.€€In€that€connection,Š ,| Šthe€problem€of€a€lack€of€teachers€in€indigenous€languages€was€a€perennial€one.Š e ŠĢ63.€€With€respect€to€article€6€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€pointed€out€that€although€thereŠ ē 7 Šhad€been€abuses€against€the€indigenous€population€in€the€past,€no€recent€cases€had€been€reported.€Š Š!   ŠOther€questions€would€be€answered€in€Argentinaššs€next€report.Š ¹" ! ŠĢņņConcluding€observationsŠ ‹$Ū# ŠĢóó64.€€In€concluding€the€consideration€of€Argentinaššs€tenth€periodic€report,€members€of€the€CommitteeŠ ]&­!% Šsaid€that€the€report€had€made€a€positive€contribution€in€so€far€as€it€had€presented€a€fairly€completeŠ F'–"& Špicture€of€the€situation€regarding€the€adoption€of€international€instruments€and€had€Ō_ŌanalysedŌ_Ō€newŠ /(#' Šdomestic€legislation,€particularly€Act€No.€23.302€on€Indigenous€Policy€and€Assistance€to€IndigenousŠ )h$( ŠCommunities€and€the€1988€Act€relating€to€punishment€of€discriminatory€acts€on€the€grounds€of€race,Š *Q%) Šreligion€or€nationality.€€The€analysis€of€the€new€institutions€set€up€to€combat€discrimination,€suchŠ ź*:&* Šas€the€Ombudsman€and€the€Under„Secretariat€for€Human€Rights,€had€also€been€interesting.€€ThereŠ Ó+#'+ Šhad,€however,€been€certain€gaps€in€the€report.€€For€example,€no€information€had€been€givenŠ ¼, (, Šregarding€court€decisions€relating€to€racial€discrimination,€and€no€figures€had€been€given€to€showŠ „-õ(- Šthe€extent€to€which€the€indigenous€population€participated€in€Congress,€the€Administration€orŠ ° Šinstitutions€dealing€with€indigenous€affairs.€€The€oral€replies€given€by€the€representative€ofŠ ™é ŠArgentina€had€been€excellent.Š  ‚Ņ Šņ ņŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€€€A/52/18€(1997)ó óŠ ° ŠĢ530.€€At€its€1228th€and€1229th€meetings,€held€on€12€and€13€August€1997,€the€Committee€consideredŠ ƒÓ Šthe€eleventh€to€fourteenth€periodic€reports€of€Argentina€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/299/Add.11)€and,€at€its€1240thŠ l¼ Šand€1241st€meetings,€held€on€20€and€21€August€1997,€it€adopted€the€following€concludingŠ U„ Šobservations.Š > Ž ŠĢA.€€ņņIntroductionŠ  ` ŠóóĢ531.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€opportunity€to€continue€the€dialogue€with€the€State€party€basedŠ ā 2  Šon€the€eleventh€to€fourteenth€periodic€reports€and€on€the€core€document.€The€information€providedŠ Ė   Šorally€by€the€delegation€and€the€replies€to€the€many€questions€asked€by€the€members€of€theŠ “  ŠCommittee€filled€the€gaps€that€resulted€from€the€limited€information€which€the€report€contained€onŠ ķ  Šsome€articles€of€the€Convention€and€gave€the€Committee€a€clearer€idea€of€the€situation€with€regardŠ †Ö  Što€the€implementation€of€the€Convention€in€Argentina.Š oæ  ŠĢB.€€ņņFactors€and€difficulties€impeding€the€implementation€of€the€ConventionóóŠ A‘ ŠĢ532.€€The€Committee€noted€that€Argentina€is€going€through€a€difficult€economic€period€which€makesŠ c Šthe€implementation€of€the€Convention€more€difficult,€since€some€of€the€main€victims€ofŠ üL Šunemployment€and€poverty€are€members€of€indigenous€populations€and€ethnic€minorities.Š å5 ŠĢC.€€ņņPositive€aspectsóóŠ · ŠĢ533.€€It€notes€with€satisfaction€that€international€human€rights€treaties,€including€the€Convention,Š ‰Ł Šrank€higher€than€domestic€law,€in€accordance€with€article€75,€paragraph€22,€of€the€1994€Constitution,Š rĀ Šand€that€individuals€have€the€possibility€of€directly€invoking€the€provisions€of€the€Convention€in€theŠ [« Šcourts.