ÿWPC°  š£)4ÏÞ Ý÷¼“Cv#93,M”ö²þés+¾›Gý'ŽŽ”‚õÕŽáEó#¤QD:o3!‹¾{¬¬“`­J6úl2৕©Öu†Ïßô_^%²èåòÇë|!u9|âK+XKßù»©ž •>«–¡#ârO€Š6¾ÐS`©¡g¼L$›|;Y Cõq¤ô&ñ·;Ûl>|†ýÇóôóèþ/ˆ%¬éQîˆ;wxpRk¶ñå4hÿÜÅœD«7–ב\™ÙØÌ·ÉÙJ‘û‹‡r/%Ô7Û¤†/Ô*>£"ó<ã, ¨hñR¤LËßHg÷eoŒ”„ÉІ…Öý†Úlð¤îëvëš•-µí™/S «ü® [n[£Î„A!46x8ýg•U€,ß(z½û˜Y"•bÆY3\¡o\oûUÑîa‚!!ÊIóWw•ÍÑ*aNAN™ºŠ)ƒ˜º§ipÅ7Ä(ü¸¥óÛçÍÈä²?{L›ÁžÐõ.îBeç|uýS4%/‹ø¥ÒÚýQÅ})ħªÍaÍãïF•©°9÷ÂA5±L¯ÞЦÌPgl@<åÖìA½É#ÏLêÐU¬¯°®Ã~‰Ð€Y·‰Œ{Ž Ðlaws€and€practices€that€violated€the€principle€of€equality.€Whereas€formerly€social€policy€had€beenÐ ' w Ðdealt€with€Ô_ÔsectorallyÔ_Ô€in€various€administrative€units,€the€Ô_ÔprogrammeÔ_Ô€for€women€created€in€1992Ð !` Ðunder€the€National€Institute€for€Minors,€Women€and€the€Family€and,€later,€the€National€SecretariatÐ ù!I  Ðfor€Ethnic,€Gender€and€Generational€Affairs€created€in€1993,€had€proposed€sectoral€policies€for€theÐ â"2! Ðfemale€population€to€ensure€an€across-the-board€gender€perspective.Ð Ë#" ÐÌ45.€€The€most€important€policy€measure€was€the€Law€on€Popular€Participation,€which€hadÐ %í $ Ðdecentralized€the€State€and€its€financial€resources,€recognized€the€legal€status€of€grass-rootsÐ †&Ö!% Ðorganizations,€provided€government€funding€for€those€organizations,€respected€people's€traditionsÐ o'¿"& Ðand€customs,€integrated€gender-equality€and€laid€down€the€principle€of€equal€opportunity€andÐ X(¨#' Ðempowered€administrations€at€all€levels€to€establish€Ô_ÔprogrammesÔ_Ô€for€women.€€Another€importantÐ A)‘$( Ðstep€Ð **z%) ÐßA€Y )¹b,Œd¤2E¹b,ŒAßà  àòòÌÌà  à*óó/€€Including€subsequent€reports,€if€submitted,€in€those€cases€where€the€initial€report€of€theÐ å,5(, ÐState€party€had€€not€yet€been€considered€by€the€Committee.Ð Î-)- ÐÔ_Ô‡was€the€enactment€of€the€Law€on€Education€Reform,€which€laid€down€the€principle€of€free,Ð ° Ðuniversal€and€mandatory€education€without€cost,€based€on€the€principle€of€equal€opportunity€andÐ ™é Ðgender€equality.€€Unlike€the€past€attempt€of€enforced€"Hispanization",€bilingual€and€multiculturalÐ ‚Ò Ðeducation€was€presently€foreseen,€from€which,€in€particular,€girls€and€women€would€profit.€A€furtherÐ k» Ðimportant€step€was€the€adoption€of€the€National€Plan€for€the€Prevention€and€Eradication€of€Violence.Ð T¤ ÐIt€demonstrated€the€Government's€understanding€that€lack€of€respect€for€human€rights€was€also€anÐ =  Ðobstacle€to€development€and€showed€its€particular€concern€for€domestic€violence.€It€was€beingÐ & v Ðcarried€out€through€an€interministerial€task€force€and€provided€free€legal€and€health€care€services€toÐ  _ Ðfemale€victims€of€violence.Ð ø H ÐÌ46.€€The€representative€said€that€although€women€continued€to€carry€the€major€burden€of€poverty,Ð Ê   Ðchanges€would€be€introduced€through€the€implementation€of€participatory€planning.€€She€highlightedÐ ³  Ðthe€most€important€recent€changes,€as€described€in€the€addendum€to€the€initial€report,€and€underlinedÐ œì  Ðthat€the€most€important€message€she€wanted€to€bring€was€that€Bolivia€had€institutionalized€its€publicÐ …Õ  Ðpolicies€with€a€gender€approach.Ð n¾  ÐÌòòGeneral€observationsóóÐ @ ÐÌ47.€€The€Committee€commended€the€well-structured€and€frank€report,€which€adhered€to€the€generalÐ b Ðguidelines,€and€its€sincere€and€objective€presentation.€€It€demonstrated€the€political€will€of€theÐ ûK Ðcountry€and€was€well€placed€within€the€national€realities€by€showing€that€the€Government€was€awareÐ ä4 Ðof€the€obstacles€that€had€to€be€overcome.€€The€new€legislative€and€administrative€reformsÐ Í Ðdemonstrated€very€positively€the€integrated€approach€taken€regarding€women's€issues.€€TheyÐ ¶ Ðcommended€the€fact€that€Bolivia€had€ratified€the€Convention€without€entering€reservations€andÐ Ÿï Ðcongratulated€the€Government€on€its€future€plans€to€implement€further€the€Convention,€and€inÐ ˆØ Ðparticular€to€redress€the€situation€of€indigenous€and€rural€women.€Members€were€favourablyÐ qÁ Ðimpressed€by€the€reform€of€the€Executive€Branch€and€the€creation€of€the€National€Secretariat€forÐ Zª ÐEthnic,€Gender€and€Generational€Affairs.