WPC $$U쑿m^؆޼MYn Yf2F+0wRrPC6C?!Ji` )+k2m 8i8I:~WC WaKgptL 2IR%5:~M4 OҀbu[>#RA k^(el{V T:v,o6~o0)+R_Ù_jtR AB;'oːaUOs.S`FJ8Sq8Kxi-)G5wb'ٕI3[ 5Hr5@OZHU-~yɃsZ^lv=^4pT&kj ~Ϧs=WuQAUW?hn@$B6d-=Ld̀UЄ?fNVBޛa#NUN %e 0:kN^ w4 m 0U 0H 0% 0 0 0P 0 0 0E 0 0 0j 0! 0! 0_" 0" 0# 0$ 0$ 0a% 0)& 0& 0w' 0( 0( 0?) 0) 0O* 0<C,UV>, 0, 0. 00 0[2 094 06 08 09 0|; 0|%= 0> 0a@ 0YB 0ED 03E 0)G 0 H 0I 0 K 0M 0O 0xQ D+S CS 0S 0T 0V 0W 0pZ 0=] 0_ 0b 0ve 0/h 0j 0m 0 -,p 0Yq 0t 0v 0y 0W| 0 0ԁ 0~ 09 0!щ 0- 0  0 ' 0 / 0 7 0 ? 1eG 7 B- 0C 1u* 7 1e 7 1e" 7 1e 7 1e 7mU 2{U 6U ,U, 1u;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; 0k 72 0NMMMMMM B 0cHP Officejet 6500 E710n-z (Network)0(9 Z6Times New Roman RegularX(\$CEUS.,v}> UW=ntFold3|x]U*+ (_2623  ..*D+D (_25   ," <DL,23  ..," <DL,   *5+5 (_24  ) <DL)23  ..) <DL)  *2+2 (_23 ` &<<DL&23  ..&<<DL& ` */+/ (_22  #DL#23  ..#DL#  *,+, (_21   DL 23  .. DL  *)+) (_20 h DDL23  ..DDL h *&+& (_19  L23  ..L  *#+# (_18   L23  .. L  *>> (_17  2( 4 <DL223  Ԁ2( 4 <DL2  *DD (_16   ," <DL,23  Ԁ," <DL,   *55 (_15  ) <DL)23  Ԁ) <DL)  *22 (_14 ` &<<DL&23  Ԁ&<<DL& ` *// (_13  #DL#23  Ԁ#DL#  *,, (_12   DL 23  Ԁ DL  *)) (_11 h DDL23  ԀDDL h *&& (_10  L23  ԀL  (## &_9   L23  Ԁ L  (>> &_8  2( 4 <DL223  2( 4 <DL2  (DD &_7   ," <DL,23  ," <DL,   (55 &_6  ) <DL)23  ) <DL)  (22 &_5 ` &<<DL&23  &<<DL& ` (// &_4  #DL#23  #DL#  (,, &_3   DL 23   DL  ()) &_2 h DDL23  DDL h (&& &_1  L23  L  &## $_   L23   L  6 4heading 1     2( 4 <DL2  UK XXXS)\  `&Times New RomanS     S)\  `&Times New RomanS  US   2( 4 <DL2  <:Default Para\  `&Times New Roman6 4heading 2     2( 4 <DL2  UK XXXS)\  `&Times New RomanS     S)\  `&Times New RomanS  US   2( 4 <DL2  6 4heading 3   2( 4 <DL2  UK XXXS)\  `&Times New RomanS   S)\  `&Times New RomanS  US   2( 4 <DL2  6 4heading 4   2( 4 <DL2 UK XXXS)\  `&Times New RomanS   S)\  `&Times New RomanS US   2( 4 <DL2  6 4heading 5   2( 4 <DL2  UK XXXS)\  `&Times New RomanS   S)\  `&Times New RomanS  US   2( 4 <DL2  6 4heading 6   2( 4 <DL2  UK XXXS)\  `&Times New RomanS   S)\  `&Times New RomanS  US   2( 4 <DL2  6 4heading 7     2( 4 <DL2 UK XXXS)\  `&Times New RomanS     S)\  `&Times New RomanS US   2( 4 <DL2  6 4heading 8   2( 4 <DL2 UK XXXS)\  `&Times New RomanS   S)\  `&Times New RomanS US   2( 4 <DL2  6 4heading 9   2( 4 <DL2 UK XXXS)\  `&Times New RomanS   S)\  `&Times New RomanS US   2( 4 <DL2  0.header    ! UK XXXS)\  `&Times New RomanSS)\  `&Times New RomanS US    !  0.footer    ! UK XXXS)\  `&Times New RomanSS)\  `&Times New RomanS US    !  ,*Rom1    ," <DL, UK XXXS)\  `&Times New RomanSS)\  `&Times New RomanS  2( 4 <DL2 US    ,*Rom2    ,"  <DL, UK XXXS)\  `&Times New RomanSS)\  `&Times New RomanS  2( 4 <DL2 US     20ParaNo.   2( B <DL2 FR XXXS)\  `&Times New RomanSS)\  `&Times New RomanS US   2( B <DL2  <YY:footnote ref S)\  `&Times New RomanS S)\  `&Times New RomanS<:footnote tex   2( 4 <DL2 UK XXXS)\  `&Times New RomanSS)\  `&Times New RomanS US   2( 4 <DL2  :SS8page numberS)\  `&Times New RomanSS)\  `&Times New RomanS<:Body Text In   2( 4 <DL2 UK XXXS)\  `&Times New RomanSS)\  `&Times New RomanS  2( 4 <DL2 US   <:endnote text   2( 4 <DL2 UK XXXS)\  `&Times New RomanSS)\  `&Times New RomanS US   2( 4 <DL2  <rr:endnote refe XXXS)\  `&Times New RomanSS)\  `&Times New RomanS 0.Bullet    /%  <DL/ UK XXXS)\  `&Times New RomanSS)\  `&Times New RomanS  2( 4 <DL2 US     ,*Dash    /%  <DL/ UK XXXS)\  `&Times New RomanSS)\  `&Times New RomanS  2( 4 <DL2 US     <!:Document Map  C@A4$X ddC  2( 4 <DL2 UK   Ap $TahomaAS)\  `&Times New RomanS7@(X7 US     2( 4 <DL2  'dxddd6fc4Hyperlink  S)\  `&Times New RomanS  S)\  `&Times New RomanS<:Balloon Text   2( 4 <DL2 UK Ap $TahomaAS)\  `&Times New RomanS US   2( 4 <DL2  <fc:FollowedHype  S)\  `&Times New RomanS  S)\  `&Times New RomanS< :Outline001_1   /%  <DL/Ao(\ Y`SymbolA23  S)\  `&Times New RomanSAo(\ Y`SymbolA..S)\  `&Times New RomanS  2( 4 <DL2  < :Outline001_2   ," <DL,Kn<6X9`(Courier NewK23  S)\  `&Times New RomanSKn<6X9`(Courier NewK..S)\  `&Times New RomanS  2( 4 <DL2  < :Outline001_3   ) <DL)GmKr`WingdingsG23  S)\  `&Times New RomanSGmKr`WingdingsG..S)\  `&Times New RomanS  2( 4 <DL2  < :Outline001_4  ` &<<DL&Ao(\ Y`SymbolA23  S)\  `&Times New RomanSAo(\ Y`SymbolA..S)\  `&Times New RomanS  2( 4 <DL2  < :Outline001_5   #DL#Kn<6X9`(Courier NewK23  S)\  `&Times New RomanSKn<6X9`(Courier NewK..S)\  `&Times New RomanS  2( 4 <DL2  < :Outline001_6    DL GmKr`WingdingsG23  S)\  `&Times New RomanSGmKr`WingdingsG..S)\  `&Times New RomanS  2( 4 <DL2  < :Outline001_7  h DDLAo(\ Y`SymbolA23  S)\  `&Times New RomanSAo(\ Y`SymbolA..S)\  `&Times New RomanS  2( 4 <DL2  < :Outline001_8   LKn<6X9`(Courier NewK23  S)\  `&Times New RomanSKn<6X9`(Courier NewK..S)\  `&Times New RomanS  2( 4 <DL2  < :Outline001_9   LGmKr`WingdingsG23  S)\  `&Times New RomanSGmKr`WingdingsG..S)\  `&Times New RomanS2( 4 <DL2  <`+f :Outline002_1   ,"  <DL,23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  < :Outline003_1   /%  <DL/Ao(\ Y`SymbolA23  S)\  `&Times New RomanSAo(\ Y`SymbolA..S)\  `&Times New RomanS  2( 4 <DL2  < :Outline003_2   ," <DL,Kn<6X9`(Courier NewK23  S)\  `&Times New RomanSKn<6X9`(Courier NewK..S)\  `&Times New RomanS  2( 4 <DL2  < :Outline003_3   ) <DL)GmKr`WingdingsG23  S)\  `&Times New RomanSGmKr`WingdingsG..S)\  `&Times New RomanS  2( 4 <DL2  < :Outline003_4  ` &<<DL&Ao(\ Y`SymbolA23  S)\  `&Times New RomanSAo(\ Y`SymbolA..S)\  `&Times New RomanS  2( 4 <DL2  < :Outline003_5   #DL#Kn<6X9`(Courier NewK23  S)\  `&Times New RomanSKn<6X9`(Courier NewK..S)\  `&Times New RomanS  2( 4 <DL2  < :Outline003_6    DL GmKr`WingdingsG23  S)\  `&Times New RomanSGmKr`WingdingsG..S)\  `&Times New RomanS  2( 4 <DL2  < :Outline003_7  h DDLAo(\ Y`SymbolA23  S)\  `&Times New RomanSAo(\ Y`SymbolA..S)\  `&Times New RomanS  2( 4 <DL2  < :Outline003_8   LKn<6X9`(Courier NewK23  S)\  `&Times New RomanSKn<6X9`(Courier NewK..S)\  `&Times New RomanS  2( 4 <DL2  < :Outline003_9   LGmKr`WingdingsG23  S)\  `&Times New RomanSGmKr`WingdingsG..S)\  `&Times New RomanS2( 4 <DL2  <]+] :Outline004_1  5+ 4 <DL523  ..5+ 4 <DL5  <`+f :Outline005_1   ," <DL,23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <ZZ :Outline011_1  2( 4 <DL223  2( 4 <DL2  <ZZ :Outline012_1  2( 4 <DL223  2( 4 <DL2  <ZZ :Outline013_1  2( 4 <DL223  2( 4 <DL2  <ZZ :Outline014_1  2( 4 <DL223  2( 4 <DL2  <ZZ :Outline015_1  2( 4 <DL223  2( 4 <DL2  ^^^^^^^^(35;AGMSY_1()()()()()()()()_^())Hairline d($    NNNNNNNN(35=EMU]em2(i)(i)(i)(i)(i)(i)(i)(i)cN(i)ZZZZZZZZ(35;AGMSY_3()()()()()()()()eZ()[[[[[[[[(35;AGMSY_4()()()()()()()()g[()\\\\\\\\(35;AGMSY_5()()()()()()()()i\()]]]]]]]](35;AGMSY_6()()()()()()()()k]()Kr`Wingdings<6X9`(Courier New(\ Y`Symbol $Tahoma3#37=CIQYag1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)(C"$ !      i)($      d(;3$2#  0  .3  0  \!CEUS.,  _ `XX  8LXXdd8BRAZIL#XLX`@#  _CATArticle20ExaminationsConcerningSystematicTorture    CAT,A/63/44(2008)     CHAPTERV.ACTIVITIESOFTHECOMMITTEEUNDERARTICLE20OFTHE `  CONVENTION  L   A.Generalinformation  $ t  59.  Inaccordancewitharticle20,paragraph1,oftheConvention,iftheCommitteereceives L  reliableinformationwhichappearstocontainwellfoundedindicationsthattortureisbeing 8  systematicallypractisedintheterritoryofaStateparty,theCommitteeshallinvitethatStateparty $  tocooperateintheexaminationoftheinformationand,tothisend,tosubmitobservationswith   regardtotheinformationconcerned.   60.  Inaccordancewithrule69oftheCommittee'srulesofprocedure,theSecretaryGeneralshall  bringtotheattentionoftheCommitteeinformationwhichis,orappearstobe,submittedforthe p Committee'sconsiderationunderarticle20,paragraph1,oftheConvention. \ 61.  NoinformationshallbereceivedbytheCommitteeifitconcernsaStatepartywhich,in 4 accordancewitharticle28,paragraph1,oftheConvention,declaredatthetimeofratificationofor  p accessiontotheConventionthatitdidnotrecognizethecompetenceoftheCommitteeprovidedfor  \ inarticle20,unlessthatStatepartyhassubsequentlywithdrawnitsreservationinaccordancewith H article28,paragraph2,oftheConvention. 4 62.  TheCommittee'sworkunderarticle20oftheConventioncontinuedduringtheperiodunder   review.Inaccordancewiththeprovisionsofarticle20andrules72and73oftherulesofprocedure,  alldocumentsandproceedingsoftheCommitteerelatingtoitsfunctionsunderarticle20ofthe  Conventionareconfidentialandallthemeetingsconcerningitsproceedingsunderthatarticleare   closed.However,inaccordancewitharticle20,paragraph5,oftheConvention,theCommitteemay, l! afterconsultationswiththeStatepartyconcerned,decidetoincludeasummaryaccountoftheresults X"  oftheproceedingsinitsannualreporttotheStatespartiesandtotheGeneralAssembly.Such D#! summaryaccountisherewithprovidedinconnectionwithBrazil. 0$" 63.  Intheframeworkofitsfollowupactivities,theRapporteuronarticle20,continuedtocarry &X!$ outactivitiesaimedatencouragingStatespartiesonwhichenquirieshadbeenconductedandthe &D"% resultsofsuchenquirieshadbeenpublished,totakemeasurestoimplementtheCommittee's '0#& recommendations. ($'  B.  SummaryaccountoftheresultoftheproceedingsconcerningtheinquiryonBrazil  *%)  +&* 64.  BrazilratifiedtheConventionon28September1989.Atthetimeofratificationitdidnot  declarethatitdidnotrecognizethecompetenceoftheCommitteeprovidedforinarticle20ofthe  _Convention,asitcouldhavedoneunderarticle28oftheConvention.Accordingly,theprocedure  underarticle20isapplicabletoBrazil. t Ѐ65.  InNovember2002,thenon-governmentalorganizationsWorldOrganizationagainstTorture 8  andActionbyChristiansagainstTorture(hereinafter,the"NGOs")submittedinformationtothe $ t CommitteeontheallegedsystematicpracticeoftortureinBrazilandrequestedtheCommitteeto  ` examinethesituationinBrazilunderarticle20oftheConvention.Thisinformationsummarizeda  L  previousreportpreparedbysevenBrazilianNGOsworkingwithprisonsanddetentioncentres  8  concerningallegationsoftortureintheStateofS oPaulofortheperiodbetween2000and2002. $  66.  Duringitstwenty-ninthsessioninNovember2002,theCommitteeexaminedtheinformation   submittedbytheNGOsinprivatemeetingsandconsideredthattheinformationwasreliableandthat   itcontainedwell-foundedindicationsthattorturewasbeingsystematicallypractisedinBrazil.   67.  Atits591st(closed)meeting,on21November2003,theCommitteedecidedtoundertake \ aconfidentialinquiryanddesignatedMr.ClaudioGrossman,Mr.FernandoMarioandMr.Ole H VedelRasmmussentoconducttheinquiry.TheCommitteeinvitedtheGovernmentofBrazilto 4 cooperatewiththeCommitteeintheconductoftheinquiry,andaccordingly,toappointan  p accreditedrepresentativetomeetwiththemembersdesignatedbytheCommittee;providethelatter  \ withanyinformationthattheyortheGovernmentmightconsideruseful;andindicateanyotherform H ofcooperationwhichmightfacilitatetheconductoftheinquiry.Thisdecisionwastransmittedto 4 theMinisterofForeignAffairsofBrazilon4December2003.   68.  TheGovernmentofBrazilrequestedthepostponementofthevisittwiceand,bynoteverbale  dated3February2005,theStatepartyinformedtheCommitteethatitaccepteditsvisitandagreed  thatittakeplaceinJuly2005.Thevisittookplacefrom13to29July2005.Itwasundertakenby  Mr.FernandoMarioMenendezandMr.ClaudioGrossman.Mr.Rasmussenwasunableto l participateinthevisit. X  69.  On1June2006,theCommitteeadoptedthe"ReportonBrazil,producedbytheCommittee 0"  againstTorture,underarticle20oftheConventionagainstTortureandOtherCruel,Inhumanor #l! DegradingTreatmentorPunishment(CAT/C/36/R.1/Add.1)"and,inaccordancewitharticle20, $X" paragraph4,oftheConvention,decidedtotransmitittotheGovernmentofBrazil.Atthesametime, $D # theCommitteeinvitedtheGovernmenttoinformitoftheactiontakenwithregardtoitsfindingsand %0!$ inresponsetoitsconclusionsandrecommendations. &"% 70.  Initsconclusions,theCommitteenotedthattheGovernmentofBrazilfullycooperatedwith (#' theCommittee'svisit,constantlyexpresseditsawarenessandconcernwiththeseriousnessofthe )$( existingproblems,aswellasitspoliticalwilltoimprove.However,theCommitteenotedthattens |*%) ofthousandsofpersonswerestillheldindelegaciasandelsewhereinthepenitentiarysystemwhere h+&* tortureandsimilarill-treatmentcontinuedtobemetedoutonawidespreadandsystematicbasis.  71.  On16April2007,theGovernmentsubmittedtheinformationrequested,wherebyitinformed  theCommitteethatBrazilwasalreadycomplyingorconsideringcompliancewiththe t recommendationscontainedinthereport.Itstatedthatmanyofthemeasuresrespondingtothe ` Committee'srecommendationswerealreadybeingtakenontheinitiativeoftheBrazilian L  governmentalauthorities.TheGovernmentnotedthattheCommittee'srecommendationswere 8  significantlyusefulforthepreventionandthestruggleagainsttortureandothercruel,inhumanor $ t degradingtreatmentandpunishmentinmanycircumstancesandhopedtodeepenandexpandits  ` dialoguewiththeCommitteeonthataccount.  L  72.  On22November2007,theGovernmentinformedtheCommitteethatitagreedtothe $  publicationofthefulltextofthereporttogetherwiththeGovernment'sresponse.Botharecontained   indocumentCAT/C/39/2.   s     CAT,A/63/44(2009)      V.  ACTIVITIESOFTHECOMMITTEEUNDERARTICLE20OFTHE t CONVENTION  ` ... 8   B.  SummaryaccountoftheresultoftheproceedingsconcerningtheinquiryonBrazil   ` 64.  BrazilratifiedtheConventionon28September1989.Atthetimeofratificationitdidnot  8  declarethatitdidnotrecognizethecompetenceoftheCommitteeprovidedforinarticle20ofthe $  Convention,asitcouldhavedoneunderarticle28oftheConvention.Accordingly,theprocedure   underarticle20isapplicabletoBrazil.   65.  InNovember2002,thenon-governmentalorganizationsWorldOrganizationagainstTorture   andActionbyChristiansagainstTorture(hereinafter,the"NGOs")submittedinformationtothe p CommitteeontheallegedsystematicpracticeoftortureinBrazilandrequestedtheCommitteeto \ examinethesituationinBrazilunderarticle20oftheConvention.Thisinformationsummarizeda H previousreportpreparedbysevenBrazilianNGOsworkingwithprisonsanddetentioncentres 4 concerningallegationsoftortureintheStateofS oPaulofortheperiodbetween2000and2002.  p 66.  Duringitstwenty-ninthsessioninNovember2002,theCommitteeexaminedtheinformation H submittedbytheNGOsinprivatemeetingsandconsideredthattheinformationwasreliableandthat 4 itcontainedwell-foundedindicationsthattorturewasbeingsystematicallypractisedinBrazil.   67.  Atits591st(closed)meeting,on21November2003,theCommitteedecidedtoundertake  aconfidentialinquiryanddesignatedMr.ClaudioGrossman,Mr.FernandoMarioandMr.Ole  VedelRasmmussentoconducttheinquiry.TheCommitteeinvitedtheGovernmentofBrazilto  cooperatewiththeCommitteeintheconductoftheinquiry,andaccordingly,toappointan l accreditedrepresentativetomeetwiththemembersdesignatedbytheCommittee;providethelatter X  withanyinformationthattheyortheGovernmentmightconsideruseful;andindicateanyotherform D! ofcooperationwhichmightfacilitatetheconductoftheinquiry.Thisdecisionwastransmittedto 0"  theMinisterofForeignAffairsofBrazilon4December2003. #l! 68.  TheGovernmentofBrazilrequestedthepostponementofthevisittwiceand,bynoteverbale $D # dated3February2005,theStatepartyinformedtheCommitteethatitaccepteditsvisitandagreed %0!$ thatittakeplaceinJuly2005.Thevisittookplacefrom13to29July2005.Itwasundertakenby &"% Mr.FernandoMarioMenendezandMr.ClaudioGrossman.Mr.Rasmussenwasunableto '#& participateinthevisit. (#' 69.  On1June2006,theCommitteeadoptedthe"ReportonBrazil,producedbytheCommittee |*%) againstTorture,underarticle20oftheConventionagainstTortureandOtherCruel,Inhuman_or h+&* DegradingTreatmentorPunishment(CAT/C/36/R.1/Add.1)"and,inaccordancewitharticle20,  paragraph4,oftheConvention,decidedtotransmitittotheGovernmentofBrazil.Atthesametime,  theCommitteeinvitedtheGovernmenttoinformitoftheactiontakenwithregardtoitsfindingsand  inresponsetoitsconclusionsandrecommendations. t 70.  Initsconclusions,theCommitteenotedthattheGovernmentofBrazilfullycooperatedwith L  theCommittee'svisit,constantlyexpresseditsawarenessandconcernwiththeseriousnessofthe 8  existingproblems,aswellasitspoliticalwilltoimprove.However,theCommitteenotedthattens $ t ofthousandsofpersonswerestillheldin_delegacias_Ԁandelsewhereinthepenitentiarysystemwhere  ` tortureandsimilarill-treatmentcontinuedtobemetedoutonawidespreadandsystematicbasis.  L  71.  On16April2007,theGovernmentsubmittedtheinformationrequested,wherebyitinformed $  theCommitteethatBrazilwasalreadycomplyingorconsideringcompliancewiththe   recommendationscontainedinthereport.Itstatedthatmanyofthemeasuresrespondingtothe   Committee'srecommendationswerealreadybeingtakenontheinitiativeoftheBrazilian   governmentalauthorities.TheGovernmentnotedthattheCommittee'srecommendationswere p significantlyusefulforthepreventionandthestruggleagainsttortureandothercruel,inhumanor \ degradingtreatmentandpunishmentinmanycircumstancesandhopedtodeepenandexpandits H dialoguewiththeCommitteeonthataccount. 4 72.  On22November2007,theGovernmentinformedtheCommitteethatitagreedtothe  \ publicationofthefulltextofthereporttogetherwiththeGovernment'sresponse.Botharecontained H indocumentCAT/C/39/2. 4 "    CAT/C/39/2(2009)L  M    ReportonBrazilProducedbytheCommitteeunderArticle20L  M  ԀL  M  oftheConventionand t ReplyfromtheGovernmentofBrazil  `   L  M  L  M  Listofacronyms  $ t L  M  L  M  _CAJE_0  L  M  0` (#(#_Centro_Ԁde_Atendimento_Ԁ_Juvenil_Ԁ_Especializado_L  M  ,CentreforSpecializedJuvenileL  M    L  L  M  Attention; 8 ` (#` (# _FEBEM_0 ` L  M  _Funda o_Ԁ_Estadual_ԀdoBemEstardoMenorL  M  ,StateFoundationfortheWellBeingL  M     L  M  ofMinors; ` (#` (# _DEGASE_0 ` L  M  _Departamento_Ԁ_Geral_ԀdeA esS;cioEducativasL  M  ,GeneralDepartmentforL  M     L  M  _Socio_ԄEducationalMeasures;p` (#` (# L  M  _RDD_0  0` (#(#L  M  regime_disciplinar_Ԁ_diferenciado_L  M  ,differentiateddisciplinaryregime;H` (#` (# _RDE_0  0` (#(#L  M  regime_disciplinar_ԀespecialL  M  ,specialdisciplinaryregime.L  M   p` (#` (# L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  PARTONE:REPORTOFTHECOMMITTEE 4 I.L  M  INTRODUCTION    L  M  L  M  1.  Inaccordancewitharticle20oftheConventionagainstTortureandotherCruel,Inhuman  orDegradingTreatmentorPunishment(hereinafterreferredtoas theConvention)ifthe  CommitteeagainstTorture(hereinafterreferredtoas theCommittee)receivesreliableinformation l whichappearstoittocontainwellL  M  ԄL  M  foundedindicationsthattortureisbeingsystematicallypractised X  intheterritoryofaStateparty,theCommitteeshallinvitethatStatepartytocooperateinthe D! examinationoftheinformationand,tothisend,tosubmitobservationswithregardL  M  Ԁtothe 0"  informationconcerned.L  M  TheCommitteemaysubsequentlydecidetodesignateoneormoreofits #l! memberstoundertakeaconfidentialinquirywhichmayinclude,withitsagreement,avisittothe $X" territoryL  M  ԀoftheStatepartyconcerned.L  M  TheproceedingsoftheCommitteeundertheseprocessesare $D # confidentialandatallstagesthecooperationL  M  ԀoftheStatepartyissought.L  M  Aftertheproceedingshave %0!