Š D” ŠĢ534.€€The€establishment,€by€Act.€No.€24284€of€1€December€1993,€of€the€post€of€Ombudsman€as€anŠ f Šindependent€body€responsible€for€protecting€the€rights€and€interests€of€individuals€and€communitiesŠ ’O Šagainst€acts€or€omissions€by€the€national€public€administration€and€with€the€power€to€launchŠ č 8 Šinvestigations€on€its€own€initiative€or€at€the€request€of€an€individual€is€welcomed€as€a€positiveŠ Ń!!  Šmeasure.Š ŗ" ! ŠĢ535.€€The€Committee€notes€with€satisfaction€that,€under€article€43€of€the€1994€Constitution,€anŠ Œ$Ü# Šapplication€for€ņņŌ_ŌamparoŌ_Ōóó€may€be€filed€in€the€event€of€discrimination€of€any€kind.Š u%Å $ ŠĢ536.€€The€constitutional€provisions€concerning€indigenous€peoples,€which€were€introduced€duringŠ G'—"& Šthe€reform€of€the€1994€Constitution,€are€a€definite€step€forward.€This€is€true,€for€example,€of€theŠ 0(€#' Šgranting€of€legal€personality€to€indigenous€communities;€guarantees€of€respect€for€the€culturalŠ )i$( Šidentity€of€such€communities;€community€possession€and€ownership€of€land;€and€the€participationŠ *R%) Šof€indigenous€persons€in€the€management€of€natural€resources€and€in€other€activities€of€concern€toŠ ė*;&* Šthem.Š Ō+$'+ ŠĢ537.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€establishment€in€the€Ministry€of€the€Interior€of€the€NationalŠ ¦-ö(- ŠInstitute€to€Combat€Discrimination,€Xenophobia€and€Racism,€which€was€given€the€responsibility€byŠ ° ŠAct€No.€242.515€of€28€July€1995€of€developing€national€policies€and€practical€measures€to€combatŠ ™é Šdiscrimination,€xenophobia€and€racism.Š ‚Ņ ŠĢ538.€€It€also€notes€that€the€National€Institute€to€Combat€Discrimination,€Xenophobia€and€Racism€hasŠ T¤ Šadopted€important€measures€relating€to€bilingual€and€cross-cultural€education,€the€integration€ofŠ =  Šindigenous€scholarship€students€in€the€traditional€school€system€and€financial€assistance€for€projectsŠ & v Što€raise€the€standard€of€living€of€certain€communities.€€It€welcomes,€in€particular,€the€projects€beingŠ  _ Šimplemented€for€the€Ō_ŌWichiŌ_Ō€ethnic€group€in€the€Ō_ŌChacoŌ_Ō€region.Š ų H ŠĢ539.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€steps€taken€by€the€National€Institute€of€Indigenous€Affairs€toŠ Ź   Štransfer€ancestral€lands€and€property€to€the€indigenous€communities€which€have€always€occupiedŠ ³  Šthem,€including€cooperation€with€provincial€authorities€in€regularizing€land€titles.Š œģ  ŠĢ540.€€In€connection€with€article€5€of€the€Convention,€it€welcomes€the€conclusion€of€a€bilateralŠ n¾  Šagreement€with€Bolivia€to€regularize€the€situation€of€some€500,000€Bolivians€living€illegally€inŠ W§  ŠArgentina,€as€well€as€the€legalization€of€the€situation€of€250,000€foreigners€in€Argentina€underŠ @ ŠDecree€No.€1033/92.Š )y ŠĢ541.€€The€establishment€of€the€Refugee€Eligibility€Committee€and€its€close€cooperation€with€theŠ ūK ŠOffice€of€the€United€Nations€High€Commissioner€for€Refugees€are€positive€developments.Š ä4 ŠĢ542.€€It€views€positively€the€adoption€of€Decree€No.€232/92,€providing€that€documents€on€NaziŠ ¶ Šcriminals€are€no€longer€confidential€for€reasons€of€State,€as€a€means€of€speeding€up€investigationsŠ Ÿļ Šof€Nazi€criminals€who€might€have€found€refuge€in€Argentine€territory,€and€the€establishment€in€1992Š ˆŲ Šof€the€Commission€to€Shed€Light€on€Nazi€Activities€in€Argentina.