ÿWPCE -ÚÿIÓÓ~¢ð@Öõà¥~Íš³þû?—œ¥*½íkh£_hˆE/¨Ý 7˜£DŸÙ;.‹¶Uå„3½2 Ç,—÷Ožbj ¯y¨WS¥YòFºå%˜FhTÊ\Ëý{Ãj¹á𧑠q¤Êz»ÅÊe{^*ÃbÝwƒ âª- qÓŸh¼‘§Š^S)[ÄH'¶õÊ÷m \ýIà÷ï~œ…žÿÞê1¡’Ü9_q .y¥ÓÀéÔß+k÷<¾/-ÂÖÉ`5íŠé¦ì·T(Ó†äD£^É[OH¸Ÿºþ@á¼[Ž =?b†Ë  ®K«ufŸÃÉ*Ói¨¬Øüç-Õ×Æ¢ÒÜ’G•¼NžE(á£ÀÑgüfJÎNcw ‰2¿Ù·KvÓÙKä3çî›_¥éÔ®Œ*šÀל½¶Ö+˜||æ…Á„ KåD»÷?µ;OØ´1È{Vktiå¿þðM¯ûE6çá‚hd^â àÔºûöp¹iÜê‘‹Y!wRË´Ñ‹L’'«,D¯7¸Oæì±¼úxô@i9–ÎâºêF—Î-ºúY+$)¶oØ5 éFT!ÀƒÜ„+:dYKé 1é É*-WI~ô¹r`w! #Á¨UNi %· 0:½^ ÷w4* m,NC˜HP LaserJet 4000 Series PSÈÚØÚÚØÈÚ0&Öd9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(üœ$¡¡ÔUSUS.,Ô¶¡w. eû*.wpd3|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òÓ  ÓÔ‡¼÷Œ»XXÔARGENTINAó óÔ#†X¢°X»¼÷ŒL#ÔÐ ° ÐÌÌÓ@Óò òCRC€€€A/51/41€(1996)ó óÐ œì ÐÌÌÓ  Ó12.€€òòConcluding€observationsóóÐ ` ° ÐÌ291.€€The€Committee€considered€at€its€seventh€session€the€initial€report€of€ArgentinaÐ 8 ˆ Ð(CRC/C/8/Add.2)€at€its€177th€to€179th€meetings€(CRC/C/SR.177-179),€on€10€and€11€October€1994.Ð $ t  ÐIn€view€of€the€fact€that€the€additional€report,€which€had€been€requested€from€the€Government€ofÐ `  ÐArgentina€to€supplement€the€information€contained€in€Argentina's€initial€report,€was€received€justÐ üL  Ðbefore€the€consideration€of€the€report,€the€Committee€decided€to€postpone€the€adoption€of€itsÐ è8  Ðconcluding€observations€until€its€next€session.€The€Committee€therefore€adopted,€at€its€208thÐ Ô$  Ðmeeting,€on€26€January€1995,€the€following€concluding€observations.Ð À  ÐÌ(a)€€òòIntroductionóóÐ ˜è ÐÌ292.€The€Committee€expresses€its€appreciation€to€the€State€party€for€engaging€in€a€dialogue€with€theÐ pÀ ÐCommittee.€The€Committee€notes€with€regret€that€the€report€submitted€by€the€Government€ofÐ \¬ ÐArgentina€does€not€cover€all€rights€enshrined€in€the€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€and€thatÐ H˜ Ðit€was€not€prepared€in€accordance€with€the€Committee's€guidelines€for€the€preparation€of€initialÐ 4„ Ðreports.€It€notes€that€the€report€mainly€deals€with€the€legal€framework€and€does€not€contain€sufficientÐ  p Ðinformation,€either€analytical€or€statistical,€on€the€actual€implementation€of€the€principles€and€rightsÐ  \ Ðset€forth€in€the€Convention.€The€extensive€additional€information€submitted€by€the€Government€cameÐ øH Ðtoo€late€for€the€Committee€members€to€study€and€examine€before€the€discussion€with€the€State€partyÐ ä4 Ðdelegation.Ð Ð  ÐÌ(b)€€òòPositive€factorsóóÐ ¨ø ÐÌ293.€€The€Committee€notes€with€satisfaction€the€declaration€made€by€the€State€party€upon€ratificationÐ € Ð Ðin€regard€to€article€38€that€a€prohibition€exists€in€national€legislation€on€the€use€of€children€under€18Ð l!¼ Ðin€armed€conflicts.Ð X"¨  ÐÌ294.€€The€Committee€also€welcomes€the€establishment€of€the€National€Council€for€Children€andÐ 0$€" ÐFamily,€the€development€of€a€National€Plan€of€Action€for€Children€as€well€as€the€signing€of€a€federalÐ %l # ÐPact€for€Mothers€and€Children.€Ð &X!$ ÐÌ295.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€efforts€undertaken€by€the€Government€of€the€State€party€toÐ à'0#& Ðpublicize€the€Convention.Ð Ì($' ÐÌ296.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€incorporation€of€the€Convention,€as€well€as€other€human€rightsÐ ¤*ô%) Ðtreaties€ratified€by€Argentina,€into€the€domestic€legal€system€and€the€high€legal€status€attributed€toÐ +à&* Ðthem€by€virtue€of€which€they€are€given€precedence€over€national€laws.Ð |,Ì'+ ÐÐ h-¸(, Ð297.€€The€Committee€notes€with€satisfaction€the€successful€immunization€Ô_ÔprogrammeÔ_Ô€with€99€perÐ ° Ðcent€coverage€and€the€high€literacy€rate€-€95€per€cent€in€1990.Ð œì Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àÌ(c)€€òòPrincipal€subjects€of€concernóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ298.€€The€Committee€is€furthermore€concerned€about€the€reservations€entered€by€the€GovernmentÐ L œ Ðof€Argentina€upon€the€ratification€of€the€Convention€with€respect€to€article€21€(b)€to€(e)€owing€toÐ 8 ˆ Ðtheir€broad€nature.Ð $ t ÐÌ299.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€that€sufficient€administrative€and€other€measures€seem€not€to€haveÐ ü L  Ðbeen€taken€to€facilitate€an€effective€coordination€of€the€implementation€of€the€Convention€on€local,Ð è 8  Ðregional€and€national€levels.Ð Ô$  ÐÌ300.€€The€Committee€takes€note€of€the€disparity€of€marriage€ages€for€boys€and€girls€in€Argentine€law,Ð ¬ü  Ðwhich€seems€to€be€contrary€to€the€provisions€of€article€2€of€the€Convention.Ð ˜è  ÐÌ301.€€The€Committee€notes€with€special€concern€the€situation€of€children€from€vulnerable€andÐ pÀ Ðdisadvantaged€groups,€such€as€disabled€children,€abandoned€children€and€children€living€and/orÐ \¬ Ðworking€in€the€streets,€as€well€as€children€belonging€to€households€living€in€poverty.Ð H˜ ÐÌ302.€€The€Committee€is€also€worried€about€the€high€number€of€single€mothers€in€Argentina€betweenÐ  p Ðthe€ages€of€12€and€18€and€about€reports€on€the€occurrence€of€domestic€violence€and€sexual€abuse.Ð  \ ÐÌ303.€€The€Committee€notes€the€problems€in€the€schools,€with€high€turnover€of€teachers€and€childrenÐ ä4 Ðdropping€out.Ð Ð  ÐÌ(d)€€òòSuggestions€and€recommendationsóóÐ ¨ø ÐÌ304.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€Government€of€Argentina€consider€reviewing€theÐ €Ð Ðreservation€entered€upon€ratification€of€the€Convention€with€a€view€to€withdrawing€it.€In€thatÐ l¼ Ðconnection,€the€attention€of€the€State€party€is€drawn€to€the€Vienna€Declaration€and€Ô_ÔProgrammeÔ_Ô€ofÐ X ¨ ÐAction€adopted€by€the€World€Conference€on€Human€Rights€in€June€1993,€which€encouraged€StatesÐ D!” Ðto€withdraw€reservations€to€the€Convention.Ð 0"€  ÐÌ305.€€The€Committee€recommends€that,€given€the€federal€nature€of€the€Argentine€State,€aÐ $X" Ðcomprehensive€approach€be€taken€by€the€Government€in€implementing€the€Convention,€particularlyÐ ô$D # Ðin€assuring€better€coordination€between€the€various€mechanisms€and€institutions€already€in€place€toÐ à%0!$ Ðdeal€with€the€promotion€and€protection€of€the€rights€of€children.