$ beencompleted,theCommitteemay,afterconsultationwiththeStatepartyconcerned,decideto &"% includeasummaryaccountoftheresultsinitsannualreporttotheStatespartiestotheConvention '#& andtheGeneralAssembly. (#' L  M  2.  BrazilratifiedtheCoL  M  nventionon28September1989.L  M  Atthetimeofratificationitdidnot |*%) declarethatitdidnotrecognizethecompetenceoftheCommitteeprovidedforinarticle20ofthe h+&* Convention,asitcouldhavedoneunderL  M  Ԁarticle28oftheConvention.L  M  Theprocedureunderarticle  20is,therefore,applicabletoBrazil.  L  M  L  M   II.L  M  DEVELOPMENTOFTHEPROCEDURE  t 3.  InNovember2002,thenongovernmentalorganizationsWorldOrganizationagainstTorture L  andActionbyChristiansagainstTorture(ACATBrazil)submittedinformationL  M  1L  M  ԀtotheL  M  Committee 8  ontheallegedsystematicpracticeoftortureinBrazilL  M  ԀandrequestedtheCommitteetoL  M  examinethe $ t situationinBrazilunderarticle20oftheConvention.Thisinformationsummarizedaprevious  ` reportpreparedbysevenBrazilian_NGOs_Ԁworkingwithprisonsanddetentioncentresconcerning  L  allegationsoftortureintheStateof_S o_ԀPaulofortheperiodbetween2000and2002.L  M  2L  M    8  L  M  L  M  4.  DuringitstwentyninthsessioninNovember2002,theCommitteeexaminedthisinformation   inprivatemeetings.TheCommitteeconsideredthattheinformationwasreliableandthatit   containedwellfoundedindicationsthattorturewasbeingsystematicallypractisedintheterritory   ofBrazil.   5.  On22November2002,theinformationreceivedfromthenongovernmentalL  M  organizations \ L  M  (hereinafterreferredtoas NGOs)wassubmittedtotheStatepartyforitscommentsby28February H 2003.AtitsthirtiethsessioninMay2003,theCommitteenotedthatnoresponsehadbeenreceived 4 andbyletterofitsChairman,dated16May2003,reiterateditsrequesttotheStatepartytosubmit  p itsobservationsontheallegationsby1September2003.TheStatepartyhasnotsubmitted,todate,  \ anyobservationsontheseallegations. H 6.  Atits591st(closed)meeting,on21November2003,theL  M  ԀCommitteedecidedtoundertake   L  M  aconfidentialinquiryanddesignatedMr.ClaudioGrossman,Mr.FernandoMarioandMr.Ole   VedelRasmmussentoconducttheinquiry.TheCommitteeinvitedtheGovernmentofBrazilto  cooperatewiththeCommitteeintheconductoftheinquiry,andaccordingly,toappointan  accreditedrepresentativetomeetwiththemembersdesignatedbytheCommittee;providethelatter  withanyinformationthattheyortheGovernmentmightconsideruseful;andindicateanyotherform l ofcooperationwhichmightfacilitatetheconductoftheinquiry.Thisdecisionwastransmittedto X  theMinisterforForeignAffairsofBrazilon4December2003. D! __________ 0"  1 InformationtotheCommitteeagainstTorturesubmittedunderarticle20oftheConvention #l! againstTortureandOtherCruelandInhumanorDegradingTreatmentorPunishmentconcerning $X" thesituationinBrazil,WorldOrganizationagainstTortureand_ACAT_ԀBrazil,4November2002. $D # 2 FollowuptotortureallegationsintheStateof_S o_ԀPaulo2000/2002,ajointcollaboration &"% betweenthefollowing_NGOs_:_A o_Ԁdos_Crist os_Ԁparaa_Aboli o_Ԁda_Tortura_Ԁ_ACAT_/Brazil;Pastoral '#& onDetentionCentres/SP;CentreforGlobalJustice;_AMAR_;_AFACE_;TortureNeverAgain; (#' PsychotherapistsUnion/SP. )$(  h+&* Ї7.  TheGovernmentofBrazilrequestedthepostponementofthevisittwiceasthedates  proposedbytheCommittee(i.e.July2004andJanuary2005)didnotallowenoughtimetoprepare  anadequateprogrammeofworkfortheexperts.Bynoteverbaledated3February2005,theState t partyinformedtheCommitteethatitacceptedthevisitoftheCommitteeandagreedtL  M  hatittakeplace ` inJuly2005.L  M   L  L  M  L  M   III.L  M  VISITTOBRAZILFROM13TO29JULY2005  $ t L  M  L  M  A.L  M  ԀL  M  ActivitiesoftheCommitteemembersduringthevisit   L  L  M  8.  Thevisit,whichtookplacefrom13to29July2005,L  M  ԀwasundertakenbyMr.Fernando $  L  M  _Mario_Ԁ_Menendez_ԀL  M  (ChairpersonoftheCommittee)L  M  ԀandMr.ClaudioGrossman.Mr.Rasmussenwas   unabletoparticipateinthevisit.TheComL  M  mitteememberswereassistedbyL  M  Ms.JaneConnors,Ms.   MercedesMoralesandMs.MarinaNarvez,staffmembersoftheOfficeoftheUnitedNationsHigh   CommissionerforHumanRights,L  M  andfourinterpretersL  M  .Inaddition,duringtheirstayinRiode   JaneiroandS oPaulL  M  o,theywereaccompaniedbyMr.L  M  Duarte_Nuno_ԀVieira,medicalexpert. p L  M  9.L  M    TwoinquiryteamsconstitutedbytheCommitteemembers,membersoftheSecretariatof H theCommitteeandinterpretersvisitedthefollowingstates:theFeL  M  deralDistrictofBrasilia,_S o_ 4 L  M  Paulo,RiodeJaneiro,MinasGeraisandBahia.Theprogrammeofactivitieswaspreparedbythe  p CommitteemembersconductingtheinquiryincooperationwiththeSecretariatoftheCommittee,  \ theauthoritiesofBrazilandtheResidentRepresentativeoftheUnitedNationsandhisstaffatthe H OfficeoftheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgrammeinBrazil. 4 L  M  L  M  10.  IntheFederalDistrictofBrasilia,theCommitteemembL  M  ersmetwithseveralmembersofL  M  the   HumanRightsCommissionoftheFederalHouseofRepreseL  M  ntatives;theVicePresidentofL  M  the  FederalSupremeCourt;theSecretaryforSocialWeL  M  lfareoftheFederalDistrict;L  M  representativesof  theMinistryofJusticeandtheNationalPenitentiaryDepartment;representativesoftheNational  SecretaryforPublicSecurity;theL  M  SecretaryforPublicSecurityofL  M  theFederalDistrict; l representativesoftheSpecialSecretaryforHumanRights,includingtheCoordinatorGeneralofthe X  PermanentCommissionagainstTortureandInstitutionalViolence;thePresidentoftheSuperior D! CourtofJustice;representativesoftheMinistryofForeignAffairs;theViceDirectorofthePublic 0"  ProsecutorsAssociation;andtheFederalProsecutorfoL  M  rHumanRightsandtheirstaff.L  M   #l! 11.  InS oPaulo(stateofS oPaulo),theyhelddiscussionswith:thePoliceOmbudsman $D # (L  M  OuvidorL  M  );theSecretaryforPenitentiaryAdministrationandOmbudsman(L  M  OuvidorL  M  );theDeputy %0!$ SecretaryforPublicSecurity;Superintendentofthescientificpolice;theCommanderoftheMilitary &"% Police;theSecretaryofJustice;representativesofthePublicProsecutorsOffice;thePresidentof '#& theCourtofJustice;theL  M  corregedorL  M  Ԁ(headoftheiL  M  nternalaffairsoffice)fortheL  M  civilpolice;anda (#' representativeofthePublicProsecutorsOfficeforChildrenandAdolescents. )$( 12.  InRiodeJaneiro(StateofRiodeJaneiro),theCommiL  M  tteemembersmetwith:the h+&* Vice-L  M  SecretaryforChildrenandYouth;theDirectorGeneralofthescientificpolice;theGeneral  PublicProsecutorandotherrepresentativesofhisOffice,arepresentativeoftheSecretaryforPublic  Security,theL  M  corregedorL  M  Ԁ(headoftheinternalaffairsoffice)ofthemilitarypoliceanda  representativeofthemilitarypolice;theStateSecretaryforHumanRights;thePoliceOmbudsman t (L  M  OuvidorL  M  );theStateSecretaryforPenitentiaryAdministrationandotherrepresentativesofthe ` Secretariat,includingtheOmbudsperson;theL  M  subcorregedoraL  M  ԀofthecivilpoliceandtheChiefofthe L  civilpolice;andthePresidentoftheSupremeCourtofJusticeoftheStateofRiodeJaneiro. 8  13.  InBeloHorizonte(StateofMinasGerais),theCommitteemembersheldmeetingswith:the  ` PoliceOmbudsman(L  M  OuvidorL  M  );theDeputySecretaryofSocialDefenceandtheDirectorofQuality  L  ControlofthesameSecretariat;theGeneralCommanderofthemilitarypolice;theChiefofthecivil  8  police,theChiefofstaffofthecivilpoliceandmembersoftheSuperiorCouncilofthecivilpolice; $  andJustices(desembargadores)oftheJusticeTribunal.   L  M  14.  L  M  InSalvadordaBahia(StateofBahia)theymetwith:theSuperintendentoftheforensic   police;theSecretaryofJusticeandHumanRightsoftheGovernmentoftheStateofBahiawhowas   accompaniedbytheSecretaryforPublicSecurity,ChiefofStaff,theUndersecretaryforHuman p RightsandtheUndersecretaryforCriminalAffairs;theVicePresidentoftheJusticeTribunalofthe \ StateofBahia;thePublicProsecutorGeneral;theGovernoroftheStateofBahia;theChiefofthe H militarypolice;theChiefofthecivilpoliceandtheL  M  corregedorL  M  Ԁ(headoL  M  ftheinternalaffairsoffice) 4 L  M  ofthecivilpolice;andtheSecretaryforLaboL  M  ur,SocialServicesandSports.L  M    p L  M  15.  L  M  DuringtheirstayinBrazil,theCommitteemembersvisitedalargenumberofplacesof H detention.Whendetentioncentreswerevisited,seniorofficialsoftheestablishmentsconcernedwere 4 presentandmettheCommitteemembers.ThecentL  M  resvisitedwerethefollowing:L  M     L  M  (a)L  M  InthL  M  eFederalDistrictofBrasilia:L  M    L  M  (_i_)_-  L  M  L  M  CAJE,L  M  CentreL  M  ԀforSpecializedJuvenileAttention CentrodeAtendimL  M  entoJuvenil  Especializado;L  M   l L  M  (ii)L  M  PapudaL  M  CentreL  M  Ԁ CentrodeInterna aoeRessocializa ao, X  L  M  (iii)L  M  ProvisionalL  M  DetentionL  M  ԀCentreinBrasilia;and D! L  M  (iv)L  M  WomensPrisoninBrasilia. 0"  (b)IntheStateofS oPaulo:L  M   $X" L  M  (i)L  M  TietUnitoftheCompoundofJuvenileCentres VilaMaria; %0!$ L  M  (ii)L  M  ProvisionaL  M  lDetentionCentrePinheirosI;L  M   &"% L  M  (iii)L  M  WomensPublicJL  M  ailCadeiaPublicaPinheiros4;L  M   '#& L  M  (iv)L  M  AdrianoMarreyPenitentiaryinGuarulhos; (#' L  M  (v)L  M  4thDistrictPoliceStation;L  M   )$( L  M  (vi)L  M  39thDistrictPoliceStation;and |*%) L  M  (vii)L  M  9thDistrictPoliceStation DelegaciadePolicia_Participativa_. h+&* Ї_(c)_ԀIntheStateofRiodeJaneiro:L  M    L  M  (_i_)L  M  PretrialdetentioncentrL  M  eforjuvenilesPadre_Severino_;L  M    L  M  (ii)L  M  _Bangu_ԀIIIPrison;L  M   t L  M  (iii)L  M  _Plcido_Ԁ_S_ԀCarvalhoIIPrison;L  M   ` L  M  (iv)L  M  WomensPrisonTalaveraBruce;L  M   L  L  M  (v)L  M  _Ary_ԀFrancoPrison;L  M   8  L  M  (vi)L  M  _Polinter_; $ t L  M  (vii)L  M  5thDistrictPoliceStation _Delegacia_Ԁlegal;L  M  andL  M    ` L  M  (viii)L  M  59thDistrictPoliceStation.  L  (d)L  M  IntheStateofBahia: $  L  M  (_i_)L  M  _Lemos_Ԁde_Brito_ԀPenitentiary;   L  M  (ii)L  M  _Baixa_ԀdoFiscalPoliceStationonTheftsandRobberies;   L  M  (iii)L  M  PaudeLimaDistrictPoliceStation;and   L  M  (iv)L  M  Rio_Vermelho_DistrictPoliceStation. p (e)L  M  IntheStateofMinaL  M  s_Gerais_:L  M   H L  M  (i)L  M  PoliceStationfortheRepressionoL  M  fVehicleTheftsandRobberies;L  M    p L  M  (ii)L  M  PoliceStationonTheftsandRobberies;  \ L  M  (iii)L  M  PoliceStationon_Toxics_ԀandNarcotics; H L  M  (iv)L  M  Provisionaldetention_Centre_Ԁforjuveniles _CEIP_ԀDomBosco;and 4 L  M  (v)L  M  WomenspenitentiaryinBeloHorizonte.   L  M  16.  L  M  Throughoutthevisit,theCommitteemembersalsometwithallegedvictimsoftortureand/or  theirrelatives.Themajorityofthesemeetingstookplaceindetentioncentres,otherstookplaceat  _NGO_Ԁpremises.TheCommitteemembersalsoreceivedextensiveverbaland/orwritteninformation  fromnumerous_NGOs_,including:ActionbyChristiansagainstTortureBrazilL  M  ԀL  M  (_ACAT_ԄBrazil); l GlobalJustice;theLandPastoralCommission;theCentreforJusticeandInternationalLaw(_CEJIL_); X  andtheNationalHumanRightsMovement(_MNDH_). D! L  M  17.  L  M  Inaddition,theCommitteemembersalsometwiththeUnitedNationsResident #l! RepresentativeandhisstaffinBrasiliaandwiththeExecutiveDirectoroftheUnitedNationsLatin $X" AmericanInstituteforCrimePreventionandtheTreatmentL  M  ԀofOffenders(_ILANUD_)in_S o_ԀPaulo.L  M   $D # L  M  L  M  B.L  M  ԀL  M  Generalconditionsinwhichthevisittookplace  &"% 18.  BeforestartingthevisittheCommitteeagreedwiththeStatepartythatitwouldtakeplace (#' inaccordancewiththefollowingprinciplesL  M  :L  M  Ԁ )$( L  M  L  M  (a)  Freedomofmovementinthewholecountryandfacilitationoftransportinrestrictedareas, h+&* asrequiredfortheperformanceoftheCommitteesmandateL  M  ;L  M    L  M  (b)  Freedomofinquiry,regardinginparticularL  M  :  L  M  (_i_)L  M  ԀAccesstoallprisons,detentioncentresandplacesofinterrogatioL  M  n;L  M   ` L  M  (ii)L  M  ԀContactwithcentralandlocalauthoritiesofallbranchesofGovernment; L  L  M  (iii)L  M  Contactswithrepresentativesof_NGOs_Ԁandotherprivateinstitutions; 8  L  M  (iv)L  M  Contactswithwitnessesandotherpersonsconsiderednecessaryforthefulfilmentofthe $ t mandate;  ` L  M  (v)L  M  FullaccesstoalldocumentarymaterialrelevanttotheinquL  M  iry.  L  L  M  _(c)_  L  M  AssurancesbytheGovernmentthatnoperson,whetheranofficialoraprivateindividual, $  whohadbeenincontactwiththeCommitteemembersdesignatedfortheinquiryorwithother   personsaccompanyingthemintheframeworkoftheirmandate,wouldsufferthreats,harassmentor   punishment,orbesubjectedtojudicialproceedingsinconnectionwiththeinquiry.Thesame   assurancesapplytothefamiliesofthepersonswhohavebeenincontactwiththeCommittee   membersdesignatedfortheinquiryorwiththepersonsaccompanyingthem;L  M   p L  M  L  M  (d)  Appropriatesecurityarrangements,without,however,restrictingthefreedomofmovement H oftheL  M  Ԁmembersconductingtheenquiry;L  M   4 L  M  (e)L  M    Before,duringandafterthevisit,themembersoftheCommitteedesignatedfortheinquiry,  \ theUnitedNationsstaff,aswellasanyotherpersonsassistingthemduringtheinquiryshouldbe H entitledtothesamefacilities,privilegesandimmunitiesprovidedforinrespectofthemembersof 4 theCommittee,underarticle23oftheConvention.   19.  TheGovernmentofBrazilwascooperL  M  ativeandsupportedthevisit.L  M  Itrespectedtheabove  principlesand,bothintheFederalDistrictandinthestates,tooknecessarymeasurestoenablethe  CommitteememberstocarryouttheirprogrammeofworkanL  M  dtoguaranteetheirsecurity.L  M  Asa  result,theCommitteememberswereabletovisitplacesofdetentionandtalkinprivatewithallthe l detaineestheyaskedtosee.Inaddition,theywereabletoholdunimpededdiscussionsL  M  Ԁwith X  representativesofNGOs.L  M  Theyinformedallthepeopletheyspokewithofthepurposeoftheirvisit D! L  M  andofitsconfidentialnature.L  M   0"  20.  TheCommitteemembersencountereddifficultieson22July2005,whentheytravelledto $X" theJasonAlbergariaRegionalPenitentiary,locatedinthemunicipalityofS oJoaquimdeBicas $D # outsideBeloHorizonte,wheretheyweredeniedentrydespitetheeffortsoftheofficialfromthe %0!$ MinistryofForeignAffairs.Inadditionseeparagraphs120and128ofthisreport. &"% L  M  L  M   IV.L  M  BACKGROUNDINFORMATION  (#' L  M  L  M  A.L  M  BrazilasafederalState  |*%)  h+&* L  M  21.  Brazilisafederalrepubliccomposedof26statesandaFederalDistrict.Individualstatesare  vestedwithahighdegreeofautonomy.Theyelecttheirexecutivebranchandlegislature,andhence,  mayadoptlawsinaccordancewiththeprinciplesofthe1988Constitution.Furthermore,theyare  responsiblefortheirrespectiveStatePublicProsecutorsOfficeandStateJudiciary(withaccessto t thefederalcourtsasafinalplaceofappeal). ` 22.  ThePenalCode(LawNo.2,848of7December1940),L  M  ԀtheCodeofCriminalProcedure 8  L  M  (DecreeLawNo.3,689of30October1941)andtheLawonExecutionofSentences(DecreeLaw $ t No.7,210of11July1984)arefederallegislation.However,Statesareresponsiblefortheir  ` observanceandadministration,ifthecrimefallswithintheirrespectivejurisdictions.Thereare  L  certainfederalcrimes,whichfallundertheresponsibilityofthefederalState,andhencearedealt  8  withbymembersofthefederalpoliceandfederaljudiciary.However,themajorityofcrimesremain $  underthejurisdictionoftheindividualStatepoliceforcesandStatejudiciary.L  M     L  M  L  M  B.L  M  Lawenforcement   L  M  L  M  1.  L  M  Policeforces  p L  M  L  M  23.  Thedifferentpoliceforcesandtheirrespectivetasksaredescribedinarticle144ofthe H Constitution.Brazilhasafederalpoliceforce,aswellasaspecializedfederalpoliceforcefor 4 highwaysandrailways.TherearealsoStatepoliceforces,i.e.thecivilandthemilitarypolice,which  p areresponsibleforsecurityandguaranteeingthepeace.  \ 24.  Statesareresponsiblefortheirowncivilandmilitarypoliceforces,whichreporttothestate 4 Governor.Thecivilpolicecarryoutthefunctionsofjudicialpoliceandinvestigatecriminal   offences,exceptmilitaryones,whilethemilitarypolicemaintainpublicorderandexercisethe   functionsofpublicpolicing.Thelatterisauniformedforce.Arrests inflagranteareusuallycarried  outbythemilitarypolice,althoughcivilpolicereportedlyaL  M  lsoexercisepowersofarrest.L  M  The  militarypoliceissometimesresponsiblefortheexternalsecurityofpenitentiarycentres.Inaddition,  accordingtoinformationreceivedfrompoliceauthorities,themilitarypoliceissometimes l responsiblefortheinternalsecurityofcertainpenitentiarycentres,duetotheirhighsecurityrisk.The X  civilpoliceoverseepolicestations,includingthosethatcontinuetoholdpublicjails.Allother D! centresaremanagedbyprisonguards. 0"  L  M  L  M  2.  Oversightbodies  $X" L  M  L  M  25.  TheL  M  corregedoriasL  M  Ԁ(policeinternaloversightoffices)areresponsiblefortheinitial %0!$ administrativeinvestigationofpolicemisconduct.Inmoststates,thereisaL  M  corregedoriaL  M  Ԁforthecivil &"% policeandanotherforthemilitarypolice,taskedwithmonitoringtherespectivepoliceforce. '#& Followingtheconclusionofaninvestigation,theL  M  corregedoriasL  M  Ԁmayeitherfilethecaseifthe (#' allegationsareunsubstantiated;proposedisciplinarysanctionsincludingreprimandsorsuspensions; )$( recommendthedismissalofthepoliceofficerconcernedsubjecttoapprovalofthestateGovernor; |*%) andsendthecasetothepublicL  M  Ԁprosecutorforfurtheraction.L  M   h+&* Ї26.  TheL  M  ouvidoriasL  M  ԀL  M  apolciaL  M  Ԁ(policeombudsmansoffices)alsoconstituteanadditionaloversight  bodywhichmonitorspoliceconduct.ThefirstpoliceL  M  ouvidoriaL  M  Ԁwasestablishedin_S o_ԀL  M  Pauloin  1996.ThepoliceL  M  ovidoriasL  M  mayL  M  L  M  receiveallegationsofpolicemisconductandforwardthemtothe  policeL  M  corregedoriasL  M  ,whichwilldecidewhetherthereissufficientevidencetoopenan t administrativeinquiry.Hence,theydonotinvestigatetheallegationssubmittedtothem.Thepolice ` L  M  ovidoriasL  M  ԀmayalsotransmitacasedirectlytothePublicProsecutorsoffice,whentheyconsider L  thereissufficientevidenceofthisconductevenifthecasehasbeenfiledbythepoliceorthe 8  L  M  _corregedoria_L  M  . $ t L  M  L  M  3.L  M    Forensicmedicalinstitutes(L  M  _Instituto_ԀMedicoLegalL  M  )   L  L  M  L  M  27.  ForensicMedicalInstitutesareresponsibleforallmedicalinvestigations,andinthiscontext $  maydetectpossiblecasesoftortureorilltreatment.TheseinstitutesgenerallyrespondtotheState   SecretaryforPublicSecurity,whichisthesameauthL  M  oritywithresponsibilityoverL  M  theStatepolice   forces.ItshouldbenotedthattheForensicMedicalInstituteofBelm,forexample,hasbeen   providedwithacertaindegreeofindeL  M  pendencebytheStateGovernor.L  M     L  M  L  M  C.L  M  ThePublicProsecutorsOffice  \ L  M  L  M  28.  