€€They€commended€the€establishment€of€an€inter-ministerialÐ C“ Ðtask€force€and€the€measures€undertaken€and€commissions€created€to€eradicate€violence€againstÐ ,| Ðwomen,€and€in€particular€domestic€violence€between€the€spouses€as€well€as€between€the€first€andÐ e Ðsecond€degree€of€consanguinity.€€€They€also€considered€commendable€the€steps€taken€to€elaborateÐ þN Ða€health€code.€€They€welcomed€the€efforts€made€to€present€Bolivia€as€a€multicultural€and€multiethnicÐ ç 7 Ðsociety.Ð Ð!   ÐÌ48.€€In€reply€to€observations€made€by€the€members€that€the€Government€should€take€measures€toÐ ¢#ò" Ðincorporate€the€Convention€into€national€legislation€and€to€questions€as€to€whether€the€ConventionÐ ‹$Û# Ðcould€presently€be€invoked€in€the€courts€and€whether€any€initiatives€existed€to€incorporate€theÐ t%Ä $ Ðprovisions€of€the€Convention€into€the€Constitution,€the€representative€stated€that€the€Convention€hadÐ ]&­!% Ðbecome€part€of€Bolivian€legislation€on€15€September€1989€and€could€be€invoked€before€the€courts.€Ð F'–"& ÐWhile€at€the€time€of€preparing€the€initial€report€the€Convention€had€been€very€little€known€by€judgesÐ /(#' Ðand€other€public€authorities,€more€and€more€lawyers€were€now€taking€recourse€to€the€Convention.Ð )h$( ÐÌ49.€€Members€recommended€as€one€of€the€priority€tasks€that€an€inventory€be€made€of€the€laws€thatÐ ê*:&* Ðwere€still€discriminatory€to€women€in€an€effort€to€amend€them.€€They€asked€how€motivated€theÐ Ó+#'+ ÐGovernment€was€to€bringing€national€laws€into€line€with€the€requirements€of€the€Convention€andÐ ¼, (, Ðwhether€it€was€done€systematically€or€on€an€ad€hoc€basis.€€In€reply,€the€representative€said€that€theÐ ¥-õ(- Ðnational€Secretariat€had€an€Office€of€Legal€Reform,€which€had€the€task€of€bringing€BolivianÐ ° Ðlegislation€into€line€with€the€requirements€of€the€Convention.€€The€representative€mentioned€theÐ ™é Ðamendments€that€were€being€made€to€several€laws,€such€as€the€Law€on€Domestic€Workers€regardingÐ ‚Ò Ðtheir€working€hours,€the€General€Labour€Law€regarding€excessive€protectionism€of€women,€the€LawÐ k» Ðon€Domestic€Violence€that€should€repeal€article€276€of€the€Penal€Code€and€the€Family€CodeÐ T¤ Ðregarding€age€of€marriage,€free€choice€of€occupation€and€reasons€for€divorce.€€Further€amendmentsÐ =  Ðconcerned€the€articles€concerning€sexual€violence€with€the€aim€of€treating€domestic€violence€as€anÐ & v Ðex€officio€offence,€the€Health€Code€and€Property€Law€that€should€give€women€access€to€property,Ð  _ Ðas€well€as€the€Law€on€Political€Parties.€€Furthermore,€changes€in€favour€of€women€were€being€madeÐ ø H Ðto€various€municipal€decrees.Ð á 1  ÐÌ50.€€Members€recommended€that€the€low€number€of€women€in€decision-making€positions€should€beÐ ³  Ðconsidered€as€a€critical€area€of€concern.€€Asked€about€the€outlook€for€women€to€be€better€representedÐ œì  Ðin€political€parties€and€in€decision-making€positions€and€any€mechanisms€for€increasing€women'sÐ …Õ  Ðparticipation,€the€representative€said€that€although€the€Law€on€Popular€Participation€gave€womenÐ n¾  Ðequal€opportunities,€no€quotas€were€foreseen.€The€Under-Secretariat€for€Gender€Affairs€was,Ð W§  Ðhowever,€considering€temporary€measures€to€remedy€the€situation.Ð @ ÐÌ51.€€Members€expressed€the€hope€that€measures€would€be€taken€to€correct€the€de€facto€discriminationÐ b Ðoften€practised€by€employers.€Considering€that€Bolivia's€development€index€was€at€a€rather€alarmingÐ ûK Ðlevel,€on€the€one€hand,€and€that€the€Government's€level€of€commitment€seemed€to€be€very€high,€onÐ ä4 Ðthe€other,€it€would€be€important€for€the€country€to€submit€its€subsequent€report€on€time€and€to€placeÐ Í Ðtherein€a€greater€focus€on€the€programmes€undertaken.Ð ¶ ÐÌ52.€€Bearing€in€mind€that€Bolivia€was€considered€to€have€one€of€the€fastest€growing€economies€inÐ ˆØ ÐLatin€America,€members€inquired€whether€the€recent€economic€growth€had€had€a€positive€impactÐ qÁ Ðon€the€status€of€women.€€The€representative€explained€that€income€distribution€measures€were€beingÐ Zª Ðtaken€and€that€while€local€demands€were€being€taken€into€account,€the€demands€of€women€wereÐ C“ Ðbeing€given€particular€attention.