ÿWPCë æÖÚ‡ˆÅ,7NË€ˆ-×j™uu“MZëZ¿ÈU—U®o´±2¼ƒØÿÊ~THzôhÔíÐ/ ^ñÑ&þ/JJ°Á^ÖÆG?âaØ¢dE‹+Ê Œ«¤¥MÈœ.YÔQGÌ› !üS•i?ý¹Y.HÕ¶’YËš–ÑÂöw•PzWü3dŒÝñšŠ;¿&síÝ´^¹•ÈÓ2êú&eMÂìF8xmÜUðf4õ…¶6¶’b|†¶ÄOÌScTBÖ2É® Ùôb#ÁÄUN… %Ó0:Ù^w4#7F mHU>_ULNé˜HP LaserJet 6P/6MP - StandardÈÐððÈÐ0&Öd9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(üœ$¡¡ÔUSUS.,ÔÝl{+ tQ+„Â¤È€¡œ3|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀô\ `‹&Times New Roman—V{rA`‹4WP MultinationalARomanÝ ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝÝÔ_ÔÔ€¼D »XXÔÓÓòòARGENTINAóóÐ ° ÐÌÌÓÓÔ€XCŠX»¼D ÔòòCESCR€€€E/1990/23óóÐ øH ÐÌ(òòarts.€€€13„15óó)Ð Ø ( ÐÌÓÓ235.€€The€Committee€considered€the€initial€report€of€Argentina,€concerning€the€rights€covered€byÐ ¸ Ðarticles€13€to€15€of€the€Covenant€(E/1988/5/Add.4),€at€its€18òòthóó€to€20òòthóó€meetings,€held€on€26€and€29Ð ¨ø ÐJanuary€1990€(E/CN.4/1990/SR.18„20).Ð ˜ è ÐÌ236.€€In€introducing€the€report,€the€representative€of€the€State€party€emphasized€the€effects€of€theÐ xÈ Ðeconomic€crisis€on€the€promotion€and€observance€of€economic,€social€and€cultural€rights.€The€burdenÐ h¸ Ðof€servicing€the€countryððs€foreign€debt€had€led€to€an€obvious€deterioration€in€the€enjoyment€of€theÐ X¨ Ðrights€to€food,€housing,€work,€health€and€education.€What€the€Government€proposed€to€do€inÐ H˜ Ðeducation€was€to€draw€up€an€educational€plan€designed€to€give€the€people€a€firm€sense€of€nationhoodÐ 8ˆ Ðand€involve€them€in€building€the€nation.€The€fundamental€aims€in€that€field€were€full€realization€ofÐ (x Ðeach€human€beingððs€potential€and€the€development€of€his€personality,€social€progress€for€theÐ h Ðindividual,€solidarity€and€social€justice,€and€strengthening€of€the€roles€of€the€family€and€education.Ð X ÐThe€Government€also€proposed€to€organize€forms€of€education€for€the€rural,€indigenous€and€frontierÐ øH Ðpopulations€corresponding€to€the€different€local,€provincial€and€national€development€plans.€AsÐ è8 Ðregarded€continuous€education,€an€extensive€permanent„education€service€was€being€set€up€toÐ Ø( Ðeradicate€illiteracy€and€raise€the€populationððs€cultural€level.€Efforts€were€also€being€made€inÐ È Ðparticular€to€ensure€quality€and€to€widen€access€to€the€education€system,€to€ensure€equalÐ ¸ Ðopportunities,€to€organize€a€decentralized€school€administration€allowing€for€individual€regional,Ð ¨ø Ðprovincial€and€local€features,€to€improve€the€quality€of€education€and€to€establish€libraries,€museums,Ð ˜è Ðscientific€and€cultural€centres€and€clubs€for€young€people.Ð ˆØ ÐÌòòGeneral€mattersóóÐ h¸ ÐÌ237.€€With€regard€to€the€general€framework€within€which€the€Covenant€was€applied,€members€of€theÐ H!˜ ÐCommittee€wished€to€know€how€it€had€been€incorporated€into€domestic€law;€what€programmes€hadÐ 8"ˆ Ðbeen€undertaken€to€promote€the€rights€set€forth€in€the€Covenant€through€ODA€or€multilateral,Ð (#x Ðinternational€co„operation;€what€repercussions€the€external€debt€and€the€economic€crisis€had€on€theÐ $h! Ðenjoyment€of€the€rights€recognized€in€the€Covenant;€what€the€impact€of€the€Covenant€was€inÐ %X " Ðpractice;€what€manifestations€of€international€solidarity€there€had€been€since€the€restoration€ofÐ ø%H!# Ðdemocracy€in€Argentina;€what€role€was€played€by€the€aid€received€through€such€co„operation€in€theÐ è&8"$ Ðcountryððs€development€and€the€enjoyment€of€the€rights€recognized€in€the€Covenant;€and€what€wereÐ Ø'(#% Ðthe€functions€of€the€Under„Secretariats€for€Human€Rights€of€the€Ministry€of€the€Interior€and€theÐ È($& ÐMinistry€of€Foreign€Affairs.€They€also€asked€what€means€individuals€had€of€asserting€theirÐ ¸)%' Ðeconomic,€social€and€cultural€rights;€if€any€cases€of€racial€or€religious€discrimination€had€alreadyÐ ¨*ø%( Ðbeen€brought€before€the€courts;€how€the€national€wealth€was€distributed;€what€measures€were€beingÐ ˜+è&) Ðtaken€to€ensure€that€12€million€Argentines€did€not€live€below€the€poverty€line;€and€what€percentageÐ ˆ,Ø'* Ðof€the€gross€national€product€was€spent€on€education€and€culture.€Finally,€information€was€requestedÐ x-È(+ Ðon€the€problem€of€the€sale€of€and€traffic€in€children.Ð ° ÐÌ238.€€The€representative€for€UNESCO€informed€the€Committee€about€joint€educational€projects€byÐ à ÐArgentina€and€UNESCO.Ð €Ð ÐÌ239.€€In€her€reply,€the€representative€of€the€State€party€drew€attention€to€a€series€of€activities€set€upÐ ` ° Ðwith€the€aid€of€UNESCO€and€other€international€organizations€in€support€of€the€national€educationÐ P Ðpolicy.€She€also€stated€that€11€per€cent€of€the€total€international€co„operation€received€by€ArgentinaÐ @ Ðfor€development€purposed€had€been€allocated€to€education€and€culture.€The€Under„Secretariat€forÐ 0€ ÐHuman€Rights€in€the€Ministry€of€the€Interior€had€been€established€to€collect€all€possible€informationÐ p Ðon€persons€who€had€disappeared€or€had€been€tortured€or€threatened€under€the€military€regime,€toÐ ` Ðcollaborate€with€the€judicial€authorities€bringing€to€trial€members€of€the€armed€forces€who€hadÐ P Ðviolated€human€rights€during€that€period,€to€spread€information€on€the€implementation€of€all€theÐ ð@ Ðinternational€instruments€on€human€rights€ratified€by€Argentina€and€to€bring€children€who€had€beenÐ à0 Ðtaken€abroad€back€to€the€country.€The€Under„Secretariat€for€Human€Rights€in€the€Ministry€ofÐ Ð ÐForeign€Affairs€was€concerned€more€particularly€with€promoting€human€rights€and€organizingÐ À Ðseminars€to€inform€the€population€about€the€rights€stated€in€the€international€instruments€on€humanÐ ° Ðrights.Ð ð ÐÌ240.€€Referring€to€the€foreign€debt€burden,€she€said€that€it€was€very€difficult€in€such€circumstancesÐ €Ð Ðto€ensure€full€enjoyment€of€economic,€social€and€cultural€rights.€She€added€that€the€bulk€of€economicÐ pÀ Ðaid€received€came€from€international€organizations€and€that€Argentina€did€not€receive€internationalÐ `° Ðsolidarity€from€the€most€developed€nations€in€accordance€with€the€provisions€of€article€2,€paragraphÐ P Ð1,€of€the€Covenant,€further€efforts€being€required€to€rectify€that€situation.