€Of€importance,€in€that€context,Ð Ì&"% Ðwould€be€the€establishment€of€an€appropriate€infrastructure€at€all€levels€and€increased€coordinationÐ ¸'#& Ðbetween€efforts€undertaken€at€the€local€and€provincial€level€with€those€taken€at€the€national€level.Ð ¤(ô#' ÐIt€is€recommended€that€emphasis€also€be€put€on€the€aspect€of€monitoring,€including€through€anÐ )à$( Ðombudsman,€and€on€cooperation€with€non-governmental€organizations€working€for€the€rights€of€theÐ |*Ì%) Ðchild.Ð h+¸&* ÐÌ306.€€The€Committee€suggests€that€the€budgetary€measures€be€reviewed€with€a€view€to€ensuring€thatÐ @-(, ÐÔ_Ôthe€maximum€amount€of€available€resources€is€allocated€to€promote€and€protect€the€rights€of€theÐ ° Ðchild€at€the€federal,€regional€and€local€levels.Ð œì ÐÌ307.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€further€efforts€be€made€to€ensure€that€personnel€dealing€withÐ tÄ Ðchildren€be€provided€with€adequate€training€that€emphasizes€the€principles€and€norms€in€theÐ `° ÐConvention.Ð L œ ÐÌ308.€€The€Committee€suggests€that€a€larger€part€of€the€education€and€training€of€law€enforcementÐ $ t Ðpersonnel,€judges€and€other€administration€of€justice€officials€be€devoted€to€an€understanding€ofÐ  ` Ðinternational€standards€on€juvenile€justice.€The€Committee€also€recommends€that€juvenile€courts€beÐ ü L  Ðset€up€in€all€provinces.Ð è 8  ÐÌ309.€€The€Committee€suggests€that€the€State€party€consider€undertaking€greater€efforts€to€provideÐ À  Ðfamily€education€and€developing€awareness€of€the€equal€responsibility€of€parents.€Health€educationÐ ¬ü  ÐÔ_ÔprogrammesÔ_Ô€should€be€developed€to€counter€the€high€incidence€of€teenage€pregnancy.Ð ˜è  ÐÌ310.€€The€Committee€suggests€that€the€State€party€considers€the€possibility€of€introducing€moreÐ pÀ Ðeffective€legislation€and€follow-up€mechanisms€to€prevent€violence€within€the€family€in€the€spiritÐ \¬ Ðof€article€19.Ð H˜ ÐÌ311.€€The€Committee€also€recommends€that€further€measures€be€taken€by€the€Government€to€reduceÐ  p Ðdrop-out€rates€in€schools€and€to€ensure€that€the€schools€are€adequately€staffed€with€qualifiedÐ  \ Ðpersonnel.€It€is€also€recommended€that€further€steps€be€taken€to€encourage€the€active€participationÐ øH Ðof€children€in€the€schools,€as€well€as€outside,€in€the€spirit€of€article€12€of€the€Convention.Ð ä4 ÐÌ312.€€The€Committee€also€recommends€that€the€report€and€the€additional€information€submitted€byÐ ¼  Ðthe€State€party,€the€summary€records€of€its€consideration€and€the€concluding€observations€of€theÐ ¨ø ÐCommittee€be€disseminated€as€widely€as€possible€within€the€country.Ð ”ä ÐÓòÓÐ  €Ð ÐÓ  ÓÌò òÔCEUS.,ÔCRC€€CRC/C/121€(2002)ó óÐ œì ÐÌ26.€€The€Committee€considered€the€second€periodic€report€of€Argentina€(CRC/C/70/Add.10)Ð tÄ Ðsubmitted€on€12€August€1999€at€its€807th€and€808th€meetings€(see€CRC/C/SR.807€and€808),€heldÐ `° Ðon€17€September€2002,€and€adopted€at€its€833rd€meeting€(CRC/C/SR.833),€held€on€4€October€2002,Ð L œ Ðthe€following€concluding€observations.Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌA.€€òòIntroduction€óóÐ  ` ÐÌ27.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€submission€of€the€State€partyððs€second€periodic€report,€but€notesÐ è 8  Ðwith€regret€that€it€does€not€follow€the€guidelines€for€reporting.€€It€further€regrets€the€late€andÐ Ô$  Ðincomplete€submission€of€the€written€replies€to€its€list€of€issues€(CRC/C/Q/Ô_ÔARGÔ_Ô/2).€€It€welcomes,Ð À  Ðhowever,€the€high„level€and€well„informed€delegation€sent€by€the€State€party,€the€frank€dialogue€andÐ ¬ü  Ðthe€positive€reactions€to€the€suggestions€and€recommendations€made€during€the€discussion.Ð ˜è  ÐÌB.€€òòFollow„up€measures€taken€and€progress€achieved€by€the€State€partyóóÐ pÀ ÐÌ28.€€The€Committee€notes€with€satisfaction€that€the€State€legislation€regarding€children€in€some€ofÐ H˜ Ðthe€provinces,€such€as€Mendoza,€Ô_ÔChubutÔ_Ô€and€the€City€of€Buenos€Aires,€complies€with€the€provisionsÐ 4„ Ðand€principles€of€the€Convention.Ð  p ÐÌ29.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€adoption€of€Law€24.417€on€protection€against€domestic€violence.Ð øH ÐÌ30.€€The€Committee€notes€the€recent€establishment€of€the€National€Council€for€Children,€AdolescentsÐ Ð  Ðand€the€Family€and€the€creation€of€the€Office€for€Comprehensive€Assistance€for€Victims€of€Crime,Ð ¼  Ðas€recommended€in€the€previous€concluding€observations€(CRC/C/15/Add.36,€para.€20).€Ð ¨ø ÐÌ31.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€improvement€in€the€cooperation€between€the€State€party€and€non„Ð €Ð Ðgovernmental€organizations€concerned€with€childrenððs€rights€issues.€Ð l¼ ÐÌ32.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€signing€of€a€memorandum€of€understanding€with€the€InternationalÐ D!” ÐProgramme€on€the€Elimination€of€Child€Labour€(Ô_ÔIPECÔ_Ô)€and€the€establishment€in€2000€of€a€NationalÐ 0"€  ÐCommission€for€the€Eradication€of€Child€Labour.Ð #l! ÐÌ33.€€The€Committee€notes€with€satisfaction€the€adoption€of€a€National€Plan€of€Action€against€theÐ ô$D # ÐSexual€Commercial€Exploitation€of€Children.Ð à%0!$ ÐÌ34.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€ratification€by€the€State€party€of€the€Optional€Protocol€to€theÐ ¸'#& ÐConvention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€on€the€involvement€of€children€in€armed€conflict.€Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌC.€€òòFactors€and€difficulties€impeding€progress€in€the€implementation€of€the€ConventionóóÐ |*Ì%) ÐÌ35.€€The€Committee€acknowledges€that€the€State€party€is€facing€many€difficulties€in€theÐ T,¤'+ Ðimplementation€of€the€Convention,€in€particular€due€to€the€economic,€political€and€social€crisesÐ @-(, Ðaffecting€the€country,€and€that€increasing€poverty€is€impeding€the€full€achievement€and€enjoymentÐ ° Ðof€the€rights€recognized€in€the€Convention.Ð œì ÐÌD.€€òòPrincipal€areas€of€concern€and€recommendationsóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ1.€€òòGeneral€measures€of€implementationóóÐ L œ ÐÌòòCommitteeððs€previous€recommendationsóóÐ $ t ÐÌ36.€€The€Committee€regrets€that€most€of€the€concerns€and€recommendations€(ibid.)