PreliminaryinvestigationsintoallegedactsoftorturearecaL  M  rriedoutbythecivilpolice. 4 L  M  Thereafter,publicprosecutors(L  M  promotoresL  M  )maydecidewhethertoprosecuteonthebasisofthe  p evidenceprovidedbythepoliceinvestigations.  \ 29.  PublicprosecutorsworkwithintheStatePublicProsecutorsOffice(MinistrioPblico), 4 undertheStatePublicProsecutorGeneral(L  M  ProcuradorGeraldeJusti aL  M  ).Theinstitutionalfunctions   ofthepublicprosecutorsoffice,whichareprovidedforinarticle129oftheConstitution,include   institutingpubliccriminalaction;ensuringeffectiverespectofconstitutionalrightsbyGovernment  branchesandbyservicesofpublicrelevance,includingbyfilingpubliccivilaction(L  M  a ocivil  pblicaL  M  )andtakingthenecessarymeasurestoguaranteesuchrights;exercizingexternalcontrolover  policeactivities;andrequestinginvestigationproceduresandtheinitiationofpoliceinvestigations, l indicatingthelegalgroundsofitsproceduralacts. X  30.  Atthetimeofthevisit,thequestionofwhethertheStatePublicProsecutorsOfficeshould 0"  havethecapacitytoinvestigateandprosecutecasesoftorture,evenwherenopoliceinquiryhadbeen #l! initiatedorwhereapoliceinquiryhadnotbeenconcludedorhadbeenfiledwasstillpending $X" decisionbytheFederalSupremeCourt.Inthisconnection,prosecutorsarguedthat,constitutionally, $D # theyhavethepowertoinitiateanindependentcriminalinvestigation,irrespectiveofwhetherapoliceL  M   %0!$ investigationhastakenplace.L  M   &"% L  M  L  M  D.L  M  ThePublicDefendersOffice  (#' L  M  31.  Withrespecttolegalaid,article5oftheBrazilianConstitutionstipulatesthattheStateshall |*%) providefreelegalaidtoallpersonssubjecttoameanstest.Inthisconnection,thePublicDefenders h+&* Office(L  M  DefensoriaPblicaL  M  )istheConstitutionalentityexpectedtoprovidelegalassistancetothese  persons.L  M  3L  M  ԀHowever,notallStateshaveestablishedaPublicDefendersOffice.Forinstance,the  Stateof_S o_ԀPaulo,whichhousesapproximately40percentofBrazilsprisonpopulation,doesnot  haveaPublicDefendersOffice. t L  M  L  M  E.L  M  Thecrimeoftorture  L  L  M  32.  Article5oftheConstitutionenshrinestherightofanindividualnottobesubmittedtotorture $ t ortoinhumanordegradingtreatment.Furthermore,itprovidesthatthepracticeoftortureisnot  ` subjecttobail,mercyoramnestyandthatsuperiors,perpetratorsandpersonswhoareabletoprevent  L  suchacrimebutdonotdoso,evenbyomission,mustbehL  M  eldaccountableforthecrime.L  M    8  33.  Article1ofthe1997TortureLaw(LawNo.9,455of7April1997)L  M  definesthecrimeof   tortureas:L  M      L  M  Iconstrainingapersonbyusingviolenceorseriousthreatwhichresultsinphysicalormental   suffering;withthepurposeofobtaininginformation,adeclarationorconfessionfromthevictimor p thirdperson;toprovokecriminalactionoromission;duetoracialorreligiousdiscrimination; \ L  M  L  M  IIsubmittingapersonunderoneL  M  L  M  sresponsibility,powerorauthoritytointensivephysicalor 4 mentalsuffering,byhis/heruseofviolenceorseriousthreat,asawayofenforcingpersonal  p punishmentorasapreventivemeasure.L  M  L  M    \ L  M  34.  TheTortureLawisapplicabletothewholeterritoryofBrazil.Thecrimeoftortureisnota 4 federalcrime(seeparagraph182).Accordingly,eachstateisresponsiblefortheapplicationofthe   TortureLawandtheenforcementofjudicialL  M  ԀsentencespursuanttotheLaw.L  M     35.  Withrespecttocriminaloffencescommittedbymilitarypoliceofficers,article9ofthe  MilitaryCriminalProcedureCode(DecreeLawNo.1002of21October1969)providesthatmilitary  crimesarecrimessubjecttotheMilitaryPenalCode,eveniftheymayhavethesamedefinitionin l civilpenallaw,whentheyarecommittedbymilitarypoliceorwithmilitarypoliceweaponsagainst X  acivilian.Law9,299of7August1996,modifiedthisprovisionbyaddingthatcrimesfallingunder D! thisarticle,whenwilfullyperpetratedagainstthelifeofacivilian,wouldbesubjecttothe 0"  jurisdictionofthecommoncriminalcourts.Hence,murderofacivilianbyamilitarypoliceofficer #l! wouldfallunderthejurisdictionofthecommoncriminalcourts.However,bodilyharm,tortureand $X" manslaughtercommittedbythemilitarypoliceagainstciviliansremainunderthejL  M  urisdictionof $D # militarycourts.L  M   %0!$ 36.  SincetheenactmentofConstitutionalamendment45/2004,crimescommittedbymilitary '#& policeagainstcivilians(excludingthosecrimesthatarealreadyundertheresponsibilityofthe (#' ___________ )$( 3Article134oftheConstitution. |*%)  h+&* Їcommoncourts)fallunderthejurisdictionoftheL  M  JuizAuditorL  M  ,aciviliancareerjudgewithina  militarycourt.However,theL  M  JuizAuditorL  M  Ԁwouldbethecompetentjudicialauthorityonlyduringthe  firstinstanceoftheproceedings.Theappealprocessisdifferentineachstate,whereanappealcan t returneithertothemilitarycourtsorgotothecommoncourts,accordingtothesizeoftheir ` respectivemilitarypolicecorps. L  L  M  L  M  F.L  M  Legalsafeguardsandguaranteesofcriminalsuspectsanddetainees  $ t L  M  37.  Domesticlawaffordscomprehensiveprotectionoftherightsofcriminalsuspectsand  L  detainees.Asdescribedabove,theTortureLawintroducedthespecificoffenceoftortureintothe  8  Braziliancriminalsystem.Inaddition,thereareanumberoflegalprovisionswhichprovide $  safeguardstoallpersonsfromactsoftortureorilltreatmentatthetimeofarrest,pretrialdetention   andduringthedetentionperiod.Interalia,nooneshallbearrestedunlessinL  M  flagrantedelictoL  M  Ԁor   undertheauthorityofawrittenandjustifiedorderofacompetentjudicialauthority.L  M  4L  M  ԀL  M  Arrestofany   person,aswellastheplacewherehe/sheisbeingheld,shallbeimmediatelynotifiedtothe   competentjudgeandtohis/herfamilyortothepersonindicatedbyhim/her;L  M  5L  M  ԀaL  M  personshallbe p transferredtoaprovisionaldetentionfacilityaftertwentyfourhoursL  M  detentioninL  M  apolicestation; \ detaineesoflimitedfinancialresourceL  M  sshouldhavetherighttofreeL  M  legalassistance;L  M  6L  M  Ԁandevidence H obtainedthroughunlawfulmeansisinadmissibleinproceedings.L  M  7L  M   4 38.  Legislationprovidesthatconditionsofdetentionandtreatmentofdetaineesshouldbe  \ humane,forinstance:pretrialdetaineesshouldbeseparatedfromconvictedprisoners;L  M  _8L  M  Ԁdetainees H inpretrialdetentionshouldbeheldinremandorpretrialdetentioncentres;L  M  9L  M  Ԁallpersonsdeprived 4 oftheirlibertymustworkaccordingtotheirabilityandcapacity;L  M  10L  M  Ԁclosedregimesentencesmustbe   servedinindividualcellsmeasuringatleastsixsquaremeters;L  M  11L  M  Ԁwomenmustservetheirsentences   inseparateestablishmentstomenandpersonsagedoversixtyhavetobeaccommodatedintheirown  penalinstitutionappropriatetotheirpenalsituation;12L  M  Ԁwomenprisonersmustbesupervisedby  womenguards;L  M  13L  M  Ԁpenalinstitutionsdesignedforwomenshouldhaveanursery,wheretheinmates  __________ l 4Ibid.,article5(_LXI_). D! 5Ibid.,article5(_LXII_). 0"  6Ibid.,article5(_LXXIV_). #l! 7Ibid.,article5(_LVI_). $X" 8Article84oftheLawonExecutionofSentences. $D # 9Ibid.,article102. %0!$ 10Ibid,article31. &"% 11Ibid.,article88. '#& 12Article37ofthePenalCodeandarticle82oftheLawonExecutionofSentences. (#' 13Article77oftheLawonExecutionofSentences. )$(  h+&* Їwillbeabletonursetheirchildren;L  M  14L  M  Ԁprisonershavetherighttoreceiveadequatefoodandclothing;L  M  15L  M    andprisonershavetherighttomedical,pharmaceuticalanddentaltreatment.L  M  16L  M    L  M  L  M  G.L  M  Juvenileoffenders  ` L  M  39.  InaccordancewiththeStatuteoftheChildandAdolescent(Law8069of13July1990), 8  childrenarepersonsbelowtheageof12years,whereasadolescentsarepersonsbetweentheages $ t of12yearsoldandbelowtheageof18.17  ` L  M  40.  TheStatutestatesthatnochildoradolescentshallbesubjecttoanyformofnegligence,  8  discrimination,exploitation,violence,crueltyandoppression,andanyviolationoftheirfundamental $  rights,eitherbyactoromission,willbepunishedaccordingtothelaw.L  M  18   L  M  41.  Article141oftheStatutestatesthatallchildrenandadolescentshavetherighttoaccessthe   OfficeofthePublicDefender,thePublicProsecutorsOffice(_Ministerio_Ԁ_Pblico_)andthejudiciary,   andfreelegalassistanceshallbeprovidedtothosewhoneedit. p 42.  TheStatutealsoprovidesthatnoadolescentorchildshallbedeprivedofhis/herliberty H unlessarrestedL  M  inL  M  ԀL  M  flagrantedelictoL  M  Ԁorbywrittenandwellfoundedorderofajudicialauthority.L  M  19L  M   4 Provisionaldetention,priortobeingsentenced,canlastamaximumof45days.20L  M  ԀL  M  Internmentof  p adolescentsmayonlybeappliedforinfractionscommittedbymeansofgravethreatsorviolenceto  \ aperson;repetitionofothergraveoffences;orrepeatedandunjustifiedfailuretocomplywiththe H previouslyimposedmeasure,inwhichcaseitwouldonlybeimposedforamaximumperiodofthree 4 months.However,internmentshallnotbeapplied,shoulditbepossibletoapplyanadequate   alternativemeasure.21L  M  ԀThesemeasuresaredescribedinarticle112oftheStatuteandinclude,inter   alia:reprimand,obligationtorepairthedamageandcommunityservice.Themaximumperiodof  internmentmaynotexceedthreeyears,afterwhichtheadolescentshallbereleasedorplacedina  systemofsemilibertyorassistedliberty.Moreover,continuedinternmentshouldbereevaluated  everysixmonths.Releaseiscompulsoryupontheoffenderreachingtheageof21.L  M  22L  M   l __________ X  14Ibid.,article83. 0"  15Ibid.,article41. #l! 16Ibid.,article41. $X" 17Article2oftheStatuteoftheChildandAdolescent.Incasesspecifiedinlaw,theStatutewill $D # applytopersonsbetween18and21yearsold. %0!$ 18Ibid.,article5. &"% 19Ibid.,106. '#& 20Ibid.,article108. (#' 21Ibid.,article122. )$( 22Ibid.,article121. |*%)  h+&* ЇL  M  43.  Juvenileoffendersshallbeheldinestablishmentsexclusivelyforadolescentsandseparated  onthebasisofage,physicalbuildandtheseriousnessoftheoffence.L  M  23L  M  ԀArticle124oftheStatute  enumeratestherightsofalladolescentsdeprivedoftheirliberty,whichincludetherighttoenjoy t leisure,cultureandsportingactivities;therighttoliveinadequatehygienicconditions;therightto ` schoolingandtraining;andtherighttobeinternedinalocalityclosetothedomicileoftheirpaL  M  rents L  orotherlegalguardian.L  M  Theresponsibilityforensuringtherespectofthelegalrightsandguarantees 8  ofallchildrenandadolescentslieswiththeStatePublicProsecutorsOffice(_Ministrio_Ԁ_Pblico_) $ t whichisalsoresponsiblefortheinspectionsofjuveniledetentioncentres.L  M  24  ` L  M  L  M  L  M   V.L  M  TORTUREANDILLTREATMENTINBRAZIL   8  L  M  44.  ThefindingsoftheCommitteemembersarebasedmainlyoninformationcollectedfrom   Governmentofficials,membersofthelegislativeandthejudiciary,medicalexperts,lawenforcement   personnel,_NGOs_Ԁandassociations,detainees,andpersonsallegingtohavebeentorturedorilltreated   aswellastheirrelatives.TheCommitteemembersalsoreceivedpreciseinformationonthe   examinationsofallegedvictimsoftorturefromthemedicalexpertwhoassistedduringtheinquiry. p L  M  L  M  A.L  M  ԀL  M  Informationprovidedbyhumanrightsnongovernmentalorganizations  H L  M  L  M  1.  L  M  Informationprovidedpriortothevisit   p L  M  L  M  45.  TheinitialinformationsubmittedtotheCommitteebythe_NGOs_ԀWorldOrganizationagainst H TortureandActionbyChristiansagainstTorture_ACAT_ԄBrazilcontainedasummaryofareportthat 4 hadbeenpreparedinfollowuptothevisitoftheUnitedNationsSpecialRapporteuronTortureto   Brazilin2000,aswellastothepresentationbytheGovernmentofBrazilofitsinitialreporttothe   CommitteeagainstTortureinMay2001.L  M  25L  M  ԀThereport_focused_ԀonthesituationintheStateof_S o_  PaulointheperiodbetweenFebruary2000andJune2002andincluded,inanannex,descriptions  ofover1,600allegedtorturecasesL  M  Ԁregisteredduringthisperiod.  __________ $D # 23Ibid.,article123. &"% 24Ibid.,article201(VIII). '#& 25Seenotenumber1and2. (#'  h+&* Ї46.TheCommitteealsoreceivedanother_NGO_ԀreportdescribingtheGovernmentofBrazilsefforts  toimplementtherecommendationsoftheUnitedNationsSpecialRapporteuronthequestionof  Torture.L  M  26L  M  ԀTheaddendumtothereportdescribedtheL  M  Ԁcurrentstatus(asoftheyearL  M  2003)ofalleged t individualtorturecasescontainedintheSpecialRapporteursreport.L  M  27L  M   ` 47.  Accordingtowelldocumentedreportssubmittedby_NGOs_,tortureinBrazilissystematically 8  practisedbydifferentpublicofficials(police,prisonofficials,monitorsindetentioncentresfor $ t minors,etc)duringquestioningandatallstagesofdetention.Thereportshighlightseveralissues:  ` thedifficultiesthatvictimsandpersonsindetentioncentresencounterinbeingheardbyofficial  L  organsinlightofthefactthattheinvestigationofcomplaintsoftorturearecarriedoutsolelyby  8  policeofficers;thelackofinvolvementofthePublicProsecutorsOfficeininvestigationsof $  allegationsoftorture;andtheimpunityofpoliceofficersandotherofficialsrepeatedlyaccusedof   torture.   48.  The_NGOs_ԀdenouncedthelackofeffectivepublicpoliciestoendthesystematicL  M  practiceof   tortureinBrazil.L  M  Theynotedthat,theNationalCampaignagL  M  ainstTorture,launchedinJuneL  M  2001, p hasbeenhighlycriticizedasconstitutingamarketingstrategyoftheGovernmentwhichhasbeen \ limitedtothecreationofanationalcentrefortheregistrationofcomplaints.Theyclaimedthatthe H L  M  _disque_Ԁ_denuncia_L  M  Ԁhotlinewassetupinsuchawaythatitplacedanimproperburdenuponthevictim 4 tocomeforwardtodenounceaviolation.TheresourcesallocatedbytheGovernmenttosupportthe  p campaignwerealsosaidtobeinsufficient.  \ 49.  Withregardtothe1997lawprohibitingtorture,_NGOs_Ԁconsidereditanimportantstep, 4 althoughtheypointedoutthatthedefinitionoftortureincludedinthelawalsocoversactscommitted   byprivateindividuals,henceshiftingthefocusoftheprohibitionoL  M  ftorturefromStateofficials.L  M     50.  The_NGOs_Ԁhighlightedthelownumberofpublicofficialssentencedforactsoftorture,in  lightofthefactthattortureiscommonlypractisedinBrazil.Furthermore,accordingtothem,asof  November2002,noStateagenthasbeenconvictedforactsoftortureunderthislaw.Theypointed l __________ D! 26 TortureinBrazil:implementationoftherecommendationsoftheUNRapporteurAugust2003. #l! L  M  Reportpreparedbythefollowingorganizations:theAssociationforthePreventionofTorture(APT), $X" the_Center_ԀforJusticeandInternationalLaw(_CEJIL_),L  M  Grupo_Tortura_Ԁ_Nunca_Ԁ_Mais_ԀdoRiodeJaneiro, $D # _A o_Ԁdos_Crist os_Ԁparaa_Aboli o_Ԁda_Tortura_Ԁ(_ACAT_)L  M  ,L  M  _Comiss o_ԀPastoraldaTerrade_Xinguara_ %0!$ (CPT),_Comiss o_Ԁ_Teot=nio_Ԁ_Vilela_,_Gabinete_Ԁde_Assesoria_Ԁ_Juridica_Ԁa_Associacoes_Ԁ_Populares_ &"% (_GAJOP_Ԅ_DHInternacional_),_Justi a_ԀGlobal,Movimento_Nacional_Ԁde_Direitos_Ԁ_Humanos_Ԁ(_MNDH_), '#& and_Sociedade_Ԁ_Paraense_Ԁde_Defensa_Ԁdos_Direitos_Ԁ_Humanos_Ԁ(_SDDH_)L  M  . (#' 27ReportoftheSpecialRapporteuronL  M  thequestionofL  M  TortureL  M  (E/CN.4/2001/66/Add.2,dated30 )$( L  M  March2005). |*%)  h+&* Їoutthatthelackofindependenceoftheorgansresponsibleforinvestigatingactsoftortureandill  treatmentcommittedbythepolice,i.e.theL  M  _ouvidorias_ԀL  M  andL  M  _corregedorias_L  M  ,areunderthecontrolof  thesameinstitutionthatisbeingaccusedofthesepractices.ThepoliceL  M  _ouvidorias_ԀL  M  arelinkedtothe t stategovernment,giventhattheL  M  _ouvidor_L  M  Ԁisapoliticalappointee.TheL  M  _corregedor_L  M  Ԁcanberemovedat ` anypoint.Uponcompletionoftheirmandates,itisapparentlynotuncommonthatpersonswhohave L  previouslyactedasL  M  _ouvidor_L  M  ԀorL  M  _corregedor_L  M  Ԁfindthemselvesworkingundersomeonewhomtheymight 8  havepreviouslydenouncedfortortureduringtheirL  M  tenure.L  M  Toaggravatematters,theL  M  _ouvidorias_ԀL  M  have $ t no_budgetery_Ԁautonomy,beingfinanL  M  ciallydependentontheState.L  M    ` 51.  _NGOs_Ԁalsodenouncedthelackofindependenceoftheforensicinstitutesreportingtothe  8  SecretaryofPublicSecurity,whoisalsoresponsibleforthepoliceforces,asituationwhich $  exacerbatesthesenseofimpunityincasesoftorture.   52.  Itwasreportedthatitisunusualforaccusedpoliceofficerstobesuspendedfromtheirduties   pendingtheoutcomeoftheinvestigation,andanysubsequentlegalordisciplinaryproceedings.At   most,thoseunderinvestigationaretransferredtoanotherlocation. p 53.  ItwasalsoexplainedtotheCommitteethat,althoughtheBrazilianConstitutionestablished H thePublicProsecutorsOfficeasanindependentorganwhichhasthecontrolofpoliceactivity 4 amongstitsresponsibilities,inpracticeinmoststatesthePublicProsecutorsOfficesdonotperform  p thesefunctions.Inthemajorityofstatesandeveninstateswhereprosecutorscarryoutinvestigations  \ ofcertaincasesdirectly,itisthepoliceitself,throughitsL  M  _corregedorias_L  M  Ԁorthroughpolice H investigations,whichisresponsibleforinquiresintoallegedpraL  M  cticeoftorturebythepolice.L  M   4 L  M  54.  Reportedly,therehavebeennosignificantimprovementsconcerningabusivepracticesby   thepolice.Inthisconnection,_NGOs_Ԁdrewattentiontothepracticeknownas thegenericsearchand  apprehensionwarrantwhichisapparentlycommoninRiodeJaneiroandallegedlyledtoabuses  bythepolice.Thiswarrantconsistsofajudicialorderthatallowsthepolicetoinspectany  establishmentorresidencewithinaspecificarea,districtetc.Inaddition,theCommitteereceived l informationthattheCivilPolicesStationfortheProtectionoftheChildandAdolescenthas X  conductedatemporaryarrestandremoval_compaign_,sinceNovember2004,denoted Operation D! SecureTourism(L  M  _Opera ao_ԀTurismo_Seguro_)L  M  .Rightsgroupscontendthatthisoperationhasentailed 0"  thearbitrarytargetingofchildrenandadolescentsdeemed suspiciousor abandonedprimarily #l! onthestreetsofRiodeJaneirosaffluentZonaSuldistrict.Accordingto_NGO_Ԁsources,policehave $X" apprehended,registeredandcataloguedthesechildrenandadolescentsatpolicestations,afterwhich $D # thechildrenandadolescentsareremovedtocitysheltersandgiventheoptionofleaving.Ahuman %0!$ rightsgroupinRiodeJaneirohaschallengedtheconstitutionalityofthispractice,andthematteris &"% stillpendingbeforetheSupremeFederalTribunalL  M  .L  M  28L  M   '#& __________ (#' 28Seee.g._Judgments_Ԁ2004.059.06263L  M  ԄL  M  ԀHabeasCorpusL  M  ,_Desembargador_Ԁ_Nilza_Ԁ_Bitar_,_Secao_ )$( Criminal,TribunaldeJusticiadoEstadodo_Rio_ԀdeJaneiroL  M  ,20_July_Ԁ2005L  M  . |*%)  h+&* ЇL  M  55.  Inrelationtothemonitoringofplacesofdetention,theLawontheExecutionofSentences  setsoutatleastsixorganswhichhavetheauthoritytoconductvisitstomonitorandsupervise  prisonersconditionsofdetention;inpractice,however,itwasallegedthatsuchvisitsarerarely t carriedout.L  M  29L  M   ` 56.  