€The€Government€was€currently€also€elaborating€gender€statistics.€Ð ,| ÐA€gender€investigation€and€information€mechanism€had€been€put€into€action€to€study€the€impact€ofÐ e Ðpoverty€on€the€female€population.Ð þN ÐÌ53.€€As€a€reaction€to€the€observation€made€by€members€that€women€should€be€encouraged€to€beÐ Ð!   Ðaware€of€their€legal€rights€and€that€lack€of€access€to€legal€aid€was€often€one€of€the€obstacles€to€theÐ ¹" ! Ðadvancement€of€women,€the€representative€said€that€the€major€obstacles€to€the€implementation€ofÐ ¢#ò" Ðthe€Convention€were€resistance,€prejudices€and€ignorance€on€the€part€of€the€judges€about€theÐ ‹$Û# Ðcontents€of€the€Convention€as€well€as€the€crisis€in€the€actual€legal€system.€€All€comments€byÐ t%Ä $ Ðmembers€would€be€the€basis€for€consideration€for€future€national€policies€on€women€by€Bolivia.€€InÐ ]&­!% Ðorder€to€overcome€those€difficulties,€the€National€Secretariat€had€started€an€awareness-raising€andÐ F'–"& Ðtraining€programme€for€law€officials.Ð /(#' ÐÌ54.€€Members€commended€the€Government€representative€for€her€frank€replies€and€expressed€theirÐ *Q%) Ðhope€that€the€next€report€would€give€an€account€of€all€the€obstacles€and€failures€encountered€by€theÐ ê*:&* ÐNational€Secretariat€in€carrying€out€its€policies€and€would€be€supplemented€by€ample€statistics.€€InÐ Ó+#'+ Ðthanking€the€members€for€the€questions€raised,€the€representative€of€the€Government€said€that€theyÐ ¼, (, Ðwould€form€the€basis€for€future€policies€and€serve€as€a€guide€in€the€elaboration€of€periodic€reports.€Ð ¥-õ(- ÐòòÌQuestions€related€to€specific€articlesóóÐ ™é ÐÌòòArticle€2óóÐ k» ÐÌ55.€€Members€raised€questions€about€the€type€of€mechanisms€through€which€the€National€SecretariatÐ =  Ðintroduced€sectoral€policies,€about€its€decision-making€powers,€its€resources€and€the€channels€ofÐ & v Ðcooperation€with€other€government€agencies.€€The€representative€replied€that€the€mechanisms€wereÐ  _ Ðfocal€points€for€rural€development,€education€and€popular€participation,€a€few€committees€dealingÐ ø H Ðwith€specific€issues,€various€other€connections€at€the€societal€and€international€levels€and€that€theÐ á 1  ÐNational€Secretariat€was€represented€in€seven€out€of€the€nine€provinces€of€the€country.€€The€NationalÐ Ê   ÐSecretariat€could€adopt€mandatory€resolutions€and€issue€mandatory€decrees€and€was€working€inÐ ³  Ðcoordination€with€the€Parliamentary€Women's€Commission€and€all€the€political€parties€that€wereÐ œì  Ðrepresented€in€the€Parliament.€It€had€sufficient€resources,€25€per€cent€of€which€came€from€theÐ …Õ  Ðnational€Government€and€75€per€cent€from€international€assistance.€€Various€other€programmes€hadÐ n¾  Ðbeen€carried€out€by€other€sources€in€the€area€of€health€and€education,€but€it€was€difficult€to€quantifyÐ W§  Ðtheir€impact€on€women.Ð @ ÐÌ56.€€In€the€light€of€the€fact€that€Bolivia€was€still€characterized€by€male€domination,€membersÐ b Ðinquired€in€what€way€the€National€Secretariat€was€ensuring€that€the€Law€on€Popular€ParticipationÐ ûK Ðguaranteed€equal€opportunities€at€the€grass-roots€level.€€The€representative€mentioned€in€that€contextÐ ä4 Ða€plan€designed€by€the€National€Secretariat,€in€collaboration€with€the€National€Secretariat€forÐ Í ÐPopular€Participation,€which€should€strengthen€non-governmental€organizations€at€the€local€levelÐ ¶ Ðand€maintain€a€dialogue€with€the€local€political€institutions€in€order€to€introduce€the€genderÐ Ÿï Ðperspective€at€the€municipal€level.€€A€transfer€of€financial€resources€on€the€basis€of€demographicÐ ˆØ Ðcriteria€would€support€local€programmes€and€women's€programmes.Ð qÁ ÐÌòòArticle€3óóÐ C“ ÐÌ57.€€When€members€inquired€about€the€positive€effects€of€the€educational€reform€on€girls€in€ruralÐ e Ðareas,€the€representative€said€that€a€striking€example€was€the€bilingual€education€in€the€Guaran€area.€Ð þN ÐIt€had€had€a€positive€impact€on€the€inherent€problems€of€school€desertion,€the€repeating€of€classesÐ ç 7 Ðand€the€functional€analphabetism.