€Furthermore,€sheÐ @ Ðemphasized€that€under€the€military€Government,€as€a€consequence€of€the€economic€crisis,Ð 0€ Ðunscrupulous€financial€activities€had€begun€to€develop,€leading€to€the€enrichment€of€a€small€numberÐ p Ðto€the€detriment€of€the€rest.€Serious€measures€had,€however,€been€introduced€by€the€Government€inÐ ` Ðan€attempt€to€restore€the€traditional€situation.€With€regard€to€extreme€poverty,€she€emphasized€thatÐ P Ða€ð ðPlan€Alimentario€Nacionalðð€(PAN)€had€been€implemented,€with€food€distribution€to€the€neediestÐ ð@ Ðevery€two€weeks.€Furthermore,€a€complement€to€the€PAN€called€the€ð ðsolidarity€voucherðð€had€beenÐ à0 Ðintroduced.€€Every€needy€family€received€a€voucher€for€the€purchase€of€food,€in€return€for€which€theÐ Ð Ðunemployed€had€to€perform€volunteer€community€work.Ð À! ÐÌ241.€€Responding€to€other€questions,€she€explained€that,€on€ratification,€the€Covenant€had€becomeÐ #ð! Ðpart€of€domestic€law€and€might€be€invoked€directly€before€the€courts.€However,€a€distinction€neededÐ $à" Ðto€be€drawn€up€between€operational€clauses,€such€as€those€referring€to€the€right€to€education,€whichÐ €%Ð # Ðwere€easily€enforceable,€and€non„operational€clauses,€such€as€those€concerning€the€right€to€decentÐ p&À!$ Ðhousing,€where€practical€difficulties€arose.€She€also€stated€that€no€cases€of€racial€discrimination€hadÐ `'°"% Ðbeen€brought€before€the€courts€and€that,€with€increasingly€vigorous€checks€at€the€countryððs€frontiersÐ P( #& Ðand€the€availability€of€generic€data€establishing€the€identity€of€a€childððs€parents,€it€was€hoped€thatÐ @)$' Ðthe€traffic€in€children€could€be€brought€to€an€end.Ð 0*€%( ÐÌòòArticle€13:€€Right€to€educationóóÐ ,`'* ÐÌ242.€€Members€of€the€Committee€asked€if€freedom€of€education€was€guaranteed€and€what€restrictions€Ð ð-@), Ðcould€be€placed€on€it€legally.€They€also€asked€what€special€regulations€were€applicable€in€the€caseÐ ° Ðof€children€who€had€to€change€school€often€because€of€their€parentsðð€occupations;€whether€secondaryÐ ð Ðand€university€education€was€free,€and€if€so,€to€what€extent;€and€what€were€the€university€feesÐ à Ðmentioned€in€paragraph€146€(d)€of€the€report.€Further€information€was€requested€on€the€system€forÐ €Ð Ðrenewing€appointments€to€teaching€posts€and€the€procedure€for€evaluating€university€teachers;€onÐ pÀ Ðthe€development€and€co„ordination€of€non„public€sources€of€finance€for€artistic€and€cultural€activitiesÐ ` ° Ðwhich€could€not€be€supported€by€the€State;€and€on€the€measures€taken€to€protect€music€and€the€arts,Ð P Ðparticularly€in€the€rural€provinces.€They€asked€what€measures€had€been€taken€to€reintroduce€subjectsÐ @ Ðwhich€had€been€dropped€because€of€their€supposedly€subversive€nature€during€the€military€regime;Ð 0€ Ðif€the€entry€to€military€academies€had€been€limited€for€Jews€during€that€period,€and€if€so,€what€stepsÐ p Ðhad€been€taken€since€to€encourage€their€admission.€Further€information€was€requested€on€theÐ ` Ðteaching€of€human€rights,€the€way€such€teaching€took€account€of€the€development€of€internationalÐ P Ðlaw€in€the€field€and€the€manner€in€which€it€was€included€in€training€for€the€armed€forces€and€police.Ð ð@ ÐIt€was€also€asked€how€effective€such€teaching€could€be€in€a€situation€where,€under€the€so„calledÐ à0 Ðð ðclean„slateðð€law,€most€of€those€responsible€for€the€atrocities€committed€between€1975€and€1981€hadÐ Ð Ðbeen€amnestied.€€Information€was€also€requested€on€the€place€of€technical€education€in€the€educationÐ À Ðsystem€as€a€whole.Ð ° ÐÌ243.€€It€was€also€asked€whether€the€economic€and€social€development€plan€gave€prominence€toÐ à Ðeducation;€whether€the€Government€contemplated€introducing€a€new€education€act,€since€the€presentÐ €Ð Ðone€dated€from€1884;€and€if€parents€had€the€right€to€give€their€children€a€religious€and€moralÐ pÀ Ðeducation€in€accordance€with€their€own€convictions.Ð `° ÐÌ244.€€In€reply,€the€representative€of€the€State€party€said€that€complete€freedom€of€education€wasÐ @ Ðguaranteed€both€by€the€Constitution€and€by€the€Law€in€her€country€and€that€there€was€no€kind€ofÐ 0€ Ðlimitation€on€the€exercise€of€that€right.€She€added€that€under€the€special€regulations€for€childrenÐ p Ðwhose€parentsðð€occupations€obliged€them€to€move€about,€the€academic€level€they€reached€in€any€oneÐ ` Ðschool€or€university€was€recognized€in€all€others.€She€went€on€to€say€that€primary€and€secondaryÐ P Ðeducation€was€free;€that€libraries€lent€books€to€schoolchildren€with€no€money;€that€studentsðð€centresÐ ð@ Ðcirculated€photocopied€textbooks;€that€under€the€military€rgime€students€had€been€chargedÐ à0 Ðuniversity€fees€amounting€to€10€pesos,€but€that€university€education€was€now€free;€and€that€manyÐ Ð Ðcultural€activities€had€been€organized€since€1983€with€the€aid€of€national€non„governmentalÐ À! Ðorganizations€and€international€organizations€such€as€UNESCO.€Under€article€16€of€the€Constitution,Ð °" Ðall€the€countryððs€inhabitants€were€equal€before€the€law.€Any€discrimination€on€ideological,€political,Ð #ð! Ðracial€or€religious€grounds€was€forbidden€by€law,€and,€in€addition,€an€act€passed€in€August€1988Ð $à" Ðmade€racist€or€discriminatory€propaganda€a€punishable€offence.€The€rumour€that€Jews€had€no€accessÐ €%Ð # Ðor€only€limited€access€to€military€academies€was€thus€without€foundation,€and€in€any€case€noÐ p&À!$ Ðstatistics€were€kept€on€the€religion€of€members€of€the€armed€forces,€precisely€in€order€not€toÐ `'°"% Ðemphasize€differences.€€Finally,€she€referred€to€the€various€activities€undertaken€by€the€NationalÐ P( #& ÐDirectorate€of€Anthropology€and€Folklore€in€the€Secretariat€of€Culture€to€make€the€artistic€creationÐ @)$' Ðservices€in€the€interior€of€the€country€viable.