€it€made€uponÐ ü L  Ðconsideration€of€the€State€partyððs€initial€report€(CRC/C/8/Add.2€and€17)€have€been€insufficientlyÐ è 8  Ðaddressed,€particularly€those€contained€in€paragraphs€14€(reservations),€15€(coordination)€and€16Ð Ô$  Ð(review€of€budgetary€measures).€€The€Committee€notes€that€those€concerns€and€recommendationsÐ À  Ðare€reiterated€in€the€present€document.Ð ¬ü  ÐÌ37.€€The€Committee€urges€the€State€party€to€make€every€effort€to€address€those€recommendations€inÐ „Ô  Ðthe€concluding€observations€of€the€initial€report€that€have€not€yet€been€implemented€and€to€addressÐ pÀ Ðthe€list€of€concerns€contained€in€the€present€concluding€observations.Ð \¬ ÐÌòòReservationsóóÐ 4„ ÐÌ38.€€The€Committee€reiterates€its€concern€about€the€reservations€(ibid.,€para.€8)€entered€by€theÐ  \ ÐGovernment€of€Argentina€upon€ratification€of€the€Convention€with€respect€to€article€21€(b),€(c),€(d)Ð øH Ðand€(e).Ð ä4 ÐÌ39.€€The€Committee€reiterates€its€recommendation€(ibid.,€para.€14)€that€the€State€party€considerÐ ¼  Ðreviewing€the€reservations€entered€upon€ratification€of€the€Convention€with€a€view€to€withdrawingÐ ¨ø Ðthem.Ð ”ä ÐÌòòLegislationóóÐ l¼ ÐÌ40.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€that€the€current€legislation€on€children,€Law€10.903€(òòLey€deÐ D!” ÐÔ_ÔPatronatoÔ_Ôóó),€dates€back€to€1919€and€is€based€on€the€doctrine€of€ð ðirregular€situationðð€where€childrenÐ 0"€  Ðare€an€object€of€ð ðjudicial€protectionðð.€€Although€the€Chamber€of€Deputies€passed€a€draft€law€on€theÐ #l! Ðcomprehensive€protection€of€the€rights€of€the€child€in€November€2001,€it€has€not€yet€been€enactedÐ $X" Ð(òòmedia€Ô_Ôsancið;ðnÔ_Ôóó),€so€that€there€is€no€legislation€in€force€at€the€federal€level€which€considers€the€childÐ ô$D # Ðas€a€subject€of€rights.€€Furthermore,€the€Committee€also€notes€that€provincial€legislation€often€doesÐ à%0!$ Ðnot€comply€with€the€provisions€and€principles€of€the€Convention.Ð Ì&"% ÐÌ41.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party:€Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌ(a)€€Take€all€the€necessary€measures€for€the€adoption€by€Parliament€without€delay€of€the€draft€lawÐ |*Ì%) Ðon€the€comprehensive€protection€of€the€rights€of€the€child;Ð h+¸&* ÐÌ(b)€€Ensure€the€full€implementation€of€the€law€on€the€comprehensive€protection€of€the€rights€of€theÐ @-(, Ðchild,€once€enacted€in€compliance€with€the€Convention,€paying€particular€attention€to€the€need€toÐ ° Ðallocate€the€necessary€human€and€financial€resources€in€order€to€establish€the€adequate€structures;Ð œì ÐÌ(c)€€Ensure€that€legislation€at€provincial€level€as€a€whole€fully€complies€with€the€provisions€andÐ tÄ Ðprinciples€of€the€Convention;Ð `° ÐÌ(d)€€Seek€technical€assistance€from,€among€others,€the€United€Nations€Childrenððs€Fund€(UNICEF).Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌòòCoordinationóóÐ  ` ÐÌ42.€€While€noting€the€recent€efforts€of€the€National€Council€for€Children,€Adolescents€and€the€FamilyÐ è 8  Ðto€improve€coordination€and€the€establishment€of€monitoring€teams€in€17€provinces,€the€CommitteeÐ Ô$  Ðregrets€that€its€previous€recommendation€about€better€coordination€between€mechanisms€andÐ À  Ðinstitutions€dealing€with€the€promotion€and€protection€of€the€rights€of€children€(ibid.,€para.€15)€wasÐ ¬ü  Ðnot€fully€followed€up,€and€that€the€State€party€still€lacks€a€clearly€defined€and€comprehensive€childÐ ˜è  Ðrights€policy€and€plan€of€action€for€the€implementation€of€the€Convention.Ð „Ô  ÐÌ43.€€The€Committee€reiterates€its€previous€recommendation€(ibid.)€that€the€State€party€adopt€aÐ \¬ Ðcomprehensive€approach€in€implementing€the€Convention,€in€particular€by:Ð H˜ ÐÌ(a)€€Improving€coordination€between€the€various€mechanisms€and€institutions€already€in€place€to€dealÐ  p Ðwith€the€promotion€and€protection€of€childrenððs€rights;Ð  \ ÐÌ(b)€€Strengthening€its€childrenððs€rights€policy€and€developing€a€national€plan€of€action€for€theÐ ä4 Ðimplementation€of€the€Convention,€which€should€be€prepared€through€an€open,€consultative€andÐ Ð  Ðparticipatory€process.Ð ¼  ÐÌòòResources€for€childrenóóÐ ”ä ÐÌ44.€€The€Committee€expresses€its€concern€that€budgetary€allocations€for€children€are€still€insufficientÐ l¼ Ðto€respond€to€federal,€provincial€and€local€priorities€for€the€protection€and€promotion€of€childrenððsÐ X ¨ Ðrights€and€to€overcome€and€remedy€existing€disparities€between€rural€and€urban€areas,€as€well€asÐ D!” Ðwithin€urban€areas,€in€particular€Buenos€Aires,€with€respect€to€public€services€provided€to€children.€Ð 0"€  ÐIt€notes€with€deep€concern€that,€according€to€recent€statistics€mentioned€by€the€State€party€in€its€replyÐ #l! Ðto€the€list€of€issues,€69.2€per€cent€of€children€in€Argentina€live€in€poverty,€of€whom€35.4€per€cent€liveÐ $X" Ðin€extreme€poverty.€Ð ô$D # ÐÌ45.€€In€light€of€article€4€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€encourages€the€State€party:Ð Ì&"% ÐÌ(a)€€To€review€economic€and€social€policies€and€the€allocation€of€resources€in€the€budget€with€a€viewÐ ¤(ô#' Ðto€ensuring€that€the€maximum€amount€of€available€resources€is€allocated€to€promoting€and€protectingÐ )à$( Ðthe€rights€of€the€child€at€the€federal,€regional€and€local€levels,€especially€in€the€fields€of€health,Ð |*Ì%) Ðeducation,€social€welfare€and€security,€as€previously€recommended€(ibid.,€para.€16);Ð h+¸&* ÐÌ(b)€€To€identify€the€amount€and€proportion€of€resources€spent€on€children€at€the€national€and€localÐ @-(, Ðlevels€in€order€to€evaluate€the€impact€of€expenditures€on€children.Ð ° ÐÌòòIndependent€monitoringóóÐ ˆØ ÐÌ46.€€While€noting€the€existence€of€the€Ô_ÔDefensorÔ_Ô€del€Pueblo,€the€Committee€is€concerned€at€theÐ `° Ðabsence€of€an€overall€national€mechanism€with€the€mandate€to€regularly€monitor€and€evaluateÐ L œ Ðprogress€in€the€implementation€of€the€Convention€and€which€is€empowered€to€receive€and€addressÐ 8 ˆ Ðcomplaints€by€children.€€It€further€notes€that€the€draft€law€on€the€comprehensive€protection€of€theÐ $ t Ðrights€of€the€child,€which€has€not€yet€been€enacted,€includes€provisions€for€the€creation€of€a€ChildÐ  ` ÐRights€Defender.