Withregardtothepenitentiaries,the_44NGOs_44ԀcomplainedthaL  M  tconditionsareinadequatefor 8  L  M  inmatesandovercrowding,whichisendemic,remainsaconL  M  stantconcern.Accordingtothe $ t L  M  informationprovidedinJune2003,therewereatotalof180,72L  M  6placesforatotalof284,989  ` L  M  detaineesinBrazil.TheStateof_44S o_44ԀPaulolacked43,659places(41.8percentofthetotal)andthe  L  StateofMinas_44Gerais_44Ԁlacked17,194places.  8  57.  Overcrowdinginpolicestationswasreportedtobeanotherproblem.Anumberoftemporary   detentioncentreshavebeenbuiltintheStateof_44S o_44ԀPaulotoreceivedetaineeswhoawait   convictions,thusrelievingovercrowdinginpolicestations.However,thesetemporarydetention   centresarealreadyovercrowded.Materialconditionsofdetentioncontinuetobeprecarious.   58.  TheNGOsalsoexplainedthatsocalled cleanpolicestations,knownasL  M  delegaciaslegaisL  M   \ havebeenestablishedinRiodeJaneiro,withthepurposeofdeactivatingalljailsinpolicestations H andbuildingL  M  casasdecust;diaL  M  Ԁ(custodialhouses)toreceivedetaineespreviouslyheldinpolice 4 stations.Inpractice,however,toofewcustodialhouseshavebeenbuilt.Detaineesarestillheldin  p policestationsevenafterbeingsentenced,andareundertheresponsibilityoftheSecretaryofPublic  \ Security,insteadoftheSecretaryforPenitentiaryAdministration,underwhosesupervisionthey H wouldhL  M  aveaccesstogreaterbenefits.L  M   4 59.  Furthermore,NGOsreferredtotheL  M  RegimeDisciplinarDiferenciado(RDD)L  M  ,adifferentiated   disciplinaryregimewhichisinplaceintheStatesofRiodeJaneiroandS oPaulo.Underthis  regime,itwouldappearthatinmateswhodonotobeyanorderand/ortheinternaldisciplinary  regimeofthepenitentiarymaybesubjectedtoaregimeofseverepunishmentsthatcouldincluL  M  de  upto360daysinisolation.L  M   l 60.  Itwasreportedthatfamilymembersdonotreceiveinformationaboutthewhereaboutsof D! inmates,includinginformationontransfers.Moreover,highlyintrusivesearchesoffamilymembers 0"  andvisitors,particularlyL  M  Ԁwomen,continuetoberoutine.L  M   #l! 61.  TheNGOspointedoutthatfreelegalassistanceisnotguaranteedtopeoplewhoaredeprived $D # oftheirlibertyandcannotaffordaprivatelawyer.SixStatesdonothaveaL  M  ԀL  M  PublicDefendersOffice %0!$ __________ &"% 29Article61oftheLawonExecutionofSentencesidentifiesseveralmechanismswhichhaveprison '#& monitoringfunctions,i.e.,theNationalCouncilofCriminalandPenitentiaryPolicy,penalexecution (#' judges,publicprosecutors,thePenitentiaryCouncil,thePenitentiaryDepartmentandthe )$( CommunityCouncil. |*%)  h+&* Їandthosethatexistareknowntobeunderstaffed.Statementsprovidedwithoutthepresenceofa  judgeorlawyercontinuetobeadmissibleincourt,ifthereisnoexplicitproofthatanactoftorture  wascommitted.TheburdenofproofisplacedontheallegedL  M  L  M  victimoftortureorilltreatment. t Allegationsoftorturemadebypersonssuspectedofhavingcommittedacriminaloffenceorof ` detainedpersonshavenoweightinBrazilianjurisprudence.Asaresult,_44NGOs_44Ԁcomplainedthatthere L  isalmostnopossibilityofeffectivecomplaintagainsttheabusiveconductofpublicofficials. 8  62.  Accordingtotheinformationprovided,approximately60percentoftheinmatescould  ` benefitfromtheapplicationofalternativesentences.However,judgestendtorefusetoapplythese.  L  63.  Finallyitwasreportedthatthejudiciaryhasfailedtomonitoradequatelythetimeservedby $  inmates.ThisisparticularlyevidentintheStateofRiodeJaneiro,wherethereisonlyonecourt   responsibleforthistask,i.e.theL  M  varade_44execu es_44Ԁ_44penais_44L  M  .L  M     L  M  2.  Informationprovidedduringthevisit    L  M  L  M  64.  DuringthevisittoBrazil,theCommitteemembersmetwithmorethan15_44NGOs_44.Ingeneral, \ _44NGOs_44Ԁclaimedthatthesituationhadnotimprovedinthelastfewyears,andreiteratedtheconcerns H containedinthe_44NGO_44ԀreportssubmittedpriortothevisitoftheCommittee._44NGO_44Ԁrepresentatives 4 emphasizedtheseriousnessofthesituationandthefailureoftheauthoritiestoadoptadequate  p measurestocombatthepracticeoftorture.Theyallegedthatfrequentlytorturewasinflictedpartly  \ duetotheprevailingcultureofthepolice,andthatfewactsoftorturehadbeeninvestigatedandeven H fL  M  ewerbroughtbeforethecourts.L  M   4 65.  Duringthevisit,_44NGOs_44Ԁprovidedinformationinwritingonothercasesoftorturebroughtto   theirattentionbyallegedvictims.Intheiropinion,however,alargenumberofcasesoftortureare  notreported._44NGO_44Ԁrepresentativespointedoutthatmostactsoftorturearecommittedbythemilitary  andthecivilpolice.Veryfewallegationswerereceivedregardingthefederalpolice.  66.  _44NGO_44Ԁrepresentativesalsoallegedthattheexistingpolicecontrolmechanismscontinuetobe X  inefficient,giventhattheL  M  _44corregedorias_44L  M  Ԁstilldonothaveanyoperationalandfinancialautonomy, D! andtheL  M  _44ouvidorias_44L  M  ԀremaindependentontherespectivestateGovernors.Bettercontrolofthepolice 0"  bythestateGovernorwouldcontributetothepreventionofabusiveacts. #l! 67.  Theyfurtherclaimedthattherewereneitheradequatepoliciesnorthepoliticalwillonthe $D # partoftherelevantauthoritiestoimproveconditionsofdetention;hence,theproblemwasnotjust %0!$ oneL  M  oflackoffinancialresources.L  M   &"% 68.  AL  M  nL  M  Ԁ_44NGO_44ԀrepresentativealsopointedoutthatthecrimerateinBrazilwasnotproportionally (#' sohighastohavesuchalargenumberofdetainees.Infact,itappearsthatonmanyoccasions,the )$( sanctionimposedisnotproportionaltotheseriousnessoftheoffence.Anexamplewasprovided |*%) wherepersonscaughtwithasmallquantityofdrugsmaybechargedunderthearticleofthepenal h+&* codetL  M  hatreferstodrugtrafficking.L  M    69.  The_44NGOs_44Ԁindicatedthatotherlegalrequirementsregardingcustodialsentences,including  thatprisonersbeheldwithingeographicalproximityoftheirfamL  M  ilies,areroutinelybreached.L  M  Laws t regulatingvisitsarealsobreached,withfamiliesbeingsubjectedtostripsearchesandother ` degradingtreatment,whichfrequentlydiscourageL  M  Ԁfamilymembersfromvisiting.L  M  ItwasalsoL  M  L  M  alleged L  thatclothingandotheritemsbroughtbyrelativesforinmatesaretakenbytheprisonstaffwho 8  themselvesselltheseitemstotheinmatesorothers.Therewerealsocomplaintswithrespectto $ t restrictionsonitemsinmatesmayreceivefromtheirrelatives,inparticularrestrictionsonfruit,otheL  M  r  ` foodproductsandtoiletries.L  M    L  70.  The_44NGOs_44ԀtoldtheCommitteemembersthatinmostplacesofdetentiontherearenofull $  records,eithertoindicatewhendetaineesenterorexitthecentresorwithrespecttomedical   informationofanysortincludingwheninjuriesoccur._44NGOs_44Ԁalsoreportedthatrecordsofstaff   performance,trainingandhiring,aswellasdisciplinaryhistoriesarealsoL  M  Ԁoftenmissingordonot   exist.L  M     71.  Therewerealsogeneralizedcomplaintsregardingthedifficultiesencounteredby_44NGOs_44 \ monitoringdetentioncentresandinmakingformalcomplaints.Many_44NGOs_44Ԁallegedthattheyhad H beendeniedaccesstovariouscentresofdetentiononmanyoccasionsoftenwithnoreasonbeing 4 provided.  p 72.  ItwasreportedthatStatepublicdefendersarepaidpoorlyandhaveexcessiveworkloads. H Theirnumbersarelowandinsufficienttocovertheexistingdemands.Furthermore,theCommittee 4 membersweretoldthatthereisageneralperceptionthatpublicdefendersarenotveryhighly   regardedandthattheirworkisseenasanemploymentoflastresort.Undertheseconditions,itis   difficultforpublicdefenderstoL  M  remainmotivatedandcommitted.L  M    73.  _44NGO_44Ԁrepresentativesclaimedthatorganizedcrimepersistswithinpenitentiary  establishments.Infact,theCommitteemembersweretoldthatorganizedcriminalgangscontinue l tooperateandruncriminalracketsfromwithinthecentres. X  74.  _44NGOs_44Ԁalsopointedoutthatdetaineesunderthe_44RDD_44Ԁdifferentiateddisciplinaryregimeare 0"  keptincommunicadoandthatinmanycases,theyareplacedunderthisregimebecauseofthelack #l! ofspaceingeneralcells.Inmatesaresaidtohavementalproblemsasaresultofhavingbeenheld $X" underthisregime._44NGOs_44ԀalsoinformedtheCommitteemembersabouttheL  M  Regime_44Disciplinar_44 $D # EspecialL  M  Ԁ(_44RDE_44)orL  M  L  M  specialdisciplinaryregime,whereinmatesareheldincollectivecellsinaregime %0!$ similartothe_44RDD_44Ԁregime.L  M  30L  M   &"% __________ (#' 30Furtherinformationonthe_44RDD_44Ԁand_44RDE_44ԀregimesisprovidedinparL  M  agraphs174176ofthe )$( report. |*%)  h+&* Ї75.  Itwasreportedthatthejuveniledetentionsystemmirrorstheadultdetentionsystemwith  regardtoimpunity._44NGOs_44Ԁprovidedinformationonallegedcasesofilltreatmentandtorturein  juveniledetentioncentres.Theyclaimedthatbeatingswereusedfrequentlytopunishjuvenileswho t appearednottohaverespectedthedisciplinaryrules,andinsomecasessimplyformakingnoise. ` Often,thesebeatingswerecarriedoutbypersonswearinghoods;hencetheidentityoftL  M  heoffender L  remainedconcealed. 8  L  M  76.  TheCommitteememberswerealsoprovidedwiththefinalreportoftheCampaignfor  ` _44Combating_44ԀTortureandImpuniL  M  ty.Accordingtothereport,2,L  M  206complaintsoftorturewere  L  registeredbythehotline SOS_44Tortura_44duringtheperL  M  iodOctober2001toJuly2003.L  M  Only1,336  8  wereconsideredasinstitutionaltorture.Mostofthecomplaintscamefromthefollowingstates:_44S o_44 $  Paulo,Minas_44Gerais_44,_44Par_44,andBahia.Itwouldappearthattorturewasinflictedmostlyinpolice   stations(47.2percent),followedbypenitentiaryunits(26.9percent)._44NGOs_44Ԁfamiliarwiththe   practiceoftorture,however,informedtheCommitteethatratesofseverephysicalabuseareinfact   muchhigL  M  herthanthesefiguressuggest.L  M     L  M  77.  L  M  TheCommitteereceivednumerousreportsthatdetentionscentresalmostinvariablycontain \ punishmentcells(_44castigo_44)usedbyauthorities.Thecellsareallegedtobeplaceswhereinmatesare H subjecttoseverecorporalpunishmentaswellascruelandinhumanconditionsofdetentionThese 4 cellsarenotshowntooutsidersandtheirexistencewasalreadydenouncedbytheSpecial_44Rapportuer_44  p onTorture.TheStatepartyhasnotadequatelyaddressedtheseallegations.  \ L  M  3.  Directtestimonies L  M   4 L  M  L  M  78.  TheCommitteemembersalsometwithseveralallegedvictimsoftortureandtheirrelatives   whowerepresentduringthe_44NGO_44Ԁmeetings.TheCommitteememberswereinformedby_44NGOs_44Ԁthat  somevictimshadrefusedtomeetwiththemforfearofretaliation.Inparticular,theyrecalledthe  deathsoftwowitnesseswhohadgiventestimoniestoaUnitedNationsSpecialRapporteur.A  numberofthosewhovoluntarilyagreedtomeetwiththeCommitteemembersrequestedthattheir l personalcasesremainconfidentialforavarietyofreasons,mainlytoprotecttheirsafetyandto X  preventreprisalsfromtheiremployers. D! 79.  Themajorityoftheintervieweesclaimedtobehavebeenvictimsoftortureand/orill #l! treatmentatthetimeofarrest.Anumberofintervieweescomplainedatthewaythepolicehad $X" treatedthemonarrest;inparticulartheysaidthatthepolicereferredtothemascriminalsinsteadof $D # suspects.Onanumberofoccasions,theCommitteemembersheardthatarrestedpersonswerenot %0!$ broughtdirectlytopolicestations,andthattransferstooklongerthanneeded,thisbeingtheinterval &"% whentheyclaimedtohavebeensubjectedtoilltreatmentortorture.Italsoseemedthattheuseof '#& excessiveforceduringarrestswasacommonpractice. (#' 80.  Intervieweesreferredtoabusescommittedbyboththecivilandthemilitarypolice.They |*%) reportedfeelingpowerlessandunprotectedbytheState,andagreedthattheyliveinaclimateof h+&* impunity.Manyintervieweescomplainedthatlegalproceedingsareextremelyslow,offendersare  rarelyprosecutedorfoundguiltyforcrimesoftortureandthatfinancialcompensation,ifany,takes  averylongtimetobeawarded.Inaddition,someofthemreportedthattheyhadbeensubjectedto  punishment(_44cL  M  astigos_44)notauthorizedbylaw.L  M   t L  M  L  M  B.L  M  InformationobtainedinplacesofdetentionL  M   L  L  M  81.  Placesofdetention,excludingfederaldetentioncentres,areundertheresponsibilityofthe $ t individualstates.Inmoststates,theSecretaryforPublicSecurityisresponsibleforpolicestations  ` (L  M  _44delegacias_44L  M  )andtheSecretaryforJusticethroughthePenitentiaryAdministrationisresponsiblefor  L  thepenitentiarysystem.Somestates,suchasRiodeJaneiroand_44S o_44ԀPaulohaveautonomous  8  SecretariatsforPenitentiaryAdministration.IntheFederalDistrict,thepenitentiarysystemisunder $  theresponsibilityoftheL  M  ԀSecretaryforPublicSecurity.L  M     L  M  82.  Juveniledetentioncentresareunderdifferentjurisdictions,suchastheCentreforSpecialized   JuvenileAttention(L  M  _44Centro_44Ԁde_44Atendimento_44Ԁ_44Juvenil_44Ԁ_44Especializado_44,L  M  ԀL  M  _44CAJE_44)inBrasilia,theState   FoundationfortheWellBeingofMinors(L  M  _44Funda o_44Ԁ_44Estadual_44Ԁdo_44Bem_44Ԅ_44Estar_44Ԁdo_44Menor_44,L  M  _44FEBEM_44) p in_44S o_44ԀPaulo,theGeneralDepartmentfor_44Socio_44ԄEducationalMeasures(L  M  _44Departamento_44Ԁ_44Geral_44Ԁde \ _44A es_44Ԁ_44S;cio_44Ԅ_44Educativas_44,L  M  _44DEGASE_44)inRiodeJaneiroortheOfficeofSocialandEducational H Measures(L  M  _44Superintendncia_44Ԁde_44Atendimento_44Ԁ_44s_44Ԁ_44Medidas_44Ԁ_44S;cio_44Ԅ_44Educativas_44L  M  )inMinas_44Gerais_44.L  M   4 L  M  L  M  1.L  M  Materialconditionsofdetention   \ L  M  L  M  83.  Inthemajorityofthecentresvisited,particularlytheL  M  _44delegacias_44L  M  ,whichhavenotbeen 4 decommissioned,andtheprovisionaldetentioncentres,thematerialconditionsofdetentionwere   appalling(seeparagraph178).Inaddition,theauthorities,whoarefullyawareofthesituation,   continuetodetainpersonsintheseconditionsforprolongedperiodsoftime.Infact,theseconditions  contributeinadecisivewaytothedestructionofthephysicalandemotionalwellbeingofthe  detainees.Thepoorconditionsalsoaffectthedetaineesfamilies,namelyduetotheconditionsunder  whichvisitsinL  M  mostestablishmentstakeplace.L  M   l L  M  L  M  2.Centresvisited  D!  (a)  Juveniledetentioncentres  #l! L  M  84.  Bylaw,juveniledetentioncentresaresupposedtoprovideeducational,medicaland $D # recreationalfacilitiestohelpreintegratejuvenileoffendersintosociety.However,theinfrastructure %0!$ andthematerialconditionsofthecentresvisitedmakethistasknexttoimpossibletoaccomplish. &"% Indeed,accordingtoa2003presidentialactionplanonchildwelfare,inthecaseof71percentof '#& detentioncentres,thephysicalplantwasdeemed inadequatetocomplywith_44socio_44Ԅeducational (#'  h+&* Їpurposesrequiredbylaw.L  M  31L  M  ԀL  M  TheCommitteemembersalsonoticedthatchildren32L  M  Ԁwerenotseparated  onthebasisofageandphysicalbuildasrequiredbythelaw.L  M    L  M  85.  On15July2005,theCommitteemembersvisitedadetentioncentreforjuvenilesinBrasilia ` undertheresponsibilityof_44CAJE_44.WhilethecentreL  M  couldaccommodateapproximatelyL  M  240juveniles, L  ithoused370.Girlswerelessthan10percentofthecentrespopulation.Asinotherjuvenile 8  centres,juvenilesweresupervisedbyL  M  ԀL  M  monitors.Therewereatotalof16policemenonshiftstoguard $ t thecentre.TheCommitteemembersweretoldthatthesepolicemendonothaveanydirectcontact  ` withthechildren.L  M  Thecentrehasaschoolwith42L  M  teachersandjuvenilescanpursuedifferent  L  activities,includingtertiaryeducation.Thecellswhereboyswereheldwereovercrowded,holding  8  twiceasmanychildrenastheircapacity.TheCommitteememberswereinformedthatoneofthe $  problemsofthecentreistherivalriesamongchildrenbelongingtodifferentgangs.Althoughefforts   aremadetoseparaterivalgangs,theCommitteememberswereinformedoftherecentmurderofa   boybyotherfellowdetaineeswhosharedthecellwithhim.   86.  On19July2005,theCommitteemembersvisitedVilaMariain_44S o_44ԀPaulo,underthe p responsibilityof_44FEBEM_44.TheL  M  _44Corregedor_44L  M  Ԁof_44FEBEM_44Ԁwasalsopresent.TheCommitteemembers \ visitedthepremisesandspoketoseveralofthechildren.TheCommitteememberswereinformed H thatariothadtakenplacerecently,andthatanumberofjuvenileshadbeentransferredtoa 4 penitentiaryforadults.Theywerealsoinformedthatnewunitsaretobebuiltwheredetaineeswill  p beheldinsmallergroups.  \ 87.  On22July2005,theCommitteemembersvisitedtheL  M  _44Centro_44Ԁde_44Intena o_44Ԁ_44Provisoria_44L  M   4 (_44CEIP_44),ajuvenilecentreinBeloHorizontewhichhadbeenthesubjectofpresscoveragewith   allegationsoftortureofjuveniles.L  M  33L  M  ԀL  M  TheDirectoroftheCentrehadbeensuspendedandreplacedby   anewDirectorthedaybeforethevisitoftheCommittee.TheCommitteemembersnotedthatthere  werediscrepanciesinthereasonstheyweregivenregardingthL  M  epreviousDirectorsremoval.L  M  The  centrewasovercrowded,havingcapacitytoaccommodate62inmates,buttherewere86in  residence.Thirtyyoungerchildren(aged12to14)werehousedinabetterannexnearby.The l Directorindicatedthatthegirlsfacility,whichtheCommitteememberL  M  sdidnotsee,wasmuch X  newer.L  M  TheCommitteemembersinterviewedseveralchildrenwhoallegedthattheyhadbeenbeaten, D! __________ 0"  31PresidenteAmigoda_44Crian a_44ԀedoAdolescente:Planode_44A o_44L  M  ,20042007,_44October_44Ԁ2003, $X" _44available_44ԀL  M  _44at_44ԀL  M  http://_44www.fundabrinq.org.br_44/__44Abrinq_44/documents/_44biblioteca_44/_44planodeacao_44_ $D # presidente2004._44pdf_44L  M  . %0!$ 32Article1oftheConventionontheRightsoftheChileprovidesthat achildmeanseveryhuman &"% beingbelowtheageofeighteenyearsunless,underthelawapplicabletothechild,majorityis '#& attainedearlierL  M  . (#' 33_44Hoje_44ԀemDia,BeloHorizonteL  M  Ԁ21_44July_44Ԁ2005;L  M  _44Estado_44ԀdeMinasL  M  ,22_44July_44Ԁ2005. )$(  h+&* Їparticularlyatnight,andthatseveralmonitorswere brutal.Thechildrenseemedintimidatedand  werereluctanttoprovidingdetails.L  M  Detailswerenotforthcoming.L  M  Twochildrenoccupiedeachcell,  andmattresseswereofverypoorquality.Theyoungerchildrensannexwasamodernfacility,better t equipped,andthechildrenwereverybrightandinquisitive,leadingtheCommitteemembersto ` questionwhytheolderchildrensfacilitycouldnotbemL  M  aintainedtothesamestandard.L  M   L  88.  On26July2005,theyvisitedPadre_44Severino_44,apretrialjuveniledetentioncentreinRiode $ t Janeiro,undertheresponsibilityof_44DEGASE_44.Thecentrecouldaccommodate180juveniles,butit  ` housed283.Therewere15monitors,whileaccordingtothevicedirectorof_44DEGASE_44Ԁthereshould  L  beatleast35pershift.Duetothelackofpersonnel,only120juvenileshaveaccesstoeducationand  8  recreationalactivities.Familyvisitstakeplaceonceaweek.Inprinciple,juvenilesmayonlybe $  detainedinPadre_44Severino_44Ԁforamaximumperiodof45daysbeforebeingtransferredtoother   _44DEGASE_44Ԁinstitutions.However,anumberofthechildreninterviewed,inparticularthosewhowere   notfromthecityofRiodeJaneiro,claimedtohavebeeninthecentreforfourorfivemonths.The   Committeemembersnotedthatthematerialconditionswereextremelypoor:thecellswere   overcrowdedandcontainedinsufficientcementbeds.Nobooksorreadingmaterialwereprovided p tothedetainees.Thechildrencomplainedthattheircellscontainedverminandthattheywereoften \ hitandslappedinthefacebythemonitors._44NGOs_44Ԁreportedthatthesebeatingsofteninvolvedtheuse H ofwoodenclubsorbatons,afactthatwasconfirmedtotheCommitteebysomeofthechildren. 