Ð 0*€%( ÐÌ245.€€In€reply€to€the€questions€on€human€rights€education,€she€explained€that€such€education€wasÐ ,`'* Ðcompulsory€from€nursery€school€onwards€and€continued€up€to€the€university€level,€in€order€toÐ -P(+ Ðprepare€citizens€for€life€in€a€democracy,€to€teach€them€their€rights€and€to€ensure€that€the€ArgentineÐ ð-@), Ðpeople€did€not€forget€that€hey€had€lived€under€a€military€rgime.€To€the€same€ends,€the€training€forÐ ° Ðthe€armed€forces€and€the€police€included€similar€education,€to€which€was€added€study€of€theÐ ð ÐCovenants€and€humanitarian€law;€in€addition,€seminars€were€organized€for€them€with€the€co„Ð à Ðoperation€of€the€ICRC.€She€also€explained€that€a€subject€designed€to€destroy€all€human€rights€valuesÐ €Ð Ðhad€been€abolished€in€1983,€while€the€teaching€of€civics€had€been€reintroduced.Ð pÀ ÐÌòòArticle€14:€€€Principle€of€compulsory€primary€education€free€of€chargeóóÐ P ÐÌ246.€€Members€of€the€Committee€wished€to€know€what€effect€the€economic€difficulties€had€had€onÐ 0€ Ðcompulsory€and€free€primary€education€and€what€measures€had€been€taken€to€mitigate€anyÐ p Ðdifficulties.€Noting€that€according€to€UNESCO€statistics€more€than€a€third€pupils€did€not€completeÐ ` Ðtheir€primary€education,€they€requested€detailed€information€on€the€possible€adoption,€under€articleÐ P Ð14€of€the€Covenant,€of€a€plan€for€the€progressive€implementation€of€the€principle€of€compulsoryÐ ð@ Ðeducation€free€of€charge€for€all;€on€the€possibility€of€adults€who€had€not€received€or€completedÐ à0 Ðprimary€education€being€covered€by€such€a€plan;€on€the€proportion€of€illiterates;€and€on€theÐ Ð Ðpercentage€of€indigenous€population€that€was€illiterate.€In€addition,€they€asked€what€the€size€of€theÐ À Ðindigenous€population€was;€whether€primary€education€was€given€only€in€Spanish;€whether€any€planÐ ° Ðhad€been€drawn€up€to€enable€the€indigenous€minorities€to€receive€an€education€in€their€motherÐ ð Ðtongues;€how€teaching€of€the€indigenous€cultures€was€provided;€and€how€many€schools€there€wereÐ à Ðoffering€such€teaching.€Furthermore,€they€asked€whether€steps€had€been€taken€to€give€education€aÐ €Ð Ðlarger€share€of€the€State€budget;€to€raise€teachersðð€salaries€so€that€they€would€not€be€obliged€to€takeÐ pÀ Ða€second€job;€and€to€improve€material€conditions€in€educational€institutions.€In€addition,€informationÐ `° Ðwas€requested€on€measures€taken€to€bring€university€education€into€line€with€the€requirements€of€theÐ P Ðlabour€market€so€as€to€avoid€a€situation€in€which€university€graduates€would€be€unable€to€findÐ @ Ðopenings€corresponding€to€their€qualifications;€on€the€reasons€why€there€were€fewer€girls€than€boysÐ 0€ Ðin€primary€schools;€on€the€rate€of€female€enrolment€in€primary,€secondary€and€higher€education;€andÐ p Ðon€the€percentage€of€women€teachers.Ð ` ÐÌ247.€€In€her€reply,€the€representative€of€the€State€party€said€that€education€was€free€of€charge€and€thatÐ ð@ Ðthe€economic€crisis€had€not€affected€social€policy€in€that€field.€An€education€grant€had,€for€instance,Ð à0 Ðbeen€established€for€the€parents€of€children€in€primary€or€secondary€school.€Other€educationalÐ Ð Ðallowances€were€provided€by€the€State,€and€were€increased€in€the€case€of€families€with€more€thanÐ À! Ðthree€children.€With€regard€to€the€teaching€of€indigenous€cultures,€she€said€that€in€regions€where€theÐ °" Ðindigenous€populations€lived,€primary€education€was€given€for€the€first€three€years€in€the€childrenððsÐ #ð! Ðmother€tongue€and€was€bilingual€thereafter.€Training€of€bilingual€teachers€was€called€for€under€theÐ $à" Ðlaw€and€undertaken€in€practice€by€the€province€concerned.€€According€to€the€latest€censuses,€thereÐ €%Ð # Ðwere€200,000€indigenous€persons€in€Argentina€out€of€a€total€population€of€32€million.Ð p&À!$ ÐÌ248.€€Replying€to€other€questions,€she€said€that€more€than€one€third€of€pupils€did€not€complete€theirÐ P( #& Ðprimary€education€and€that€to€solve€that€problem€a€system€of€educational€broadcasts,€of€which€adultsÐ @)$' Ðcould€also€take€advantage€in€some€cases,€had€been€established.€€Literacy€programmes€wereÐ 0*€%( Ðsupplemented€by€intensive€vocational€training€courses.€The€percentage€of€the€national€budgetÐ +p&) Ðdevoted€to€education€was€lower€than€in€other€countries€of€the€same€region€because€the€GovernmentððsÐ ,`'* Ðintention€was€to€decentralize€education€on€a€federal€basis.€Thus€only€the€teachersðð€training€collegesÐ -P(+ Ðwere€still€being€administered€at€the€federal€level,€and€spending€on€education€therefore€representedÐ ð-@), Ðno€more€than€8€percent€of€the€national€budget€in€1989,€as€against€13€per€cent€in€1988,€although€theseÐ ° Ðfigures€were€considerably€higher€in€the€provincial€budgets.€She€also€explained€that€there€were€fewerÐ ð Ðgirls€than€boys€enrolled€in€primary€schools,€and€that€the€large€number€of€women€in€the€teachingÐ à Ðprofession€was,€unfortunately,€to€be€explained€by€the€fact€that€the€profession€was€on€the€whole€badlyÐ €Ð Ðpaid.Ð pÀ ÐÌ249.€€Concerning€teachersðð€salaries,€she€pointed€out€that€an€agreement€had€just€been€signed€betweenÐ P Ðthe€Ministry€of€Labour€and€the€Ministry€of€Education€on€that€matter,€but€that€teachersðð€salariesÐ @ Ðshould€be€viewed€in€the€wider€context€of€relatively€low€salaries,€bearing€in€mind€that€12€millionÐ 0€ ÐArgentines€were€unable€to€meet€their€basic€needs€and€that€the€cost€of€living€in€Argentina€was€veryÐ p Ðlow.€Furthermore,€there€was€no€harmony€between€the€demands€for€labour€and€the€teaching€dispensedÐ ` Ðby€the€universities,€partly€on€account€of€the€economic€crisis,€and€partly€because€of€the€concentrationÐ P Ðof€the€population€in€the€capital.€Curricula€and€teaching€programmes€were,€however,€being€constantlyÐ ð@ Ðrevised€in€order€to€ensure€that€the€educational€system€was€tailored€to€the€needs€of€industry€and€theÐ à0 Ðrequirements€of€the€labour€market.