Ð ü L  ÐÌ47.€€The€Committee€encourages€the€State€party,€as€previously€recommended€(ibid.,€para.€15),€toÐ Ô$  Ðestablish€an€independent€and€effective€mechanism,€in€accordance€with€the€principles€relating€to€theÐ À  Ðstatus€of€national€institutions€for€the€promotion€and€protection€of€human€rights€(The€Paris€Principles)Ð ¬ü  Ð(General€Assembly€resolution€48/134,€annex),€either€as€a€part€of€a€national€human€rights€institutionÐ ˜è  Ðor€as€a€separate€body,€such€as€a€children€ombudsman,€which€should€be€provided€with€adequateÐ „Ô  Ðhuman€and€financial€resources€and€easily€accessible€to€children,€that€would:Ð pÀ ÐÌ(a)€€Monitor€the€implementation€of€the€Convention;€Ð H˜ ÐÌ(b)€€Deal€with€complaints€from€children€in€a€child„sensitive€and€expeditious€manner;Ð  p ÐÌ(c)€€Provide€remedies€for€violations€of€their€rights€under€the€Convention.€Ð øH ÐÌIn€this€regard,€the€Committee€further€recommends€that€the€State€party€consider€seeking€technicalÐ Ð  Ðassistance€from,€among€others,€UNICEF€and€the€Office€of€the€United€Nations€High€CommissionerÐ ¼  Ðfor€Human€Rights€(Ô_ÔOHCHRÔ_Ô).Ð ¨ø ÐÌòòData€collectionóóÐ €Ð ÐÌ48.€€The€Committee€notes€the€establishment€of€a€unified€system€of€collecting€data,€yet€remainsÐ X ¨ Ðconcerned€that€statistical€data€about€children€do€not€cover€sufficiently€and€in€a€Ô_ÔdisaggregatedÔ_Ô€mannerÐ D!” Ðall€areas€covered€under€the€Convention€and€that,€when€available,€are€not€used€in€an€adequate€mannerÐ 0"€  Ðto€assess€trends€and€as€a€basis€for€policy„making€in€the€field€of€childrenððs€rights.Ð #l! ÐÌ49.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party:Ð ô$D # ÐÌ(a)€€Improve€its€system€of€data€collection€with€a€view€to€incorporating€all€the€areas€covered€by€theÐ Ì&"% ÐConvention€in€a€Ô_ÔdisaggregatedÔ_Ô€manner.€€Such€a€system€should€cover€all€children€below€the€age€ofÐ ¸'#& Ð18€years,€with€specific€emphasis€on€those€who€are€particularly€vulnerable,€including€children€withÐ ¤(ô#' Ðdisabilities;Ð )à$( ÐÌ(b)€€Effectively€use€these€indicators€and€data€for€the€formulation€and€evaluation€of€policies€andÐ h+¸&* Ðprogrammes€for€the€implementation€and€monitoring€of€the€Convention.Ð T,¤'+ ÐÐ @-(, Ð2.€€òòDefinition€of€the€childóóÐ ° ÐÌ50.€€The€Committee€reiterates€its€concern€at€the€disparity€between€the€ages€of€marriage€for€boys€andÐ ˆØ Ðgirls€in€Argentine€law€(ibid.,€para.€10).Ð tÄ ÐÌ51.€€In€light€of€articles€1€and€2€and€other€related€provisions€of€the€Convention,€the€CommitteeÐ L œ Ðrecommends€that€the€State€party€review€its€legislation€with€a€view€to€increasing€the€minimum€ageÐ 8 ˆ Ðof€marriage€of€girls€to€that€of€boys.€Ð $ t ÐÌ3.€€òòGeneral€principlesóóÐ ü L  ÐÌ52.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€that€the€principles€of€non„discrimination,€the€best€interests€of€theÐ Ô$  Ðchild,€the€right€to€life,€survival€and€development€of€the€child€and€respect€for€the€views€of€the€childÐ À  Ðare€not€fully€reflected€in€the€State€partyððs€legislation€and€administrative€and€judicial€decisions,€or€inÐ ¬ü  Ðpolicies€and€programmes€relevant€to€children€at€federal,€provincial€and€local€levels.Ð ˜è  ÐÌ53.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party:Ð pÀ ÐÌ(a)€€Appropriately€integrate€the€general€principles€of€the€Convention,€namely€articles€2,€3,€6€and€12,Ð H˜ Ðin€all€relevant€legislation€concerning€children;Ð 4„ ÐÌ(b)€€Apply€them€in€all€political,€judicial€and€administrative€decisions,€as€well€as€in€projects,Ð  \ Ðprogrammes€and€services€which€have€an€impact€on€all€children;Ð øH ÐÌ(c)€€Apply€these€principles€in€planning€and€policy„making€at€every€level,€as€well€as€in€actions€takenÐ Ð  Ðby€social€and€health€welfare€and€educational€institutions,€courts€of€law€and€administrative€authorities.Ð ¼  ÐÌòòNon„discriminationóóÐ ”ä ÐÌ54.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€that€the€principle€of€non„discrimination€is€not€fully€implementedÐ l¼ Ðfor€children€living€in€poverty,€indigenous€children,€children€of€migrant€workers,€primarily€those€fromÐ X ¨ Ðneighbouring€countries,€street€children,€children€with€disabilities€and€Ô_ÔmarginalizedÔ_Ô€adolescents€whoÐ D!” Ðare€neither€studying€nor€working,€especially€with€regard€to€their€access€to€adequate€health€care€andÐ 0"€  Ðeducational€facilities.€Ð #l! ÐÌ55.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party:ò òÐ ô$D # ÐÌó ó(a)€€Monitor€the€situation€of€children,€in€particular€those€belonging€to€the€above-mentionedÐ Ì&"% Ðvulnerable€groups,€who€are€exposed€to€discrimination;Ð ¸'#& ÐÌ(b)€€Develop,€on€the€basis€of€the€results€of€this€monitoring,€comprehensive€strategies€containingÐ )à$( Ðspecific€and€well„targeted€actions€aimed€at€eliminating€all€forms€of€discrimination.Ð |*Ì%) ÐÌ56.€€The€Committee€requests€that€specific€information€be€included€in€the€next€periodic€report€onÐ T,¤'+ Ðmeasures€and€programmes€relevant€to€the€Convention€undertaken€by€the€State€party€to€follow€up€onÐ @-(, Ðthe€Durban€Declaration€and€Programme€of€Action€adopted€at€the€World€Conference€against€Racism,Ð ° ÐRacial€Discrimination,€Xenophobia€and€Related€Intolerance,€and€taking€account€of€the€CommitteeððsÐ œì ÐGeneral€Comment€No.€1€on€article€29,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Convention€(aims€of€education).Ð ˆØ ÐÌòòRespect€for€the€views€of€the€childóóÐ `° ÐÌ57.€€The€Committee€notes€that€the€right€of€all€children€to€participate€in€schools,€as€well€as€outsideÐ 8 ˆ Ðin€all€matters€concerning€them,€needs€to€be€further€strengthened.Ð $ t ÐÌ58.€€In€light€of€article€12,€the€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party:Ð ü L  ÐÌ(a)€€Follow€up€on€the€Committeeððs€previous€recommendation€(ibid.,€para.€21)€that€further€steps€beÐ Ô$  Ðtaken€to€encourage€the€active€participation€of€children€in€schools,€and€in€society€in€general,€in€theÐ À  Ðspirit€of€article€12€of€the€Convention;Ð ¬ü  ÐÌ(b)€€Make€sure€that€all€children€mature€enough€to€express€their€views€are€heard€in€all€judicial€andÐ „Ô  Ðadministrative€procedures€affecting€them;Ð pÀ ÐÌ(c)€€Undertake€campaigns€to€make€children,€parents,€professionals€working€with€and€for€children€andÐ H˜ Ðthe€public€at€large€aware€that€children€have€the€right€to€be€heard€and€to€have€their€views€takenÐ 4„ Ðseriously.