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AdoptsthisDecisionunderarticle22,paragraph7,oftheConvention. % # 1.1ThecomplainantisMr.M.P.S.,aSriLankannationalofTamilethnicity,who,atthetimeof P(#& submittinghiscomplaint,wasdetainedattheVillawoodDetentionCentreinSydney,Australia.He @)$' claimsthathisremovaltoSriLankaentailedaviolationofarticle3oftheConventionagainst 0*%( TortureandOtherCruel,InhumanorDegradingTreatmentorPunishmentbyAustralia.Heis  +p&) representedbycounsel. ,`'* 1.2Inaccordancewitharticle22,paragraph3,oftheConvention,theCommitteetransmittedthe -@), complainttotheStatepartyon21June1999at2.35p.m.Genevatime.Atthesametime,acting  underrule108ofitsrulesofprocedure,theCommitteerequestedtheStatepartynottoexpelthe  complainanttoSriLankawhilehiscomplaintwasbeingconsidered.TheCommitteenotesthe  informationfromtheStatepartythatthecomplainantwasremovedfromAustraliaon21June1999.  TheSecretaryGeneral'snote_verbale_ԀwasreceivedbythePermanentMissionofAustraliawhenthe p complainanthadallegedlyalreadybeendeportedtoSriLanka. `  Thefactsassubmittedbythecomplainant @  2.1On9September1997,thecomplainantarrivedinAustraliawithoutapassportorother  p  identificationpapers.On15September1997,heappliedforrefugeestatus(protectionvisa)tothe `  DepartmentofImmigrationandMulticulturalAffairs.Hisapplicationwasrejectedon25September P  1997.ThedecisionnottograntaprotectionvisawasconfirmedbytheRefugeeReviewTribunal @  (_RRT_)on30October1997,afterconductingahearing,wherealegaladviserandaninterpreter 0  assistedthecomplainant.UpondecisionoftheFederalCourtof13May1998,thematterwas   referredbacktothe_RRT_Ԁforredetermination.On20August1998,theTribunaldecidedagainnot  tograntaprotectionvisa,afterhearingthecomplainant.On3February1999,thefederalCourt  dismissedthecomplainant'sappealagainstthesecond_RRT_Ԁdecision.AnappealtotheFullCourt  oftheFederalCourtwasdismissedon14May1999.On3November1997,20August1998and18  June1999,hiscasewasconsiderednottosatisfytherequirementsforgrantingavisatoremainin  Australiaonhumanitariangrounds.Counselsubmitsthatalleffectivedomesticremedieshavebeen p exhausted. ` 2.2Counselsubmitsthatthecomplainantlivedin_Nuwara_Ԁ_Eliya_,anareainthesouthofSriLanka. @ In1989,whenfightingbrokeoutbetweentheproSinhalesemovement_Janatha_Ԁ_Vimurthi_Ԁ_Peramuna_ 0 (_JVP_)andtheGovernmentinthe_Nuwara_Ԁ_Eliya_Ԁarea,thecomplainantwasarrestedanddetainedfor  p sixtosevenmonthsinthe_Diyatalawa_ԀArmyCamponsuspicionofbeingamemberof_JVP_.During ` thistime,thecomplainantwasallegedlyquestionedandsubjectedtotorturebyarmyofficers.The P complainant'sfatherpaidalargeamountofmoneytosecurehisrelease. @ 2.3From1992to1995,membersoftheLiberationTigersofTamil_Eelam_Ԁ(_LTTE_),friendsofhis   wife'sfamily,visitedfrequentlyandthecomplainantwasobligedtoprovidefoodand ! accommodation.Onthelastoccasion,inOctober1995,severalmembersofthe_LTTE_Ԁcametostay "  withhisfamilyfor15days.Duringthistime,theoiltanksin_Kolonawa_,Colombo,werebombed #! andthepolicebelievedthatthepeoplestayingwiththecomplainant'sfamilyhadbeeninvolved.The $" complainantwasallegedlytakentothepolicestationin_Nuwara_Ԁ_Eliya_,interrogatedandtortured.It % # issubmittedthatthecomplainanthadonlybeenreleasedafterthreedaysuponpaymentofalarge p&!