4  (b)  L  M  Policestations   \ L  M  L  M  89.  Policestations(L  M  DelegaciaL  M  s)arerunbythecivilpoliceandaredirectedbyaL  M  delegadoL  M  ,who 4 isaseniorcivilpoliceofficialwithalawdegree.TheCommitteemembersvisitedthesocalled   deactivatedpolicestationsthatservethepublicandwherepersonsunderarrestareonlyheldupto   24hours,aswellaspolicelockupsthathavenotbeendecommissionedandcontinuetooperateas  publicjails.  90.  Inprinciple,apersonmaybeheldinapolicelockupforamaximumperiodof24hoursafter l whichajudgemustissueaprovisionaldetentionorderandthepersonshouldbetransferredtoa X  provisionaldetentioncentre.Detaineesawaitingtrialshouldbeheldinpretrialorremandcentres, D! commonlyknownasL  M  cadeiaspublicasL  M  .Inorderforadetaineetobetransferredtoapenitentiary 0"  facility,anauthorizationfromthepenitentiaryauthoritiesisrequired.However,itappearsthat #l! becausethepenitentiaryfacilitiesarealreadyovercrowdedandrisksofriotsarehigh,transfer $X" authorizationstothesefaL  M  cilitiesarenotalwaysissued.L  M   $D # 91.  TheCommitteemembersobservedthatalargenumberofdetaineescontinuetobeheldin &"% policestationsinsteadofbeingtransferredtopretrialdetentioncentresandprisons.Underthese '#& circumstances,theprovisionsoftheCriminalProcedureCoderegardingtheseparationofdetainees (#' accordingtotheirlegalstatus,i.e.awaitingtrialorconvicted,areclearlyviolated.Policeofficersare )$( obligedtoassumenewfunctionsasprisonguardsinpolicestations,withouthavingreceivedL  M  Ԁany |*%) traininginthisrespect.L  M  Moreover,thefactthatthecivilpoliceareinchargeofthepreliminary h+&* investigationsandthatpolicelockupsareguardedbythecivilpolice,reportedlyfacilitatestheabuse  ofprovisionaldetaineesbypoliceinvestigatorsseekingtoobtainconfessionsorL  M  anyotherrelevant  information.L  M    92.  TheCommitteemembersobservedthatnopolicestationsthatoperatedaspublicjailswere ` equippedforlongperiodsofdetention,giventhattheinfrastructureswereinadequateandthe L  materialconditionsdegrading.Severeovercrowdingwaswidespread.TheCommitteemembers 8  observedthatdetaineesheldinpublicjailsaredeprivedofmanyoftheirrights.Forinstance,itis $ t impossiblefordetaineestoreducetheirsentencesthroughwork,anentitlementprovidedforbylaw.  ` Also,theydonothaveaccesstoanyrecreationalactivitiesandordinarilycannotreceiveconjugal  L  visits.RegularvisitsseemL  M  verydifficultanddiscouraged.L  M    8  93.  TheCommitteemembersfoundthatinmostcasesdetaineeswerenotexaminedbyadoctor   afterarrest,itbeinguptothearrestingofficertodecideifsuchanexaminationwasnecessary.There   isnosystematicexaminationofdetaineesuponarrest,sentence,whentransferredbetweencentres   orwhenreleased.   L  M  L  M  _44S o_44ԀPauloL  M   \ L  M  L  M  94.  On19July2005,theCommitteemembersvisitedthe4thL  M  ԀDistrictPoliceStationinS oL  M  Paulo, 4 whereapproximately66detaineesaccusedofsexualcrimeswerebeingheldinapublicjail.The  p Committeememberswereinformedthatthepublicjailofthispolicestationwascurrentlybeing  \ decommissioned;hencenonewdetaineeshadcomeinsince2003.Duetoextremeconditionsof H overcrowding,theCommitteemembersobservedthatatetraplegicdetaineewasbeingheldinthe 4 corridoroutsidethecell.   95.  Committeemembersalsovisitedthe39thDistrictPoliceStationinS oPaulo,wherethey  observedthat150detaineeswerebeingheldinasinglespacewhichconsistedofseveralopencells  facingacourtyardwithverylittlenaturallight.Thedetaineeshadnobedsandtheyhadtotaketurns  tosleepontheconcretefloor.Committeememberswereinformedthatthecellhadpreviouslyheld l 230detainees.Theconditionsrelatingtohygienewereappalling.Oneofthedetaineeshadafinger X  affectedbygangreneforwhichhewasreceivingnomedicalattention.Manyhadsoresandshowed D! obvioussignsofpoorhealth. 0"  96.  TheCommitteemembersalsohadtheopportunitytovisitthe9thDistrictPoliceStation $X" L  M  DelegaciadePolciaParticipativaL  M  intheCarandirudistrictofS oPaulo.Thispolicestation,which $D # wasinauguratedinApril2004,isamodelpolicestationwithnojailcapacity.Theinstallationswere %0!$ modernandclean,appropriatelystructuredtosL  M  ervethepublic24hoursaday.L  M   &"% L  M  L  M  SalvadordaBahia (#' L  M  L  M  97.  On19July2005theCommitteemembersvisitedtheL  M  7thDistrictPoliceStationRio |*%) L  M  _44Vermelho_44ԀinSalvadordaBahia,housing11detainees,althoughinthL  M  epastithadhousedupto38. h+&* L  M  Detaineesarrivedeveryday,afterbeingdiscoveredL  M  inflagranteL  M  Ԁincrimessuchasrobbery,murder  andnarcotics.Detaineeshaveaccesstothesunonadailybasis,twohoursinthemorningandthe  afternoon;buttheyareunabletoleavetheircellsonweekendsasthereareinsufficientguards.  98.  Itwasnotedthattherewerenomattresses,whichtheL  M  delegadoL  M  Ԁindicatedhadbeenremoved ` becauL  M  seprisonerssetthemonfire.L  M  Althoughfamiliessentclothes,prisonershadnoblankets, L  becausethesL  M  eweredifficulttotransport.L  M  Theprisonauthoritiesdidnotprovideblankets,allegedly 8  becauseoftherotationofprisoners. $ t 99.  Thisfacilitywasunpleasant,butnotovercrowded,althoughtheCommitteemembers  L  suspectedthatithadbeencleanedandsomeprisonersremovedbecausetheL  M  delegadoL  M  Ԁhadbeenmade  8  awareoftheCommitteemembersimpendingvisit.Prisonersdidindicatethattheywerenotbadly $  treated,althoughthefoodwascold,rawandquitelimitedinamount.TheydidL  M  havebathrooms,but   notowels.L  M  Detaineesindicatedthattheycouldreceivevisits,butthesewereonceaweeL  M  kandshort.   L  M  OnedetaineefromRioallegedthathisfamilywasunawarehewasdetainedinSalvador.They   indicatedthattheyreceivedlimitedlegalassistance.TherewasnoallegationL  M  ofviolencefromany   detainee.L  M  Theydid,however,indicatethatdespitethefactthatthesuperintendentindicatedthatthe p churchhadaccessrights,theyhadneverenteredtheL  M  corridorinthefacility.L  M   \ L  M  L  M  BeloHorizonteL  M   4 L  M  L  M  100.  On22July2005,theCommitteemembersvisitedtheL  M  DelegaciadeRepress oaoFurtoet  \ RoubodeVeculosL  M  inBeloHorizonte.TheL  M  delegadoL  M  Ԁhimselfspokeofpoorconditions,wL  M  ithprisoners H rarelyreleased.L  M  Heindicatedthatheprovidedmedicinethroughhiswifewhoisamedicaldoctorand 4 apoliceofficer.Therewere155detaineeswhentheCommitteemembersvisitL  M  ed,and168twoweeks   earlier.L  M  AtonepointthefaciL  M  lityhadhoused189detainees.L  M  ThemaximumadetaineL  M  ehadbeenheld   wastwoyears.L  M  Inmatesareamixtureofthoseconvictedandonremand,withmostbeingconvicted  andsomehaving600yearsentences.Asthefacilityfocusedonvehiclerobbery,thesentencesof  mostaremuchless.Detaineesarealwayslockedup.TheL  M  delegadoL  M  Ԁhimselfacknowledgedthe  conditionsamountedtoviolationsofhumanrightsoftheinmatesandinsomecasescouldamoL  M  unt l totorture.L  M  Hesaidinmatescaused selfinflictedinjuriesL  M  Ԁinordertogainrelease.L  M  Thefacilitywas X  extremelyhotasaresultofcrowding,theroofwasasbestosandthereL  M  ԀwerenoNGOorchurchvisits. D! L  M  Washingandsanitationwasalmostnonexistent.TheCommitteeitselfwitnessedthedeplorable 0"  impactoftheseconditionsonthehealthofthoseindetention,asmostofthemwereemaciatedand #l! paleaL  M  ndsomeofthemhadopensores.L  M   $X" 101.  TheCommitteemembersfoundthattherewere40or50L  M  peoplepercell,withtwobeingL  M  5m %0!$ by6mandtwo4mby5mandresemblingcages.TheyL  M  Ԁwere4mhighatmost.L  M  Thecellshadno &"% electricity,nolightandtherewasnospaceforinmatestoread.Therewerenobeds,andinmatesslept '#& onconcretesurfacesandhammocks.Theroofwasopen,andthedetaineeswerenotshelteredfrom (#' therain.Theconditionswereeitherveryhotorcoldandtheinmateswerepale.Thefood,whichwas )$( seenbytheCommitteemembers,wasinappropriate,anddetaineesindicatedthattheyarerequired |*%) topayL  M  Ԁforthefoodwhentheyleave.L  M  Therewasonetappercellforwashingwhichisfedbytanks h+&* ontheroofandonetoiletstallL  M  ,protectedbyathincurtain.L  M  Therewasnopossibilityforallinmates  tosleepatthesametime,giventhespaceavailable,andinmateshadtotaketurnstosleep,aswell  asusehammocksinordertocreatelevelstoallowforL  M  sleep.L  M  Thecorridoroutsideisalwayslighted,  andrawsewagerunsinL  M  Ԁthiscorridorfromthecells.L  M   t 102.  Detaineesarealloweda30minutevisitevery30days,buttheyarenotallowedtousethe L  telephone,andcurrentlyvisitsaresuspeL  M  ndedbecauseoffearofriots.L  M  Onedetaineeindicatedhehad 8  beentherefor20monthsandhadnoopportunityforvisits.Detaineesindicatedthattheyneededto $ t attractattentionbymakingnoisetogetmedicalassistanceandthatgasbombsandpeppersprayare  ` usedbystafftokeepinmatesundercontrol.ManydetaineesprovidedtheCommitteememberswith  L  notesontheirsituation,withmanysuggestingthattheyhadbeenkeptinprisonwellbeyondthetime  8  oftL  M  heirsentences.L  M  Othersindicatedthattheyhadyettobecharged.Someallegedbeatingsinaddition $  tothefrequentuseofgasbombs,peppersprayandnoise.   103.  TheCommitteealsovisitedtheL  M  DelegaciadeFurtoseRoubosL  M  inBeloHorizonte.The   Committeemembersweretoldthat400inmateswereintheL  M  delegacia,L  M  Ԁandthattheywerenever   allowedoutoftheircells.Therewere22cells,thesmallonesbeing10squaremetresandhousing p 10,20,28and30personsandthelarge15squaremetres.AtleasttwoinmateswereHIVpositive \ andatleastthreeothersmentionedthattheyhadsyphilis.Therewasrunningwaterinthecell,and H lightinthecorridor,butnotinthecells.AgaintheCommitteememberswereabletospeakto 4 inmateswithoutinterference.OnthedaytheCommitteemembersvisited,menwerestandingin  p groupsof50inthepatio,totallynakedallegedlyforsecurityreasonsaccordingtotheDirector.The  \ food,whichtheCommitteememberssaw,wasverypoor,frequentlyraw,alwayscold,and H insufficient.Nodetaineeallegedthattheyhadbeenphysicallyattacked,butsuggestedthatteargas 4 andincapacitatingspraysareused,andguardsintimidatethroughtheuseofnoiseandbangingon   cellbarswithsticks.Therearenodentistsvisit,norarelegalservicesprovided,andsomedetainees   allegedthatthL  M  eirsentenceshadbeenserved.L  M  Nochildrenmayvisit,astheL  M  delegadoL  M  Ԁconsidersthe  conditionsinappropriate.Healsoindicatedthathistrainingwaswithregardtoinvestigations,not  careofinmates.  104.  TheCommitteemembersalsovisitedtheL  M  DelegaciaTL  M  ;xicosandEntopecentesinBelo X  L  M  HorizonteL  M  ,housingbothconvictedandpretrialdetaineeswaitingprocessondrugscharges.This D! L  M  delegaciaL  M  Ԁalsosufferedfromextremeovercrowding,havingacL  M  apacityof28andhousing215.L  M  Inthe 0"  past259werehousedintheL  M  delegaciaL  M  ,asituationwhichhadledtorioting.Sixtypercenthavebeen #l! sentenced,theresthavenot.Somedetaineeshadbeeninthisfacilityfor3or4years.Therewere $X" seven4by4mcellswith28and38prisoners.Thefoodprovidedisadequateinquantity,butoflow $D # calorificvalue.ThereisnomedicaltreatmentprovidedbytheState,butavolunteerprovidespartial %0!$ careweekly.JudgescometothisL  M  delegaciaL  M  Ԁaspartoftheirtraining.L  M  Familyvisitsarelogistically &"% difficulttoarrange,buttwoareprovidedformonthly.Therearenobathroomfacilitiesforvisitors, '#& whichactsasadisincentive.Inmatesarealwayskeptlockedup,exceptduringvisits.Thehygienic (#' andsanitaryconditionsareappalling.Thereisnotreatmentforaddicts,andfewfamilymemberscan )$( providethis.Manyescapeattemptsoccur.Detaineessleepinshifts,nevergooutandaredisciplined |*%) bygasandnoisebombs.DetaineeswearuniformsofwhiteTshirtsandbluetrouserswhichare h+&* boughtbyfamiliesandappearrelativelycontent,despitetheconditions,andonthedayofthevisit  theL  M  delegadoL  M  ԀhadarraL  M  ngedforflushotsforinmates.  L  M  L  M  L  M  RiodeJaneiroL  M   t L  M  L  M  105.  On22July2005,theCommitteemembersvisitedthe5thDistrictPoliceStationinL  M  Riode L  L  M  Janeiro,whichisanexampleofaL  M  delegacialegalL  M  ,similartothemodeloftheL  M  delegaciadepolicia 8  participativaL  M  ԀofS oPaulo.ThefirstL  M  delegacialegalL  M  ԀopenedintheStateofRioL  M  ԀdeL  M  JaneiroinMarch $ t 1999.Theinstallationswerealsomodernandclean.However,theCommitteememberswere  ` surprisedtoseethatthereweretwocellsthatwereunlitandthatthepoliceallegedtheyhadforgotten  L  therewassomeoneinsidethecellsdespitethefL  M  actthatthecellswerelocked.L  M    8  106.  On23July2005,theCommitteemembersvisitedthe59thDL  M  istrictPoliceStationinDuque   L  M  de_44Caixas_44ԀinRiodeJaneiro.Thispolicestationcontinuestoaccommodateapublicjailwhere279   detaineesareheld,althoughitcanonlyaccommodate250.Atthetimeofthevisit,nodatewas   envisagedtodecommissionthepublicjailofthepolicestation.TheCommitteememberswere   informedthattheL  M  delegaciaL  M  Ԁalsoheldsentencedprisoners,althoughtheseweregenerallyprisoners p withshortsentences.Noactivitieswereavailabletodetainees,althoughsomeofthemworkedas \ cleaners.Detaineeswereseparatedonthebasisofthecriminalgangthattheybelongedto.Forthis H reason,thenumberofdetaineesheldineachcellvaried.Theconditionsofhygieneweredeplorable 4 andcreatedserioushealthproblemsforthedetainees.Inaddition,therewerepersistentand  p generalizedcomplaintsregardingthebadqualityofthefood,andthelackofmedicalassistance.  \ L  M  L  M  _44(c)_44  L  M  PreL  M  ԄL  M  trialdetentioncentresandprisons  4 L  M  L  M  107.  ThePenalCodeprovidesfordifferenttypesofpenitentiaryregimes:closed,semiopenand   openregimeinarticles34,35and36,respectively.TheCommitteemembersobservedthat  separationofinmatesonthebasisofthenatureoftheregimetowhichtheyhadbeensentenced  (open/semiopenofclosedregime)isnotalwaysrespected.Thoseheldforviolentcrimesare  sometimesheldwithpettycriminals.Thepenitentiaryauthoritiesinatleastonestateattemptto l separateprisonersdependingonthecriminalgangtowhichtheybelong.Althoughthisisanattempt X  topreventinterprisonerviolence,anumberofdetaineesexpressedtheirfearsofsufferingattacks D! fromotherprisoners.Moreover,itisfrequentlyallegedthatthepoorandinhumanprisonconditions 0"  createasituationwhereprisonsturninto schoolsforcrime. #l! L  M  L  M  108.  Insomepenitentiarycentres,theyalsometwithinmateswhoclaimedtohavealreadyserved $D # theirsentencesbutwhohadnotbeenreleased.Alargenumberofdetaineestestifiedthattheywere %0!$ notassistedbyalawyer. &"% 109.  TheCommitteemembersnoticedthatanumberofdetaineesclaimedtohavebeensentenced (#' forpettycrimesinvolvingnoseriousthreattosociety.WhiletheCommitteemembersdonotintend )$( todrawconclusionswithregardtoanyjudicialdecisioninthisrespect,theydowishtovoicethe |*%) concerntransmittedtothemthatallegedlythepolice,prosecutorsandevenjudgestendtoqualify h+&* offencesasbeingthemostseriousavailable.Forinstance,theymayqualifyanoffenceasrobbery  insteadoftheft.Asaresult,bailwouldnotbegranted.Moreover,thesituationofovercrowdingwillL  M    onlyworsenifthiscontinues.L  M    110.  Womenservetheirsentencesinseparateestablishments.Thepenitentiarycentresforwomen ` whichwerevisitedbytheCommitteemembershadanursery,wheretheinmateswereabletonurse L  theirchildrenforaspecificperiodwhichvariedinthedifferentcentres.Womenwereseparatedfrom 8  meninalldetentioncentres. $ t L  M  L  M  Brasilia  L  L  M  L  M  111.  On16July2005theCommitteemembersvisitedthePapudaCIRCentreinBrasilia,built $  in1979.Onthedayofthevisit,theCentrehadapopulationof1,434,althoughithasacapacityto   accommodate900inmatesonly.Themajorityofthedetaineesareunderasemiopenregime.Each   week,30to40inmatesenterthecentre.TheDirectoroftheCentreacknowledgedthattheCentre   wasextremelyovercrowded,partlyduetothedeteriorationoftheinfrastructure.Infact,thecells   visitedbytheCommitteememberswereinadequateforthenumberofdetaineesheld.Asinother p penitentiarycentres,themilitarypoliceisresponsiblefortheexternalsecurity,whilethecivilpolice \ isresponsiblefortheinternalsecurity.TheDirectorcomplainedthattherewerenotenoughguards H tolookafterallthedetainees.Duringtheweekend,therewereonly19guards.Forthisreason,visits 4 cannottakeplaceduringtheweekendandtheperiodinwhichdetaineesareallowedoutoftheircells  p islimited.Approximately600to700detaineeshavethepossibilitytoparticipateindifferent  \ workshopsandtolearnvocationalskills.Legalassistanceisusuallyprovidedthroughalegalaid H clinicoftheUniversityofBrasilia.TheCentrehasdentalandmedicalservices.Sincethesewereset 4 up,thenumberofseriousincidentsintheprisonhasbeenreduced.However,theseservicesarenot   availableontheweekendsandthemedicaldoctoronlycomestwodaysaweek.   112.  TheyalsovisitedtheCentreforProvisionalDetentioninBrasilia.TheCentreheld2,230  detainees,bothprovisionalandconvicted,underasemiopenregime,whiletherealcapacityofthe  centreis1,500persons.PursuanttosuggestionsreceivedfromNGOs,theCommitteemembers l visitedthedisciplinarypavilion.Theywereinformedbythecentrespersonnelthatdetaineesheld X  inthispavilionwereaccommodatedinindividualcellsforamaximumof30days.TheCommittee D! membersobservedthattherewasmorethanonepersonL  M  ineachcell.L  M   0"  113.  FinallytheyvisitedtheWomensPrison,whichheld310women,althoughithadamaximum $X" capacityof380.Thecentre,whichwasconvertedintoawomensprisonin1996,consistedofthree $D # pavilions:thefirstunderasemiopenregimeforwomen,thesecondunderaclosedregimealsofor %0!$ womenandthethirdwasexclusivelyformentallyillmen,whereapproximately68menareheld. &"% Womenawaitingtrialwerealsoheldinthecentre.Accordingtothedataprovidedbytheprison '#& Director,atotalof127womenhaveaccesstoactivities,while83donot.Pretrialdetaineeswere (#' notincludedinthisdata.TheCommitteemembersvisitedthedifferentworkshopsofthepenitentiary )$( wheretheseactivitiestakeplace.TheDirectorofthecentreinformedtheCommitteemembersthat |*%) mostofthewomenwerebeingheldfordrugtraffickingrelatedcrimesandhomicide.TheCommittee h+&* membersalsovisitedthenursery.Overall,therewerenocomplaintsoftorture.However,therewere  complaintswithrespecttothequalityofthefoodandclaimsthatitwasoftenraw.Thecentrehas  aregisterofallincidentsthatoccur.TheCommitteemembersalsovisitedthepsychiatricdetention  pavilionformenandreceivedcomplaintsfromthedetaineesrelatingprimarilL  M  ytolackoflegal t assistance.L  M   ` L  M  L  M  SalvadordaBahia 8  L  M  L  M  114.  On19July2005,theCommitteemembersvisitedanewprisonwhichwasbeingconL  M  structed  ` inSalvadordaBahia.L  M  Thefacility,whichatthetimeofthevisitwasempty,isverymodernwitha  L  sophisticatedinterviewroomandsecurecontrolunits.Cellsareconstructedtoaccommodatefour  8  prisoners,andthecapacityoftheprisonwillbe324.Therewillbeseparatefacilitiesforthoseon $  remandL  M  ,andthosewhoaresentenced.L  M  Thefacilitywillcost6million_44reais_44.L  M     L  M  115.  