Ð Ð ÐÌ250.€€€Responding€to€other€questions,€the€representative€explained€that€university€teaching€posts€wereÐ ° Ðrenewed€every€four€years,€on€the€basis€of€competitive€examinations.€Each€university€appointed€aÐ ð Ðboard€which€included€teachers€from€other€Argentine€or€foreign€universities,€thereby€ensuringÐ à Ðobjectivity€in€the€competitions€which€were€based€purely€on€criteria€of€academic€competence.€€It€was,Ð €Ð Ðnevertheless,€very€rare€for€university€a€teacher€to€lose€his€job.€She€added€that€technical€educationÐ pÀ Ðinstitutions€were€not€at€all€considered€to€be€second„rate,€that€such€schools€provided€a€six„yearÐ `° Ðprogramme€of€study,€and€that€women€now€made€up€between€21€and€25€per€cent€of€the€total€numberÐ P Ðof€students€in€such€institutions.€She€also€stated€that€proposals€for€a€new€education€law€were€currentlyÐ @ Ðunder€discussion€in€the€Chamber€of€Deputies;€that€the€Constitution€allowed€citizens€to€worship€asÐ 0€ Ðthey€pleased,€provided€that€the€denomination€was€duly€registered€with€the€State;€and€that€parentsÐ p Ðcould€choose€between€religious€and€secular€education€for€their€children.Ð ` ÐÌòòArticle€15:€€€Right€to€take€part€in€cultural€life€and€to€benefit€from€scientific€progress€and€from€theÐ ð@ Ðprotection€of€the€interests€of€authorsóóÐ à0 ÐÌ251.€€The€members€of€the€Committee€wished€to€know€what€difficulties€were€being€encountered€inÐ À! Ðimplementing€the€right€to€take€part€in€cultural€life€and€asked€what€the€situation€was€that€in€regardÐ °" Ðin€rural€areas€and€among€the€indigenous€population,€They€asked€to€what€extent€the€mostÐ #ð! Ðdisadvantaged€sectors€of€the€country€were€enjoying€the€benefits€of€scientific€progress,€and€whetherÐ $à" Ðinternational€assistance€in€the€field€of€scientific€progress€was€having€an€effect€on€the€enjoyment€ofÐ €%Ð # Ðhuman€rights.€They€also€asked€what€measures€had€been€taken€to€provide€effective€protection€ofÐ p&À!$ Ðliteracy,€scientific€or€artistic€production,€in€particular€that€of€persons€belonging€to€indigenous€groups;Ð `'°"% Ðwhether€Argentina€suffered€from€a€brain€drain,€and,€if€so,€what€effect€that€had€on€the€enjoyment€ofÐ P( #& Ðthe€rights€set€forth€in€articles€13€to€15€of€the€Covenant;€what€measures€had€been€taken€to€counter€theÐ @)$' Ðbrain€drain€and€how€many€students€studying€abroad€had€chosen€to€stay€there€rather€than€return€owingÐ 0*€%( Ðto€the€lack€of€employment€opportunities€at€home;€what€effects€international€co„operation€had€on€theÐ +p&) Ðenjoyment€of€economic,€social€and€cultural€rights,€in€particular€for€indigenous€minorities;€whetherÐ ,`'* Ðthe€establishment€of€literacy€centres€as€from€May€1985€had€been€affected€by€the€economic€crisis€andÐ -P(+ Ðwhether€steps€had€been€taken€to€prevent€the€resources€of€that€programme€from€being€affected€byÐ ð-@), Ðbudgetary€constraints.€€In€addition,€details€were€sought€concerning€the€recent€ruling€by€the€SupremeÐ ° ÐCourt€of€Argentina€that€the€main€role€of€the€press€was€to€further€the€free€circulation€of€informationÐ ð Ðand€not€to€disseminate€culture,€and€concerning€the€comments€made€in€paragraphs€272€and€273€ofÐ à Ðthe€report.€€Information€was€also€desired€on€the€measures€taken€to€promote€the€culture€of€theÐ €Ð Ðindigenous€peoples,€and€on€the€assistance€given€to€them€during€judicial€proceedings€to€ensure€thatÐ pÀ Ðthey€were€not€at€a€disadvantage€in€using€their€mother€tongue.Ð ` ° ÐÌ252.€€In€her€reply,€the€representative€of€the€State€party€described€various€projects€carried€out€in€co„Ð @ Ðoperation€with€UNESCO,€the€World€Bank,€OAS€and€various€non„governmental€organizations.€€ItÐ 0€ Ðhad€been€possible,€for€example,€to€safeguard€the€literacy€centres€against€further€budget€cuts€throughÐ p Ðthe€support€of€OAS.€€Efforts€were€also€being€made€to€promote€cultural€life€in€rural€areas,€inÐ ` Ðparticular€through€the€National€Arts€Fund,€which€provided€grants€for€artistic€activities.€Furthermore,Ð P Ðmeasures€had€been€taken€to€protect€indigenous€cultures€by€marketing€their€craft€products.Ð ð@ ÐGovernment€measures€in€that€field€also€included€the€activities€of€the€National€Directorate€ofÐ à0 ÐAnthropology€and€Folklore;€the€National€Market€for€Traditional€Crafts;€and€new€research€relatingÐ Ð Ðto€the€development€of€production€€food,€health€and€the€recovery€of€traditional€technologies.€TurningÐ À Ðto€the€question€concerning€judicial€proceedings€in€indigenous€languages,€she€stated€that€in€ArgentinaÐ ° Ðall€court€cases€were€heard€in€Spanish.€€However,€should€any€of€the€parties€not€understand€Spanish,Ð ð Ðprovision€was€made€for€interpretation€services.€Lastly,€she€recalled€that€citizens€belonging€to€theÐ à Ðindigenous€populations€had€the€same€rights€and€obligations€as€all€other€Argentine€citizens.Ð €Ð ÐÌ253.€€Replying€to€other€questions,€she€emphasized€that€the€brain€drain€had€been€substantial€underÐ `° Ðthe€military€dictatorship,€but€that€since€the€restoration€of€democracy,€many€talented€people€hadÐ P Ðreturned€to€Argentina.€The€country€could€not,€however,€always€offer€them€facilities€comparable€toÐ @ Ðthose€available€in€the€countries€where€they€had€taken€asylum.€The€representative€also€emphasizedÐ 0€ Ðthat€in€order€to€combat€inflation,€wage€control€had€been€introduced.€In€response€to€the€questionÐ p Ðconcerning€the€implications€for€freedom€of€the€press€of€a€limitation€imposed€on€the€maximum€priceÐ ` Ðof€newspapers,€she€noted€that,€subsequently,€the€matter€had€come€before€the€courts,€which€hadÐ P Ðauthorized€the€daily€newspaper€òòLa€Prensaóó€to€adjust€its€prices€in€the€light€of€its€commercial€needs.Ð ð@ ÐHowever,€there€had€been€no€intention€on€the€part€of€the€Government€to€undermine€freedom€ofÐ à0 Ðexpression,€freedom€of€the€press€or€cultural€rights,€which€were€enjoyed€by€all€media€in€Argentina.