Ð Ð!   ÐÌ58.€€Members€welcomed€the€institutionalization€of€policies€of€equality€in€the€country,€particularlyÐ ¢#ò" Ðat€times€of€frequent€changes€in€political€leadership,€and€pointed€to€the€importance€of€mainstreamingÐ ‹$Û# Ðthe€gender€aspect€within€the€development€process.Ð t%Ä $ ÐÌòòArticle€4óóÐ F'–"& ÐÌ59.€€Members€asked€for€concrete€examples€of€temporary€special€measures,€and€whether€any€suchÐ )h$( Ðmeasures€were€foreseen€to€correct€the€high€illiteracy€rate,€the€low€employment€rate€of€women€andÐ *Q%) Ðthe€low€rate€of€participation€of€women€in€political€decision-making€or€to€protect€indigenous€and€ruralÐ ê*:&* Ðwomen.€€The€representative€said€although€presently€no€temporary€special€measures€existed,€theÐ Ó+#'+ Ðadoption€of€such€measures€was€under€discussion€in€order€to€promote€higher€school€attendance€ofÐ ¼, (, Ðgirls.Ð ¥-õ(- ЇòòArticle€5óóÐ ° ÐÌ60.€€Asked€about€any€efforts€to€overcome€sex-stereotyping€in€education,€in€the€family€and€in€theÐ ‚Ò Ðmedia€and€the€existence€of€any€study€on€the€matter,€the€representative€said€that€within€its€educationalÐ k» Ðreform€the€Government€was€modifying€school€curricula€and€textbooks€and€concurrently€trainingÐ T¤ Ðteachers.Ð =  ÐÌ61.€€Regarding€the€role€played€by€non-governmental€organizations€in€connection€with€the€Plan€forÐ  _ Ðthe€Prevention€and€Eradication€of€Violence€against€Women,€the€representative€said€that€theirÐ ø H Ðcontributions€had€been€taken€into€account€in€its€elaboration€and€also€in€drafting€the€Law€onÐ á 1  ÐDomestic€Violence.Ð Ê   ÐÌ62.€€As€to€measures€taken€to€change€the€attitude€of€court€officials€dealing€with€complaints€regardingÐ œì  Ðviolence€against€women,€the€representative€stated€that€within€the€National€Secretariat€there€was€aÐ …Õ  Ðdepartment€that€dealt€with€the€training€of€various€sectors€of€the€judiciary.Ð n¾  ÐÌ63.€€Regarding€the€alleged€contradiction€between€the€statements€made€in€paragraphs€84€and€85€ofÐ @ Ðthe€report€concerning€discrimination€regarding€women€holding€certain€positions,€the€representativeÐ )y Ðexplained€that€studies€had€made€clear€the€legal,€social€and€cultural€discrimination€of€women€in€theÐ b Ðworkplace€and€the€lack€of€efficient€mechanisms€to€deal€with€it€as€the€law€did€not€foresee€anyÐ ûK Ðsanctions.€€The€practice€had€shown€that€women€in€similar€professions€and€holding€the€sameÐ ä4 Ðacademic€degrees€as€men€earned€between€30€and€50€per€cent€less€than€their€male€counterparts.Ð Í ÐÌòòArticle€6óóÐ Ÿï ÐÌ64.€€As€prostitution€existed€in€practically€every€country€in€the€world,€members€felt€that€BoliviaÐ qÁ Ðshould€not€have€any€misgivings€about€its€"indirect€approval"€referred€to€in€paragraph€86€of€the€reportÐ Zª Ðand€considered€the€practice€of€periodic€medical€examinations€of€prostitutes€a€laudable€measure.€Ð C“ ÐFurther€information€was€requested€about€the€number€of€women€prostitutes,€their€social€strata,€theÐ ,| Ðconditions€under€which€they€worked€and€the€measures€taken€for€their€social€reintegration.Ð e ÐÌ65.€€Regarding€any€possible€protection€of€prostitutes€against€the€human€immunodeficiency€virusÐ ç 7 Ð(HIV)/acquired€immune€deficiency€syndrome€(AIDS),€the€representative€said€that€although€theÐ Ð!   ÐNational€AIDS€Programme€foresaw€measures€of€prevention€for€prostitutes,€no€corresponding€lawsÐ ¹" ! Ðhad€as€yet€been€adopted.Ð ¢#ò" ÐÌ66.€€Members€recommended€that€the€Government€look€into€the€various€aspects€of€prostitution€as€itÐ t%Ä $ Ðwas€regarded€as€a€severe€violation€of€human€rights€and€one€of€the€most€severe€forms€of€slavery.€€TheÐ ]&­!% Ðrepresentative€explained€that€there€was€a€contradiction€in€Bolivia€between€the€Penal€Code€and€policeÐ F'–"& Ðregulations€in€that€there€was€abolitionist€legislation€against€pimping,€but€whereas€women€prostitutesÐ /(#' Ðwere€penalized,€men€remained€unpunished.Ð )h$( ÐÌ67.€€Regarding€a€question€about€the€meaning€of€"offences€against€sexual€morality",€theÐ ê*:&* Ðrepresentative€said€such€offences€ought€to€be€eliminated€from€the€Penal€Code€as€they€wereÐ Ó+#'+ Ðdiscriminatory€against€women.