$ amountofmoneytothepoliceofficerincharge. `'"% 2.4InFebruary1996,the_LTTE_ԀaccusedthecomplainantofprovidingtheGovernmentwith @)$' informationontheoiltankattack.Counselsubmitsthatthecomplainantwasbeatenandthreatened 0*%( withdeath.Afterinterventionbyhisfamilyandhiswife,hewasspared.  +p&) 2.5TowardstheendofFebruary1996,thecomplainantwasarrestedbythepoliceandtakento -P(+ _Diyathalawa_ԀArmyCamp,detainedforthreedays,andallegedlytortured.Counselsubmitsthatthe -@), fatherofthecomplainantpaidalargeamountofmoneyforhisrelease.Immediatelyafterhisrelease,  thecomplainantfled_Nuwara_Ԁ_Eliya_ԀforfearoftheSriLankanauthoritiesandthe_LTTE_.Hestayed  withfriendsin_Kandy_Ԁandlaterin_Hatton_Ԁforsomemonths,beforehewenttoColombo.  2.6Laterin1996,the_Maradana_ԀpolicearrestedthecomplainantinColombo,detainedhimforone p weekandquestionedhimonhisrelationshipwiththe_LTTE_.Itissubmittedthatthecomplainantwas `  beateneverynightbypoliceofficersandthathewasnotgivenproperfood.InMarch1997,the P  complainantmanagedtofleeSriLankatoCambodia,BangkokandSydney. @  2.7Counselsubmitsthatinviewofthetwoarrestsofthecomplainantwithregardtothe_Kolonawa_  p  bombblast,thereisarealchancethathewouldbearrestedagainshouldhereturntoSriLanka. `  Counselbelievesthatthedocuments,whichhavebeentakenawayfromthecomplainantbythe P  police,havebeensuppliedtothesecretpolice(NIB)and,therefore,theauthoritieswillbeina @  positiontotracethecomplainantwhereverhelives.Counselarguesthatthecomplainanthadbeen 0  arrestedandcometotheattentionofthesecurityforcesforprovidingasafeplaceto_LTTE_Ԁmembers   whoallegedlywereinvolvedinwhatisconsideredtobeoneofthemajorassassinationscommitted  bythe_LTTE_.Thecomplainantwouldverylikelybedetainedandinterrogatedattheairportupon  hisreturntoColombo.  2.8Counselfurthersubmitsthattherearesubstantialgroundsforbelievingthatthecomplainant  wouldbeindangerofbeingsubjectedtotorturebySriLankanpolice,securityforcesandthe_LTTE_ p ifhereturnedtoSriLanka.Thecomplainantexperiencedtortureandilltreatmentbytheauthorities ` andthe_LTTE_Ԁbeforeheleftthecountry.CounselquotesHumanRightsWatchreportsandreports P bytheUnitedStatesDepartmentofStateof1996asevidenceofaconsistentpatternofgrossand @ systematicviolationsofhumanrightsinSriLanka.CounselarguesthatunderthePreventionof 0 TerrorismActandEmergencyRegulationsthepolicecanarrestonthebasisofmeresuspicion,often  p basedonthepresumptionofguiltarisingmerelyfromapersoncomingfromthenorthoreastofthe ` country.Insuchanatmosphere,counselseeseverychancethatthecomplainant,asaTamilspeaking P youngmanfromtheEasternProvinceofSriLanka,willbeharassedandmistreatedbythe @ authoritiesonmeresuspicion.CounselquotesfromSriLankannewspaperheadlinesandarticlesin 0 thisregard.   Thecomplaint "  3.1CounselsubmitsthattheevaluationofevidenceinasylumproceduresinAustraliaisdeficient. $" CounselarguesthattheAustralianimmigrationauthoritiesexpectanapplicanttogivethefullfacts % # onhisclaimuponhisarrival.Counselsubmitsthatthisisnotjustified,asasylumseekersbehave p&!$ initiallyinanirrationalandinadequateway,donottrusttheauthoritiesandareonlyreadytotellthe `'"% trueandcompletestoryafterhavingbeeninthecountryforsometime.Therefore,theopinionofthe P(#& AustralianGovernmentthatwhateverisinvokedlaterisnottrustworthyisconsideredabsurdby @)$' counsel,asincasessuchasthecomplainant'snewstatementshavetobeacceptedbythe_RRT_Ԁin 0*%( spiteofthefactthatthestorywasincoherent,inconsistentandcontradictoryinthebeginning.  +p&) 3.2CounselclaimsthatthedeportationofthecomplainanttoSriLankaviolatedarticle3ofthe -P(+ ConventionagainstTortureandOtherInhumanorDegradingTreatmentorPunishment.Counsel -@), arguesthatthereweresubstantialgroundsforbelievingthatthecomplainantwouldbeindangerof  beingsubjectedtotortureifdeported.Giventheabsoluteprohibitiontoexpelapersonwhereherisks  beingsubjectedtotorture,counselsubmitsthatthecomplainantshouldnothavebeenremoved.  3.3Counselclaimsthattheevidenceofaconsistentpatternofgrossandmassiveviolationsof p humanrightsinSriLankaprohibitstheGovernmentofAustraliafromexpellingthecomplainant. `  Stateparty'sobservationsonadmissibilityandmerits @  4.1TheStatepartysubmitsthatithasbeenitspracticetocomplywithrequestsforinterimmeasures  p  bytheCommitteewheneverithasbeeninapositiontodoso.However,thecomplainantwas `  removedfromAustraliaon21June1999at4.30a.m.Genevatime.Thetextofthecomplaintand P  theCommittee'srequestwasreceivedafterthecomplainanthadbeenremovedfromAustralia,i.e. @  intheordinarymailatthePermanentMissionofAustraliainGenevainthelatemorningof21June 0  1999,and,subsequently,onthesamedayat2.36p.m.GenevatimeontheMission'sfaxmachine.   4.2TheStatepartyconteststheallegationsofproceduralshortcomingswithregardtothehandling  ofevidencewhenconsideringthecaseofthecomplainant.TheStatepartysubmitsthatthe  complainanthasprovidednoevidencethattheallegedproceduralirregularitiesamounttoabreach  ofanyoftheprovisionsoftheConventionand,therefore,thisclaimshouldbedismissedas  inadmissible_ratione_Ԁ_materiae_.Alternatively,theStatepartysubmitsthat,exceptinlimited p circumstances,itisbeyondthecompetenceoftheCommitteetoreviewfindingsoffactorthe ` interpretationofdomesticlegislationbynationalorgansoftheStateparty.Furthermore,theState P partysubmitsthatanyissuearisingfrompossibleerrorsoflawbythefirst_RRT_Ԁdecisionwouldhave @ beenrectifiedsubsequently.Thecomplainantfailedtorefertothesecondandthirddecisionsofthe 0 FederalCourtinthisregard.  p 4.3TheStatepartyconteststhattherearesubstantialgroundsforbelievingthatthecomplainant P wouldbeindangerofbeingsubjectedtotortureifreturnedtoSriLanka.TheStatepartysubmits @ thattheriskofilltreatmentbythe_LTTE_Ԁallegedbythecomplainantdoesnotraiseanissuefor 0 considerationbytheCommittee,becausethecomplainantfailedtoprovideanyevidencethatthe   _LTTE_ԀwouldactwiththeconsentoracquiescenceoftheSriLankanauthorities.Furthermore,the ! complainantfailedtodemonstratethatthe_LTTE_Ԁareexercisingquasigovernmentalauthorityover "  anareatowhichheistobereturnedand,therefore,couldberegardedasanagentforthepurposes #! ofarticle3oftheConvention.Alternatively,theStatepartysubmitsthatthecomplainanthasfailed $" tosubmitthatheisatriskofbeingtorturedbythe_LTTE_.Inthisregard,theStatepartyrequeststhat % # thecomplaintbedeclaredinadmissible_ratione_Ԁ_materiae_.Withregardtotheriskofbeingtortured p&!