Ð Ð ÐShe€added€that€it€was€an€obligation€of€the€State€to€ensure€the€right€of€everyone€to€enjoy€the€benefitsÐ À! Ðof€scientific€progress€and€its€applications.Ð °" ÐÌòòConcluding€observationsóóÐ $à" ÐÌ254.€€In€concluding€its€consideration€of€the€initial€report€of€Argentina,€the€Committee€thanked€theÐ p&À!$ Ðrepresentative€of€the€State€party€for€the€quality€and€frankness€of€her€statements.€It€was€noted€inÐ `'°"% Ðparticular€that€despite€very€severe€economic€difficulties€and€the€burden€of€the€external€debt,€theÐ P( #& Ðdemocratic€Governments€which€had€succeeded€one€another€since€the€overthrow€of€the€militaryÐ @)$' Ðregime€had€endeavoured€to€protect€the€rights€to€education€and€culture€as€set€forth€in€articles€13€toÐ 0*€%( Ð15€of€the€Covenant.€It€was€nevertheless€regretted€that€the€answers€provided€by€the€representative€ofÐ +p&) Ðthe€State€party€to€the€questions€concerning€the€position€of€the€indigenous€minorities€had€not€entirelyÐ ,`'* Ðdispelled€the€concern€which€the€members€might€have€in€that€regard.€Likewise,€the€information€givenÐ -P(+ Ðin€reply€to€the€questions€concerning€the€distribution€of€national€income,€the€situation€of€the€Ô_Ô12Ð ð-@), Ðmillion€Argentines€living€below€the€poverty€level€and€the€employment€opportunities€for€universityÐ ° Ðgraduates€were€not€felt€to€have€been€entirely€adequate.Ð ð ÐòòÔ_ÔCESCRÔ_Ô€€E/1995/22óóÐ ° ÐÌÌ221.€€The€Committee€considered€the€Ô_Ô[initial]Ô_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_Ô€report€of€the€Republic€of€Argentina€on€articles€6-12€ofÐ €Ð Ðthe€Covenant€(E/1990/5/Add.18)€at€its€30th,€31st€and€32nd€meetings€on€22€and€24€November€and,Ð pÀ Ðat€its€54th€meeting€on€8€December€1994,€adopted€the€following€concluding€observations.Ð ` ° ÐÌA.€€òòIntroductionóóÐ @ ÐÌ222.€€The€Committee€expresses€its€thanks€to€the€Government€of€the€Republic€of€Argentina€forÐ p Ðsubmitting€its€second€periodic€report€in€1993€and€welcomes€the€additional€information€provided€byÐ ` Ðthe€Government€on€articles€9-12€of€the€Covenant.Ð P ÐÌ223.€€The€Committee€reiterates€the€obligation€of€States€parties€to€submit€full€reports€relating€to€theÐ à0 Ðarticles€under€consideration€and€specifically€to€the€issues€communicated€to€them€before€theÐ Ð Ðconsideration€of€each€report.€The€Committee€emphasizes€that€the€objective€must€be€to€present€a€clearÐ À Ðpicture€of€the€situation€with€regard€to€economic,€social€and€cultural€rights€in€the€country's€report;Ð ° Ðeven€though€information€submitted€previously€to€another€treaty€body€does€not€need€to€be€repeatedÐ ð Ðin€the€Committee,€it€is€the€responsibility€of€the€State€to€make€appropriate€references€in€conformityÐ à Ðwith€article€17€(3).Ð €Ð ÐÌ224.€€The€Committee€has€considered€with€interest€Argentina's€written€report,€which€containsÐ `° Ðimportant€legal€information,€and€has€listened€to€the€oral€presentation,€which€placed€the€written€reportÐ P Ðin€a€macroeconomic€perspective.€Nevertheless,€the€Committee€notes€the€absence€of€specificÐ @ Ðinformation€necessary€in€order€to€ascertain€whether€economic,€social€and€cultural€rights€are€beingÐ 0€ Ðrespected€in€Argentina,€both€collectively€and€individually.Ð p ÐÌ225.€The€Committee€acknowledges€the€reference€made€by€the€Government€to€a€report€which€it€hadÐ P Ðsubmitted€to€the€Committee€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child.€Since€at€present€the€Committee€does€not€limitÐ ð@ Ðthe€consideration€of€articles€10-12€to€the€well-being€of€the€child,€it€welcomes€the€indications€by€theÐ à0 ÐGovernment€that€it€will€provide€it€with€additional€information€on€the€remaining€issues€dealt€with€inÐ Ð Ðthese€articles.Ð À! ÐÌB.€€òòPositive€aspectsóóÐ #ð! ÐÌ226.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€economic€progress€achieved€by€Argentina€in€recent€years,Ð €%Ð # Ðespecially€in€efforts€to€combat€inflation,€and€in€the€areas€of€monetary€stability€and€real€economicÐ p&À!$ Ðgrowth.€The€Committee€considers€that€these€conditions€are€conducive€to€the€promotion€of€economic,Ð `'°"% Ðsocial€and€cultural€rights,€although€their€implementation€does€not€necessarily€derive€from€them.Ð P( #& ÐÌ227.€€The€Committee€notes€with€satisfaction€the€Government's€Ô_ÔprogrammesÔ_Ô€and€activities€relatingÐ 0*€%( Ðto€the€rights€of€the€family€and€the€child.€Mother€and€child€care€has€been€actively€pursued€andÐ +p&) Ðdocumented,€and€the€"school€canteen€Ô_ÔprogrammeÔ_Ô"€appears€to€be€receiving€appropriate€governmentÐ ,`'* Ðsupport.Ð -P(+ ÐÐ ð-@), ÐÔ_Ô228.€€The€Committee€takes€note€of€the€Government's€plan€to€facilitate€home€ownership€by€tenantsÐ ° Ðillegally€occupying€government€property€by€giving€them€the€opportunity€to€purchase€the€land€theyÐ ð Ðare€occupying€at€preferential€loan€rates.€Although€more€factual€data€are€required€to€ascertain€howÐ à Ðmany€people€and€families€have€found€a€permanent€solution€through€the€"land€plan",€the€CommitteeÐ €Ð Ðwelcomes€the€concept€underlying€the€plan.Ð pÀ ÐÌ229.€€In€this€context,€the€Committee€notes€the€Government's€efforts€to€increase€the€percentage€of€theÐ P Ðbudget€devoted€to€public€welfare,€particularly€in€the€area€of€workers'€pensions.€It€also€notes€theÐ @ Ðexpressed€intention€of€the€Government€to€initiate€periodic€programmes€for€the€training€ofÐ 0€ Ðunemployed€and€underemployed€persons.Ð p Ð€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ð ` ÐC.€€òòFactors€and€difficulties€impeding€the€implementation€of€the€CovenantóóÐ P ÐÌ230.€€The€Committee€acknowledges€the€difficulties€encountered€by€Argentina€since€democracy€wasÐ à0 Ðrestored€in€1983.€€The€efforts€to€deal€with€the€growing€demand€for€public€services€have€beenÐ Ð Ðparalysed€by€a€substantial€fiscal€deficit,€the€external€debt€and€the€hyperinflation€inherited€from€theÐ À Ðpre-democratic€years.Ð ° ÐÌ231.€€Adjustment€to€a€more€rational€economic€order€has€been€difficult€for€Argentine€society€as€aÐ à Ðwhole€and€for€Argentine€workers€in€particular.