Š qĮ ŠĢ543.€€It€notes€with€satisfaction€the€organization€of€seminars€and€training€Ō_ŌprogrammesŌ_Ō€on€humanŠ C“ Šrights€and€the€prevention€of€racial€discrimination€for€judges€and€the€staff€of€the€Federal€PrisonŠ ,| ŠService.Š e ŠĢ544.€€It€also€notes€with€great€interest€the€implementation€by€the€Ministry€of€the€Interior€of€theŠ ē 7 ŠNational€Anti-Discrimination€Ō_ŌProgrammeŌ_Ō,€which€is€designed€to€support€popular€educationŠ Š!   ŠŌ_ŌprogrammesŌ_Ō€conducted€by€non-governmental€organizations€and€which€provide€for€the€possibilityŠ ¹" ! Šof€emergency€action€to€deal€immediately€with€acts€of€discrimination.Š ¢#ņ" ŠĢD.€€ņņPrincipal€subjects€of€concernóóŠ t%Ä $ ŠĢ545.€€It€regrets€the€lack€of€information€on€the€subject€of€the€representation€of€indigenous€populationsŠ F'–"& Šand€other€ethnic€minorities€in€the€civil€service,€police,€judicial€system,€Congress€and€more€generally,Š /(#' Šin€the€Ō_ŌsocioŌ_Ō-economic€life€of€the€country,€since€it€hampers€a€full€evaluation€by€the€Committee€of€theŠ )h$( Šimplementation€of€the€provisions€of€the€Convention€relating€to€such€populations.Š *Q%) ŠĢ546.€€While€noting€with€satisfaction€that€racial€motivation€is€deemed€by€Act€No.€23-592€of€1988€asŠ Ó+#'+ Šan€aggravating€circumstance€in€the€case€of€various€offences€punishable€under€criminal€law,€theŠ ¼, (, ŠCommittee€regrets€that€the€provisions€of€article€4€of€the€Convention€have€not€been€fullyŠ „-õ(- Šimplemented€through€the€specific€Ō_ŌcriminalizationŌ_Ō€of€the€various€acts€referred€to€in€that€article,€suchŠ ° Šas€dissemination€of€and€propaganda€in€racist€ideas,€incitement€to€racial€discrimination,€racialŠ ™é Šviolence€and€the€establishment€of€racist€organizations.Š ‚Ņ ŠĢ547.€€It€regrets€the€scant€information€provided€on€the€implementation€of€the€provisions€of€article€5Š T¤ Šof€the€Convention,€even€though€reference€was€made€to€discrimination€against€members€ofŠ =  Šindigenous€populations€and€minorities€in€the€enjoyment€of€certain€rights,€including€those€providedŠ & v Šfor€in€article€5€(e)€(Ō_ŌiŌ_Ō),€(iv)€and€(v)€of€the€Convention.Š  _ ŠĢ548.€€With€regard€to€the€transfer€of€ancestral€lands€and€property€to€indigenous€communities,€it€notesŠ į 1  Šwith€concern€that€problems€continue€to€exist€in€practice€and€that,€in€some€cases,€enormousŠ Ź   Šdifficulties,€which€are€often€caused€by€land€owners,€are€delaying€these€transfers.€It€also€notes€withŠ ³  Šconcern€that€some€communities€are€reported€to€have€been€subjected€to€intimidation€and€pressuresŠ œģ  Što€renounce€their€claims€to€such€land.€It€also€regrets€that€information€has€not€been€provided€aboutŠ …Õ  Šthe€procedures€for€consulting€indigenous€communities€during€the€land€transfer€process.Š n¾  ŠĢ549.€€The€Committee€regrets€that€there€is€still€a€lack€of€information€on€remedies€filed,€rulings€handedŠ @ Šdown€and€compensation€awarded€for€acts€of€racism,€as€well€as€on€ņņŌ_ŌamparoŌ_Ōóó€proceedings€instituted€asŠ )y Ša€result€of€discrimination.€In€view€of€this€lack€of€information,€the€Committee€has€been€unable€toŠ b Šdetermine€to€what€extent€article€6€of€the€Convention€is€effectively€implemented€in€Argentina€or€toŠ ūK Šassess€the€role€and€shortcomings€of€the€judicial€authorities€in€this€regard.Š ä4 ŠĢE.€€ņņSuggestions€and€recommendationsóóŠ ¶ ŠĢ550.