€Ð ¼, (, ÐÐ ¥-õ(- Ð68.€€As€the€report€indicated€that€trafficking€in€women€did€not€exist,€members€asked€whether€specificÐ ° Ðmeasures€prevented€women€from€migrating€for€the€purpose€of€prostitution.€€Members€found€theÐ ™é Ðcontents€of€paragraphs€88€and€99€of€the€report€contradictory€in€that€studies€had€proved€that€there€wasÐ ‚Ò Ða€close€connection€between€trafficking€in€women€and€prostitution.Ð k» ÐÌòòArticle€7óóÐ =  ÐÌ69.€€Asked€about€the€initiatives€taken€by€the€Government€or€the€National€Secretariat€for€Ethnic,Ð  _ ÐGender€and€Generational€Affairs€to€provide€support€to€women's€non-governmental€organizations,Ð ø H Ðthe€representative€stated€that€the€Government€recognized€the€role€of€such€organizations€as€agentsÐ á 1  Ðof€development.€€Their€autonomy€was€entirely€respected€and€they€received€no€financial€support€fromÐ Ê   Ðthe€Government.€Among€others,€they€had€participated€in€elaborating€the€Plan€for€the€Prevention€andÐ ³  ÐEradication€of€Violence€against€Women;€however,€it€was€important€that€they€took€a€differentÐ œì  Ðapproach€òòvis--visóó€the€State€and€recognized€its€role€and€their€roles,€respectively.Ð …Õ  ÐÌ70.€€Members€inquired€which€incentives€were€being€provided€to€increase€women's€participation€inÐ W§  Ðpolitical€life€and€their€representation€in€political€parties€and€whether€women€in€political€partiesÐ @ Ðobtained€financial€support€for€their€campaigns.€€The€representative€explained€that€the€NationalÐ )y ÐSecretariat€was€currently€working€on€a€reform€of€the€Law€on€Political€Parties,€which€should€increaseÐ b Ðthe€participation€of€women.€€No€government€support€was€given€to€political€parties€nor€to€women€forÐ ûK Ðtheir€participation.Ð ä4 ÐÌ71.€€Members€asked€whether€the€Law€on€Popular€Participation€was€being€implemented,€whether€itÐ ¶ Ðrespected€the€various€forms€of€legal€organizations€among€indigenous€women€and€whetherÐ Ÿï Ðindigenous€women€and€men€received€legal€training.€€The€representative€explained€that€under€thatÐ ˆØ ÐLaw€municipalities€were€obliged€to€incorporate€requests€by€local€women's€organizations€in€theirÐ qÁ Ðplans€and€that€legal€training€as€well€as€the€setting€up€of€local€information€and€communicationÐ Zª Ðnetworks€at€municipal€and€local€levels€were€foreseen.€€She€pointed€to€the€goal€that€at€least€10€perÐ C“ Ðcent€of€the€municipal€structures€should€include€women€within€the€next€three€years.Ð ,| ÐÌ72.€€Considering€the€absence€of€a€quota€system,€they€asked€whether€there€was€an€ongoingÐ þN Ðprogramme€to€utilize€grass-roots€organizations€for€working€out€programmes€for€civic€education€toÐ ç 7 Ðraise€the€civic€awareness€of€women,€to€inform€them€of€the€necessity€to€vote€and€to€take€part€inÐ Ð!   Ðpolitical€life€and,€therefore,€to€have€identification€cards€in€order€to€register€to€take€part€in€the€polls.€Ð ¹" ! ÐThe€representative€stated€that€presently€46€per€cent€of€the€population€above€10€years€did€not€haveÐ ¢#ò" Ðidentification€cards.€€The€Government€was,€with€foreign€aid,€working€on€a€national€registrationÐ ‹$Û# Ðprogramme€and€it€was€hoped€that€by€1997€all€citizens€would€have€identification€cards.€The€age€toÐ t%Ä $ Ðvote€was€18€years.Ð ]&­!% ÐÌ73.€€Members€inquired€about€the€current€number€of€women€ministers€and€about€the€status€of€womenÐ /(#' Ðin€the€police€force.€€They€asked€whether€women€had€equal€possibilities€as€men€of€being€promoted.Ð )h$( ÐÌ74.€€Members€asked€whether€the€training€for€military€careers€had€resumed€for€women€and€whatÐ ê*:&* Ðpossibilities€women€had€to€pursue€military€careers.€€The€representative€stated€that€it€was€currentlyÐ Ó+#'+ Ðnot€an€issue€for€national€debate.€€It€was€presently€more€urgent€to€invest€in€activities€such€asÐ ¼, (, Ðeducation€and€health.Ð ¥-õ(- ЇòòArticle€8óóÐ ° ÐÌ75.€€Members€asked€what€the€requirements€were€for€working€in€the€foreign€service€and€whether€theyÐ ‚Ò Ðwere€different€for€women€and€for€men.€€They€also€wanted€to€know€whether€husbands€opposed€theirÐ k» Ðwives€working€abroad€or€whether€they€were€not€allowed€to€join€their€wives€working€in€the€foreignÐ T¤ Ðservice.