ÿWPCi  ÿÖUÜ:±ÂO’AUî§ 4žÝèfÍ•¦;±ÂØf<(%ZŠÏ $›LNÕ¨;j†:‘G4hǃýR+k›¿XBñŽ,}‘„€®·ƒÁëKŸ;¿½{ï%/ž÷'?—i8æ@„w§3x³íµ±xŸ…eb¼F¦¨:iîSFé®íE$½®Ýz1oÍh´ÔXðûU®°Ù$ÒÿêÕ€÷‰-:šžËâC™F ÄÛG'__&HH1›_•ž²'¢Z•Í•±`âp%àU’ø7's(ýJWûX"–ÇIÝ㫺Œ,CÀc¤9 –NÅ ÄDMA²­'³šO[Ü’¾ª «ýß­9ÁëeãÛó g¢«ÿÑ=?ÂÕ·@ÌÁ]§—êqº¥éÖG:ñ¯_REtî=™s2°ãDºòj‰™GÊKmÆå®´¦Í`ÕËšÖD^2-ïGä 0œ­´7õ·´` Íö{ñLJ'Ê×}¦rͺ†G;Îýâ„–Ù0®6ÿ÷¿P^”6ÎiƒuÄ,Íq]ÆÍEâ›0[´Œ&h"0F Ž ÐCommittee€decided€to€request€that€State€to€submit€another€report€containing€further€information€andÐ ' w Ðorganized€along€the€guidelines€established€by€the€Committee.€€When€the€Committee€considered€atÐ  ` Ðits€tenth€session€the€communication€it€had€received€in€response€to€that€request€which€stated:€ð ðWeÐ ù I Ðhad€not€considered€it€necessary€to€send€the€report€in€question€because€there€are€no€conflicts€orÐ â 2  Ðproblems€of€this€nature€in€Boliviaðð,€it€decided€to€request€once€more€the€Government€of€Bolivia€toÐ Ë   Ðsubmit€a€report€in€compliance€with€the€requirements€of€article€9,€paragraph€1,€of€the€ConventionÐ ´  Ð(A/9618,€paras.€178€and€179).€€At€its€eleventh€session,€the€Committee€found€that€the€second€periodicÐ í  Ðreport€of€Bolivia€lacked€information€on€most€of€the€substantive€provisions€of€the€Convention;€andÐ †Ö  Ðthe€Bolivian€representative€assured€the€Committee€that€her€Government,€ð ðwould€have€no€objectionÐ o¿  Ðto€submitting€fuller€information€in€subsequent€reportsðð.€€òò17óó/€€The€third€periodic€report,€consistingÐ X¨  Ðof€the€statement€that€ð ðno€provisions€of€any€kind€have€been€enacted,€since€no€racial€problems€existÐ A‘ Ðor€ever€existed,€in€Boliviaðð,€was€considered€by€the€Committee€at€its€thirteenth€session;€and€theÐ *z ÐCommittee€again€requested€the€Government€of€Bolivia€to€furnish€it€with€information€on€theÐ c Ðimplementation€of€articles€2,€4,€5,€6€and€7€of€the€Convention€as€well€as€the€information€referred€toÐ üL Ðin€general€recommendations€III€and€IV.€€The€representative€of€Bolivia€told€the€Committee€that€ð ðheÐ å5 Ðaccepted€that€his€Government€had€not€fulfilled€all€its€obligations€and€must€submit€a€more€detailedÐ Î Ðreportðð€and€undertook€ð ðto€recommend€to€his€Government€that€an€additional€report€should€beÐ · Ðprepared€beforeðð€the€fourteenth€session€(A/31/18€and€Corr.1,€paras.€32€„€39).Ð  ð ÐÌ130.€€It€was€against€this€background€that€some€members€of€the€Committee€expressed€their€regret€thatÐ r Ðthe€fourth€periodic€report€of€Bolivia€supplied€no€specific€information€and€merely€restated€that€ð ðinÐ [« ÐBolivia€there€is€no€legal€provision€concerning€the€elimination€of€racial€discriminationðð€and€assertedÐ D” Ðthat,€since€ð ðBolivians€receive€equal€treatmentðð€and€ð ðthis€equality€is€embodied€in€the€PoliticalÐ -} ÐConstitutionðð,€and€since€ð ðthere€is€neither€official€nor€unofficial€discriminationðð,€it€had€not€ð ðprovedÐ f Ðnecessary€to€eradicate€any€practices€or€customs€in€this€connectionðð.Ð ÿO ÐÌ131.€€The€mandatory€obligations€of€the€Convention,€including€those€which€States€parties€hadÐ Ñ!!  Ðundertaken€to€implement€regardless€of€whether€or€not€racial€discrimination€was€actually€Ô_ÔpractisedÔ_ÔÐ º" ! Ðin€their€territories,€were€recalled€by€members€of€the€Committee.€€It€was€observed€that€the€allegedÐ £#ó" Ðnon„existence€of€certain€criminal€activities€did€not€excuse€a€Government€from€enacting€legislationÐ Œ$Ü# Ðto€prohibit€such€activities.€€And€it€was€reaffirmed€that€constitutional€provisions€relating€to€equalityÐ u%Å $ Ðand€other€norms€had€no€meaning€unless€there€existed€legislative€measures€to€implement€those€norms.Ð ^&®!% ÐÌÌÌÌòò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€à ¸ àÐ ë*;&* Ðà  à17óó/€[See€òòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assemblyóó],€òòThirtieth€Session,€Supplement€No.€18óóÐ Ô+$'+ Ð(A/10018)€,€paras.€83€„€85.Ð ½, (, ÐÐ ¦-ö(- Ð132.€€Some€members€of€the€committee€noted€with€appreciation€the€information€supplied€by€theÐ ° ÐBolivian€representative€in€his€opening€statement€but€hoped€that€the€next€periodic€report€of€BoliviaÐ ™é Ðwould€refer€to,€and€expand,€that€information.€€It€was€observed,€however,€that€the€presentation€of€oralÐ ‚Ò Ðinformation€through€the€representative€of€a€State€party€was€no€substitute€for€a€well„presented€andÐ k» Ðcorrectly€submitted€report.€€And€it€was€wondered€why€the€Government€of€Bolivia€had€not€includedÐ T¤ Ðin€its€report€the€information€given€orally€by€its€representative€to€the€Committee.Ð =  Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àÌ133.€€The€representative€of€Bolivia€reaffirmed€that€his€Government€had€passed€no€legislation€againstÐ  _ Ðracial€discrimination€because€there€was€no€racial€discrimination€of€any€kind€in€Bolivia.