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€additional€information€should€be€provided€in€the€next€reportŠ ˆŲ Šon€the€statutes,€membership€and€activities€of€the€National€Institute€to€Combat€Discrimination,Š qĮ ŠXenophobia€and€Racism,€on€the€National€Institute€of€Indigenous€Affairs€and€on€the€implementationŠ ZŖ Šof€the€National€Anti-Discrimination€Ō_ŌProgrammeŌ_Ō.Š C“ ŠĢ551.€€The€Committee€requests€the€State€party€to€include€in€its€next€report€any€available€informationŠ e Šon€the€Ō_ŌsocioŌ_Ō-economic€situation€of€members€of€indigenous€communities€and€ethnic€minorities,Š žN Šparticularly€their€participation€in€the€political€and€economic€life€of€the€country€and€theirŠ ē 7 Šrepresentation€in€federal€and€provincial€governments.€It€also€invites€the€State€party€to€provide€in€itsŠ Š!   Šnext€report€specific€information€on€the€practical€implementation€of€all€the€rights€which€article€5€ofŠ ¹" ! Šthe€Convention€provides€for€all€inhabitants€of€Argentina.€In€this€connection,€the€Committee€drawsŠ ¢#ņ" Šthe€attention€of€the€State€party€to€the€need€to€develop€indicators€to€evaluate€policies€and€Ō_ŌprogrammesŌ_ŌŠ ‹$Ū# Šfor€the€protection€and€promotion€of€the€rights€of€vulnerable€population€groups.Š t%Ä $ ŠĢ552.€€The€Committee€urges€the€State€party€to€fulfil€its€obligation€under€article€4€of€the€ConventionŠ F'–"& Što€declare€as€an€offence€punishable€by€law€any€form€of€racial€discrimination,€includingŠ /(#' Šdissemination€of€and€propaganda€for€racist€ideas,€incitement€to€racial€discrimination,€racial€violenceŠ )h$( Šand€the€establishment€of€racist€organizations.Š *Q%) ŠĢ553.€€With€regard€to€the€transfer€of€land€to€indigenous€communities,€the€Committee€recommendsŠ Ó+#'+ Šthat€the€implementation€of€provisions€adopted€for€that€purpose€should€be€closely€monitored€by€localŠ ¼, (, Šand€federal€authorities,€including€the€judicial€authorities,€in€order€to€prevent€and€clarify€anyŠ „-õ(- Šmisunderstanding€of€such€provisions.€It€invites€the€State€party€to€report€to€it€fully€on€this€questionŠ ° Šin€its€next€report€by€specifying€to€what€extent€indigenous€peoples€have€been€consulted€during€thisŠ ™é Šprocess.€In€this€connection,€the€attention€of€the€State€party€is€drawn€to€the€Committee's€GeneralŠ ‚Ņ ŠRecommendation€XXIII€on€indigenous€peoples.Š k» ŠĢ554.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party's€fifteenth€report€should€include€informationŠ =  Šon€the€number€and€situation€of€refugees€and€immigrants€in€Argentina€and€on€the€legal€regimeŠ & v Šapplicable€to€them.Š  _ ŠĢ555.€€Recalling€its€decision€No.€3€(45)€of€16€August€1994,€the€Committee€invites€the€State€party€toŠ į 1  Štake€all€measures€within€its€power€to€expedite€the€ongoing€proceedings€in€connection€with€the€1992Š Ź   Šand€1994€anti-Semitic€attacks€and€draws€its€attention€to€articles€5€(a)€and€6€of€the€Convention€in€thisŠ ³  Šregard.Š œģ  ŠĢ556.€€With€regard€to€article€6€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€recommends€that€the€next€periodicŠ n¾  Šreport€of€Argentina€should€contain€detailed€information€on€remedies€filed,€rulings€handed€down€andŠ W§  Šcompensation€awarded€for€acts€of€racism.Š @ ŠĢ557.€€In€connection€with€the€implementation€of€article€7€of€the€Convention,€the€CommitteeŠ b Šrecommends€that€the€State€party€should€take€all€necessary€measures€to€guarantee€the€training€andŠ ūK Šeducation€of€law€enforcement€officials,€teachers€and€students€in€human€rights€and€in€the€preventionŠ ä4 Šof€racial€discrimination.