TheCommitteemembersvisitedthePenitenciriaLemosdeBrito(PLB)whichhasa   capacityof1422,buthoused1,960prisoners,allofwhomweresentenced.Itisaclosedfacilityfrom   whichitwouldbedifficulttoescape.Twentypercentofdetaineeswereworkingandreceiving80 p percentL  M  Ԁoftheminimumwage.L  M  Detainees,allofwhomwereyoungandblack,workedinsideand \ outsidetheprisonforeighthoursadayandreceL  M  ived30or40reaispermonth.L  M  Theconditionsinthe H prisonappearedtobegood,althoughthefood,preparedintheprisonbyanoutsidecateringfirm, 4 andeatenbyprisonersandstaffalike,wasdescribedaspoorandfrequentlyraw.Theprisonincluded  p arelativelypleasantschoolfacility.Prisonerscouldbevisitedbytheirfamiliesontheweekend,with  \ spousesbeinL  M  gentitledtovisitonFriday.L  M   H 116.  Anumberofprisonersdescribedmaltreatmentuponarrest,includingbeatingswithsticks,   bythepoliceandwhilewaitingforlegalassistance.TheyallegedthatmedicaltreL  M  atmentintheprison   waspoor.L  M  Oneprisonerindicatedthathehadbeenshotonarrest,andthatthewoundhadnever  properlyhealed,andthathehadtobuyhisownmedicines.Anumberofprisonersindicatedthat,  althoughtheyhadservedtheirsentences,theywerestillinprison.Inresponsetoquestionsbeing  posedabouthealthanddentalcare,theprisonauthoritiessuggestedthatthiswaslimited,giventhat l thefederalauthoritieshadnotprovidedthefinancialsupportrequired,despitetheirobligationsin X  thiscontext. D! 117.  TheCommitteemembersvisitedrow4ofthecentre,assuggestedbytheNGOs.Theydid #l! notenterthefacility,astheauthoritiesallegedsecurityconcerns,butspokewithprisonersatthegate. $X" Theseincludedanumberofforeignprisoners,twoofwhomspokeEnglish.TheytoldtheCommittee $D # membersthatwhilehygienicandotherconditionswereverypoor,noonehadbeensubjecttodirect %0!$ physicalattack.Severaldidindicate,however,thattheyhadbeeninprisonlongerthantheir &"% sentencesprovided,andtheCommitteemembersweretoldthatpolicebeatingsonarrestwere '#& routine.Atthesametimetheycomplainedaboutthepunishmentcells,claimingthattheyexL  M  istedin (#' allBrazilianprisons.L  M   )$( L  M  L  M  118.  TheCommitteemembersvisitedtheBaixaFiscaldelegaciainSalvadordaBahia,housing h+&* individualswhohadbeeninL  M  volvedwithrobberyandtheft.L  M  Detaineesindicatedthattheyhadspent  from6to8monthsinL  M  delegaciasL  M  beforecomingtothisfacility.Sixprisonerswerehousedineach  cell(4mby3mand10mhigh),whichwasnotprovidedwithlightsormattresses.Itwasindicated  thatnomedicalcarewasprovided.Prisonersspent20hoursperdayinsidethecells,withfourhours t inanopenspace,whichwaswetanddirty.Astherewereonlyfiveguardsforthefacilityduring ` weekends,theywerekeptinfor24hours.Thefacilitywasverycold,andoneblocklackeddrinking L  water.ItwascoveredwithrubbishandprisonerslookedinpoL  M  orshape,withskindisorders.L  M  Hygienic 8  conditionswereextremelypoorwithupto170prisonershavingnosewerage.Foodwasalso $ t reportedtoverypoor.DetaineeswereissuedwithonlytwopairsofshortsandtwoTshirtsinorder  ` toensurethattheydidnotcommitsuicide.Detaineesappearedafraidtospeak,becausetheyfeared  L  violenceandcurtailmentofvisitsandtheyindicatedthattherewasapunishmentroomwhichhoused  8  sevenpeople.Eightyprisonerscamefrom500kmawayfromSalvador,andhadnotbeenvisitedby $  theirfamilies.   119.  TheCommitteemembersvisitedaL  M  delegaciaL  M  ԀcalledPaudeLimainSalvadordaBahia.The   Committeememberswereinformedthatthefacilitycoveredalargenumberofneighbourhoods,with   manycomingfromIlhus,wheretherehadbeenariotandlargescaledestructionoftheprison. p Prisonersheldherewerebeingpunishedforwhatiscalled crimesagainstheritage, honour \ crimes,and bloodcrimes.Atthattimeonlysevenpersonsweredetainedinthefacility:thesehad H beenfoundguiltyofdrugsmuggling,homicideoriL  M  llegalpossessionofaweapon.L  M  Detaineescould 4 bevisitedonWednesdays,andduringtheweek,theyweregenerallyoutinthepatio,spendingonly  p thenightsintheircells.Duringtheweekends,whenstaffingwaslighter,theyhadlesstimeoutside  \ thecells.Therewasnolimitationonthenumberofclothesdetaineescouldhave.WhiletheState H wasresponsibleforfood,relativescouldalsobringinfoodandthedetaineeswouldreceivL  M  ethisafter 4 securitysearches.L  M     120.  Onvisitingthecells,theCommitteemembersfoundthefacilitytobL  M  elesscrowded.L  M  However,  itwasverywet,withraincominginfromtheroof,andtherewerenolightsinthecells.Detainees  indicatedthatinthepasttherehadbeenuptoninepersonspercellandthataftertheIlieusincident  anumberofprisonersweretransferredtothisfacility.Severalindicatedthattheirfamiliesdidnot l knowtheywerethere,despitethefacttheyhadbeenthereforoveronemonth.Thefamiliesofthese X  individualswerelocatedovereighthoursaway.SeveraldetaineesshowedsignsofeczL  M  eL  M  maand D! hygieneconditionswereunacceptable.Detaineesaccountsofthetimetheyareentitledtobeinthe 0"  patiooutsidethecellsdifferedfromtheprisonpersonnel.Allexceptoneprisonerindicatedthathe #l! hadbeenbeatenattheL  M  delegaciaL  M  Ԁbypolice.TheCommitteemembersalsosawagraffitiwhich $X" depictedL  M  L  M  trL  M  yingtostayaliveinthishellL  M  . $D # L  M  L  M  _44S o_44ԀPaulo &"% L  M  L  M  121.  InS oPaulo,theCommitteemembersvisitedtheprovisionaldetentioncentrePinheirosI (#' on20July2005.Therewere865detaineesalthoughitcanonlyaccommodate570.Thecentrewas )$( veryovercrowdedanditwouldappearthatdetaineesneededtotaketurnstosleep.Detaineesarrive |*%) atthecentreastheyaremovedoutoftheL  M  delegaciasL  M  .TheCommitteememberswereinformedthat h+&* thecentrehadavideoconferenceroomviawhichprisonersprovidedevidencetocourt,thereby  avoidingtheirtransfertocourt.Therewereatotalof12guards.TheCommitteememberswere  informedthatariothadtakenplacerecently,inMarch2005,duringwhichtwoguardsL  M  Ԁhadbeen  killed.L  M   t L  M  122.  TheyalsovisitedthewomensL  M  cadeiapublicaL  M  ԀPinheirosIV.Therewere1248womenhoused L  intheprovisionaldetentioncentre,althoughitcanonlyaccommodate512.Furthermore,although 8  thecentrewasonlyforprovisionaldetention,therewere759provisionaldetaineesand489 $ t convictedprisoners.Notalltheguardswerewomen.TheCommitteememberswereinformedthat  ` itisexpectedthatthecentrewillbecomeapretrialdetentioncentreformenbytheendof2005.  L  123.  Finally,theCommitteemembersvisitedtheGuarulhosprisoninS oPaulo.Ninetypercent $  oftheprisonpopulationwerepretrialdetainees.Infact,itwasexplainedtotheCommitteemembers   thattheprisonwouldbetransformedintoaprovisionaldetentioncentre.Therewereatotalof2,007   personsheldinthecentre,whichwasdesignedtoaccommodate1,170.Therewere280foreign   nationals.TheCommitteememberswereshownseveralworkshopswhereinmatescanwork.The   Committeemembersnoticedthatthegroundsaroundthecellblocksandinsidetheprisonswerefull p ofgarbage.Prisonofficersexplainedthatdetaineesthrewthegarbageoutoftheircells,sothatwhen \ theywereallowedouttopickitup,theycouldusetheopportunitytopassinformationfrombL  M  lock H toblock.L  M   4 L  M  L  M  BeloHorizonte  \ L  M  L  M  124.  On22July2005,theCommitteemembersvisitedtL  M  heWomensPenitentiaryinBelo 4 L  M  Horizonte,whichhoused158inmatesinawellmaintainedandequippedfacility.Inmatesproduced   sportsclothingandnursesuniforms,inpartthroughanagreementwiththeMinistryofSports,for   whichtheyreceiveawageamountingto75percentoftheprofit.Allinmatesliveinpleasant  surroundingsandallofthemwork.Thereiscapacitytoisolateprisonersforbehaviouralreasons.  ThisprisonwasdubbedamodelprisonforBrazilin2002.Therewasnointerviewofanyprisoner,  buttheconditionsobservedbythedelegationpromptedthequestion.Whycouldtheconditionsin l thisfacilitynotbereplicatedinfacilitiesholdingmaleprisoners?L  M   X  L  M  L  M  RiodeJaneiro 0"  L  M  L  M  125.  On23July2005,theCommitteemembersalsovisitedthePolinterremandcentreL  M  L  M  inRiode $X" Janeiro.TheconditionsunderwhichthedetaineesaL  M  rekeptwereextremelypoorandL  M  shockedthe $D # Committeemembers.Atthetimeofthevisit,thecentrehoL  M  usedapproximately1,405L  M  mendetained %0!$ inthebasementofthepolicestationdesignedtoaccommodate500detainees.ThesubL  M  delegadoL  M   &"% explainedthatuntilrecently,therehadbeen1,600detainees.Approximately150detaineeshad '#& alreadybeensentencedbuttheyhadnotbeentransferredtoapenitentiary.Someofthedetainees (#' complainedprivatelytotheCommitteemembersthattheyhadtopayinordertobetransferredto )$( anothercentre.ManyofthedetaineesprovidedtheCommitteememberswithnotesontheirsituation |*%) pleadingforhelp. h+&* ЇL  M  126.  AtPolinter,theCommitteemembersobservedthatapproximately90menwerekeptin  overcrowdedcellsof30squaremetres,whichresembledcagesinwhichitwasimpossibleforthem  tomoveorexercise.Therewerenobeds(inmatessleptonconcretesurfacesandhammocksplaced  oneabovetheother)andthesanitationfacilitiesweredeplorable(aholewasusedasashowerand t toiletandnosoaportoiletpaperwasprovided).Therewasnonaturallight(thelightswereon24 ` hoursaday),resultinginthedetaineeslosingtheirsenseoftime.Fanswereusedforventilation,but L  thetemperaturewasstillveryhigh,eventhoughthevisitoccurredinwinter.Detaineeswereallowed 8  toleavetheircellsforacommonareainthebasemeL  M  ntonceadayfor40minutes.L  M   $ t L  M  127.  TheCommitteemembersconsideredthatthesituationinPolinterisalsounacceptableforthe  L  sixguardswhohavetocontrolallthedetainees.Asinthecaseofmanyotherpoliceandprison  8  guardswithwhomtheCommitteemembersmet,theydescribedtheirsituationasdegradingand $  dangerous.TheCommitteememberswerealsoastonishedtoseethatdetainedpolicemenactedas   guardsinordertocompensateforL  M  Ԁthelownumberofstaff.L  M     128.  TheCommitteemembershadreceivedallegationsfromadetaineeconcerningtheexistence   ofasoundproofroomneartheL  M  delegadoL  M  sofficewheredetaineeshadbeentortured.However, p becausethevisittookplaceonaSaturday,adaywhenpartsofthepremisesofthepolicestationare \ closed,theL  M  subdelegadoL  M  ԀdidnothavethekeystotheofficesandtheCommitteememberswere H unableL  M  toaddresstheseallegations.L  M   4 L  M  129.  L  M  TheCommitteemembersreceivedandwelcomedinformationthatinearly2006thePolinter  \ remandcentrewasclosedgivingeffecttoanorderforprecautionarymeasures,ofNovember2005, H issuedbytheInterAmericanCommissiononHumanRights. 4 130.  On25July2005,theCommitteemembersvisitedtheprisonBanguIIIinRiodeJaneiro   where448inmateswereheldunderaclosedregimeofmaximumsecurity.Therewasno  overcrowding.However,theNGOshadallegedthattherearemanycomplaintsofviolenceandill  treatmentrelatingtothiscentreandthattheDirectorwasalsotheDirectoroftheBenficaPrisonin  May2004whenanincidentresultinginthedeathsof30prisonersandoneguardoccurred.The l Committeememberswereinformedthatalloftheinmatesheldinthiscentrebelongtothesame X  criminalgang(ComandoVermelho)andhavebeensentencedmostlyforcrimesrelatedtodrug D! trafficking.TheBangucomplexincludesaprisonhospitalandinmateswithAIDSaretransferred 0"  totheNiter;iPenitnentiary.Accesstoworkislimitedtoaminorityofinmates.Thosewhoworkcan #l! reducetheirsentences.TheCommitteememberswerealsoinformedthatsomeoftheworkshops $X" weredestroyedinDecember2003afterariot.Thedifferentiateddisciplinaryregimeisnotapplied $D # inthepenitentiary.Shouldthisregimebeappliedbyajudge,thedetaineewouldhavetobe %0!$ transferredtothepenitentiarycentreBanguIinRiodeJaneiro.Thereareusuallyonlyfourpublic &"% defendersthatprovidelegalassistancetotheinmates,atotallyinsufficientnumber.Whilethe '#& L  M  DefensoriaPublicaL  M  ԀoftheStateofRiodeJaneirowasonstrike,measureswereadoptedtoprovide (#' assistancetotheprisoners.However,numerousprisonerswhosesentenceshadbeenservedhadnot )$( beenreleasedandthestrikewasusedasanexcusefornotreleasingthem. |*%)  h+&* 131.  TheCommitteeMembersalsovisitedpavilionAofthepenalinstitutePlacL  M  idoSCarvalhoL  M  II  inRiodeJaneiro.Detaineeswereheldunderasemiopenregime.Therewereeightcellsof  approximately50squaremetreswhere38menwereheld.Visitstakeplacetwiceaweek.Therewere  allegationsthatthewaterisnotcleanandisoftenrationed.Legalassistanceisprovidedbutthisis t limitedasonlyapproximately20detaineesreceiveassistanceeachday.This,likeinotherprisons, ` meansthatdetaineesremaininprisondespitehavingservedtheirterm.Theprisonerscomplained L  aboutthequalityandquantityofthefood.NotallprisoneL  M  rshaveamattresstosleepon.L  M   8  132.  TheCommitteemembersvisitedthewomensprisonofTalaveraBruceinRiodeJaneiro.  ` Therewere310inmates;60percenthadaccesstoworkandonly40percentwerestudyingdueto  L  thelackofspaceintheschool.Asinthecaseotherwomensprisonsvisited,therewasanursery  8  whichwaswellequipped.ThemajorityoftheinmateswerebeingheldfordrugL  M  L  M  trafficking.Visits $  takeplacethreetimesaweek.Conjugalvisitsarealsoallowed.Theprisonfacilitiesincludeaschool,   theatre,variousworkshopsandinmatespublishanewspaper.   133.  On26July2005,theCommitteemembersvisitedtheAryFrancoPrisoninRiodeJaneiro.   Althoughthemajorityoftheprisonpopulation(1,122)consistedofconvicteddetaineesundera p closedregime,therewereL  M  alsosomepretrialdetainees.L  M  Groupsofallthecriminalgangsarepresent \ intheprison.Detaineeshavenoaccesstoeducation,giventhatthereisnoschool.Theydonothave H thepossibilityofworking,althoughatthetimeofthevisittherewere100detaineeswhoworkedas 4 cleaners.Foodwascookedonthepremises,ratherthanbeingbroughtinfromanoutsidecaterer.  p 134.  TheCommitteemembersvisitedcorridorAwhichwasunderground.Partofthecorridorwas H reservedforforeignnationals,whileBraziliannationalsoccupiedtherest.Allforeignnationalshad 4 requestedthattheyservetheirsentenceintheirowncountry,exceptforonewhosefamilylivedin   Brazil.Theyindicatedthatthehygienicandotherconditionswerepoor,butthatBraziliannationals   weretreatedmuchworse.TheCommitteemembersobservedtheextremelypoormaterialconditions,  whichwereparticularlyevidentwheretheBraziliannationalswhereheld.Detaineescomplainedthat  thelightswentofffrequentlyandhence,theywereleftinthedark.Therewasnonaturallight.Some  cellswereextremelyovercrowded,withasignificantshortageofsleepingspaceforthedetainees. l Therewerenomattresses.TheCommitteemembersalsoreceivedrequestsfromsomeofthe X  detaineesdemandingthattheybetransferredtoadifferentcellbecausetheyfearedfortheirlives. D! Someofthedetaineesclaimedtohaveservedtheirtermsbutcontinuedtobedetained.Themajority 0"  ofthedetaineescomplainedthattheyhadnolegalassistanceatall.Theyalsocomplainedthat #l! visitorsweresubmittedtodegradingtreatmentandpunishmentwhilebeL  M  ingregisteredatthe $X" entrance.L  M   $D # L  M  L  M  3.  L  M  Interviewswithallegedvictimsoftortureandmedicalfindings  &"% L  M  L  M  135.  TheCommitteemembersalsoheldconfidentialinterviewswithpersonsdeprivedoftheir (#' liberty.Someoftheseinterviewstookplaceindividually,whileotherstookplacecollectively. )$( However,allofthemwerecarriedoutawayfromthehearingofthoseresponsibleforthedetainees |*%) andconfidentialitywasrespectedatalltimes.L  M   h+&* L  M  136.  Theintervieweeswereselectedaccordingtothefollowingcriteria:informationhadalready  beenreceivedtotheeffectthattheyhadbeentortured;andrandomly,includingonthebasisofthe  mostrecentarrivalorlongestservingintheirrespectiveplacesofdetention.Itwasnotpossibleto t selectthemonaccountofthemedicalrecordskeptinplacesofdetentionduetothefactthatsuch ` recordsdonoL  M  texistinallcentresvisited.L  M   L  137.  Themedicalexpert,whowaspresentduringtheinterviewscarriedoutinS oPauloandRio $ t deJaneiro,completed19clinicalforensicexaminations.AL  M  gesofexamineesvariedbetweenL  M  15and  ` 49yearsold;ofthese,twowereundertheageof20,sevenbetweentheagesof21and30,three  L  betweentheagesof31and40,andsevenabove40yearsold.Seventeenofthoseexaminedwere  8  malesandtwowerefemales.Thetimeofdetentionvariedfromlessthan24hours(onlyonecase) $  toapproximately16years.Oftheexamineddetainees,fivewereawaitingtrial.Thesentencesbeing   servedbytheconvictedpL  M  risonersrangedfromfourto70L  M  years(thelatterinvolvinghomicides).   Almostallthedetaineeswerepersonswhohadpreviouslylivedindifficultsocioeconomic   conditions,withalowlevelofeducationandbelongedtovulnerablesocialgroups.L  M     L  M  138.  Nineoutof19intervieweesstatedthattheyhadbeentreatedinawaytheCommittee \ membersconsideredcouldfallwithinthedefinitionofarticle1oftheConvention.Theyclaimedto H havebeensubjectedtotorturebypoliceagentsatthebeginningoftheirdetention,inparticularin 4 ordertoobtainaconfession.Themistreatmentinflictedduringthisphaseofdetentionwasnormally  p ofashortduration,anddidnotresultinhaemorrhagesorlossofconsciousness,andconsistedmainly  \ intraumacausedbybluntinstruments(essentiallypunches,kicks,slappingandoccasionally,blows H withobjects).Inthemajorityofthecasestheresultswerecontusionsandhaematomasthatdidnot 4 needmedicaltreaL  M  tmentandhealedbythemselves.L  M     139.  Oneofthoseexamined,whohadbeenarrestedthepreviousday,showedahaematomaon  hisrightupperlipwithasmallhorizontalcutonhisinsidelip,halfacentimetrelong.Hestatedthat  thiswastheresultofapunchreceivedfromthepoliceatthetimeofdetention,anexplanationthat  themedicalexpertconsideredtotallycompatiblewiththeinjuryexamined. l 140.  Onedetaineereferredtoopenwoundsincurredasaresultofaggressionbythepoliceatthe D! timeofarrestandanotherreferredtobeingsubjectedtothesametypeofinjuriesafterbeinghitwith 0"  thebackofaspade/hoebyaprisonwarden.Thephysicalexaminationclearlyshowedtheexistence #l! ofdifferentsizesandshapesofscars,somealmostoval,withpigmentationandhypertrophic,onthe $X" posteriorinternalfaceoftheforearm,thelargermeasuringabouttwoandahalfcentimetresin $D # diameter;andtheotherlinearandobliquefromtoptobottomandfromtheoutsidetotheinside,the %0!$ biggestonemeasuring12centimetres,waslocatedonhisback.Theseareasofthebodywerethe &"% onesreferredtoasthosesubjectedtoaggressions. '#& 141.  Inonecase,referencewasmadetothepracticeofelectricshocks,administeredtwice,in )$( connectionwithadetentionwhichhadoccurredinthesecondhalfofthe1980s,butnophysicaltrace |*%) ofsuchpracticewerefound. h+&* Ї142.  Inanothercase,thepracticeofmistreatmentbytwistingthethumbrepeatedlywasalleged.  ThemedicalexaminatioL  M  nshowedrigidityofthethumb.L  M    143.  Intwocasesthemedicaldoctorfoundsurfacescarsonthedetaineesbackscompatiblewith t aggressionwithbluntinstrumentsusedinarrestsbythepolice.Scarswerelinear,sometimesdouble ` andparallel,someobliquefromtoptobottomandfromtheoutsidetotheinside,othersalmost L  horizontal,thebiggestonemeasuring11L  M  Ԁcentimetres.L  M   8  144.  