$ bySriLankanauthorities,theStatepartysubmitsthatthecomplainant'sevidencelackscredibility `'"% or,alternatively,isnotsufficienttoestablishareal,foreseeableandpersonalriskofbeingsubjected P(#& totorture. @)$' 4.4TheStatepartyrequeststhatthecomplaintbedeclaredinadmissible_ratione_Ԁ_materiae_Ԁasfaras  +p&) thecomplainantreliesonaninterpretationofarticle3oftheConventionthatapatternofgross ,`'* violationsofhumanrightsinthereceivingStateissufficienttotriggertheinternationalprotection -P(+ ofarticle3. -@), Ї4.5Finally,theStatepartynotesthattherightnottobetorturedisprotectedunderdomesticlawin  SriLanka.Furthermore,SriLankaratifiedtheConventionandisapartytotheInternational  CovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights.  IssuesandproceedingsbeforetheCommittee p 5.TheCommitteenotesthattheFederalCourthaddismissedthecomplainant'sclaimon18June P  1999,thusleavingthecomplainantwithonlythreedaystoavailhimselfofarticle22ofthe @  Convention. 0  Considerationsoftheadmissibility `  6.1Beforeconsideringanyclaimscontainedinacommunication,theCommitteeagainstTorture @  mustdecidewhetherthecommunicationisadmissibleunderarticle22oftheConvention.The 0  Committeehasascertained,asitisrequiredtodounderarticle22,paragraph5(a),ofthe   Convention,thatthesamematterhasnotbeenandisnotbeingexaminedunderanotherprocedure  ofinternationalinvestigationorsettlement.  6.2TheCommitteenotestheStateparty'sclaimthatthecommunicationisinadmissible_ratione_  _materiae_Ԁ(seeparas.4.24.3).TheCommittee,however,isoftheopinionthattheStateparty's  argumentsraisesubstantiveissueswhichshouldbedealtwithatthemeritsandnottheadmissibility p stage.TheCommittee,therefore,considersthattheconditionslaiddowninarticle22,paragraph5 ` (b),oftheConventionhavebeenmet.SincetheCommitteeseesnofurtherobstaclestoadmissibility, P itdeclaresthecommunicationadmissible. @ Considerationofthemerits  p 7.1TheissuebeforetheCommitteeiswhethertheforcedreturnofthecomplainanttoSriLanka P violatedtheobligationofAustraliaunderarticle3oftheConventionnottoexpelorreturnaperson @ toanotherStatewheretherearesubstantialgroundsforbelievingthatheorshewouldbeindanger 0 ofbeingsubjectedtotorture.   7.2TheCommitteemustdecide,pursuanttoarticle3,paragraph1,oftheConventionwhetherthere "  weresubstantialgroundsforbelievingthattheallegedvictimwouldhavebeenindangerofbeing #! subjectedtotortureuponreturntoSriLanka.Inreachingthisdecision,theCommitteemusttakeinto $" accountallrelevantconsiderations,pursuanttoarticle3,paragraph2,oftheConvention,including % # theexistenceofaconsistentpatternofgross,flagrantormassviolationsofhumanrights.Theaim p&!$ ofthedetermination,however,istoestablishwhethertheindividualconcernedwouldbepersonally `'"% atriskofbeingsubjectedtotortureinthecountrytowhichheorshewouldreturn.Itfollowsthat P(#& theexistenceofaconsistentpatternofgross,flagrantormassviolationsofhumanrightsinacountry @)$' doesnotassuchconstituteasufficientgroundfordeterminingthataparticularpersonwouldbein 0*%( dangerofbeingsubjectedtotortureuponhisreturntothatcountry;additionalgroundsmustexist  +p&) toshowthattheindividualconcernedwouldbepersonallyatrisk.Similarly,theabsenceofa ,`'* consistentpatternofgrossviolationsofhumanrightsdoesnotmeanthatapersoncannotbe -P(+ consideredtobeindangerofbeingsubjectedtotortureinhisorherspecificcircumstances. -@), Ї7.3Inthepresentcase,theCommitteenotestheStateparty'sargumentthatitisbeyondits  