Ð =  ÐÌòòArticle€9óóÐ  _ ÐÌ76.€€Regarding€questions€about€transmission€of€nationality€the€representative€stated€that€a€BolivianÐ á 1  Ðwoman€married€to€a€foreigner€could€transmit€her€nationality€to€her€husband€and€her€children.Ð Ê   ÐÌòòArticle€10óóÐ œì  ÐÌ77.€€Members€asked€about€the€reasons€for€the€large€gap€in€the€rate€of€illiteracy€between€women€andÐ n¾  Ðmen€and€whether€the€Government€was€undertaking€measures€to€encourage€female€adult€education.€Ð W§  ÐQuestions€were€also€asked€about€the€percentage€of€pupils€that€were€enrolled€in€private€and€in€publicÐ @ Ðschools€and€whether€plans€existed€to€privatize€the€education€system.Ð )y ÐÌ78.€€As€bilingual€education€stopped€at€the€fifth€grade€level,€it€was€asked€how€the€non-hispanic€groupsÐ ûK Ðcould€fully€participate€in€the€whole€educational€system.€€Members€felt€that€there€could€be€aÐ ä4 Ðcontradiction€between€the€educational€policies,€that€sought€to€respect€the€various€cultures€and€thoseÐ Í Ðthat€aimed€at€avoiding€gender€stereotyping.€€Members€asked€whether€there€were€gender€or€women'sÐ ¶ Ðstudies€at€the€tertiary€level€of€education.€€The€government€representative€was€asked€to€comment€onÐ Ÿï Ðthe€issue.€€Members€also€asked€whether€health€education€included€information€on€family€planningÐ ˆØ Ðand€prevention€of€HIV/AIDS.Ð qÁ ÐÌòòArticle€11óóÐ C“ ÐÌ79.€€Members€assumed€that€the€employment€plan€provided€for€measures€to€close€the€gender€gap.Ð e ÐHowever,€as€regards€salaries,€indigenous€women€were€the€most€disadvantaged€group.€€MembersÐ þN Ðasked€whether€concrete€initiatives€existed€to€introduce€a€gender€approach€in€vocational€training€andÐ ç 7 Ðwhether€there€was€a€legally€guaranteed€minimum€wage€and,€if€so,€whether€it€was€different€forÐ Ð!   Ðwomen€and€for€men.Ð ¹" ! ÐÌ80.€€Regarding€the€high€rate€of€growth€of€street€trading,€mostly€carried€out€by€women,€it€was€askedÐ ‹$Û# Ðwhether€that€sector€of€tertiary€urban€economic€activity€was€included€in€the€formal€statistics€of€theÐ t%Ä $ Ðcountry.€€Members€inquired€whether€there€was€a€law€on€sexual€harassment€at€the€work€place,Ð ]&­!% Ðwhether€measures€existed€for€the€welfare€and€protection€of€women€domestic€workers€and€whichÐ F'–"& Ðprogrammes€responded€to€the€economic€needs€of€migrant€women.€€The€representative€replied€thatÐ /(#' Ða€law€regulating€working€conditions€for€domestic€workers€was€now€under€consideration€inÐ )h$( ÐParliament.Ð *Q%) ÐÌ81.€€Because€of€the€absence€of€child-care€centres€it€was€asked€whether€the€burden€of€caring€for€theirÐ Ó+#'+ Ðbrothers€and€sisters€in€addition€to€helping€with€housework€resided€on€the€shoulders€of€the€youngÐ ¼, (, Ðgirls€and,€consequently,€prevented€them€from€attending€school.Ð ¥-õ(- ЇòòArticle€12óóÐ ° ÐÌ82.€€Asked€about€abortion,€the€representative€explained€that€it€was€legal€only€in€cases€of€rape€andÐ ‚Ò Ðdanger€to€the€mother's€life.€€She€did€not€give€the€actual€rate€of€abortion,€but€said€that€it€wasÐ k» Ðwidespread€and€carried€out€in€unsafe€conditions.€€It€accounted€for€30€per€cent€of€maternal€mortality.€Ð T¤ ÐThe€Government€did€not€intend€to€legalize€abortion.€€Asked€about€consciousness-raisingÐ =  Ðprogrammes€for€family-planning€schemes,€she€said€that€the€Government€fully€endorsed€theÐ & v Ðdeclaration€adopted€at€the€World€Conference€on€Population€and€Development€held€at€Cairo€in€1994Ð  _ Ðconcerning€reproductive€rights€and€sexual€education€for€teenagers€in€view€of€the€health€of€theÐ ø H Ðfamily.Ð á 1  ÐÌ83.€€It€was€asked€whether€there€was€a€constitutional€or€legal€basis€for€the€high€fertility€rate€of€womenÐ ³  Ðor€whether€the€reasons€lay€within€societal€or€cultural€aspects.€€Comments€were€made€on€the€chronicÐ œì  Ðmalnutrition€affecting€women€and€it€was€asked€what€percentage€of€women,€in€general,€had€accessÐ …Õ  Ðto€safe€motherhood,€what€the€situation€was€in€rural€areas€and€which€measures€the€Government€hadÐ n¾  Ðinitiated€to€reduce€teenage€pregnancies€and€the€high€level€of€maternal€mortality.Ð W§  ÐÌ84.