€€ObservingÐ ø H Ðthat€some€members€of€the€Committee€apparently€wanted€the€Bolivian€Government€to€supply€a€listÐ á 1  Ðof€laws€and€provisions€to€deal€with€non„existent€offences,€he€recalled€that€States€were€free€to€chooseÐ Ê   Ðtheir€own€methods€and€systems€to€ensure€respect€for€and€compliance€with€the€provisions€of€theirÐ ³  Ðfundamental€laws.€€Finally,€he€stated€that€he€would€convey€to€his€Government€the€views€expressedÐ œì  Ðin€the€Committee.Ð …Õ  ÐÐ  n¾  Ðò òÔ_ÔCERDÔ_Ô€€A/39/18€(1984)ó óÐ ° ÐÌ168.€The€fifth,€sixth€and€seventh€periodic€reports€of€Bolivia,€submitted€in€one€documentÐ ƒÓ Ð(Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/107/Add.1),€and€supplementary€information€(Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/107/Add.5)€were€considered€byÐ l¼ Ðthe€Committee€together€with€the€introductory€statement€of€the€representative€of€the€reporting€State,Ð U¥ Ðwho€pointed€out€that€Boliviaððs€current€Constitution,€adopted€in€1967,€guaranteed€the€equality€ofÐ > Ž Ðcitizens€without€distinction€as€to€race€or€religion.€€He€stated€that€in€October€1982€Bolivia€hadÐ ' w Ðreturned€to€a€democratic€system€of€government€under€which€human€rights€and€fundamental€freedomsÐ  ` Ðwere€guaranteed.€€Of€the€5.8€million€citizens,€60€per€cent€lived€in€rural€areas€and€40€per€cent€in€theÐ ù I Ðcities.€€The€1976€census€indicated€that€17€per€cent€of€the€population€spoke€only€Ô_ÔQuechuaÔ_Ô,€8€per€centÐ â 2  Ðonly€Ô_ÔAymaraÔ_Ô€and€30€per€cent€only€Spanish,€and€that€43€per€cent€was€bilingual,€while€2€per€centÐ Ë   Ðspoke€various,€primarily€Guarani„based€languages.€€Linguistic€differences€did€not€amount€to€racialÐ ´  Ðdifferences.€€Spanish,€Ô_ÔAymaraÔ_Ô€and€Ô_ÔQuechuaÔ_Ô€were€the€countryððs€official€languages;€they€were€usedÐ í  Ðin€Parliament,€the€schools€and€the€mass€media.€€He€recognized€that,€though€there€was€no€racialÐ †Ö  Ðdiscrimination€in€the€country,€there€were€inequities€in€the€availability€of€public€services€owing€toÐ o¿  Ðthe€development€problems€Bolivia€was€facing.€€That€was€why€the€Government€was€planning€toÐ X¨  Ðinvest€heavily€over€the€next€three€years€in€social€Ô_ÔprogrammesÔ_Ô€designed€to€raise€the€standard€ofÐ A‘ Ðliving.€€He€added€that€Bolivia€had€always€repudiated€òòapartheidóó€and€had€ratified€the€InternationalÐ *z ÐConvention€on€the€Suppression€and€Punishment€of€the€Crime€of€òòApartheidóó€and€the€SlaveryÐ c ÐConvention€in€1983.Ð üL ÐÌÓË$ÓÓ  Ó169.€€The€Committee€commended€the€Government€of€Bolivia€for€the€sincerity€of€its€reporting€andÐ Î Ðemphasized€the€need€to€continue€its€dialogue€with€the€Committee.€€It€thanked€the€BolivianÐ · Ðrepresentative€for€the€significant€clarifications€and€additional€information€he€had€provided€in€hisÐ  ð Ðintroductory€statement€and€requested€that€Ô_ÔthatÔ_Ô€type€of€information,€as€well€as€information€on€theÐ ‰Ù Ðethnic€composition€of€the€population,€be€included€in€Boliviaððs€next€report.€€The€Committee€observedÐ r Ðthat€although€the€report€contained€comprehensive€information€on€the€implementation€of€article€5€itÐ [« Ðlacked€information€regarding€the€implementation€of€articles€2,€3,€4€,€6€and€7€of€the€Convention.Ð D” ÐÌ170.€€In€relation€to€article€4,€the€Committee€recalled€that€in€1978€it€had€informed€the€BolivianÐ f ÐGovernment€of€its€obligation€to€incorporate€penal€provisions€in€its€legislation€to€cover€acts€of€racialÐ ÿO Ðdiscrimination€and€incitement€to€such€acts.€€It€was€underlined€that€article€4€of€the€Convention€wasÐ è 8 Ðnot€self„executing€and€that€States€parties€must€introduce€legislation€indicating€which€acts€wereÐ Ñ!!  Ðpunishable€and€what€the€penalties€were.Ð º" ! ÐÌ171.€€As€far€as€article€5€was€concerned,€the€Committee€noted€that€it€was€not€clear€from€the€reportÐ Œ$Ü# Ðwhether€indigenous€communities€were€free€to€form€Ô_ÔlabourÔ_Ô€unions€or€whether€there€was€only€oneÐ u%Å $ ÐÔ_ÔlabourÔ_Ô€union€organized€by€the€State.€€The€Committee€requested€further€information€regarding€theÐ ^&®!% Ðparticipation€of€the€indigenous€communities€in€the€Ô_ÔprogrammesÔ_Ô€set€up€for€their€benefit.€€In€particular,Ð G'—"& Ðit€wished€to€know€more€about€the€implementation€of€article€125€of€Decree„Law€No.€03464€whichÐ 0(€#' Ðimplied€that€there€were€certain€restrictions€on€rural€communities.€€The€Committee€pointed€out€thatÐ )i$( Ðsuch€an€approach€introduced€an€element€of€discrimination€and€asked€whether€there€were€anyÐ *R%) Ðobstacles€which€prevented€the€Government€from€encouraging€the€rural€communities€to€participateÐ ë*;&* Ðfully€in€their€own€development.Ð Ô+$'+ ÐÌ172.