Š Ķ ŠĢ558.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€eleventh€to€fourteenth€reports€of€the€State€party€and€theŠ Ÿļ Špresent€concluding€observations€should€be€made€public€and€be€widely€disseminated€to€theŠ ˆŲ Špopulation.Š qĮ ŠĢ559.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€should,€as€soon€as€possible,€ratify€theŠ C“ Šamendments€to€article€8,€paragraph€6,€of€the€Convention,€which€were€adopted€at€the€FourteenthŠ ,| ŠMeeting€of€States€Parties.Š e ŠĢ560.€€It€notes€that€the€State€party€has€not€made€the€declaration€provided€for€in€article€14€of€theŠ ē 7 ŠConvention€and€that€some€members€of€the€Committee€have€requested€that€Argentina€consider€theŠ Š!   Špossibility€of€making€that€declaration.Š ¹" ! ŠĢ561.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party's€next€report,€due€on€5€January€1998,€shouldŠ ‹$Ū# Šbe€an€update€dealing€with€all€the€issues€raised€in€the€present€observations.Š t%Ä $ ŠŠ  ]&­!% ŠĢņ ņŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€A/56/18€Ō_Ō(2001)ó óŌ_ŌŠ ™é ŠĢ41.€€The€Committee€considered€the€fifteenth€periodic€report€of€Argentina€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/338/Add.9),Š l¼ Šwhich€was€due€on€4€January€1998,€at€its€1439th€and€1440th€meetings€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/SR.1439€and€1440),Š U„ Šon€6€and€7€March€2001.€€At€its€1457th€meeting€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/SR.1457),€on€19€March€2001,€it€adoptedŠ > Ž Šthe€following€concluding€observations.Š ' w ŠĢA.€€ņņIntroductionóóŠ ł I ŠĢ42.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€report€submitted€by€Argentina€and€appreciates€the€supplementaryŠ Ė   Šupdated€information€provided€by€the€delegation€orally€and€in€writing,€and€also€its€detailed€and€frankŠ “  Šanswers€to€the€questions€and€comments€formulated€by€members€of€the€Committee.Š ķ  ŠÓ€ (#33 ÓĢB.€€ņņFactors€and€difficulties€impeding€the€implementation€of€the€ConventionóóŠ oæ  ŠĢ43.€€The€Committee€notes€that€Argentina€is€still€experiencing€difficult€economic€circumstancesŠ A‘ Šwhich€affect€in€particular€vulnerable€population€groups,€such€as€indigenous€groups,€and€immigrantsŠ *z Šfrom€Ō_ŌneighbouringŌ_Ō€countries,€many€of€whom€are€undocumented.€€The€economic€situation€is€alsoŠ c Šresponsible€for€budgetary€constraints€of€government€agencies€charged€with€Ō_ŌcombattingŌ_Ō€racialŠ üL Šdiscrimination€and€taking€measures€in€Ō_ŌfavourŌ_Ō€of€the€most€vulnerable€groups.Š å5 ŠĢC.€€ņņPositive€aspectsóóŠ · ŠĢ44.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€measures€to€strengthen€the€National€Institute€to€CombatŠ ‰Ł ŠDiscrimination,€Xenophobia€and€Racism€(Ō_ŌINADIŌ_Ō).€€It€also€welcomes€the€activities€of€the€Institute,Š rĀ Šsuch€as€the€organization€of€seminars€to€train€primary€and€secondary€school€teachers€to€embraceŠ [« Špluralism,€training€courses€for€law€enforcement€officials€and€publicity€campaigns€in€the€media,€andŠ D” Šthe€establishment€of€a€mechanism€to€receive€complaints€and€take€action€thereon€through€mediationŠ -} Šand€intervention€in€the€courts.Š f ŠĢ45.€€The€Committee€welcomes€with€satisfaction€the€measures€designed€to€give€greater€autonomy€toŠ č 8 Šthe€National€Institute€of€Indigenous€Affairs,€to€build€its€capacity€and€to€elaborate€a€national€plan€forŠ Ń!!  