competencetoreviewfindingsoffactortheinterpretationofdomesticlegislationbynationalorgans  oftheStateparty.TheCommitteeagreesthatitcannotoverturnanauthoritativedomesticorgan's  interpretationoftheapplicationofdomesticlegislation,butreiteratesthatitisnotboundbyfindings  offactthataremadebyorgansoftheStatepartyandinsteadhasthepower,providedforbyarticle p 22,paragraph4,oftheConvention,offreeassessmentofthefactsbaseduponthefullsetof `  circumstancesineverycase1.TheCommitteerecallsthat,eventhoughtheremaybesomeremaining P  doubtastotheveracityofthefactsadducedbyacomplainant,itmustensurethathissecurityisnot @  endangered2.Inordertodothis,itisnotnecessarythatallthefactsinvokedbythecomplainant 0  shouldbeproved;itissufficientthattheCommitteeshouldconsiderthemtobesufficiently  p  substantiatedandreliable. `  7.4Withregardtothecomplainant'sclaimthathewasindangerofbeingsubjectedtotortureby @  the_LTTE_,theCommitteerecallsthattheStateparty'sobligationtorefrainfromforciblyreturning 0  apersontoanotherStatewheretherearesubstantialgroundsforbelievingthatheorshewouldbe   indangerofbeingsubjectedtotortureisdirectlylinkedtothedefinitionoftortureasfoundinarticle  1oftheConvention.ForthepurposesoftheConvention,accordingtoarticle1,"theterm'torture'  meansanyactbywhichseverepainorsuffering,whetherphysicalormental,isintentionally  inflictedonapersonforsuchpurposesasobtainingfromhimorathirdpersoninformationora  confession,punishinghimforanactheorathirdpersonhascommittedorissuspectedofhaving  committed,orintimidatingorcoercinghimorathirdperson,orforanyreasonbasedon p discriminationofanykind,whensuchpainorsufferingisinflictedbyorattheinstigationoforwith ` theconsentoracquiescenceofapublicofficialorotherpersonactinginanofficialcapacity".The P CommitteerecallsitspreviousjurisprudencethattheissuewhethertheStatepartyhasanobligation @ torefrainfromexpellingapersonwhomightriskpainorsufferinginflictedbyanongovernmental 0 entity,withouttheconsentoracquiescenceoftheGovernment,fallsoutsidethescopeofarticle3  p oftheConvention3. ` 7.5TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthereportsoftorturebypublicofficialsinSriLanka, @ includingthosesubmittedbythecomplainant,butpointsoutthat,forthepurposesofarticle3ofthe 0 Convention,substantialgroundsmustexistthatcreateaforeseeable,realandpersonalriskoftorture   inthecountrytowhichthecomplainantistobereturned.Onthebasisofthefactsassubmittedby ! thecomplainant,theCommitteeisoftheopinionthatsuchgroundshavenotbeenestablished. "  Therefore,theCommitteeconsidersthatthecomplainanthasnotsubstantiatedhisclaimthathewas #! personallyatarealriskofbeingsubjectedtotorture,ifreturnedtoSriLanka. $" 8.TheCommitteeagainstTorture,actingunderarticle22,paragraph7,oftheConventionagainst p&!$ TortureandOtherCruel,InhumanorDegradingTreatmentorPunishment,concludesthatthe `'"% removalofthecomplainanttoSriLanka,onthebasisoftheinformationsubmitted,didnot P(#& constituteabreachofarticle3oftheConvention. @)$' Notes ,`'* 1󀀀GeneralCommentNo.1,sixteenthsession(1996),para.9(b). -@), Ї2󀀀See_Mutombo_Ԁ_v._ԀSwitzerland,caseNo.13/1993,Viewsadoptedon27April1994,para.9.2.  3󀀀_G.R.B._Ԁ_v._Ԁ_Sweden,_ԀcaseNo.83/1997,Viewsadoptedon15May1998,para.6.5.  =__