Ð  p ÐÌ4.€€òòCivil€rights€and€freedomsóóÐ øH ÐÌòòPreservation€of€identityóóÐ Ð  ÐÌ59.€€The€Committee€recognizes€the€work€done€by€the€National€Commission€for€the€Right€to€anÐ ¨ø ÐIdentity€to€recover€children€missing€during€the€military€regime€in€power€from€1976€to€1983,€andÐ ”ä Ðnotes€that€out€of€an€estimated€500€cases€of€disappearances€of€children,€73€have€been€found.Ð €Ð ÐÌ60.€€In€light€of€article€8€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€encourages€the€State€party€to€continue€andÐ X ¨ Ðstrengthen€its€efforts€to€recover€the€children€who€disappeared€during€the€military€regime.€€Ð D!” ÐÌòòRight€not€to€be€subjected€to€tortureóóÐ #l! ÐÌ61.€€The€Committee€expresses€its€deep€concern€about€institutional€violence€and€specific€reports€ofÐ ô$D # Ðtorture€and€ill„treatment€of€children€held€at€police€stations€(òòÔ_ÔcommissariasÔ_Ôóó)€which,€in€some€cases,Ð à%0!$ Ðhave€resulted€in€death.€€It€is€also€extremely€concerned€at€additional€reports€of€police€brutality,Ð Ì&"% Ðspecifically€the€phenomenon€of€òòÔ_ÔgatilloÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔfcilÔ_Ôóó€(easy€trigger€syndrome),€especially€in€the€Province€ofÐ ¸'#& ÐBuenos€Aires,€which€has€led€to€the€death€of€many€children.€€It€notes€that,€according€to€the€SupremeÐ ¤(ô#' ÐCourt€of€Justice€of€the€Province€of€Buenos€Aires,€several€of€the€children€who€died€had€previouslyÐ )à$( Ðreported€pressures€and€torture€by€the€provincial€police€and€that€the€majority€of€the€cases€are€notÐ |*Ì%) Ðadequately€investigated€and€the€perpetrators€not€brought€to€justice.Ð h+¸&* ÐÌ62.€€In€light€of€article€37€(a)€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€urges€the€State€party:Ð @-(, Ї(a)€€To€undertake€a€study€on€the€above„mentioned€issues€in€order€to€assess€their€extent,€scope€andÐ ° Ðnature;Ð œì ÐÌ(b)€€To€enforce€the€recently€signed€National€Plan€of€Action€for€the€Prevention€and€Elimination€ofÐ tÄ ÐInstitutional€Violence;€Ð `° ÐÌ(c)€€To€investigate,€in€an€effective€way€and€within€a€reasonable€time,€reported€cases€of€killings,Ð 8 ˆ Ðtorture€and€ill„treatment€of€children;Ð $ t ÐÌ(d)€€Urgently€to€take€measures€to€transfer€from€active€duty€or€suspend,€as€appropriate,€allegedÐ ü L  Ðperpetrators€while€they€are€under€investigation,€and€release€them€from€service€if€convicted;Ð è 8  ÐÌ(e)€€To€provide€systematic€training€of€law€enforcement€personnel€in€human€and€childrenððs€rights€andÐ À  Ðways€to€avoid€the€use€of€force;€Ð ¬ü  ÐÌ(f)€€To€establish€a€complaint€mechanism,€which€should€be€easily€accessible€and€child„sensitive€andÐ „Ô  Ðinform€children€about€their€rights,€including€the€right€to€complain;Ð pÀ ÐÌ(g)€€To€ensure€that€independent€and€qualified€medical€personnel€are€required€to€carry€out€regularÐ H˜ Ðexaminations€of€child€detainees;€Ð 4„ ÐÌ(h)€€In€light€of€article€39,€to€take€all€appropriate€measures€to€ensure€possibilities€for€physical€andÐ  \ Ðpsychological€recovery€and€social€reintegration€for€child€victims€of€torture€and/or€ill„treatment,€andÐ øH Ðthat€they€receive€compensation.€Ð ä4 ÐÌòòCorporal€punishmentóóÐ ¼  ÐÌ63.€€The€Committee€notes€with€concern€that€there€is€no€explicit€prohibition€of€corporal€punishmentÐ ”ä Ðunder€law€and€that€it€is€still€widely€practised€in€the€home€and€in€some€institutions.Ð €Ð ÐÌ64.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€expressly€prohibit€corporal€punishment€in€theÐ X ¨ Ðhome€and€all€institutions€and€carry€out€public€education€campaigns€to€promote€positive,€non„violentÐ D!” Ðforms€of€discipline€as€an€alternative€to€corporal€punishment.Ð 0"€  ÐÌ5.€€òòFamily€environment€and€alternative€careóóÐ $X" ÐÌòòChildren€deprived€of€family€environmentóóÐ à%0!$ ÐÌ65.€€The€Committee€is€deeply€concerned€that€Law€N.10.903€of€1919€and€Law€N.22.278,€which€areÐ ¸'#& Ðcurrently€still€in€force€and€based€on€the€doctrine€of€ð ðirregular€situationðð,€do€not€distinguish€betweenÐ ¤(ô#' Ðchildren€in€need€of€care€and€protection€and€those€in€conflict€with€the€law,€in€terms€of€judicialÐ )à$( Ðprocedures€and€treatment.Ð |*Ì%) ÐÌ66.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€establish€appropriate€mechanisms€andÐ T,¤'+ Ðprocedures€to€address€the€situation€of€children€in€need€of€care€and€protection€that€can€beÐ @-(, Ðimplemented€immediately€once€the€draft€law€on€the€comprehensive€protection€of€the€rights€of€theÐ ° Ðchild€currently€under€consideration€(òòmedia€Ô_Ôsancið;ðnÔ_Ôóó)€comes€into€force,€replacing€Laws€N.10.903€andÐ œì ÐN.22.278.Ð ˆØ ÐÌ67.€€The€Committee€expresses€its€serious€concern€about€the€number€of€children,€in€particular€childrenÐ `° Ðfrom€poor€families,€who€are€deprived€of€a€family€environment€andò ò€ó óplaced€in€public€assistanceÐ L œ Ðinstitutions€or€residential€homes,€often€far€from€their€home.€Ð < Œ ÐÌ68.€€In€light€of€article€20€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party:€Ð  d ÐÌ(a)€€Take€effective€measures€to€increase€and€strengthen€foster€care,€family„type€foster€homes€andÐ ì <  Ðother€family„based€alternative€care;Ð Ø(  ÐÌ(b)€€Place€children€in€institutions€only€as€a€measure€of€last€resort;€Ð °  ÐÌ(c)€€Take€all€necessary€measures€to€improve€conditions€in€institutions;€Ð ˆØ  ÐÌ(d)€€Provide€support€and€training€for€personnel€working€in€institutions;€Ð `° ÐÌ(e)€€Establish€effective€mechanisms€to€receive€and€address€complaints€from€children€in€care,€toÐ 8ˆ Ðmonitor€standards€of€care€and,€in€light€of€article€25€of€the€Convention,€to€establishò ò€ó óregular€periodicÐ $t Ðreview€of€placement.€Ð d ÐÌòòAbuse€and€neglectóóÐ ì< ÐÌ69.€€The€Committee,€while€noting€the€adoption€of€Law€24.417€on€protection€against€domesticÐ Ä Ðviolence,€remains€concerned€about€the€extent€of€domestic€violence,€the€lack€of€standardizedÐ ° Ðprocedures€for€the€identification€and€reporting€of€cases€of€neglect,€ill„treatment€and€abuse,€and€theÐ œì Ðlimited€services€for€the€support€of€victims,€especially€in€the€provinces.