€The€Government€has€succeeded€in€stabilizing€theÐ €Ð Ðvalue€of€the€currency€but€the€implementation€of€the€structural€adjustment€programme€may€harmÐ pÀ Ðcertain€social€groups.€In€the€light€of€this€policy,€it€is€unclear€whether€the€Government€has€takenÐ `° Ðmeasures€to€resolve€the€problem€of€housing€and€pensions.Ð P ÐÌD.€€òòPrincipal€subjects€of€concernóóÐ 0€ ÐÌ232.€€The€Committee€notes€with€concern€the€way€in€which€the€"temporary"€workers,€as€they€areÐ ` Ðknown€in€Argentina,€are€treated,€since€the€measures€taken€to€guarantee€their€economic,€social€andÐ P Ðcultural€rights€appear€inadequate,€particularly€in€times€of€growing€unemployment.Ð ð@ ÐÌ233.€€The€Committee€also€notes€with€concern€the€extension€of€the€Government's€privatization€of€theÐ Ð Ðpension€programme.€The€basic€payment€system,€to€which€all€are€entitled,€is€gradually€being€replacedÐ À! Ðby€a€new€capitalization€scheme€whose€return€depends€on€the€pensioner's€contributions.€This€calls€inÐ °" Ðquestion€the€prospects€for€those€who€are€unable€to€capitalize€adequate€pensions,€including€lower-paidÐ #ð! Ðworkers,€and€unemployed€and€underemployed€persons.Ð $à" ÐÌ234.€€In€connection€with€the€Government's€training€programme,€the€Committee€has€been€unable€toÐ p&À!$ Ðevaluate€the€need€for€it€and€the€impact€of€such€programmes€owing€to€the€absence€of€statistics€on€theÐ `'°"% Ðpopulation€affected.Ð P( #& ÐÌ235.€€The€Committee€acknowledges€the€initiatives€taken€by€the€Government€to€overcome€theÐ 0*€%( Ðhousing€shortage€in€Argentina.€However,€there€is€no€indication€that€its€policies,€whether€thoseÐ +p&) Ðcurrently€under€way€or€those€planned€for€the€future,€are€adequate€to€meet€all€the€needs.Ð ,`'* ÐÌ236.€€The€Committee€specifically€notes€with€concern€the€legal€provision€permitting€rent€increasesÐ ð-@), Ðof€about€12€per€cent,€approximately€double€the€previous€year's€inflation€rate,€while€wages€areÐ ° Ðapparently€frozen.Ð ð ÐÌ237.€€The€Committee€is€very€concerned€about€the€large€number€of€illegal€occupations€of€buildings,Ð €Ð Ðparticularly€in€Buenos€Aires,€and€the€conditions€in€which€expulsions€are€carried€out.€The€CommitteeÐ pÀ Ðdraws€the€attention€of€the€Government€to€the€full€text€of€its€General€Comment€No.€4€(1991)€on€theÐ ` ° Ðright€to€adequate€housing€and€urges€the€Government€to€ensure€that€policy,€legislation€and€practiceÐ P Ðtake€due€account€of€that€General€Comment.Ð @ ÐÌ238.€€The€Committee,€while€conscious€of€the€Government's€efforts€to€increase€awareness€of€hygieneÐ p Ðand€safety€in€the€workplace€through€public€campaigns,€observes€that€such€campaigns€have€notÐ ` Ðproved€effective€and€that€hygiene€and€safety€in€the€workplace€are€frequently€below€establishedÐ P Ðstandards.Ð ð@ ÐÌ239.€€Despite€the€suggestion€made€by€the€representative€of€the€Government€that€the€indigenousÐ Ð Ðpopulation€in€Argentina€is€small,€the€Committee€is€nevertheless€surprised€at€the€absence€ofÐ À Ðinformation€about€specific€programmes€adopted€by€the€Government€to€guarantee€the€economic,Ð ° Ðsocial€and€cultural€rights€of€the€ethnic€minorities.Ð ð ÐÌE.€€òòSuggestions€and€recommendationsóóÐ €Ð ÐÌ240.€€In€the€light€of€the€inadequacy€of€the€report€and€the€additional€information€submitted€by€theÐ `° ÐGovernment€of€Argentina,€the€Committee€invites€the€Government€to€submit€a€further€reportÐ P Ðcontaining€full€details€relating€to€articles€9-11€of€the€Covenant.€The€Committee€emphasizes€that€theÐ @ Ðnew€report€and€all€subsequent€reports€should€be€drafted€in€conformity€with€the€Committee's€revisedÐ 0€ Ðguidelines€of€1990€(E/C.12/1991/1)€and€that€the€new€report€must€also€refer€to€the€issues€mentionedÐ p Ðin€the€questionnaire€communicated€to€the€Government€before€the€commencement€of€the€dialogue.Ð ` ÐÌ241.€€The€Committee€urges€the€Government€to€analyse€the€reasons€for€the€lack€of€effectiveness€ofÐ ð@ Ðits€initiatives€in€the€area€of€safety€and€hygiene€in€the€workplace€and€to€make€greater€efforts€toÐ à0 Ðimprove€all€aspects€of€environmental€and€industrial€hygiene€and€safety.Ð Ð ÐÌ242.€€In€relation€to€the€stabilization€programmes,€the€Committee,€while€acknowledging€the€greatÐ °" Ðsuccess€achieved€through€privatization€and€decentralization€at€the€macroeconomic€level,€observesÐ #ð! Ðthat€such€measures€are€not€being€adequately€monitored€and€thus€are€leading€to€the€violation€ofÐ $à" Ðeconomic,€social€and€cultural€rights.Ð €%Ð # ÐÓÓÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÐ ð-@), Ð‡ÌÌÌÌòòÔ‡XCŠXXXCŠÔCESCR€E/2000/22óóÐ pÀ ÐÌÌ249.ààThe€Committee€considered€the€second€periodic€report€of€Argentina€on€the€rights€coveredÐ @ Ðby€articles€1€to€15€of€the€Covenant€(E/1990/6/Add.16)€at€its€33rd€to€36th€meetings€held€on€17€toÐ 0€ Ð19€November€and,€at€its€52nd€meeting,€held€on€1€December€1999,€adopted€the€followingÐ p Ðconcluding€observations.€Ð ` ÐÌA.€€òòIntroductionóóÐ ð@ ÐÌ250.ààThe€Committee€welcomes€the€second€periodic€report€submitted€by€Argentina€and€theÐ Ð Ðwritten€replies€to€the€Committeeððs€list€of€issues,€as€well€as€the€constructive€dialogue€conductedÐ À Ðbetween€the€Committee€members€and€the€State€partyððs€delegation.€Notwithstanding,€theÐ ° ÐCommittee€regrets€the€delay€with€which€the€State€party€submitted€its€written€replies€to€the€list€ofÐ ð Ðissues,€which€prevented€its€timely€translation€and€therefore€its€full€use€by€all€members.Ð à ÐÌ251.ààThe€Committee€has€considered€with€interest€Argentinaððs€report,€which€contains€importantÐ pÀ Ðlegal€information,€but€notes€nonetheless€the€absence€of€specific€information€needed€to€evaluateÐ `° Ðthe€implementation€of€economic,€social€and€cultural€rights€in€Argentina.Ð P ÐÌB.€€òòPositive€aspectsóóÐ 0€ ÐÌ252.ààThe€Committee€notes€with€satisfaction€article€75€of€the€1994€Constitution,€whichÐ ` Ðprovides€for€the€restitution€to€the€indigenous€peoples€of€some€of€their€traditional€lands.