€€In€reply€to€questions€raised€regarding€the€demographic€composition€of€the€population,€theÐ ¦-ö(- Ðrepresentative€of€the€reporting€State€explained€that€the€distribution€of€the€population€on€the€basis€ofÐ ° Ðcultural€or€ethnic€groups€was€not€very€precise€and,€since€1952,€there€had€been€a€tendency€to€regardÐ ™é Ðthe€population€as€being€either€urban€or€rural.€€Generally€speaking,€rural€workers€tended€to€beÐ ‚Ò Ðidentified€as€either€urban€or€rural.€€Generally€speaking,€rural€workers€tended€to€be€identified€as€eitherÐ k» ÐÔ_ÔAymaranÔ_Ô€or€Quechuan.Ð T¤ ÐÌ173.€€With€regard€to€article€3,€he€informed€the€Committee€that€Bolivia€had€no€cultural€or€tradeÐ & v Ðrelations€with€South€Africa.Ð  _ ÐÌ174.€€In€connection€with€questions€raised€about€the€implementation€of€article€4,€he€stated€that,Ð á 1  Ðthough€no€specific€laws€existed€to€punish€attempts€to€justify€or€promote€racial€hatred€or€theories€ofÐ Ê   Ðracial€superiority,€the€State€possessed€sufficient€legal€means€under€the€Bolivian€Constitution,€andÐ ³  Ðin€particular€article€6,€to€compel€adherence€to€the€principle€of€equality.€€Bolivia€had€incorporatedÐ œì  Ðthe€Convention€in€its€body€of€law€and€any€aggrieved€party€could€invoke€the€Convention€whenÐ …Õ  Ðseeking€justice€before€the€courts.Ð n¾  ÐÓDÓÌÓ  Ó175.€€With€reference€to€questions€raised€under€article€5,€he€stated€that€currently€trade€unions€enjoyedÐ @ Ðtotal€independence€and€were€organized€into€federations€within€the€òòCentral€Ô_ÔObreraÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBolivianaÔ_Ôóó€(COB).€Ð )y ÐFollowing€land€reform,€more€than€400,000€private€property€deeds€had€been€distributed;€eachÐ b Ðcommunity,€however,€owned€the€communal€land€which€represented€the€larger€part€of€the€formerÐ ûK Ðòòhacienda;óó€the€product€of€the€communal€land€supported€schools€and€health€and€other€services.€€AÐ ä4 Ðfundamental€element€of€his€Governmentððs€policy€was€to€encourage€joint€management€and€jointÐ Í Ðownership€arrangements€with€workers.€€It€was€intended€that€rural€workers€should€participate€in€theÐ ¶ Ðfuture€planning€of€all€rural€projects.€€Whereas€36€per€cent€of€the€gross€national€product€was€producedÐ Ÿï Ðin€rural€areas,€74€per€cent€of€investments€made€under€the€new€development€Ô_ÔprogrammeÔ_Ô€wereÐ ˆØ ÐÔ_ÔchannelledÔ_Ô€to€those€areas.€€He€explained€that€citizens€and€resident€foreigners€enjoyed€full€freedomÐ qÁ Ðto€settle€in€any€part€of€the€national€territory.€€For€security€reasons,€foreigners€who€were€not€residentsÐ Zª Ðof€Bolivia€were€not€permitted€to€own€property€within€50€kilometers€of€Boliviaððs€frontier€with€anyÐ C“ Ðother€country.€€Bolivia€viewed€the€plight€of€refugees€sympathetically€and€had€opened€its€doors€toÐ ,| Ðthose€seeking€asylum€from€other€countries€without€applying€any€ethnic€or€racial€restrictions€inÐ e Ðconnection€with€their€entry.Ð þN ÐÐ  ç 7 Ðò òÔ_ÔCERDÔ_Ô€€A/51/18€(1996)ó óÐ ° Ðà  à€Ð šê Ð265.€€The€Committee€examined€the€eighth,€ninth,€tenth,€eleventh,€twelfth€and€thirteenth€periodicÐ ƒÓ Ðreports€of€Bolivia,€which€were€submitted€in€a€single€document€(Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/281/Add.1),€€at€its€1157òòthóóÐ l¼ Ðand€1160òòthóó€meetings,€held€on€5€and€7€August€1996€(see€Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/SR.1157€and€1160).€€In€the€lightÐ U¥ Ðof€the€examination€of€the€report€and€the€observations€made€by€the€members€of€the€Committee,€theÐ > Ž ÐCommittee,€at€its€1176òòthóó€meeting,€on€19€August€1996,€adopted€the€following€concludingÐ ' w Ðobservations.€òò8óó/Ð  ` ÐÓTÓÌA.€€òòIntroductionóóÐ â 2  ÐÌÓ  Ó266.€€While€the€Committee€regrets€the€long€period,€since€1983,€during€which€no€reports€wereÐ ´  Ðsubmitted€by€the€State€Party,€it€welcomes€the€submission€of€the€combined€eighth,€ninth,€tenth,Ð í  Ðeleventh,€twelfth€and€thirteenth€periodic€reports.€€The€Committee€expresses€appreciation€for€theÐ †Ö  Ðfrank€manner€in€which€the€report€addresses€the€actual€situation€in€Bolivia.€€It€also€expresses€itsÐ o¿  Ðappreciation€for€the€additional€information€provided€by€members€of€the€State€Partyððs€delegation€andÐ X¨  Ðfor€their€willingness€to€engage€in€a€constructive€dialogue€with€the€Committee.€€The€informationÐ A‘ Ðcontained€in€the€report€and€in€the€oral€answers€to€its€questions€allowed€the€Committee€to€obtain€aÐ *z Ðclearer€view€of€the€overall€human€rights€situation€in€the€State€Party€with€respect€to€racialÐ c Ðdiscrimination.Ð üL ÐÓÅ^ÓÌÓ  Ó267.€€The€Committee€notes€that€the€State€Party€has€not€made€the€declaration€provided€for€by€articleÐ Î Ð14€of€the€Convention;€some€members€of€the€Committee€requested€the€State€Party€to€consider€theÐ · Ðpossibility€of€making€such€a€declaration.