Inthecaseofayoungdetainee,themedicaldoctorfoundascarontheleftbuttockmeasuring  ` 3centimetreswhichwascompatiblewiththereportmadethathewashitbyrubberbulletshotby  L  aprisonwardenduringarebellioninthejuveniledetentioncentrewherehewasdetained.  8  145.  Themedicalexpertobservedonecasewherethedetaineeallegedthathewasthevictimof   repeatedtorture.Thistookplaceduringapreviousdetentioninthe1980s.Herememberedhaving   beentakentoaroom,whichcouldhavebeenanoffice,wherehewasplacedinapositioncalledL  M  pau   deararaL  M  ,whilepoliceagentshithimonhisbackandhead.DuringthetorturehewasL  M  L  M  continuously   insultedandthreatened.Thephysicalexaminationofthedetaineerevealedmotorandsensorial p neuropathyofthelowerlimbswithalterationofthemotorfunction,thatis,pathologycompatible \ withwhathereported. H 146.  Hence,themedicalexpertobservedthatsomeofthephysicalinjuriescouldberelatedto  p trauma,whileotherinjurieswereabsolutelydiagnosticofmistreatment.Theselattersignsclearly  \ andunequivocallyprovedtheexistenceofsituationsofrepeatedmistreatment. H 147.  Alldetaineesexamineddeniedtheyhadexperiencedothertypesoftorture,namely   asphyxiationbywetanddrymethods,injuriesbypenetration,crushing,exposuretochemicals,burns   orpharmacologicaltorture.Theyalsodeniedtheyhadexperiencedhumiliationbyverbalabuseor  thecarryingoutofhumiliatingacts,threatstothemortheirfamilies,systematicpsychological  techniquesofpersonalhumiliationorcoercedbehaviour.  148.  Elevenofthedetaineesexaminedshowedpsychologicalalterationwellabovewhatwas X  expectedwithintheirculturalandsocialcontext,resultingfromthestressoftheircurrentsituation D! asdetainees.ThemedicalexpertobservedelementsL  M  Ԁsuggestingdepressionandpost-L  M  traumaticstress, 0"  requiringadeeperneuropsychologicalandpsychiatricassessment,whichwasimpossibletocarry #l! outinthecontextoftheseexaminations.Besidesthedepressivestates,amongstthemostfrequent $X" psychologicalsymptoms,themedicalexpertfoundlackofpleasure,anxiety,insomnia,emotional $D # liability,senseofuselessness(veryoftenrelatedtotheboredomresultingfromhavingnothingto %0!$ do),lackofselfconfidence,dissociationanddepersonalization.Thepsychosomaticcomplaints,of &"% diverseintensity,consistedmainlyinchronicheadaches,backpain,muscularorskeletalpainand '#& gastrointestinalsymptoms. (#' 149.  Themedicalexpertnotedthatthedetentionsystemisinefficientintermsofprovisionof |*%) medical,psychiatricanddentalcareandassistancetothedetainees,andthatinsomecasesthese h+&* serviceswereunavailabletodetainees.Alargenumberofdetaineeshadskindiseases(scabies,  psoriasis,infectionsetc)thatinthemajorityofthecaseswerenotbeingmedicallytreated.There  werenoadequateandseparatefacilitiesfordetaineeswithinfectiouscontagiousdiseases,namely  tuberculosis,wholivesidebysidewithothers.Thenonexistenceofregularandsatisfactorymedical t carebothinthecaseofgeneralmedicalcare,aswellasdentalhL  M  ealthcare,wasalsoobserved.L  M   ` 150.  TheCommitteemembersandthemedicalexpertwereprovidedwithavideotapecontaining 8  imagescollectedduringsurprisevisitscarriedoutbyprosecutorsfromtheChildrensandMinors $ t CourtofS oPaulotojuveniledetentioncentresundertheresponsibilityofFEBEMinS oPaulo.  ` Thevideotapecontained,interalia,imageswherethemedicalexpertobservedtheexistenceof  L  significantandintenseinjuriesofatraumaticnatureproducedbybluntinstrumentsinmany  8  juveniles.Thesewereessentiallyecchymosis,haematomasandgrazing,inthemajorityofcases $  locatedinthedorsalandlumbarregion,butalsoinotherpartsofthebody,namelythebackofthe   handsandforearms,buttocksandthighs.Afewofthemhavebeenproducedbyrubberbullets.In   general,theywereinjurieswhoselocationandtypology(andinsomecasestheyclearlylookedlike   defencewounds)allowedhimtoconcludeunequivocallythattheyweretheresultofviolent   aggression.Thefactthatrecentandnotsorecentinjuriesweresimultaneouslyobserved,ledhimto p believethatthereisasituationofrepeatedaggressionandnotjustacaseofasporadicepisodeof \ aggression. H L  M  151.  Thevideotapealsoshowedvariousbluntinstrumentsfoundinthecourseofthevisitstothe  p juveniledetentioncentresinquestion,that,accordingtothemedicalexpert,wereperfectlyconsistent  \ withthetypeofinjuriesobservedinthejuveniledetainees.Inotherwords,theinstrumentswere H probablythecauseofthoseinjuries.Insomecases,thetraumainjuriesreproducetheshapesofthe 4 instrumentsalmostperfectly.   152.  _44NGOs_44ԀalsoprovidedtheCommitteemembersandthemedicalexpertwithphotographsof  recenttraumaticinjuries(mainlyhaematomas,ecchymosisandexcoriations),onthehead,face,the  backandupperlimbs,producedbybluntinstruments,whichappearedtobeconsistentwith  intentionalaggression.Themedicalexpertnoticedthat,insomecases,injuriesoccurredasthevictim l triedtoavoidtheblowsthatwerebeinginflicted.Accordingtothemedicalexpert,thecharacteristics X  oftheseinjuriesaretotallyconsistentwiththebatonsusedbythepoliceforcewhicharealsovisible D! inthephotographsprovided. 0"  L  M  L  M  C.Informationreceivedfromfederalandstategovernmentsandotherauthorities  $X" L  M  153.  Duringthemeetingswithgovernmentofficials,theCommitteememberswerebriefedonthe %0!$ situationinthecountry,aswellasonthelegislative,administrativeandjudicialmeasurestakenin &"% theirrespectiveareasofworktopreventactsoftortureandtorespondtoallegationsoftorture. '#& Overall,thegovernmentofficialsacknowledgedthatactsoftortureoccurinBrazil,butthatthey (#' wereisolatedactsandnotaninstituL  M  tionalizedpractice.L  M   )$( L  M  L  M  1.FollowuptothevisitoftheSpecialRapporteurL  M  ԀL  M  ontheL  M  ԀquestionoftL  M  orture  h+&* ЇL  M  L  M  154.  TheHumanRightsCommissionoftheFederalHouseofRepresentativesupdatedthe  CommitteemembersontheimplementationoftherecommendationsformulatedbytheSpecial  RapporteuronthequestionofTorturefollowinghisvisitin2000,whichreflectedtheconcerns  describedabovebytheNGOs.Interalia,thepolicepracticeofarrestingpeoplewithoutajudicial t ordercontinuesanddetentionfacilitieshavenotimprovedasawhole.Theprobativevalueof ` confessionsobtainedbythepoliceintheabsenceofajudgeorlawyerhasnotchanged.However, L  abillisbeingdiscussedintheParliamentaryCommissionforConstitutionandJusticewithinthe 8  ChamberofDeputies,whichwouldestablishthatconfessionswillonlybeusedasevidenceifmade $ t beforeacourtinthepresenceofadefencelawyer.Theproposaloftransferringtheburdenofproof  ` totheprosecutionincasesinwhichthedefendantallegesthatevidencewasobtainedundertorture  L  hasnotbeenconsidered.Theprotectionofwitnesseswithcriminalrecordsisstillnotensured.Most  8  oftheindependentmonitoringofdetentionfacilitieshasbeenimplementedbycivilsociety,though $  accessforthesegroupshasoftenbeendifficult.NootherindependentsystemisprovidedbytheState   authorities.   155.  TheCommitteememberswereprovidedwithtwodraftbillsthatarecurrentlybeingdebated   intheNationalCongresswhichestablishvariousmeasuresforthepreventionoftorture,suchasthe p creationofaNationalSystemforthePreventionofTorture.L  M  34L  M  ԀTheCommitteemembersconsiderthat \ theadoptionofthesedraftbillscouldbeanimportantstepforwardtocombatthepracticeoftorture. H L  M  2.  Theapplicationofthe1997TortureLaw   p L  M  L  M  156.  TheCommitteemembersrequestedstatisticsontheapplicationofthe1997TortureLaw.It H wasindicatedbysomeauthoritiesthatthenumberofconvictionsislow,partlyduetothelackof 4 forensicreportsprovingtheoccurrenceofanactoftorture.However,theCommitteememberswere   informedthatthereisnocompilationofdataatthenationallevelregardingtheapplicationofthe   TortureLaw.Eachstatehasitsowndata.Forinstance,therepresentativeofthePublicProsecutors  OfficeofS oPaulosaidthatsixpublicagentshadbeencondemnedinfirstinstanceunderthe  TortureLawinS oPaulo.ResearchbyoneinternationalNGOdemonstratedtheexistenceofjust  oneknownconvictionfortortureofpersonnelsince1994intheabusivejuveniledetentionsystem l ofRiodeJaneiro.L  M  35 X  L  M  157.  TheVicePresidentoftheFederalSupremeCourtinformedtheCommitteemembersthat 0"  therearecurrentlyseveraldraftbillsonthefederalizationofthecrimeoftorturethatarebeing #l! __________ $X" 34Draftbillsnumber5546/2001(Deputies_44Nilmrio_44ԀMirL  M  andaandNelson_44Pellegrino_44)andL  M  5233/2005 %0!$ (Deputy_44Sigmaringa_44Ԁ_44Seixas_44). &"% 35HumanRightsWatch, Inthedark:hiddenabusesagainstdetainedyouthinRiodeJaneiro,June (#' 2005,vol.17.No2L  M  ԀL  M  (B)L  M  . )$(  h+&* ЇconsideredintheNationalCongress.RepresentativesoftheMinistryofJusticeoftheFederal  DistrictinformedtheCommitteemembersabouttheenactmentbytheNationalCongressofthe  Constitutionalamendmentnumber45/2004wherebytheSuperiorCourtofJusticeiscompetent, t uponrequestoftheFederalProsecutorGeneral,totransferacaseconcerningseriousviolationsof ` humanrights(includingtorture)fromthelocalcourtstothefederalcourts. L  L  M  L  M  3.  Compensation  $ t L  M  L  M  158.  AccordingtotheAssociationofJudgesforDemocracy,compensation,evenifthereisa  L  judicialdecisionestablishingtherighttothis,hasnotbeenprovidedinanycasesince1998.  8  Furthermore,thepresidentsofthesuperiorjudicialbodieswithwhomtheCommitteemembersmet $  expressedconcernattheinefficiencyandslownessoftheimplementationofjudicialdecisionswhich   provideforcompenL  M  sationtobepaidbytheState.L  M     L  M  L  M  4.  Complaintsoftortureandadministrativeinvestigations    L  M  L  M  159.  Thenumberofcomplaintsoftorturereceivedislow.Forinstance,thepoliceL  M  ouvidorL  M  ԀofS o \ Pauloindicatedthatintheyear2004,hereceived3,300comL  M  plaints,outofwhichonly1.26L  M  percent H relatedtotorture.TheL  M  ouvidorL  M  Ԁindicatedthattorturetakesplacesmainlyinpolicestationsthathold 4 publicjails.L  M  ԀL  M  AccordingtothedataprovidedbythepoliceL  M  ouvidorL  M  ԀofRiodeJaneiro,104complaints  p oftorturewerereceivedinthelast75months,amountingtoapproximately1percentofthe  \ complaintsreceived.ComplaintsconcernedthemL  M  ilitarypoliceinL  M  66casesanL  M  dthecivilpolicein34 H cases.L  M   4 160.  ThepoliceL  M  ouvidorL  M  ԀinBeloHorizonteindicatedthatitwasdifficulttogatherstatisticson   convictionsofpolicefollowingcomplaintsoftorture,astheprocedurewaspredominantly  administrativewithuptosixopportunitiesforappeal.HeindicatedthattherehadbeeneightL  M  L  M  cases  oftorturereportedtotheL  M  ouvidoriaL  M  Ԁin1998;162in2002;48in2003;56in2004and18L  M  Ԁinthefirst  quarterof2005.L  M  ԀReportshadconcernedmilitarypolicein355cases,therebeing37890suchpolice, l therebyindicatingthatabout1percentofmilitarypolicehadhadcomplaintsallegedagainstthem, X  while351concernedthecivilianpolice.Reportsconcernedpoliceoutsidemetropolitanareasmostly D! (2L  M  72outof351;220outof355).L  M   0"  161.  TheL  M  corregedoriaL  M  ԀofthecivilpoliceofS oPauloprovidedinformationonthenumberof $X" proceedingsinitiatedagainstcivilpoliceofficersforactsoftorture.From2003to2005,therewere $D # atotalof12administrativeproceedingsfortortureandonecivilpoliceofficerhadbeensuspended %0!$ fromhisduties,whilethreehaveresigned.Inthesameperiod,therehavebeenatotalof175 &"% administrativepL  M  roceedingsforpoliceviolence.L  M   '#& 162.  TheCommitteememberswereinformedthatsome1,700monitorsofFEBEMhadbeen )$( suspended,butsomehadeventuallybeenreintegratedfollowingofficialinvestigationsforgrave |*%) incidentsandwereworkingatotherdetention_44centers_44. h+&* ЇL  M  L  M  5.  Thepenitentiarysystem   L  M  L  M  163.  TheChairpersonoftheHumanRightsCommissionoftheFederalHouseofRepresentatives  claimedthatthepenitentiarysystemwasflawedandthattheGovernmentlackedapenitentiary t strategytocombatallthecurrentproblems.Asexplainedbyseveralgovernmentofficials,eachstate ` hasitsownindividualpenitentiarypolicies.Itappearsthatoften,statepoliciesarefocusedonthe L  creationofnewdetentioncentres.Infact,theCommitteememberswereinformedthatinthelast10 8  years,thenumberofdetentioncentreshavedoubledthenumberofcentreswhichwereoperativein $ t theearly1980s.  ` 164.  Fivenewpenitentiarycentresaretobebuiltatthefederallevel;oneineachfederalregion.  8  Twowillbecompletedby2005,andtheremainingthreeby2006.Thiswillalleviate,toacertain $  extent,theexistingneedoffederaldetentioncentres,giventhatcurrentlymanydetaineessentenced   forfederalcrimesorforeignprisonersareheldinstatepenitentiaries.Atrainingcentrewillalsobe   setuptotrainallpersonnelofthenewfederalpenitentiarL  M  ycentres,anditisexpectedL  M  thatitwill   eventuallytrainstatepenitentiarypersonnel.   165.  AnewpenitentiarycentrewillalsobeestablishedinBrasilia,whichwillreducetheexisting \ overcrowdingby1,500persons.Atthetimeofthevisit,theCommitteemembersweretoldthatthere H wasanoverpopulationof3,000inmatesintheFederalDistrict.Concerningjuveniledetention 4 centresinBrasilia,theSecretaryforSocialWelfareoftheFederalDistrictinformedtheCommittee  p membersthatanewcentreforjuvenilesinBrasilia,whichwillaccommodate144juveniles,willbe  \ inauguratedinOctober. H 166.  TheSecretaryforPenitentiaryAdministrationofS oPauloprovidedtheCommittee   memberswithalistofallpenitentiariesintheStateofS oPaulo,whereoutofatotalofL  M  134L  M  centres,   77hadbeenbuiltsince2000.Duringtheinquirymission,thepenitentiaryofCarandiruwas  demolished.AssuranceswerealsogivenbytheSecretaryofJusticeofS oPaulothattheTautap  centreforjuvenileswouldbedecommissionedbytheendoftheyear.  L  M  6.  Pretrialdetentioncentresandpolicestations(L  M  _44delegacias_44L  M  ) L  M   X  L  M  L  M  167.  Thenumberofpretrialdetaineesisveryhigh.Accordingtotheinformationprovidedbythe 0"  SecretaryforPenitentiaryAdministrationofS oPaulo,thisisduetothelargenumberofarrests, #l! whichintheStateofS oPauloamountto1,000eachmonth.TheprisonpopulationofS oPaulo $X" undertheSecretaryforPenitentiaryAdministrationisalmost120,000,whilepretrialdetainees $D # amounttoalmost35,000;51.17percentoftheprisonpopulationhasaccesstowork,23.82percent %0!$ hasaccesstoeducationandtheremainingprisonpopulation(25.01percent)dL  M  oesnotcarryoutany &"% activity.L  M   '#& 168.  ItwasacknowledgedtotheCommitteemembersthatpolicestationsshouldnotaccommodate )$( prisoners.TheL  M  DelegaciasdepoliciaparticipativaL  M  inS oPaulo,L  M  L  M  orL  M  delegaciaslegaisL  M  inRiode |*%) JaneiroL  M  ,L  M  arepolicestationswithoutpublicjailswhichreplacedtheexistingpolicelockupsL  M  .L  M  ԀL  M  The h+&* procedurenowshouldbethatwhenasuspectisarrested,he/shewouldbetakentothistypeof  L  M  delegaciaL  M  Ԁwherehis/heridentitywouldbeestablishedandapreliminaryinvestigationwouldtake  place.Afterwards,he/shewouldbetakentoa custodyhousetobefurtherquestioned.Boththe  SecretaryforPenitentiaryAdministrationofS oPauloandtheDeputySecretaryofPublicSecurity t oftheStateofS oPaulogavetheirassurancesthatallpolicestationswithjailswouldbe ` decommissionedbytheenL  M  dofSeptember2005.TheDeputy-L  M  SecretaryofPublicSecurityoftheState L  ofS oPauloalsoinformedtheCommitteemembersthattherewerestill16policedistrictswith 8  publicjails,while56haL  M  vealreadybeendecommissioned.L  M   $ t 169.  AccordingtotheChiefofthecivilpoliceinRiodeJaneiro,thereareatotalof166police  L  stationsintheStateofRiodeJaneiro,outofwhich83areL  M  delegaciaslegaisL  M  ;5,500detaineesareL  M  held  8  inpolicestations,undertheauthorityofthecivilpolice.ThetotalprisonpopulationofRiode $  Janeirois26,000.TheStateprovides70L  M  0reaispermonthperdetainee.   L  M  170.  TheDeputySecretaryofSocialDefenceofMinasGeraisexpressedconcernthattherewere   upto25,000detaineesintheState,withupto17,000inL  M  delegaciasL  M  ;whereastheycouldonlL  M  y   accommodate8,000detainees.L  M  Heindicatedthatmorejailswerebeingbuilt,andmanymorewould p beneeded.HewishedtodecommissionallL  M  delegaciasL  M  ԀwithdetaineesandensurethatallL  M  delegaciasL  M   \ werenowbuiltwithoutcells,especiallyintheinteriorofthesL  M  tate.L  M   H 171.  TheSecretaryforHumanRightsandJusticeoftheStateofL  M  Bahiaindicatedthatthere  p wereL  M  11,000detaineesinBahia,6,000inthehandsofjusticeand5,000inL  M  delegaciasL  M  Ԁunderthe  \ custodyofthepolice.Thestatespends1,200L  M  reaisL  M  Ԁpermonthperdetainee. H L  M  L  M  7.  Trainingoflawenforcementofficials    L  M  L  M  172.  TheCommitteememberswereinformedoftheeffortsbeingmadetotrainlawenforcement  officialsonhumanrights.TheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgrammeandtheBritishEmbassy  hadcollaboratedintheprovisionoftrainingsandintheelaborationofamanualforprisonofficials.  Acurriculummatrixforpolicetraininghasalsobeencreated.TheCommitteedidnotreceive l parallelinformationconcerningtrainingplansforguardsinL  M  centresforjuveniledetention.L  M   X  L  M  8.  Disciplinaryregimes(RDDand_44RDE_44)  0"  L  M  L  M  173.  TheCommitteememberswerealsoinformedofthecreationofthedifferentiateddisciplinary $X" regime(RDD),whichwasestablishedbyfederallawinDecember2003.Thisregime,whichstarted $D # intheStateofS oPaulo,providesthatdetaineesmaybeheld,uponajudicialdecision,incomplete %0!$ isolationinspecialcells.Inmatesarenotentitledtoaccesstoradioortelevisionanddonothavethe &"% righttoconjugalvisits.Theymaynotcarryoutanyactivitiesnorredeemtheirsentences.The '#& SecretaryforPenitentiaryAdministrationofS oPauloconfirmedthatthedirectorofapenitentiary (#' centremayorderthetransferofaninmatetoanRDDcentreevenwithoutajudicialdecisioninthe )$( caseofarioL  M  t.ThedirectorwouldthenhaveL  M  24hourstoinformthecompetentjudge. |*%)  h+&* 174.  Inthisconnection,theCommitteememberswouldliketorefertoadocumentpreparedby  theNationalCouncilforCriminalandPenitentiaryPoliticsdatedAugust2004,whichdenouncesthe  differentiateddisciplinaryregime.ThedocumenthighlightsgeneralcommentNo.20oftheHuman  RightsCommitteewhichprovidesthat prolongedsolitaryconfinementofthedetainedor t imprisonedpersonmayamounttoactsoftorture. ` 175.  TheCommitteememberswerealsoinformedoftheestablishmentofthespecialdisciplinary 8  regimeL  M  (L  M  _44RDE_44),whichisimplementedintheStateofS oPaulo.Underthisregime,inmatesareheld $ t incollectivecells,radioandtelevisionispermitted,andtheymayengageinfourhourofexercise.  ` TheSecretariatforPenitentiaryAdministrationmaydecidewhetherornottotransferaninmateto  L  anRDEfacility,butmustthereafterinformthecorrespondingjudge.  8  L  M  9.  Otherdevelopments    L  M  L  M  176.  Duringthecourseoftheinquirymission,theCommitteememberswerealsoinformedthat   theSpecialSecretariatforHumanRightsnolongerhasministerialstatus.TheCommitteemembers   foundthisdecisionregrettable,consideringthesignificantroleofthisinstitutionintheformulation p andimplementationofpublicpoliciesgearedtowardsthepromotionandprotectionofhumanrights. \ 177.  