€€Members€asked€whether€victims€of€rape€could€report€the€incidents€to€the€public€prosecutors,€andÐ )y Ðif€so,€whether€measures€were€being€taken€to€lift€any€legal€bias€against€rape€victims.€€Members€askedÐ b Ðfurther€whether€crisis€centres€took€care€of€victims€of€rape€or€other€sexual€abuse€and€how€the€policeÐ ûK Ðand€the€courts€were€handling€cases€of€violence€against€women€and€whether€they€received€anyÐ ä4 Ðtraining€on€these€matters.Ð Í ÐÌòòArticle€14óóÐ Ÿï ÐÌ85.€€Since€rural€women€seemed€to€be€the€most€disadvantaged,€members€felt€that€they€should€be€theÐ qÁ Ðsubject€of€major€concern€and€asked€that€they€and€their€plight€be€given€more€visibility€in€the€nextÐ Zª Ðreport.Ð C“ ÐÌ86.€€It€was€asked€to€which€part€of€the€population€indigenous€people€belonged,€whether€indigenousÐ e Ðpeople€were€equivalent€to€people€in€rural€areas€and€whether€non-indigenous€people€had€better€livingÐ þN Ðconditions€than€they.€€Members€asked€further€how€much€of€the€resources€of€municipalities€wereÐ ç 7 Ðdedicated€to€indigenous€women,€how€they€participated€in€general€programmes€and€whether€specialÐ Ð!   Ðprogrammes€were€dedicated€to€them.€€Members€inquired€further€what€type€of€national€andÐ ¹" ! Ðinternational€investment€was€made€in€rural€development€and€how€it€had€benefitted€rural€women.€Ð ¢#ò" ÐThey€asked€whether€it€had€increased€their€productivity,€whether€they€could€use€technology€and€toÐ ‹$Û# Ðwhat€extent€it€was€environment-friendly.€€€Members€sought€information€on€whether€initiatives€wereÐ t%Ä $ Ðbeing€taken€to€create€pre-school€facilities€in€rural€areas€and€whether€non-governmental€women'sÐ ]&­!% Ðorganizations€or€women€working€at€the€grass-roots€level€had€provided€programmes€to€improve€theÐ F'–"& Ðconditions€of€the€girl€child€in€rural€areas.Ð /(#' ÐÌòòArticle€16óóÐ *Q%) ÐÌ87.€€Members€commended€the€Government€for€adopting€a€new€Family€Code,€although€a€number€ofÐ Ó+#'+ Ðprovisions,€such€as€marriage,€divorce€and€family€assistance,€still€needed€to€be€adopted.€€As€to€theÐ ¼, (, Ðquestion€of€whether€there€was€any€legal€provision€giving€the€husband€the€right€to€prohibit€his€wifeÐ ¥-õ(- Ðfrom€engaging€in€certain€occupations€if€they€impinged€upon€her€domestic€tasks,€the€representativeÐ ° Ðreplied€that€the€restriction€had€been€reviewed.€€Information€was€sought€on€the€existence€of€a€draftÐ ™é Ðlaw€to€change€the€legal€provision€that€prevented€women€from€accusing€a€violent€spouse€and€whetherÐ ‚Ò Ðmeasures€had€been€taken€to€sensitize€judges€with€regard€to€women€and€minors.Ð k» ÐÌ88.€€Members€commented€that€the€regulations€regarding€guardianship€were€in€blatant€contradictionÐ =  Ðto€the€provisions€of€the€Convention.€Regarding€single€mothers'€status€in€relation€to€adoption€it€wasÐ & v Ðstated€that€a€single€mother€could€adopt€a€child€and€could€transfer€her€nationality€to€the€adopted€child.Ð  _ ÐÌ89.€€Members€asked€about€the€percentage€of€abandoned€children€and€inquired€whether€measuresÐ á 1  Ðwere€envisaged€to€prevent€the€abandonment€of€children.€€They€also€requested€information€onÐ Ê   Ðsurrogate€mothers€and€on€adoption€of€Bolivian€children€by€women€outside€Bolivia.€€Information€wasÐ ³  Ðsought€on€measures€to€protect€foreign€women€in€their€status€as€wives€of€Bolivian€men€and€it€wasÐ œì  Ðasked€whether€a€Bolivian€husband€could€prevent€his€foreign-born€wife€and€her€children€from€leavingÐ …Õ  Ðthe€country.Ð n¾  ÐÌ90.€€Members€asked€whether€the€legal€equality€and€joint€responsibilities€as€described€in€paragraphÐ @ Ð376€of€the€report€were€leading€to€social€inequalities.Ð )y ÐÌ91.€€Members€urged€the€Government€to€reconsider€the€provision€described€in€paragraph€326€of€theÐ ûK Ðreport,€according€to€which€a€woman€had€to€observe€a€time-limit€of€300€days€before€marrying€again.€Ð ä4 ÐThey€sought€clarification€of€the€provisions€governing€the€name€of€a€person,€as€described€inÐ Í Ðparagraphs€309€and€310€of€the€report€and€asked€whether€it€was€true€that€in€spite€of€the€rights€ofÐ ¶ Ðmothers€to€transmit€their€name€to€their€children€it€was€still€the€husbands€who€decided€what€wasÐ Ÿï Ðhappening€in€the€family.