Ð  ð ÐÓ¬bÓÌB.€€òòFactors€and€difficulties€affecting€the€implementation€of€the€ConventionóóÐ r ÐÌÓ  Ó268.€€Note€is€taken,€with€concern,€of€the€conditions€of€extreme€poverty€principally€affectingÐ D” Ðmembers€of€the€indigenous€population.€€Poverty€is€evident€in€the€lack€of€access€to€some€basicÐ -} Ðservices,€such€as€provision€of€clean€water,€medical€care,€education€and€electricity.Ð f ÐÌ269.€€The€high€rate€of€illiteracy€and€the€fact€that€the€national€language,€Spanish,€is€spoken€by€onlyÐ è 8 Ð44€per€cent€of€the€population,€and€the€large€number€of€languages€and€dialects€spoken€in€the€countryÐ Ñ!!  Ðare€noted€with€concern,€as€they€make€communication€difficult€between€the€various€ethnic€groupsÐ º" ! Ðand,€in€many€cases,€place€indigenous€persons€at€a€disadvantage€in€the€Ô_ÔdefenceÔ_Ô€of€their€human€rights.Ð £#ó" ÐÌÌÌòòßA€Y)¬*ŒdE¬*ŒAßà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àÌÌÌà  à8óó/€The€Committee€takes€note€of€the€document€submitted€by€the€Government€of€Bolivia€onÐ *R%) Ð21€August€1996€concerning€legislative€proposals€made€by€the€Ministry€of€Justice€for€the€eliminationÐ ë*;&* Ðof€all€forms€of€racial€discrimination.€€This€document€can€be€considered€by€the€Committee€whenÐ Ô+$'+ ÐBolivia€submits€its€next€periodic€report.Ð ½, (, Ð270.€€Concern€is€also€expressed€about€the€complex€problem€of€drug€trafficking€and,€in€the€ruralÐ ¦-ö(- Ðareas,€drug€production,€principally€affecting€members€of€the€indigenous€population,€which€theÐ ° ÐGovernment,€faced€with€economic€problems€and€violations€of€the€law,€as€well€as€external€pressures,Ð ™é Ðis€struggling€to€eradicate.Ð ‚Ò ÐÌC.€€òòPositive€aspectsóóÐ T¤ ÐÌ271.€€The€progress€made€in€stabilizing€the€national€economy€is€welcomed,€as€are€the€GovernmentððsÐ & v Ðefforts€to€reduce€the€great€disparities€between€the€level€of€development€of€the€capital€and€other€urbanÐ  _ Ðareas€relative€to€the€remote€rural€areas€of€Bolivia.Ð ø H ÐÌ272.€€In€addition,€the€Law€on€Popular€Participation€of€1994€is€welcomed€for€its€recognition€ofÐ Ê   Ðindigenous€communities€as€juridical€persons€and€granting€to€such€communities€the€power€to€engageÐ ³  Ðin€certain€activities€independently€of€the€central€authorities.€€These€include€the€capacity€to€contractÐ œì  Ðpublic€projects€and€to€receive€international€assistance€for€local€development.Ð …Õ  ÐÌ273.€€The€abolition€of€the€practice€of€debt€imprisonment€is€welcomed.€€This€practice€by€definitionÐ W§  Ðhas€affected€the€poorer€sectors€of€society€and€consequently€has€had€important€racial€implications.Ð @ ÐÌ274.€€The€new€measures€to€provide€maternity€care€and€medical€care€for€infants€until€the€age€of€fiveÐ b Ðyears,€under€Supreme€Decree€24,303,€are€welcomed€and€considered€to€be€in€conformity€with€articleÐ ûK Ð5€(e)€of€the€Convention.Ð ä4 ÐÌ275.€€The€protection€of€the€indigenous€population€should€be€improved€by€the€planned€adoption€ofÐ ¶ Ðlegal€provisions€for€the€establishment€of€various€institutions€with€specific€areas€of€responsibility€inÐ Ÿï Ðthe€protection€of€human€rights,€including€the€National€Organ€for€Minors,€Women€and€the€FamilyÐ ˆØ Ðand€the€Sub„Secretariat€on€Human€Rights€in€the€Ministry€of€Justice.€€The€post€of€a€national€humanÐ qÁ Ðrights€ombudsman€envisioned€in€the€constitutional€reforms€of€1994€is€also€welcomed.Ð Zª ÐÌD.€€òòPrincipal€subjects€of€concernóóÐ ,| ÐÌ276.€€Deep€concern€is€expressed€over€the€lack€of€legislative€provisions€classifying€as€an€offenceÐ þN Ðpunishable€by€law€the€dissemination€of€ideas€based€on€racial€superiority€of€hatred,€acts€of€violenceÐ ç 7 Ðor€incitement€to€violence€against€any€race€or€group€of€persons€of€another€Ô_ÔcolourÔ_Ô€or€ethnic€origin€andÐ Ð!   Ðthe€provision€of€assistance€to€racist€activities,€as€required€under€article€4.€€In€this€connection,Ð ¹" ! Ðattention€is€drawn€to€the€fact€that€failure€to€take€such€action€impairs€implementation€of€article€6€onÐ ¢#ò" Ðthe€right€to€effective€protection€and€remedy.Ð ‹$Û# ÐÌ277.€€Attention€is€drawn€to€article€5€Ô_Ô(cÔ_Ô),€in€accordance€with€which€all€persons€have€the€right€to€haveÐ ]&­!% Ðequal€access€to€the€public€service.€€In€this€regard,€regret€is€expressed€that€the€law€on€the€publicÐ F'–"& Ðservice,€adopted€in€1992,€does€not€expressly€prohibit€racial€discrimination€in€the€selection€of€publicÐ /(#' Ðservants.Ð )h$( ÐÌ278.€€Note€is€taken€of€the€disparities€in€the€access€to€economic,€social€and€cultural€benefits€byÐ ê*:&* Ðdifferent€ethnic€groups.€€While€the€difficulties€in€providing€such€benefits€to€regions€far€removedÐ Ó+#'+ Ðfrom€the€capital€are€appreciated,€the€disproportionate€effects€that€may€hinder€the€relativeÐ ¼, (, Ðdevelopment€of€different€communities€are€of€deep€concern,€as€they€can€perpetuate€racialÐ ¥-õ(- Ðdiscrimination€towards€disadvantaged€groups.