Šindigenous€peoples.€€It€notes€with€interest€the€progress€made€thus€far€by€the€Institute€in€the€contextŠ ŗ" ! Šof€the€programme€to€transfer€estate€land€to€the€indigenous€communities€that€have€traditionallyŠ £#ó" Šoccupied€it.Š Œ$Ü# ŠĢ46.€The€Committee€welcomes€Argentinaššs€recent€ratification€of€the€Convention€concerningŠ ^&®!% ŠIndigenous€and€Tribal€Peoples€in€Independent€Countries€(No.€169)€of€the€International€LabourŠ G'—"& ŠOrganization€Convention.Š 0(€#' ŠĢD.€€ņņConcerns€and€recommendationsóóŠ *R%) ŠĢ47.€€The€Committee€notes€that€the€Governmentššs€plans€to€conduct€an€updated€census€which€would,Š Ō+$'+ Šņņinter€aliaóó,€take€into€account€information€on€membership€of€indigenous€groups,€have€not€beenŠ ½, (, Šsufficiently€Ō_ŌresourcedŌ_Ō.€€The€Committee€encourages€the€Government€to€take€the€measures€necessaryŠ ¦-ö(- Što€conduct€the€census€as€soon€as€possible.Š ° ŠĢ48.€€The€Committee€notes€the€absence€in€the€periodic€report€of€detailed€information€concerning€theŠ ‚Ņ Šrepresentation€of€indigenous€peoples€in€the€civil€service€at€the€federal€and€provincial€levels,€theŠ k» Špolice,€the€judicial€system€and€Congress.€€It€also€notes€the€lack€of€information€on€the€extent€to€whichŠ T¤ Šthese€segments€of€the€population€enjoy€economic,€social€and€cultural€rights.€€The€CommitteeŠ =  Šreiterates€its€request€to€the€State€party€to€include€in€its€next€periodic€report€detailed€information€onŠ & v Šthese€aspects.Š  _ ŠĢ49.€€The€Committee€notes€with€concern€a€statement€made€by€the€State€party€that€the€territories€inŠ į 1  Šwhich€indigenous€peoples€have€settled€coincide€with€the€areas€with€the€highest€index€of€unmet€basicŠ Ź   Šneeds,€and€that€the€poverty€and€unemployment€indices€among€indigenous€populations€and€otherŠ ³  Švulnerable€groups€have€risen€as€a€result€of€the€economic€crisis.€€The€Committee€recommends€thatŠ œģ  Šthe€State€party€take€steps€to€alleviate€this€situation€and€that€it€keep€the€Committee€informed.Š …Õ  ŠĢ50.€€The€Committee€also€notes€with€concern€that,€although€progress€has€been€made€regardingŠ W§  Šconsultation€with€indigenous€peoples€so€that€they€may€participate€in€decisions€which€affect€themŠ @ Šwith€a€view€to€securing€their€agreement,€there€are€still€situations€in€which€consultation€andŠ )y Šparticipation€do€not€occur.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€find€ways€and€meansŠ b Što€facilitate€such€participation.Š ūK ŠĢ51.€€The€Committee€further€notes€with€concern€the€difficulties€that€arise€in€some€cases€of€transferringŠ Ķ Šestate€land€to€indigenous€peoples€owing,€primarily,€to€the€existence€of€individual€title€deeds€and€toŠ ¶ Šthe€conflict€of€jurisdiction€between€the€national€and€the€provincial€governments.€€The€CommitteeŠ Ÿļ Šrecalls€the€relevant€provisions€of€its€general€recommendationXXIII€and€recommends€that€steps€beŠ ˆŲ Štaken€to€overcome€these€difficulties.Š qĮ ŠĢ52.€€The€Committee€notes€with€concern€the€lack€of€a€social€security€system€which€takes€into€accountŠ C“ Šthe€specific€needs€of€indigenous€peoples€and€recommends€that€steps€be€taken€in€that€regard.Š ,| ŠĢ53.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€at€the€existence€of€xenophobic€attitudes€towards€immigrants,Š žN Šprimarily€those€from€Ō_ŌneighbouringŌ_Ō€countries,€asylum-seekers€and€persons€of€African€descent.