€€It€furtherÐ P Ðwelcomes€the€restitution€of€large€tracts€of€traditional€lands.Ð ð@ ÐÌ253.ààIt€also€notes€with€satisfaction€the€adoption€of€the€emergency€plan€that€aims€to€help€thoseÐ Ð Ðliving€below€the€poverty€level.Ð À! ÐÌ254.ààThe€Committee€welcomes€the€information€that€the€State€party€has€signed€immigrationÐ #ð! Ðagreements€with€Bolivia€and€Peru€in€order€to€regularize€the€situation€of€citizens€of€thoseÐ $à" Ðcountries€in€Argentina.Ð €%Ð # ÐÌ255.ààThe€Committee€takes€note€of€the€partial€implementation€of€the€Governmentððs€plan€toÐ `'°"% Ðfacilitate€home€ownership€by€tenants€illegally€occupying€government€property€by€giving€themÐ P( #& Ðthe€opportunity€to€purchase€the€land€they€are€occupying€at€preferential€interest€rates.Ð @)$' ÐÌ256.ààThe€Committee€notes€with€satisfaction€the€success€of€the€Governmentððs€healthÐ +p&) Ðprogramme€in€finding€a€cure€for€Chagas€disease,€which€has€been€recognized€by€WHO.Ð ,`'* ÐÌ257.ààThe€Committee€welcomes€the€information€that€human€rights€education€is€now€availableÐ ð-@), Ðthroughout€all€levels€of€education.Ð ° ÐÌC.€€òòFactors€and€difficulties€impeding€the€implementation€of€the€CovenantóóÐ à ÐÌ258.ààThe€Committee€acknowledges€the€financial€difficulties€encountered€by€the€ArgentineÐ pÀ Ðeconomy€in€the€last€four€years.€€While€the€Government€has€succeeded€in€stabilizing€the€value€ofÐ ` ° Ðthe€currency,€the€implementation€of€the€structural€adjustment€programme€has€hampered€theÐ P Ðenjoyment€of€economic,€social€and€cultural€rights,€in€particular€by€the€disadvantaged€groups€inÐ @ Ðsociety.Ð 0€ ÐÌD.€€òòPrincipal€subjects€of€concernóóÐ ` ÐÌ259.ààThe€Committee€is€concerned€about€the€six€Mapuche€indigenous€communities€who,Ð ð@ Ðdespite€having€obtained€legal€recognition€of€their€rights€over€some€of€their€traditional€lands€in€theÐ à0 ÐPulmarÔ#†XCŠXXXCŠú“#ÔÔ‡XØØXXXCŠÔðRðÔ#†XCŠXXXØØE£#ÔÔ‡XCŠXXXCŠÔ€area,€have€not€yet€received€the€property€deeds€to€these.€€It€is€also€concerned€about€theÐ Ð Ðstatus€of€ILO€Convention€No.€169€(1989)€concerning€Indigenous€and€Tribal€Peoples€inÐ Ì ÐIndependent€Countries,€the€ratification€of€which€was€authorized€by€the€National€CongressÐ ¼ Ðin1989€but€which€has€yet€to€take€place.€Ð ¬ü ÐÌ260.ààThe€Committee€is€concerned€about€the€very€high€unemployment€rate€in€ArgentinaÐ ŒÜ Ð(almost€15€per€cent)€and€in€particular€about€the€large€number€of€the€ð ðnew€poorðð,€who€hadÐ |Ì Ðtraditionally€belonged€to€the€middle€classes.Ð l¼ ÐÌ261.ààIt€is€particularly€concerned€about€the€large€number€of€workers€who€fall€within€theÐ Lœ Ðinformal€economic€sectors.€€Approximately€37€per€cent€of€urban€workers€in€the€country€are€notÐ <Œ Ðregistered€which,€according€to€the€Governmentððs€own€estimates,€implies€that€some€3millionÐ ,| Ðworkers€have€no€social€security€coverage.Ð l ÐÌ262.ààThe€Committee€is€also€concerned€that€unemployment€benefits€reach€only€some€6€per€centÐ üL Ðof€the€unemployed€population€and€that€some€categories€of€workers€are€excluded,€such€as€ruralÐ ì< Ðdomestic€and€construction€workers€and€public€employees.Ð Ü , ÐÌ263.ààThe€Committee€notes€with€concern€the€way€in€which€ð ðtemporaryðð€workers,€as€they€areÐ ¼" Ðknown€in€Argentina,€are€treated,€since€the€measures€adopted€to€promote€job€creation€have€notÐ ¬#ü! Ðsecured€for€them€the€economic,€social€and€cultural€rights€of€workers,€particularly€in€times€ofÐ œ$ì" Ðgrowing€unemployment.€Ð Œ%Ü # ÐÌ264.ààThe€Committee€notes€with€concern€the€adoption€by€the€State€party€of€legislative€reformsÐ l'¼"% Ðthat€tend€to€increase€the€precariousness€of€work€relationships.€€This€is€evidenced€by€permittingÐ \(¬#& Ðthe€adoption€of€collective€agreements€that€reduce€the€legal€work€standards€(Law€24,467,Ð L)œ$' Ðchap.III),€an€increase€in€the€trial€period€stipulated€in€work€contracts€and€the€generalization€ofÐ <*Œ%( Ðcontracts€of€limited€duration.Ð ,+|&) ÐÌ265.ààThe€Committee€notes€with€concern€that€various€de€facto€discriminatory€practices€againstÐ -\(+ Ðwomen€exist,€particularly€in€the€areas€of€employment€and€pay.Ð ° ÐÌ266.ààThe€Committee€also€notes€with€concern€the€extent€of€the€Governmentððs€privatization€ofÐ à Ðthe€pension€programme,€in€particular€article€16€of€Law€24,463€which€allows€the€Government€toÐ €Ð Ðreduce,€and€eventually€even€not€to€pay€pensions€by€invoking€economic€constraints.Ð pÀ ÐÌ267.ààThe€Committee€has€had€difficulty€in€evaluating€the€Governmentððs€programmes€forÐ P Ðtraining€workers€and€the€impact€of€these€programmes€owing€to€the€absence€of€comprehensiveÐ @ Ðstatistics.Ð 0€ ÐÌ268.ààThe€Committee€is€concerned€about€the€housing€deficit€in€Argentina€and€that€theÐ ` Ðinitiatives€taken€by€the€Government€have€not€been€adequate€in€this€regard.€€The€Committee€isÐ P Ðalso€concerned€at€the€lack€of€statistics€in€Argentina€relating€to€housing.Ð ð@ ÐÌ269.ààThe€Committee€reiterates€its€concern€about€the€high€incidence€of€irregular€occupations€ofÐ Ð Ðbuildings,€particularly€in€Buenos€Aires,€and€the€circumstances€in€which€evictions€are€carried€out.€Ð À ÐÌ270.ààThe€Committee€is€concerned€at€the€privatization€of€labour€inspections€and€controlÐ ð Ðsystems€and€notes€that€public€campaigns€are€not€an€adequate€substitute€for€efficient€inspectionsÐ à Ðcarried€out€by€public€authorities.€€The€Committee€is€also€concerned€that€conditions€inÐ €Ð Ðworkplaces,€particularly€in€the€building€sector,€frequently€fail€to€meet€established€standards.€Ð pÀ ÐÌ271.ààThe€Committee€is€concerned€that€the€right€to€health€is€not€being€fully€implemented€in€theÐ P ÐState€party.€€In€particular,€it€is€concerned€about€the€conditions€in€public€hospitals€in€general€andÐ @ Ðwith€psychiatric€hospitals€in€particular.Ð 0€ ÐÌ272.ààThe€Committee€is€concerned€about€the€health€of€pregnant€women,€in€particular€theÐ ` Ðrelatively€high€maternal€mortality€rate,€and€the€high€adolescent€pregnancy€figures.Ð P ÐÌ273.