Ð ° ÐÌ279.€€With€respect€to€article€7,€it€is€considered€that€insufficient€information€was€made€availableÐ ‚Ò Ðconcerning€efforts€in€teaching€and€education€to€combat€prejudices€which€lead€to€racialÐ k» Ðdiscrimination€and€to€promote€understanding,€tolerance€and€friendship,€as€required€under€this€article.Ð T¤ ÐÌ280.€€It€is€noted€with€regret€that€quantitative€information€regarding€the€ethnic€composition€of€theÐ & v Ðpopulation,€the€geographic€areas€where€minority€communities€are€concentrated,€the€level€of€theirÐ  _ Ðstandard€of€living€and€other€educational€and€social€indices€was€not€provided€in€the€present€report.€Ð ø H ÐSuch€information€is€essential€for€the€Government€itself€to€detect€possible€patterns€of€discriminationÐ á 1  Ðand€for€the€Committee€to€monitor€effectively€the€implementation€of€the€Convention.Ð Ê   ÐÌE.€€òòSuggestions€and€recommendationsóóÐ œì  ÐÌ281.€€The€Committee€urges€the€Government€to€consider€its€obligations€to€make€all€forms€of€racialÐ n¾  Ðdiscrimination,€as€specified€in€article€4€of€the€Convention,€punishable€by€law.€€In€this€respect,€itÐ W§  Ðnotes€with€satisfaction€the€indication€that€the€government€would€welcome€technical€assistanceÐ @ Ðtowards€this€end.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€Government€avail€itself€of€the€technicalÐ )y Ðcooperation€services€of€the€Ô_ÔCentreÔ_Ô€for€Human€Rights€of€the€United€Nations.Ð b ÐÌ282.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€information€regarding€the€ethnic€composition€of€theÐ ä4 Ðpopulation,€the€geographic€areas€where€minority€communities€are€concentrated,€the€level€of€theirÐ Í Ðstandard€of€living€and€other€educational€and€social€indices€be€provided€in€the€next€report,€whichÐ ¶ Ðshould€be€an€updating€report€focused€on€those€questions€and€subjects€of€concern€raised€by€theÐ Ÿï ÐCommittee€during€the€examination€of€the€present€report.€€It€also€requests€that€the€next€report€includeÐ ˆØ Ðdata€on€the€indigenous€communities€that€are€affected€by€the€drug€trafficking€and€how€theÐ qÁ ÐGovernmentððs€policies€and€Ô_ÔprogrammesÔ_Ô€are€affecting€those€groups.€€It€will€be€appreciated€if€thatÐ Zª Ðinformation€includes€the€amount€of€land€withdrawn€from€coca€production,€the€amount€of€landÐ C“ Ðcontinuing€to€produce€coca,€the€number€of€persons€affected€and€the€ethnic€origin€of€those€persons,Ð ,| Ðas€well€as€the€effects€of€the€Governmentððs€Ô_ÔprogrammesÔ_Ô€on€their€living€standards.€€If€it€is€consideredÐ e Ðthat€assistance€in€this€area€would€be€helpful,€the€Committee€recommends€that€the€GovernmentÐ þN Ðrequest€technical€assistance€from€the€Ô_ÔCentreÔ_Ô€for€Human€Rights€with€respect€to€the€collection€andÐ ç 7 Ðanalysis€of€data.Ð Ð!   ÐÌ283.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€next€periodic€report€contain€detailed€informationÐ ¢#ò" Ðconcerning€the€draft€bill€on€land€reform.€€It€requests€that€the€report€explain€how€demands€forÐ ‹$Û# Ðsustainable€development,€for€the€promotion€of€agriculture€and€for€protection€of€the€rights€of€theÐ t%Ä $ Ðindigenous€and€peasant€communities€will€be€reconciled€in€the€draft€bill.Ð ]&­!% ÐÌ284.€€The€Committee€urges€that€immediate€attention€be€paid€to€the€development€of€rural€areas€whereÐ /(#' Ðmany€indigenous€communities€are€situated.€€It€encourages€the€Government€to€consider€expansionÐ )h$( Ðof€the€economic€and€social€infrastructure€to€enable€those€communities€to€be€provided€with€accessÐ *Q%) Ðto€clean€water,€energy,€medical€care,€education,€and€other€essential€services€and€,€in€this€regard,€itÐ ê*:&* Ðcalls€special€attention€to€the€situation€of€the€Guarani€people.€€The€Committee€encourages€theÐ Ó+#'+ ÐGovernment€to€seek€international€assistance€towards€this€end.Ð ¼, (, ÐÐ ¥-õ(- Ð285.€€The€Committee€strongly€recommends€that€the€next€periodic€report€include€informationÐ ° Ðregarding€any€measures€taken€to€remedy€the€problems€outlined€in€the€report€€concerning€judicialÐ ™é Ðsentencing.€€In€particular,€the€Committee€requests€information€concerning€the€number€of€complaintsÐ ‚Ò Ðof€racial€discrimination€which€have€been€made€and€examples€of€sentencing€to€be€included€in€the€nextÐ k» Ðperiodic€report€to€gain€a€better€understanding€of€the€way€in€which€the€judicial€system€implementsÐ T¤ Ðthe€obligations€of€the€State€under€the€Convention.Ð =  ÐÌ286.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€next€periodic€report€include€information€on€how€the€LawÐ  _ Ðon€University€Reform€and€other€related€measures€will€affect€minority€students€and€communities.