€€TheseŠ ē 7 Šattitudes,€which€are€manifested€even€in€some€of€the€media,€seem€to€have€increased€as€a€result€of€theŠ Š!   Špresent€economic€crisis€and€have€given€rise,€on€occasion,€to€violent€incidents.€€The€CommitteeŠ ¹" ! Šrecommends€that€the€State€party€monitor€such€attitudes€and€incidents€closely€and€take€appropriateŠ ¢#ņ" Šsteps€to€deal€with€them.Š ‹$Ū# ŠĢ54.€€The€Committee€notes€with€concern€the€difficulties€that€immigrants,€primarily€those€fromŠ ]&­!% ŠŌ_ŌneighbouringŌ_Ō€countries,€have€in€meeting€the€cost€of€obtaining€residence€papers€and€the€lengthy€andŠ F'–"& Šexcessively€bureaucratic€immigration€procedures,€and€recommends€that€the€State€party€take€stepsŠ /(#' Što€deal€with€this,€ņņinter€aliaóó,€by€offering€advice€free€of€charge.€€The€Committee€recommends,€inŠ )h$( Šparticular,€that€the€immigration€bill€currently€under€discussion€include€provisions€to€deal€with€theseŠ *Q%) Šproblems.Š ź*:&* ŠĢ55.€€The€Committee€regrets€the€slow€pace€of€the€proceedings€relating€to€the€anti-Semitic€attacks€inŠ ¼, (, Š1992€and€1994,€although€it€notes€that€progress€has€been€made,€and€calls€for€these€proceedings€to€beŠ „-õ(- Šcompleted€as€soon€as€possible.Š ° ŠĢ56.€€The€Committee€notes€with€concern€that€there€have€been€reports€of€police€brutality€committedŠ ‚Ņ Šon€a€variety€of€pretexts,€on€grounds€of€race,€Ō_ŌcolourŌ_Ō€or€ethnic€origin;€it€therefore€recommends€that,Š k» Šin€the€courses€and€seminars€organized€to€provide€human€rights€education€for€the€police,€the€armedŠ T¤ Šforces€and€immigration€and€prison€officials,€particular€attention€be€given€to€the€dissemination€andŠ =  Šimplementation€of€the€Convention.Š & v ŠĢ57.€The€Committee€notes€that€Ō_ŌINADIŌ_Ō€is€experiencing€difficulties€in€covering€the€entire€nationalŠ ų H Šterritory€with€regard€to€receiving€and€handling€complaints€of€racial€discrimination€and€recommendsŠ į 1  Šthat€steps€be€taken€to€address€this€situation.Š Ź   ŠĢ58.€€The€Committee€requests€the€State€party€to€include€in€its€next€report€statistical€informationŠ œģ  Šregarding€legal€actions€carried€out€in€Argentina€against€acts€of€racism.€€It€also€requests€informationŠ …Õ  Šregarding€the€conclusions€of€the€Ministry€of€Justice€commission€responsible€for€adapting€domesticŠ n¾  Šlaws€to€international€instruments€as€regards€the€Convention.Š W§  ŠĢ59.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€reports€of€the€State€party€be€made€public€when€they€areŠ )y Šsubmitted€to€the€Committee,€and€that€the€concluding€observations€of€the€Committee€thereon€beŠ b Šwidely€disseminated.Š ūK ŠĢ60.€€The€Committee€takes€note€of€the€proceedings€under€way€at€the€level€of€the€executive€organsŠ Ķ Šwith€a€view€to€formulating€the€optional€declaration€provided€for€in€article€14€of€the€Convention€andŠ ¶ Šencourages€the€State€party€to€complete€these€proceedings.Š Ÿļ ŠĢ61.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€ratify€the€amendments€to€article€8,€paragraphŠ qĮ Š6,€of€the€Convention€which€were€adopted€on€15€January€1992€at€the€Fourteenth€Meeting€of€StatesŠ ZŖ ŠParties.Š C“ ŠĢ62.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€submit€its€sixteenth€and€seventeenth€periodicŠ e Šreports€jointly€with€the€eighteenth€periodic€report€on€4€January€2004,€and€that€it€address€the€pointsŠ žN Šraised€in€the€present€observations.Š  ē 7 ŠŌ_ŌŃ€ÆjŃ