€ò òÐ ˆØ ÐÌó ó70.€€In€light€of€article€19€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party:€Ð ` ° ÐÌ(a)€€Undertake€studies€on€domestic€violence,€violence€against€children,€ill-treatment€and€abuse,Ð 8"ˆ  Ðincluding€sexual€abuse,€and€expand€the€system€of€data€collection€for€the€whole€country€so€as€to€keepÐ $#t! Ða€record€of€incidents€of€physical€and€mental€violence€and€neglect€against€children,€in€order€to€assessÐ $`" Ðthe€extent,€scope€and€nature€of€these€practices;€Ð ü$L # ÐÌ(b)€€Adopt€and€implement€effectively€adequate€measures€and€policies,€including€public€campaigns,Ð Ô&$"% Ðon€alternative€forms€of€discipline,€that€contribute€to€changing€attitudes;Ð À'#& ÐÌ(c)€€Investigate€effectively€cases€of€domestic€violence€and€ill„treatment€and€abuse€of€children,Ð ˜)è$( Ðincluding€sexual€abuse€within€the€family,€within€a€child„sensitive€inquiry€and€judicial€procedure,€inÐ „*Ô%) Ðorder€to€ensure€better€protection€of€child€victims,€including€the€protection€of€their€right€to€privacy;€Ð p+À&* ÐÌ(d)€€Increase€measures€to€provide€support€services€to€children€in€legal€proceedings€and€for€theÐ H-˜(, Ðphysical€and€psychological€recovery€and€social€reintegration€of€victims€of€rape,€abuse,€neglect,€ill„Ð ° Ðtreatment€and€violence,€in€accordance€with€article€39€of€the€Convention;€Ð œì ÐÌ(e)€€Take€into€account€the€Committeeððs€recommendations€adopted€at€its€days€of€general€discussionÐ tÄ Ðon€violence€against€children€within€the€family€and€in€schools€(see€CRC/C/111)€and€on€ð ðStateÐ `° Ðviolence€against€childrenðð€(see€CRC/C/100).Ð L œ ÐÌ6.€€òòBasic€health€and€welfareóóÐ $ t ÐÌòòHealth€and€health€servicesóóÐ ü L  ÐÌ71.€€While€noting€the€decrease€in€the€infant,€child€and€maternal€mortality€rates,€the€Committee€isÐ Ô$  Ðnevertheless€concerned€that€the€rates€remain€high€and€that€there€are€great€disparities€in€these€rates,Ð À  Ðin€particular€with€regard€to€children€from€a€lower€Ô_ÔsocioÔ_Ô„economic€background,€those€living€in€ruralÐ ¬ü  Ðareas,€in€particular€in€the€northern€provinces,€and€indigenous€children.€€It€also€notes€that€6€out€of€10Ð ˜è  Ðinfant€deaths€could€be€avoided€by€low„cost€actions.€€Ð „Ô  ÐÌ72.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party:€Ð \¬ ÐÌ(a)€€Allocate€appropriate€resources€and€develop€comprehensive€policies€and€programmes€to€improveÐ 4„ Ðthe€health€situation€of€all€children€without€discrimination,€in€particular€by€Ô_ÔfocusingÔ_Ô€more€on€healthÐ  p Ðpromotion€and€prevention;Ð  \ ÐÌ(b)€€In€order€to€further€decrease€child€mortality€and€morbidity€and€maternal€mortality€rates,€takeÐ ä4 Ðmeasures€to€implement€the€Reproductive€Health€and€Responsible€Procreation€Act€of€July€2000;Ð Ð  ÐÌ(c)€€Provide€adequate€antenatal€and€post„natal€health„care€services€and€develop€campaigns€to€informÐ ¨ø Ðparents€about€basic€child€health€and€nutrition,€the€advantages€of€breastfeeding,€hygiene€andÐ ”ä Ðenvironmental€sanitation,€family€planning€and€reproductive€health,€especially€in€the€provinces.Ð €Ð ÐÌòòMalnutritionóóÐ X ¨ ÐÌ73.€€The€Committee€notes€with€deep€concern€that€the€increasing€rate€of€malnutrition€is€affecting,Ð 0"€  Ðaccording€to€the€most€recent€statistics,€more€than€4€million€children,€in€particular€newborn€babiesÐ #l! Ðand€those€living€in€the€northern€provinces.€€It€further€notes€that€the€impact€of€the€economic€crisis€onÐ $X" Ðchildrenððs€state€of€health€and€nutrition€has€not€yet€been€assessed.€€Ð ô$D # ÐÌ74.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party:Ð Ì&"% ÐÌ(a)€€Undertake€a€study€on€child€malnutrition€and€create€a€comprehensive€system€of€statistics€to€keepÐ ¤(ô#' Ða€record€of€malnutrition€cases€in€order€to€assess€the€extent,€scope€and€nature€of€this€phenomenon;Ð )à$( ÐÌ(b)€€Develop€a€comprehensive€nutritional€programme€in€order€to€prevent€and€combat€malnutrition;Ð h+¸&* ÐÌ(c)€€Seek€international€cooperation€from,€among€others,€UNICEF€and€the€World€Health€OrganizationÐ @-(, Ð(WHO).Ð ° ÐÌòòAdolescent€healthóóÐ ˆØ ÐÌ75.€€The€Committee€notes€with€concern€the€growing€number€of€cases€of€HIV/AIDS€among€the€youth,Ð `° Ðnotwithstanding€the€existing€National€Plan€of€Action€for€HIV/AIDS,€and€reiterates€its€concern€(ibid.,Ð L œ Ðpara.€12)€about€the€number€of€teenage€pregnancies,€in€particular€in€some€of€the€provinces.Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌ76.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party:€Ð  ` ÐÌ(a)€€Review€and€reactivate€its€programmes€against€HIV/AIDS€and€increase€its€efforts€to€promoteÐ è 8  Ðadolescent€health€policies.€€Due€attention€should€be€given€to€reproductive€health,€and€the€programmeÐ Ô$  Ðof€health€and€sexual€education€in€schools€should€be€further€strengthened;€Ð À  ÐÌ(b)€€Undertake€a€comprehensive€and€Ô_ÔmultidisciplinaryÔ_Ô€study€to€assess€the€scope€and€nature€ofÐ ˜è  Ðadolescent€health€problems,€including€the€negative€impact€of€sexually€transmitted€diseases€andÐ „Ô  ÐHIV/AIDS,€and€continue€to€develop€adequate€policies€and€programmes;Ð pÀ ÐÌ(c)€€Take€further€measures,€including€the€allocation€of€adequate€human€and€financial€resources,€toÐ H˜ Ðevaluate€the€effectiveness€of€training€programmes€in€health€education,€in€particular€as€regardsÐ 4„ Ðreproductive€health,€and€to€develop€youth„sensitive€and€confidential€counselling,€care€andÐ  p Ðrehabilitation€facilities€that€are€accessible€without€parental€consent€when€this€is€in€the€best€interestsÐ  \ Ðof€the€child;Ð øH ÐÌ(d)€€Seek€technical€cooperation€from,€among€others,€Ô_ÔUNFPAÔ_Ô,€UNICEF,€WHO€and€Ô_ÔUNAIDSÔ_Ô.Ð Ð  ÐÌòòChildren€with€disabilitiesóóÐ ¨ø ÐÌ77.€€The€Committee€notes€with€concern€that€there€is€a€lack€of€information€about€children€withÐ €Ð Ðdisabilities€in€Argentina.€€It€further€notes€with€concern€that€there€are€cases€of€children€beingÐ l¼ Ðinstitutionalized€because€of€insufficient€support€to€poor€families€with€disabled€children.Ð X ¨ ÐÌ78.