Ð ø H ÐÌ287.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€Party€consider€how€it€may€implement€the€workingÐ Ê   Ðprovisions€of€article€7€and€incorporate€in€the€school€curricula€and€the€training€of€persons€in€theÐ ³  Ðpublic€service€appropriate€instruction€to€effectively€combat€prejudice€and€promote€tolerance.Ð œì  ÐÌ288.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€Party€ratify€at€its€earliest€convenience€theÐ n¾  Ðamendments€to€article€8,€paragraph€6,€of€the€Convention,€adopted€by€the€14òòthóó€meeting€of€StatesÐ W§  ÐParties.Ð @ ÐÌ289.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€next€periodic€report€of€the€State€Party€due€on€22€OctoberÐ b Ð1997,€be€updating€in€character€and€that€it€address€all€the€points€raised€in€the€present€concludingÐ ûK Ðobservations.Ð ä4 ÐÌÐ  ¶ ÐÔCEUS.,ÔÌò òÔ_ÔCERDÔ_Ô€€A/58/18€(2003)ó óÐ ™é ÐÌ327.€€The€Committee€considered€the€fourteenth€to€sixteenth€periodic€reports€of€BoliviaÐ l¼ Ð(Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/409/Add.3),€which€were€due€from€1997€to€2001,€submitted€as€one€document,€at€its1594thÐ U¥ Ðand€1595th€meetings€(Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/SR.1594€and€1595),€held€on€11€and€12€August€2003.€€At€its€1610thÐ > Ž Ðmeeting€(Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/SR.1610),€held€on€21€August€2003,€it€adopted€the€following€concludingÐ ' w Ðobservations.€€Ð  ` ÐÌA.€€òòIntroductionóóÐ â 2  ÐÌ328.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€report€submitted€by€the€State€party€and€the€additional€oral€andÐ ´  Ðwritten€information€provided€by€the€delegation.€€It€regrets,€however,€that€this€new€additional€writtenÐ í  Ðinformation€was€submitted€late,€and€members€were€unable€to€examine€it€before€the€dialogue€withÐ †Ö  Ðthe€delegation.Ð o¿  ÐÌ329.€€The€Committee€expresses€appreciation€for€the€helpful€responses€provided€by€the€delegationÐ A‘ Ðof€the€State€party€and€for€its€willingness€to€engage€in€a€constructive€dialogue€with€the€Committee.€Ð *z ÐFurthermore,€the€Committee€welcomes€the€fact€that€the€State€partyððs€delegation€was€headed€by€theÐ c ÐVice„Minister€of€Indigenous€Affairs.Ð üL ÐÌB.€€òòFactors€and€difficulties€impeding€implementation€of€the€ConventionóóÐ Î ÐÌ330.€€The€Committee€notes€that,€despite€the€State€partyððs€considerable€progress€and€outstandingÐ  ð Ðefforts,€Bolivia€remains€one€of€the€poorest€and€least€developed€countries€in€LatinAmerica.€Ð ‰Ù ÐAccording€to€the€poverty€indicators€of€2002,€64.3percent€of€the€population€lives€below€the€povertyÐ r Ðline€(53.3percent€of€the€population€of€the€urban€areas€and€82.1percent€of€the€population€of€ruralÐ [« Ðareas).€€The€Committee€is€particularly€concerned€about€this€data€and€underlines€that€the€discrepancyÐ D” Ðbetween€urban€and€rural€areas€especially€affects€indigenous€peoples€and€their€daily€living€conditions.Ð -} ÐÌC.€€òòPositive€aspectsóóÐ ÿO ÐÌ331.€€The€Committee€acknowledges€that€the€extensive€and€detailed€report€of€the€State€party€is,€inÐ Ñ!!  Ðgeneral,€in€conformity€with€the€reporting€guidelines€and€that€it€addresses€some€of€the€concerns€andÐ º" ! Ðrecommendations€formulated€by€the€Committee€after€the€consideration€of€the€previous€report.€€Ð £#ó" ÐÌ332.€€The€Committee€notes€with€satisfaction€that€Bolivia€is€a€party€to€a€range€of€international€humanÐ u%Å $ Ðrights€instruments,€including€International€Labour€Organization,€Convention€No.€169€concerningÐ ^&®!% ÐIndigenous€and€Tribal€Peoples€in€Independent€Countries€and€the€International€Convention€on€theÐ G'—"& ÐProtection€of€the€Rights€of€All€Migrant€Workers€and€Members€of€Their€Families.Ð 0(€#' ÐÌ333.€The€Committee€welcomes€the€numerous€measures€undertaken€for€the€promotion€and€protectionÐ *R%) Ðof€human€rights,€including€the€recognition€in€the€new€Constitution€of€1995€of€Bolivia€as€aÐ ë*;&* Ðmulti-ethnic€and€multicultural€State,€the€recent€establishment€of€the€post€of€Ombudsman€(Ô_ÔDefensorÔ_ÔÐ Ô+$'+ Ðdel€Pueblo),€the€entry€into€force€in€1999€of€the€new€Penal€Procedure€Code€and€the€approval€of€theÐ ½, (, Ðgender€equality€plan€2003„2007.€€The€Committee€also€notes€with€appreciation€the€establishment€inÐ ¦-ö(- Ðeach€municipality€of€an€Ombudsman€for€Children€and€Adolescents.Ð ° ÐÌ334.€€As€to€article€2€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€takes€note€with€satisfaction€of€the€informationÐ ‚Ò Ðthat€local€offices€attached€to€the€Ministry€of€Justice€and€Human€Rights€have€been€opened€to€receiveÐ k» Ðcomplaints€of€human€rights€violations.€€Ð T¤ ÐÌ335.