ààThe€Committee€also€notes€with€concern€the€increasing€incidence€of€violence€againstÐ à0 Ðwomen,€in€particular€domestic€violence.Ð Ð ÐÌ274.ààThe€Committee€notes€that€the€State€party€has€had€in€place€for€10€years€a€programmeÐ °" Ðwhich€has€been€trying€to€address€the€question€of€street€children,€particularly€in€Buenos€Aires.Ð #ð! ÐHowever,€it€remains€concerned€that€the€root€problems€have€not€been€successfully€addressed,Ð $à" Ðgiven€that€the€number€of€children€on€the€streets€has€continued€to€increase.Ð €%Ð # ÐÌE.€€òòSuggestions€and€recommendationsóóÐ `'°"% ÐÌ275.ààThe€Committee€suggests€that€the€State€party€introduce€institutional€arrangements,€withinÐ @)$' Ðthe€government€administration,€to€ensure€that€its€obligations€under€the€Covenant€are€taken€intoÐ 0*€%( Ðaccount€at€an€early€stage€in€the€formulation€of€national€policies€on€issues€such€as€housing,€healthÐ +p&) Ðand€education.Ð ,`'* ÐÌ276.ààThe€Committee€also€recommends€that€the€State€party,€when€negotiating€with€internationalÐ ð-@), Ðfinancial€institutions,€take€into€account€its€Covenant€obligations€to€respect,€protect€and€fulfil€allÐ ° Ðof€the€rights€enshrined€in€the€Covenant.Ð ð ÐÌ277.ààThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€ratify€ILO€Convention€No.€169€(1989)Ð €Ð Ðconcerning€Indigenous€and€Tribal€Peoples€in€Independent€Countries,€in€accordance€with€theÐ pÀ Ðauthorization€given€by€the€National€Congress€in€1989,€and€to€find€a€solution€that€will€satisfy€theÐ ` ° Ðrights€of€the€Mapuche€communities€in€the€PulmarÔ#†XCŠXXXCŠ‹£#ÔÔ‡XØØXXXCŠÔðRðÔ#†XCŠXXXØØ½#ÔÔ‡XCŠXXXCŠÔ€region.Ð P ÐÌ278.ààThe€Government€of€Argentina€is€also€urged€to€adopt€more€effective€measures€to€reduceÐ <Œ Ðunemployment.€Furthermore,€it€should€ensure€that€the€economic,€social€and€cultural€rights€ofÐ , | Ðtemporary€workers€are€effectively€respected.€Ð l ÐÌ279.ààThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€examine€its€legislation€with€regard€toÐ üL Ðprovisions€of€collective€agreements€that€have€detrimental€effects€such€as€those€lengthening€theÐ ì< Ðtrial€period€stipulated€in€work€contracts,€or€limiting€the€duration€of€contracts,€and€to€verify€theirÐ Ü, Ðconformity€with€articles€6€and€7€of€the€Covenant.Ð Ì ÐÌ280.ààThe€Committee€calls€upon€the€Government€of€Argentina€to€take€steps€to€guaranteeÐ ¬ü Ðequality€in€law€and€in€practice€between€men€and€women€in€the€enjoyment€of€economic,€socialÐ œì Ðand€cultural€rights.€Ð ŒÜ ÐÌ281.ààThe€Committee€urges€the€State€party€to€ensure€that€its€social€security€system€guaranteesÐ l¼ Ðworkers€an€adequate€minimum€pension,€which€should€not€be€unilaterally€reduced€or€deferred,Ð \¬ Ðespecially€in€times€of€economic€constraints.€€Consequently,€it€recommends€that€the€State€partyÐ Lœ Ðrepeal€article€16€of€Law€24,463€in€order€to€guarantee€the€full€payment€of€all€pensions.Ð <Œ ÐÌ282.ààThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€Governmentððs€programmes€for€training€workers€beÐ l Ðassessed€and€that€statistics€be€provided€to€the€Committee€so€that€it€can€evaluate€theÐ \ ÐGovernmentððs€policies€in€this€respect.€Ð üL ÐÌ283.ààThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€continue€to€enhance€its€initiatives€toÐ Ü , Ðovercome€the€housing€shortage€in€Argentina,€and€that€it€provide€the€Committee€in€its€nextÐ Ì! Ðperiodic€report€with€detailed€statistics€on€the€housing€situation€in€the€country.Ð ¼" ÐÌ284.ààThe€Committee€also€recommends€that€the€State€party€continue€its€policy€of€legalizingÐ œ$ì" Ðdeeds€of€those€that€have€possession€of€houses.€€The€Committee€further€recommends€that€theÐ Œ%Ü # Ðexisting€procedures€for€the€eviction€of€illegal€occupants€be€reviewed€as€a€matter€of€priority.€€TheÐ |&Ì!$ ÐCommittee€once€again€draws€the€attention€of€the€Government€to€the€full€text€of€its€GeneralÐ l'¼"% ÐComments€No.€4€(1991)€and€No.€7€(1997)€on€the€right€to€adequate€housing€(art.€11,€para.€1,€ofÐ \(¬#& Ðthe€Covenant)€and€urges€the€Government€to€ensure€that€policy,€legislation€and€practice€take€dueÐ L)œ$' Ðaccount€of€both€general€comments.Ð <*Œ%( ÐÌ285.ààThe€Committee€urges€the€Government€to€improve€the€effectiveness€of€its€measures€in€theÐ ,l'* Ðarea€of€safety€and€hygiene€in€the€workplace,€particularly€in€the€construction€sector,€to€increase€itsÐ -\(+ Ðefforts€to€improve€all€aspects€of€environmental€and€industrial€hygiene€and€safety,€as€well€as€toÐ ° Ðensure€that€the€control€and€inspection€of€industrial€hygiene€and€safety€are€carried€out€by€publicÐ ð Ðauthorities.Ð à ÐÌ286.ààThe€Committee€urges€the€State€party€to€review€its€policies€on€health,€and€in€particular€thatÐ pÀ Ðit€pay€attention€to€the€issues€of€mental€health,€maternal€mortality,€adolescent€pregnancies€andÐ ` ° ÐHIV/AIDS,€and€that€it€provide€the€Committee€with€comprehensive€statistics€in€its€next€periodicÐ P Ðreport.Ð @ ÐÌ287.ààThe€Committee€urges€the€State€party€to€intensify€its€efforts€to€combat€the€problem€ofÐ p Ðviolence€against€women,€in€particular€domestic€violence.Ð ` ÐÌ288.ààThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€adopt€measures€to€combat€the€problemÐ ð@ Ðof€street€children€and€to€attack€the€root€causes€of€this€situation.Ð à0 ÐÌ289.ààThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€concerns€expressed€in€the€present€concludingÐ À Ðobservations,€as€well€as€the€issues€raised€during€the€discussion€of€the€second€periodic€reportÐ ° Ðwhich€remain€unanswered,€òòinter€aliaóóòò,óó€regarding€the€guarantee€of€pensions€and€social€security,Ð ð Ðshould€be€addressed€in€the€State€partyððs€third€periodic€report.Ð à ÐÌ290.ààThe€Committee€requests€the€State€party€to€disseminate€the€present€concludingÐ pÀ Ðobservations€widely€at€all€levels€of€society€and€in€its€third€periodic€report,€to€be€submitted€onÐ `° Ð30June€2001,€to€inform€the€Committee€on€all€steps€taken€to€implement€them.€Ô#†XCŠXXXCŠb½#ÔÐ P ÐÌÌÌÌÌ