€€In€light€of€article€23€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party:€Ð 0"€  ÐÌ(a)€€Undertake€studies€on€the€situation€of€children€with€disabilities€in€order€to€assess€its€extent,€scopeÐ $X" Ðand€nature;€Ð ô$D # ÐÌ(b)€€Undertake€measures€to€ensure€that€the€situation€of€children€with€disabilities€is€monitored€in€orderÐ Ì&"% Ðto€assess€their€situation€and€address€their€needs€effectively;€Ð ¸'#& ÐÌ(c)€€Conduct€public€awareness€campaigns€to€raise€awareness€of€the€situation€and€the€rights€ofÐ )à$( Ðchildren€with€disabilities;€Ð |*Ì%) ÐÌ(d)€€Allocate€the€necessary€resources€for€programmes€and€facilities€for€all€children€with€disabilities,Ð T,¤'+ Ðespecially€the€ones€living€in€the€provinces,€and€strengthen€community„based€programmes€to€enableÐ @-(, Ðthem€to€stay€at€home€with€their€families;€Ð ° ÐÌ(e)€€Support€the€parents€of€children€with€disabilities€with€counselling€and,€when€necessary,€financialÐ ˆØ Ðsupport;Ð tÄ ÐÌ(f)€€In€light€of€the€Standard€Rules€on€the€Equalization€of€Opportunities€for€Persons€with€DisabilitiesÐ L œ Ð(General€Assembly€resolution€48/96,€annex)€and€the€Committeeððs€recommendations€adopted€at€itsÐ 8 ˆ Ðday€of€general€discussion€on€the€rights€of€children€with€disabilities€(CRC/C/69,€paras.€310„339),Ð $ t Ðfurther€encourage€their€integration€into€the€regular€educational€system€and€their€inclusion€intoÐ  ` Ðsociety,€including€by€providing€special€training€to€teachers€and€by€making€schools€more€accessible.Ð ü L  ÐÌòòStandard€of€livingóóÐ Ô$  ÐÌ79.€€The€Committee€notes€with€concern€that€the€recent€economic,€political€and€social€crises€haveÐ ¬ü  Ðcaused€increased€poverty,€particularly€among€children€and€vulnerable€groups.Ð ˜è  ÐÌ80.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€continue€its€efforts€to€prevent,€includingÐ pÀ Ðthrough€a€comprehensive€poverty€reduction€strategy€which€incorporates€human€rights€principles,€aÐ \¬ Ðdecline€in€living€standards€of€families,€in€particular€among€vulnerable€groups.Ð H˜ ÐÌ7.€€òòEducation,€leisure€and€cultural€activitiesóóÐ  p ÐÌòòEducationóóÐ øH ÐÌ81.€€The€Committee,€while€noting€the€increase€in€school€enrolment€for€both€primary€and€secondaryÐ Ð  Ðeducation,€remains€concerned€at€the€limited€access€to€education€and€at€the€high€drop€out€andÐ ¼  Ðrepetition€rates,€especially€at€secondary€school€level,€which€affect,€in€particular,€children€fromÐ ¨ø ÐÔ_ÔmarginalizedÔ_Ô€urban€and€rural€areas,€indigenous€children€and€children€from€migrant€families,Ð ”ä Ðparticularly€illegal€migrants.€€It€further€notes€with€concern€the€reduction€in€education€spending€whichÐ €Ð Ðaffects,€in€particular,€poorer€children.Ð l¼ ÐÌ82.€€In€light€of€articles€28€and€29€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party:Ð D!” ÐÌ(a)€€Increase€the€budget€allocated€to€education;Ð #l! ÐÌ(b)€€Enforce€the€Social€Plan€of€Education€in€order€to€ensure€regular€attendance€at€school€and€theÐ ô$D # Ðreduction€of€drop€out€rates,€especially€with€regard€to€the€most€vulnerable€children;Ð à%0!$ ÐÌ(c)€€Strengthen€programmes€of€subsidies€and€scholarships€for€the€children€who€are€most€affected€byÐ ¸'#& Ðthe€economic€crisis;Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌ(d)€€Strengthen€and€expand€education€in€human€and€childrenððs€rights;€Ð |*Ì%) ÐÌ(e)€€Improve€the€quality€of€education€in€order€to€achieve€the€goals€mentioned€in€article€29,€paragraphÐ T,¤'+ Ð1,€in€line€with€the€Committeeððs€General€Comment€No.€1€on€the€aims€of€education.Ð @-(, Ї8.€€òòSpecial€protection€measuresóóÐ ° ÐÌòòEconomic€exploitationóóÐ ˆØ ÐÌ83.€€The€Committee,€while€noting€that€the€State€party€ratified€ILO€Conventions€No.€138€concerningÐ `° ÐMinimum€Age€for€Admission€to€Employment€in€1996€and€No.€182€concerning€the€Prohibition€andÐ L œ ÐImmediate€Action€for€the€Elimination€of€the€Worst€Forms€of€Child€Labour€in€2001,€notes€with€deepÐ 8 ˆ Ðconcern€the€growing€number€of€children€under€14€who€are€exploited€economically,€in€particular€inÐ $ t Ðrural€areas,€because€of€the€economic€crisis.€€It€is€also€concerned€at€the€lack€of€data€and€informationÐ  ` Ðwith€regard€to€this€issue.Ð ü L  ЀÌ84.€€In€light€of€article€32€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party:€Ð Ô$  ÐÌ(a)€€Undertake€a€comprehensive€study€on€child€labour€in€order€to€assess€the€extent,€scope€and€natureÐ ¬ü  Ðof€this€problem;€Ð ˜è  ÐÌ(b)€€Continue€to€enforce€and€strengthen€its€legislation€to€provide€protection€for€working€children€inÐ pÀ Ðaccordance€with€ILO€Conventions€Nos.€138€and€182,€inter€alia€with€a€view€to€increasing€theÐ \¬ Ðminimum€age€to€15;€Ð H˜ ÐÌ(c)€€Continue€to€develop€and€ensure€the€adoption€of€the€National€Plan€to€Prevent€and€Eradicate€ChildÐ  p ÐLabour;Ð  \ ÐÌ(d)€€Establish€a€reliable€system€of€gathering€information€on€child€labour;€Ð ä4 ÐÌ(e)€€Combat€and€eradicate€as€effectively€as€possible€all€forms€of€child€labour,€including€byÐ ¼  Ðstrengthening€its€cooperation€with€ILO/Ô_ÔIPECÔ_Ô€and€UNICEF.Ð ¨ø ÐÌòòSexual€exploitation€and€traffickingóóÐ €Ð ÐÌ85.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€that€the€phenomenon€of€child€prostitution,€especially€in€big€cities,Ð X ¨ Ðis€increasing.€€It€further€notes€that,€although€a€National€Plan€of€Action€to€Combat€Commercial€SexualÐ D!” ÐExploitation€of€Children€was€adopted€in€2000,€coordinated€policies€and€programmes€on€this€issueÐ 0"€  Ðhave€yet€to€be€formulated.Ð #l! ÐÌ86.€€In€light€of€articles€32€to€36€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party:€Ð ô$D # ÐÌ(a)€€Undertake€a€study€on€the€issue€of€commercial€sexual€exploitation€and€trafficking€of€children€inÐ Ì&"% Ðorder€to€assess€its€scope€and€causes€and€develop€effective€monitoring€and€other€preventive€measures;€Ð ¸'#& ÐÌ(b)€€Combat€and€eliminate€commercial€sexual€exploitation€and€trafficking€of€children,€includingÐ )à$( Ðthrough€the€enforcement€of€the€National€Plan€of€Action€and€the€development€of€social€integrationÐ |*Ì%) Ðprogrammes€and€policies€and€programmes€for€the€rehabilitation€and€recovery€of€child€victims,€inÐ h+¸&* Ðaccordance€with€the€Declaration€and€Agenda€for€Action€and€the€Global€Commitment€adopted€at€theÐ T,¤'+ Ð1996€and€2001€World€Congresses€against€Commercial€Sexual€Exploitation€of€Children.