€€The€Committee€commends€the€State€partyððs€efforts€aimed€at€ensuring€that€members€of€theÐ & v Ðindigenous€peoples€„€which,€according€to€the€2001€census,€represent€61.8percent€of€the€wholeÐ  _ Ðpopulation€„€are€free€and€equal€in€dignity€and€rights€and€free€from€any€discrimination,€including€legalÐ ø H Ðprovisions€aimed€at€recognizing€the€title€to€and€ownership€of€land€of€indigenous€groups€andÐ á 1  Ðindividuals€as€well€as€the€right€to€exclusive€benefit€of€renewable€natural€resources€situated€on€theirÐ Ê   Ðlands.€€In€this€respect,€the€Committee€especially€welcomes€the€establishment€of€the€Agrarian€Court.Ð ³  ÐÌ336.€€While€the€Committee€is€seriously€concerned€about€the€information€that€a€ð ðneo„Naziðð€meetingÐ …Õ  Ðwas€scheduled€to€take€place€in€April€2001,€as€well€as€about€the€existence€of€such€a€phenomenon€inÐ n¾  Ðthe€country,€it€welcomes€the€measures€taken€by€the€State€party€which€managed€to€prevent€thisÐ W§  Ðgathering€taking€place,€in€conformity€with€article€4€(b)€of€the€Convention.Ð @ ÐÌ337.€€The€Committee€also€takes€note€with€appreciation€of€the€steps€taken€to€give€adequateÐ b Ðrecognition€to€indigenous€languages.€€€Ð ûK ÐÌD.€€òòConcerns€and€recommendationsóóÐ Í ÐÌ338.€€The€Committee€regrets€the€paucity€of€information€as€to€article€4€of€the€Convention€and€notesÐ Ÿï Ðwith€concern€the€lack€of€legislative€provisions€punishing€the€dissemination€of€ideas€based€on€racialÐ ˆØ Ðsuperiority€or€hatred,€as€well€as€acts€of€violence€or€incitement€to€violence€and€the€organizationsÐ qÁ Ðpromoting€racial€discrimination,€as€required€under€article€4€of€the€Convention.€€Ð Zª ÐÌà0  àIn€this€regard,€the€Committee€reiterates€its€previous€recommendation€urging€the€State€partyÐ ,| Ðto€fulfil€its€obligation€to€make€all€forms€of€racial€discrimination,€as€specified€in€article€4€ofÐ e Ðthe€Convention,€punishable€by€law.ÐþN(#(# ÐÌ339.€€WhÔ_ÔileÔ_Ô€welcoming€the€State€partyððs€efforts€aimed€at€ensuring€the€enjoyment€and€exercise€of€theÐ Ð!   Ðrights€of€indigenous€peoples€through€the€adoption€of€constitutional,€legal€and€institutional€reforms,Ð ¹" ! Ðthe€Committee€notes€with€concern€the€information€received€on€the€issue€of€indigenous€landsÐ ¢#ò" Ðallegedly€allotted€to€private€companies,€especially€in€the€communities€of€Ô_ÔChiquitanoÔ_Ô,€Beni€and€SantaÐ ‹$Û# ÐCruz.Ð t%Ä $ ÐÌà0  àThe€Committee€invites€the€State€party€to€implement€consistently€in€practice€theÐ F'–"& Ðcommendable€legislation€it€adopted€in€order€to€recognize€the€fundamental€rights€ofÐ /(#' Ðindigenous€peoples€and€to€improve€their€living€conditions.€€In€this€regard,€the€CommitteeÐ )h$( Ðdraws€the€attention€of€the€State€party€to€its€general€recommendation€XXIII€which,€interalia,Ð *Q%) Ðcalls€upon€States€parties€to€recognize€and€protect€the€rights€of€indigenous€peoples€to€own,Ð ê*:&* Ðdevelop,€control€and€use€their€communal€lands,€territories€and€resources€and,€where€theyÐ Ó+#'+ Ðhave€been€deprived€of€their€lands€and€territories€traditionally€owned€or€otherwise€inhabitedÐ ¼, (, Ðor€used€without€their€free€and€informed€consent,€to€take€steps€to€return€those€lands€andÐ ¥-õ(- Ðterritories.а(#(# ÐÌ340.€€The€Committee€is€also€concerned€about€reports€that€human€rights€defenders€providingÐ ‚Ò Ðassistance€to€members€of€indigenous€groups€in€the€context€of€land€disputes€continue€to€be€threatenedÐ k» Ðand€harassed€by€police€officers,€especially€in€the€region€of€Ô_ÔChapareÔ_Ô.€€Ð T¤ ÐÌà0  àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€take€all€necessary€measures€for€theÐ & v Ðprotection€of€human€rights€defenders€against€any€violence,€threats,€retaliation,€defactoÐ  _ Ðdiscrimination,€pressure€or€any€arbitrary€action€as€a€consequence€of€their€activities.€€In€thisÐ ø H Ðregard,€the€Committee€recalls€its€general€recommendation€XIII€on€the€training€of€lawÐ á 1  Ðenforcement€officials€in€the€protection€of€human€rights€and€encourages€the€State€party€toÐ Ê   Ðimprove€the€training€of€law€enforcement€officials,€especially€police€officers,€so€that€theÐ ³  Ðstandards€of€the€Convention€are€fully€implemented.Ðœì (#(# ÐÌ341.€€The€Committee€notes€the€lack€of€information€regarding€the€Afro„Bolivian€community€which,Ð n¾  Ðaccording€to€the€information€received,€accounts€for€around€31,000€individuals€situated€at€the€lowerÐ W§  Ðend€of€the€Ô_ÔsocioÔ_Ô„economic€scale€and€who€face€severe€disadvantages€in€health,€life€expectancy,Ð @ Ðeducation,€income,€literacy,€employment€and€housing.€€The€Committee€further€notes€that€there€areÐ )y Ðno€specific€provisions€making€reference€to€this€group€in€the€domestic€legislation.