Ð ˆØ ÐÌòòConcluding€comments€of€the€CommitteeóóÐ Zª ÐÌòòIntroductionóóÐ ,| ÐÌ92.€€The€Committee€commends€the€Government€of€Bolivia€for€submitting€the€report€within€theÐ þN Ðrequired€time€and€for€following€the€guidelines.€The€Committee€noted€that€the€oral€presentationÐ ç 7 Ðcomplemented€the€original€report€submitted€in€1991€and€concentrated€on€the€time€betweenÐ Ð!   Ð1992-1995,€during€which€the€country€undertook€major€efforts€to€promote€gender€policies€that€wereÐ ¹" ! Ðbeneficial€to€the€advancement€of€women,€thereby€overcoming€a€neutral€policy€which€did€notÐ ¢#ò" Ðdifferentiate€between€men€and€women,€and€which€maintained€stereotyped€role€models.€€TheÐ ‹$Û# ÐGovernment€applauded€the€efforts€of€the€non-governmental€organizations€as€well€as€the€efforts€ofÐ t%Ä $ Ðthe€present€Government.Ð ]&­!% ÐÌòòPositive€aspectsóóÐ /(#' ÐÌ93.€€The€Committee€noted€that€Bolivia€had€made€great€strides€in€introducing€and€institutionalizingÐ *Q%) Ðpublic€policies€with€a€focus€on€the€gender€perspective.€€This€has€been€reflected€in€the€establishmentÐ ê*:&* Ðof€a€government€agency€for€gender€issues,€the€National€Secretariat€for€Ethnic,€Gender€andÐ Ó+#'+ ÐGenerational€Affairs.€The€Committee€noted€also€that€the€Secretariat€was€in€charge€of€policies€andÐ ¼, (, Ðprogrammes€which€had€taken€an€inter-sectoral€and€regional€Ô_Ôapproach.Ð ¥-õ(- Ї94.€€The€Committee€considered€that€the€recently€promulgated€Law€on€Popular€Participation€was€ofÐ ° Ðgreat€importance,€as€it€decentralized€power€and€resources€to€the€municipal€level,€giving€grass-rootsÐ ™é Ðorganizations,€including€women's€organizations,€a€legal€recognition€and€access€to€resources.€€Thus,Ð ‚Ò Ðthe€law€aimed€at€providing€equal€opportunities€to€grass-roots€organizations€by€mandatingÐ k» Ðmunicipalities€to€pursue€a€gender€perspective€in€their€policies.Ð T¤ ÐÌ95.€€The€Committee€commended€the€educational€reforms,€which€were€aimed€at€providing€bilingualÐ & v Ðeducation,€Ô_ÔfavouringÔ_Ô€thereby€the€education€of€girls,€and€the€development€of€a€Ô_ÔmulticulturalÔ_Ô€societyÐ  _ Ðcrossing€gender€barriers.Ð ø H ÐÌòòPrincipal€subjects€of€concernóóÐ Ê   ÐÌ96.€€The€Committee€noted€with€concern€that€the€budget€of€the€Bolivian€national€machinery€forÐ œì  Ðwomen€was€only€partially€financed€from€the€national€budget€and€was€largely€dependent€onÐ …Õ  Ðinternational€subsidies.Ð n¾  ÐÌ97.€€The€Committee€expressed€concerns€about€the€impact€of€structural€adjustment€Ô_ÔprogrammesÔ_Ô€onÐ @ Ðwomen€and€the€Ô_ÔfeminizationÔ_Ô€of€poverty.Ð )y ÐÌ98.€€The€Committee€noted€with€concern€the€specific€disadvantages€of€rural€women.Ð ûK ÐÌòòSuggestions€and€recommendationsóóÐ Í ÐÌ99.€€The€Committee€recommends€to€the€Government€of€Bolivia€to€give€particular€attention€toÐ Ÿï Ðamending€article€276€of€the€Penal€Code€to€abolish€the€provision€which€inhibits€a€just€solution€to€theÐ ˆØ Ðproblems€of€domestic€violence.Ð qÁ ÐÌ100.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€for€the€effective€political€participation€of€women€theÐ C“ ÐGovernment€establishes€quotas€for€women's€high-level€representation€in€the€public€administrationÐ ,| Ðand€calls€the€attention€of€political€parties€to€that€effect.Ð e ÐÌ101.€€The€Committee€would€like€to€see€in€the€subsequent€report€statistics€which€show€the€results€ofÐ ç 7 ÐÔ_ÔprogrammesÔ_Ô€such€as€the€Popular€Participation€Plan,€the€National€Plan€for€the€Prevention€and€forÐ Ð!   ÐEradication€of€Violence€and€the€educational€reform.Ð ¹" ! ÐÌ102.€€The€Committee€suggests€to€the€Government€to€look€into€the€various€aspects€of€prostitutionÐ ‹$Û# Ðwhich€is€regarded€as€a€severe€case€of€human€rights€violations€and€one€of€the€most€heinous€forms€ofÐ t%Ä $ Ðslavery.Ð ]&­!% ÐÌ103.€€The€Committee€requests€that€the€plight€of€rural€women€be€given€more€visibility€in€the€nextÐ /(#' Ðreport,€including€measures€to€mitigate€it.Ð )h$( ÐÌ104.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€an€inventory€should€be€made€of€the€laws€that€areÐ ê*:&* Ðdiscriminating€to€women,€with€a€view€to€having€them€amended.Ð Ó+#'+ Ð