Ð @-(, ЇòòAdministration€of€juvenile€justiceóóÐ ° ÐÌ87.€€The€Committee€notes€with€satisfaction€the€enactment€of€the€Bill€on€the€Criminal€ResponsibilityÐ ˆØ Ðof€Juveniles€which€establishes€limits€on€juvenile€criminal€responsibility€and€procedures€to€beÐ tÄ Ðfollowed,€in€accordance€with€article€40,€paragraph€3,€of€the€Convention.€€However,€it€reiterates€itsÐ `° Ðdeep€concern€that€Law€N.10.903€of€1919€and€Law€N.22.278,€currently€in€force€and€based€on€theÐ L œ Ðdoctrine€of€ð ðirregular€situationðð,€do€not€make€a€clear€distinction€between€children€in€need€of€care€andÐ 8 ˆ Ðprotection€and€those€in€conflict€with€the€law.€€In€this€regard,€the€Committee€notes€that€there€areÐ $ t Ðseveral€draft€laws€for€the€reform€of€the€juvenile€justice€system€under€discussion€before€Parliament,Ð  ` Ðunder€which€a€judge€can€order€the€detention€of€children€without€due€process€only€because€of€theirÐ ü L  Ðsocial€situation€and€that€this€decision€cannot€be€appealed.€€In€addition,€it€expresses€its€concern€at€theÐ è 8  Ðfact€that,€under€article€205€of€the€Code€of€Criminal€Procedure,€a€child€may€be€held€inÐ Ô$  Ðincommunicado€detention€for€a€maximum€of€72€hours.€€It€further€notes€with€concern€the€poorÐ À  Ðconditions€of€children€in€detention,€including€the€lack€of€adequate€basic€services€such€as€educationÐ ¬ü  Ðand€health,€the€absence€of€adequately€trained€staff,€and€the€use€of€corporal€punishment€and€isolation.€Ð ˜è  ÐÌ88.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party:€Ð pÀ ÐÌ(a)€€Review€its€laws€and€practices€regarding€the€juvenile€justice€system€in€order€to€bring€them,€asÐ H˜ Ðsoon€as€possible,€into€full€compliance€with€the€Convention,€in€particular€articles€37,€40€and€39,€asÐ 4„ Ðwell€as€with€other€relevant€international€standards€in€this€area,€such€as€the€United€Nations€StandardÐ  p ÐMinimum€Rules€for€the€Administration€of€Juvenile€Justice€(the€Beijing€Rules)€and€the€UnitedÐ  \ ÐNations€Guidelines€for€the€Prevention€of€Juvenile€Delinquency€(the€Riyadh€Guidelines);€Ð øH ÐÌ(b)€€Expedite€the€above,€including€by€allocating€adequate€human€and€financial€resources;Ð Ð  ÐÌ(c)€€Ensure€that€there€is€a€clear€distinction€in€terms€of€procedures€and€treatment€between€children€inÐ ¨ø Ðconflict€with€the€law€and€children€in€need€of€protection;Ð ”ä ÐÌ(d)€€Use€detention,€including€pre„trial€detention,€only€as€a€measure€of€last€resort,€for€as€short€a€timeÐ l¼ Ðas€possible€and€for€no€longer€than€the€period€prescribed€by€law€and€ensure€that€children€are€alwaysÐ X ¨ Ðseparated€from€adults;€Ð D!” ÐÌ(e)€€Use€alternative€measures€to€pre„trial€detention€and€other€forms€of€deprivation€of€liberty€wheneverÐ #l! Ðpossible;€Ð $X" ÐÌ(f)€€Incorporate€into€its€legislation€and€practices€the€United€Nations€Rules€for€the€Protection€ofÐ à%0!$ ÐJuveniles€Deprived€of€their€Liberty,€in€particular€to€guarantee€them€access€to€effective€complaintÐ Ì&"% Ðprocedures€covering€all€aspects€of€their€treatment;€Ð ¸'#& ÐÌ(g)€€Take€the€necessary€measures€to€improve€detention€conditions;Ð )à$( ÐÌ(h)€€In€light€of€article€39,€take€appropriate€measures€to€promote€the€recovery€and€social€reintegrationÐ h+¸&* Ðof€the€children€involved€in€the€juvenile€justice€system;€Ð T,¤'+ ÐÐ @-(, Ð(Ô_ÔiÔ_Ô)€€Seek€assistance€from,€among€others,€Ô_ÔOHCHRÔ_Ô,€the€United€Nations€Centre€for€International€CrimeÐ ° ÐPrevention,€the€International€Network€on€Juvenile€Justice€and€UNICEF,€through€the€United€NationsÐ œì ÐCoordination€Panel€on€Technical€Advice€and€Assistance€on€Juvenile€Justice.€Ð ˆØ ÐÌ9.€€òòOptional€ProtocolsóóÐ `° ÐÌ89.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€State€partyððs€ratification€of€the€Optional€Protocol€to€theÐ 8 ˆ ÐConvention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€on€the€involvement€of€children€in€armed€conflict,€but€notesÐ $ t Ðthat€it€has€not€yet€ratified€the€Optional€Protocol€on€the€sale€of€children,€child€prostitution€and€childÐ  ` Ðpornography.Ð ü L  ÐÌ90.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€continue€to€pursue€ongoing€efforts€towards€theÐ Ô$  Ðratification€of€the€Optional€Protocol€on€the€sale€of€children,€child€prostitution€and€child€pornography.Ð À  ÐÌ10.€€òòDissemination€of€reportsóóÐ ˜è  ÐÌ91.€€Finally,€the€Committee€recommends€that,€in€light€of€article€44,€paragraph€6,€of€the€Convention,Ð pÀ Ðthe€second€periodic€report€and€written€replies€presented€by€the€State€party€be€made€widely€availableÐ \¬ Ðto€the€public€at€large€and€that€the€publication€of€the€report€be€considered,€along€with€the€relevantÐ H˜ Ðsummary€records€and€the€concluding€observations€adopted€by€the€Committee.€€Such€a€documentÐ 4„ Ðshould€be€widely€distributed€in€order€to€generate€debate€and€awareness€of€the€Convention€and€itsÐ  p Ðimplementation€and€monitoring€within€the€Government,€the€Parliament€and€the€general€public,Ð  \ Ðincluding€concerned€non-governmental€organizations.Ð øH ÐÌ11.€€òòNext€reportsóóÐ Ð  ÐÌ92.€€The€Committee€underlines€the€importance€of€a€reporting€practice€that€is€in€full€compliance€withÐ ¨ø Ðthe€provisions€of€article€44€of€the€Convention.€€An€important€aspect€of€Statesðð€responsibilities€toÐ ”ä Ðchildren€under€the€Convention€is€to€ensure€that€the€Committee€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€has€regularÐ €Ð Ðopportunities€to€examine€the€progress€made€in€the€implementation€of€the€Convention.€€In€this€regard,Ð l¼ Ðregular€and€timely€reporting€by€States€parties€is€crucial.€€The€Committee€recognizes€that€some€StatesÐ X ¨ Ðparties€experience€difficulties€in€reporting€in€a€timely€and€regular€manner.€€As€an€exceptionalÐ D!” Ðmeasure,€in€order€to€help€the€State€party€catch€up€with€its€reporting€obligations€in€full€complianceÐ 0"€  Ðwith€the€Convention,€the€Committee€invites€the€State€party€to€submit€its€next€periodic€report€beforeÐ #l! Ðthe€due€date€established€under€the€Convention€for€the€fourth€periodic€report,€i.e.€2€January€2008.€Ð $X" ÐThat€report€will€be€a€combined€third€and€fourth€periodic€report.Ð ô$D # ÐÔUS.,CE.,Ð#Ô