Ð b ÐÌà0  àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€adopt€measures€with€a€view€to€ensuring€toÐ ä4 Ðmembers€of€the€Afro„Bolivian€community€the€full€enjoyment€of€the€rights€enumerated€inÐ Í Ðarticle€5€of€the€Convention€and€that€it€provide€information€in€this€respect€in€its€next€periodicÐ ¶ Ðreport,€in€particular€on€their€standard€of€living€and€other€educational€and€social€indices.Пï(#(# ÐÌ342.€€While€understanding€the€need€for€policies€aimed€at€reducing€the€illegal€production€andÐ qÁ Ðtrafficking€of€coca,€the€Committee€is€concerned€about€the€possible€negative€consequences€of€theseÐ Zª Ðpolicies,€particularly€for€members€of€the€indigenous€communities.€€Ð C“ ÐÌà0  àIn€this€regard,€the€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€provide€in€its€next€pÔ_ÔeriodicÔ_ÔÐ e Ðreport€additional€and€more€specific€information€on€the€amount€of€land€withdrawn€from€cocaÐ þN Ðproduction,€the€alternative€ways€of€cultivating€or€utilizing€this€land,€the€amount€of€landÐ ç 7 Ðcontinuing€to€produce€coca,€the€numbers€of€persons€affected€and€the€ethnic€origin€of€thoseÐ Ð!   Ðpersons,€as€well€as€the€impact€of€the€State€partyððs€policies€on€their€living€standards.й" !(#(# ÐÌ343.€€The€Committee€notes€the€lack€of€information€on€the€legislative,€judicial,€administrative€orÐ ‹$Û# Ðother€measures€which€give€effect€to€the€provision€of€article€6€of€the€Convention.€€The€CommitteeÐ t%Ä $ Ðreminds€the€State€party€that€the€mere€absence€of€complaints€and€legal€action€by€victims€of€racialÐ ]&­!% Ðdiscrimination€may€be€mainly€an€indication€of€the€absence€of€relevant€specific€legislation,€or€of€aÐ F'–"& Ðlack€of€awareness€of€the€availability€of€legal€remedies,€or€of€insufficient€will€on€the€part€of€theÐ /(#' Ðauthorities€to€prosecute.€€Ð )h$( ÐÌà0  àThe€Committee€requests€the€State€party€to€ensure€that€appropriate€provisions€are€availableÐ ê*:&* Ðin€national€legislation€and€to€provide€the€public€with€adequate€information€about€all€legalÐ Ó+#'+ Ðremedies€in€the€field€of€racial€discrimination.€€The€Committee€further€requests€that€the€StateÐ ¼, (, Ðparty€include€in€its€next€periodic€report€statistical€information€on€prosecutions€launched,€andÐ ¥-õ(- Ðpenalties€imposed€in€cases€of€offences€which€relate€to€racial€discrimination€and€where€theÐ ° Ðrelevant€provisions€of€the€existing€domestic€legislation€have€been€applied.Йé(#(# ÐÌ344.€€Regarding€article€7€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€encourages€the€State€party€to€makeÐ k» Ðadditional€efforts€to€disseminate€the€Convention€and€other€international€human€rights€instrumentsÐ T¤ Ðin€the€main€languages.Ð =  ÐÌ345.€€The€Committee€encourages€the€State€party€to€consult€with€organizations€of€civil€societyÐ  _ Ðworking€in€the€area€of€Ô_ÔcombatingÔ_Ô€racial€discrimination€during€the€preparation€of€the€next€periodicÐ ø H Ðreport.Ð á 1  ÐÌ346.€€The€Committee€notes€that€the€State€party€has€not€made€the€optional€declaration€provided€forÐ ³  Ðin€article€14€of€the€Convention€and€urges€that€it€consider€doing€so.Ð œì  ÐÌ347.€€The€Committee€strongly€recommends€that€the€State€party€ratify€the€amendments€to€article8,Ð n¾  Ðparagraph€6,€of€the€Convention,€adopted€on€15€January€1992€at€the€Fourteenth€Meetings€of€StatesÐ W§  ÐParties€to€the€Convention€and€endorsed€by€the€General€Assembly€in€its€resolution€47/111.€€In€thisÐ @ Ðconnection,€the€Committee€refers€to€General€Assembly€resolution57/194€of€18€December€2002,€inÐ )y Ðwhich€the€Assembly€strongly€urged€State€parties€to€accelerate€their€domestic€ratification€proceduresÐ b Ðwith€regard€to€the€amendment€and€to€notify€the€Secretary„General€expeditiously€in€writing€of€theirÐ ûK Ðagreement€to€the€amendment.Ð ä4 ÐÌ348.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€take€into€account€the€relevant€parts€of€theÐ ¶ ÐDurban€Declaration€and€Programme€of€Action€when€implementing€the€Convention€in€the€domesticÐ Ÿï Ðlegal€order,€in€particular€in€respect€of€articles€2€to€7€of€the€Convention,€and€that€it€include€in€its€nextÐ ˆØ Ðperiodic€report€information€on€action€plans€or€other€measures€taken€to€implement€the€DurbanÐ qÁ ÐDeclaration€and€Programme€of€Action€at€national€level.Ð Zª ÐÌ349.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€partyððs€reports€be€made€readily€available€to€theÐ ,| Ðpublic€from€the€time€they€are€submitted€and€that€the€observations€of€the€Committee€on€these€reportsÐ e Ðbe€similarly€publicized.Ð þN ÐÌ350.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€submit€its€seventeenth€periodic€report€jointlyÐ Ð!   Ðwith€its€eighteenth€periodic€report,€due€on€21€October€2005,€and€that€it€address€all€points€raised€inÐ ¹" ! Ðthe€present€concluding€observations.Ð ¢#ò" ÐÔUS.,CE.,"‘Ô