Finally,itwasnotedthatBrazilhadsignedtheOptionalProtocoltotheConventionagainst 4 TortureandOtherCruelInhumanorDegradingTreatmentorPunishmentanditisexpectedthatthe  p NationalCongresswilldecideonitsratificationinthecomingmonths.Brazilisalsoexpectedto  \ accepttherightofindividualpetitiontotheCommittee,bymakingthedeclarationenvisagedunder H article22oftheConvention. 4 L  M  L  M   VI.L  M  CONCLUSIONSANDRECOMMENDATIONSOFTHECOMMITTEE    L  M  178.  TheCommitteefound,asdescribedintheprecedingparagraphs,endemicovercrowding,  filthyconditionsofconfinement,extremeheat,lightdeprivationandpermanentlockups(factors  withseverehealthconsequencesforinmates),alongwithpervasiveviolenceaswellaslackofproper l oversight,whichleadstoimpunity.Infact,thereiswidespreadimpunityfortheperpetratorsof X  abuse.Inaddition,theCommitteeonseveraloccasionsreceivedallegationsattestingtothe D! discriminatorynatureoftheseconditionsgiventhattheyaffectvulnerablegroupsandinparticular, 0"  personsofAfricandescent.TheCommitteenotesthatthegovernmentofBrazil,fullycooperated #l! withtheCommitteesvisit,constantlyexpresseditsawarenessandconcernwiththeseriousnessof $X" theexistingproblems,aswellasitspoliticalwilltoimprove.However,tensofthousandsofpersons $D # arestillheldinL  M  delegaciasL  M  Ԁandelsewhereinthepenitentiarysystemwheretortureandsimilarill %0!$ treatmentcontinuestobe metedoutonawidespreadandsystematicbasis.36L  M  ԀTheCommitteehas &"% definedsystematictorturebystatingthat theCommitteeconsiderstortureispractisedsystematically '#& __________ (#' 36ReportofthevisittoBraziloftheSpecialRapporteuronTorture,E/CN.4/2001/66Add.2,para. )$( 166. |*%)  h+&* Їwhenitisapparentthatthetorturecasesreportedhavenotoccurredfortuitouslyinaparticularplace  orataparticulartime,butareseentobehabitual,widespreadanddeliberateinatleastaconsiderable  partoftheterritoryofthecountryinquestion.Torturemayinfactbeofasystematiccharacter t withoutresultingfromthedirectintentionofaGovernment.Itmaybetheconsequenceoffactors ` whichtheGovernmenthasdifficultyincontrolling,anditsexistencemayindicateadiscrepancy L  betweenpolicyasdeterminedbythecentralGovernmentanditsimplementationbythelocal 8  administration.Inadequatelegislationwhichinpracticeallowsroomfortheuseoftorturemayalso $ t addtothesysteL  M  maticnatureofthispractice.L  M  37  ` L  M  179.  Policeinvestigationsintoallegedactsoftortureorilltreatmenthavebeencriticizedas  8  ineffective.Abusesbythepoliceincarryingouttheseinvestigationsarereportedtobecommon. $  Thereisareportedlackofwillingnessbypoliceofficerstoinvestigatefellowofficers.Inthis   connection,thecorporatenatureoftheL  M  corregedoriasL  M  Ԁmayleadpoliceofficerstobeunwillingto   investigatetheirowncolleagues.Itwasrepeatedlysuggestedthatitusuallytakesalongtimebefore   informationonallegationsoftorturereachesthePublicProsecutorsofficefromtheL  M  corregedoriasL  M     andacriminalinquiryisinitiated. p 180.  Furthermore,theconstitutionaldebateonthepowerofthePublicProsecutorsOfficeto H initiateindependentinvestigationsintoallegationsoftortureisstillpending.TheConstitutionhas 4 beeninterpretedbysomeasprovidingthePublicProsecutorsOfficewithamoreactiveroleand  p allowingittoproceedwithcriminalinvestigationsandindictofficialsinvolvedincriminalactivities,  \ suchastorture,incaseswherethereissufficientprimafacieevidence.Othercommentators, H includingthepolice,claimthatconstitutionalprovisionsrequirethatapoliceinquiryisnecessary 4 andthatpreventingthecausesoftorturewouldbemoreappropriate.TheCommitteemembers   considerthatpublicprosecutorsshouldbeabletoinitiatecasesratherthanhavingtorelyonevidence   collectL  M  edandforwardedbythepolice.L  M    181.  Proposalshavebeenmadetoreplacethepreliminarypoliceinvestigationwithan  investigationledbyaprosecutorandcontrolledbyaninvestigatingjudge,wherebyalldetained l personswouldbebroughtbeforeaninvestigatingjudgeandonlyconfessionsmadebeforehim/her X  wouldbeconsideredadmissible.TheCommitteememberssupportthisproposal,butnotethatno D! actionhasbeentakeninthisrespecttodate. 0"  182.  Anotherfactorthatcontributestoimpunityisthatjudgesdonotapplythe1997TortureLaw $X" andprefertoclassifycasesoftortureasbodilyharmorabuseofauthority.Thefederalizationofthe $D # crimeoftorturehasbeenproposedasapossiblemeansofovercomingthedifficultiesinthe %0!$ implementationoftheTortureLaw.TheCommitteemembersfounditregrettablethattheprocedure &"% establishedbytheConstitutionalamendment45/2004,wherebytheSuperiorCourtofJusticeis '#& __________ (#' 37A/48/44L  M  ԀL  M  Add.1,para.L  M  39L  M  andL  M  ԀA/56/44,para.L  M  ԀL  M  163. |*%)  h+&* Їcompetent,uponrequestoftheFederalProsecutorGeneral,totransferacaseconcerningserious  violationsofhumanrights(includingtorture)fromthelocalcourtstothefederaL  M  lcourtshasrarely  beenused.L  M   t 183.  Thereseemstobeverystrongpressureanddemandfromsocietyandpoliticiansthatall L  criminalsshouldreceivestrictpenaltiesandremainindetentioncentresawayfromthepublic. 8  Judgesallegedlyimposeharshersentencesthanarenecessary,anddonotapplyalternative $ t sentences,L  M  38L  M  Ԁsuchaspaymentofreparation,communityworkortemporarysuspensionofrights  ` providedbythePenalCode.Theapplicationofsuchsentenceswouldrelieve,toacertainextent,the  L  overcrowdingwhichexistsindetentioncentres.  8  184.  TheCommitteememberswereconcernedatcommentsmadebyhighlevelGovernment   officials;theseincludedtheopinionthatjuvenilesecondtimeoffendersshouldnotbeprotected   undertheStatuteoftheChildandAdolescentandthatpoliceofficerswhocommitacrimeoftorture   shouldnotbetreatedinthesamewayascivilianswhocommitsuchacrime,becausetheformercan   beintegratedintosocietymoreeasily,giventhattheyaretrained. p 185.  TheCommitteemembersobservedthattheprotectionofdetaineesduringtheirL  M  arrest, H pre-L  M  trialdetentionanddetentioniswellprovidedforinthenationallegislation.However,serious 4 difficultiesariseintheimplementationofthelaw.Theyalsoconsideredthatthelegalprovisionsin  p thisareaaregenerallynotwellknown.ThisobservationwasconfirmedwhenthePresidentofthe  \ SupremeCourtofRiodeJaneiroaffirmedtotheCommitteemembersthatthecrimeoftorture H constitutedafederalcrime.Duetohislackofknowledgeofcriminallawinthisregard,thePresident 4 feltuncomfortablewiththediscussionandabruptlyinterruptedthedialoguewithtL  M  heCommittee   members.   L  M  186.  TheCommitteemembersalsonotedthat,inpractice,alargenumberofdetaineeswithwhom  theCommitteemembersmetdidnothaveanyfreelegalassistance,despitethefactthattheydidnot  havethefundstopayalawyer.ThePublicDefendersOfficeisnotavailableinalargepartofthe l countryandreportedly,inthosecaseswhereitispresent,lacksresourcestocarryoutitsfunctions. X  Forinstance,theStateofS oPaulostilldoesnothaveaPublicDefendersOffice.Atthetimeof D! thevisit,thePublicDefendersOfficeinRiodeJaneirowasonstrikeforvariousreasons,including 0"  lackofpersonnel,precariousworkconditionsandlowsalaries(publicdefendersL  M  L  M  reportedlyearnone #l! thirdofajudgeorprosecutorssalary). $X" __________ $D # 38Thepossibilityofapplyingalternativesentencesisprovidedforinarticles43and44ofthePenal %0!$ Code.Alternativesentencessubstitutesentencesofdeprivationoflibertyinthefollowingcases:the &"% sentenceofdeprivationoflibertyshouldnotbemorethanfouryears;thecrimewasnotcommitted '#& withviolenceorseriousthreatsofviolenceandwasunintentional;theoffenderhasnotpreviously (#' committedanintentionalcrime;andhis/herpreviousrecord,socialconduct,personalityand )$( circumstancesofthecommissionofthecrimeindicatethatanalternativesentenceissufficient. |*%)  h+&* Ї187.  TheCommitteemembersalsoobservedthatspecificinitiativeshavebeentakenatthestate  andfederalleveltocombatthepracticeoftorture,suchasthe NationalPermanentCampaignfor  _44Combating_44ԀTortureandImpunitylaunchedbythefederalGovernmentandcivilsocietybut t regrettablydiscontinuedin2003.Thecampaignhasbeencriticizedbymany_44NGL  M  Os_44Ԁasbeinghighly ` ineffective.L  M   L  188.  Theextremelypoorconditionsofdetentionfacilitiesobservedconsistentlythroughoutthe $ t visitwereofdeepconcerntotheCommitteemembers.Thereisaconstantthreatofviolentriotsin  ` detentioncentres,withthedangerofsuchincidentsincreasingasadirectresultofpoorconditions.  L  Overcrowdingisendemicandthemajorityofthecentresvisitedlackadequatefacilities.Moreover,  8  theCommitteemembersobservedthatthedetentioncentresdonothaveprogrammestohelp $  reintegratedetaineesintosociety.Alargepercentageofthedetaineesdonothaveaccesstoeducation   ortoanyvocationalactivity.Thissituationparticularlyaffectspersonswithlowincomewhobelong   todisadvantagedgroups.Theirprolongeddetentionreducestheirpossibilitiesofsocialreintegration,   deepeningtheir_44marginalization_44Ԁandexposingthemtoothercriminalactivities.   189.  TheCommitteemembersnotedthattheGovernmentofBrazilhasattemptedtoreduce \ overcrowdingbybuildingmoredetentioncentres,whichinturn,havebecomeovercrowdedina H shortperiodoftime.Alternativesolutionsmustbesoughtasamatterofextremeurgency. 4 Overcrowdingcausesirreparablephysicalandpsychologicaldamagetodetainees.Aslongasthis  p problemisnotsolved,theStatewillberesponsiblefortoleratinganinhumansituaL  M  tioninmany  \ detentioncentres.L  M   H 190.  Thenumberofstaffguardingdetaineesisextremelylow.TheCommitteemembersobserved   thattheshortageofstaffhadanegativeeffectnotonlyonsecurityandrespectofdetaineesrights,   butalsoonthesecurityandmoraleofthestaff.Theyalsoobservedshortagesinthenumberofsocial  workers,psychologistsandotherstaff.Furthermore,staffdonotreceivesufficienttrainingonthe  rightsofalldetaineesandtheirobligationtorespectsuchrights.  191.  Jailscontinuetoexistinpolicestations.Althoughtheinitiativetodecommissionpolice X  stationshasbeenpartiallyimplemented,aswasobservedatthe9thDistrictL  M  _44Delegacia_44Ԁde_44Polcia_44 D! _44Participativa_44L  M  Ԁin_44S o_44ԀPauloand5thDistrictL  M  _44Delegacia_44ԀLegalL  M  ԀinRiodeJaneiro,therearestillalarge 0"  numberofpolicestationswhichcontinuetoholddetainees.TheCommitteemembersstrongly #l! recommendthatanyjailsinpolicestationsbeabolishedimmediately. $X" 192.  TheCommitteemembersconsiderthatthenewdisciplinaryregimes(_44RDD_44/_44RDE_44)maylead %0!$ toviolationsofthehumanrightsofinmatesheldundertheseregimes,particularlywheretheyare &"% heldinisolationforlongperiodsoftime.Theyregrettednothavingbeenabletovisitanycentresof '#& _44RDD_44/_44RDE_44Ԁduetotheirdistancefromthestatecapitals.Inthisregard,theCommitteemembersare (#' concernedthatthegeographicaldistancebetweenthesecentresandthelocationofthefamily )$( membersofmostinmatesimpedevisitsbyfamilymembers. |*%)  h+&* 193.  TheCommitteemembersreceivednumerousallegationsfrom_44NGOs_44Ԁconcerningabusesin  psychiatricdetentioncentres.However,theCommitteemembersdidnotvisitthesecentresasthey  didnothavemedicalexpertiserequiredfortheirassessmentandthereforecannotdrawconclusions  basedonitsownobservations. t 194.  Generallyforensicinstitutesandtheirdoctorsareeconomicallydependentofthepolice L  authorities.Thus,mostStateslackanindependentforensicinstitute.Consideringthatmost 8  allegationsoftortureandilltreatmentareagainstpoliceagents,thislackofindependencecan $ t seriouslycompromiseadiligentandpromptforensicexaminationwithaccurateresults.Inaddition,  ` ithasbeenrepeatedlyreportedthatallforensicinstitutesdonothavesufficientfinancial,technical  L  andhumanresourcestocarryL  M  outtheirfunctionsadequately.L  M    8  195.  Inpractice,theforensicexaminationofdetaineesiscarriedoutonlyattherequestofthe   policeorlegalauthority,suchasajudgeorprosecutor.Thisreducesthepossibilitythatapossible   victimoftorturewillbemedicallyexamined.Inmanycases,medicalexaminationsaresuperficial   orarecarriedoutmanydaysaftertheaggressionhastakenplace,whenexternalsignsofsuchactivity   willhavealreadydisappeared.Manydoctorslackprofessionaltraininginforensicmedicineandare p unabletoidentifytheinjuriescharacteristL  M  icofilltreatmentortorture.L  M   \ 196.  Inthelightoftheseconsiderations,theCommitteeL  M  makesthefollowingrecommendations: 4 L  M  (a)L  M    Complaintsallegingtorturebypublicofficialsshouldbepromptly,fullyandimpartially  \ investigatedandoffendersshouldbeprosecutedunderthe1997TortureLawandpenalized H appropriately;L  M   4 L  M  L  M  (b)  ThestatesPublicProsecutorsOfficesshouldbeempoweredtoinitiateandcarryout   investigationsintoanyallegationsoftortureandshouldbeprovidedwiththenecessaryfinancialand  humanresourcestoallowthemtofulfilthisresponsibility;  L  M  L  M  _44(c)_44  AneffectiveapplicationoftheConstitutionalsafeguardoffederalizationofhumanrights l crimes,inparticulartorture,whichallowstheFederalProsecutorGeneraltorequestatransferof X  certainhumanrightsviolations(includingtorture)fromStatetofederaljurisdiction,shouldbe D! ensured; 0"  L  M  L  M  (d)  Accusedofficersshouldbesuspendedfromtheirdutiespendingtheoutcomeofany $X" investigationintoallegedtortureandilltreatmentandanysubsequentlegalordisciplinary $D # proceedings; %0!$ L  M  L  M  (e)  Thejudiciaryshouldbeencouragedtoimposealternativesentencestodetentionasprovided '#& forbythelaw.Theimpositionoflongperiodsofdetentionorimprisonmentforrelativelyminor (#' offencesshouldbeavoidedasshouldcloseregimecustody; )$( L  M  L  M  (f)  Theprosecutionshouldcarrytheburdenofproofwherethereareallegationsthata h+&* confessiL  M  onwasextractedundertorture;L  M    L  M  L  M  (g)  Onlystatementsorconfessionsmadeinapresenceofajudgeshouldbeadmissibleas  evidenceincriminalproceedings; t L  M  (h)  L  M  Inordertoensureimpartialinvestigationsandsafeguardtherightsofallpersonsdeprived L  oftheirliberty,theStatepartyshouldconsiderthecreationofanOfficeofanInvestigatingJudge; 8  L  M  L  M  (_44i_44)  Allegedhumanrightsviolationscommittedbythemilitarypoliceagainstciviliansshould  ` beinvestigatedandprosecutedbygeneralcriminalcourtsatallstagesofthecriminalproceedings,  L  ratherthanbymilitarycourts;  8  L  M  L  M  (j)  AllL  M  victimsoftortureshouldbeprovidedwithcompensation.TheStatepartyshouldensure   thatenoughfundsareallocatedtomaketherelevantpayments.Theexistingsystemof   implementationofjudicialdecisionsthatgrantStatecompensationtovictimsoftorturesothatthese   personsmayreceivethecompensationthattheyareentitledtoshouldbL  M  ereformedinatimely   fashion;L  M   p L  M  L  M  (k)  TheStatepartyshouldcarryoutawarenessraisingcampaignsinordertosensitizeallsectors H ofsocietyabouttheissueoftortureandilltreatmentandontheexistingconditionsofdetention 4 centres;  p L  M  L  M  (l)  Therighttocounselmustbeguaranteedatallstagesofdetention,fromtheinitialdetention H atpolicestations.Anadequately_44resourced_44ԀL  M  _44Defensoria_44Ԁ_44Pblica_44,L  M  withappropriateauthorityto 4 investigateandfilenecessarylegalactions,L  M  ԀL  M  shouldbepresentinallStatesoftheFederationinorder   toprovidelegalrepresentationtoallcriminalsuspects.Publicdefendersshouldreceiveadequate   salariesandappropriatetrainingtoensurethattheycancarryouttheirduties;  L  M  L  M  (m)  Allegationsofpolicemisconductshouldbeinvestigatedbyanindependentbody,adequately  _44resoL  M  urced_44Ԁtoperformitsfunctions;L  M   l L  M  L  M  (n)  AllegationsregardingcellsofL  M  _44castigo_44ԀL  M  shouldbeinvestigatedbytheStatepartyL  M  ;L  M   D! L  M  L  M  (o)  TheStatepartyshouldensurethatthepoliceL  M  _44ouvidorias_44L  M  Ԁhavesufficienthumanandfinancial #l! resourcessothattheycancarryL  M  Ԁouttheirtasksindependently;L  M   $X" L  M  L  M  (p)  Allstateandfederalorgansresponsiblefortheinvestigationofpolicemisconductshould %0!$ compilestatistics_44disaggregated_44Ԁbyage,sexandraceonthenumberofcomplaintsoftorturereceived &"% andinvestigationscarriedout.Thesestatisticsshouldbeinapublicdocumentwhichshouldbe '#& submittedtoParliamentannually; (#' L  M  L  M  (q)  Thematerialconditionsofdetentioncentresmustbeimprovedwithoutdelayasamatterof |*%) highesturgencyandimportance.TheStatepartymustallocatesufficientfinancialresourcesto h+&* improvetheseconditionssothatalldetL  M  aineesmaybetreatedhumanely;L  M    L  M  L  M  _(r)_  Thematerialconditionsofjuveniledetentioncentresmustalsobeurgentlyimproved.The  StatepartyshouldensuretheapplicationoftheStatuteoftheChildandAdolescentandadoptall t necessarymeasurestoprovideeducationalandvocationaltraining,medicalandrecreationfacilities ` tohelpreintegratechildrenandadolescentsintosociety; L  L  M  L  M  (s)  Theproblemofovercrowdingindetentioncentresmustbesolvedbyadoptingmeasures $ t urgently,suchasawarenessraisingofthejudiciaryofthepossibilityofapplyingalternative  ` sentences;  L  L  M  L  M  (t)  Juvenileoffendersshouldbeseparatedonthebasisofage,physicalbuildandseriousnessof $  theoffence,asprovidedforintheStatuteoftheChildandAdolescentandtheUnitedNations   ConventionontheRightsoftheChild;   L  M  L  M  (u)  Policestationsshouldnotbeusedtoaccommodatepretrialdetaineesandsentenced   prisonersbeyondthe24hourperiodprescribedbythelaw; p L  M  L  M  (v)  Detaineesshouldbeseparated,dependingonwhethertheyareawaitingtrialorsentenced, H whethertheyhavebeensentencedtoanopen,semiopenorclosedregime,aswellasbyL  M  the 4 seriousnessoftheoffence;L  M    p L  M  L  M  (w)  TheStatepartyshouldensureadequatefundingtorecruitsufficientprisonpersonnel. H Furthermore,alllawenforcementpersonnel,includingpoliceofficersandprisonguardsshould 4 receivetrainingontherightsofsuspectsanddetaineesandtheirobligationtorespectsuchrights,   includingtheprovisionssetforthintheConventionandotherrelevantinternationalinstruments;   L  M  L  M  (x)  TheStatepartyshouldreviewthedisciplinarypolicyregimesfordetainees(_RDD_/_RDE_)  currentlybeingimplemented.TheStatepartyisremindedthatprolongedisolationmayamountto  torture; l L  M  L  M  (y)  Anadequatesystemwhichwouldenableallinmatestoreducetheirsentencesthroughwork D! withoutanydistinctionordiscriminationshouldbeestablishL  M  edinallpenitentiarycentres;L  M   0"  L  M  L  M  (z)  Inallcasesinwhichapersonallegestorture,thecompetentauthoritiesshouldguaranteethat $X" amedicalexaminationiscarriedoutinaccordancewiththeIstanbulProtocolontheeffective $D # investigationanddocumentationoftortureandothercruel,inhumanordegradingtreatmentor %0!$ punishment.Medicaldoctorsshouldbetrainedtoidentifyinjuriesthatarecharacteristicoftorture &"% orilltreatmentinaccordancewiththeIstanbulProtocol.Forensicexaminationsofdetaineesshould '#& beroutineandnotL  M  Ԁdependantonapolicerequest;L  M   (#' L  M  L  M  (aa)  Thetechnicalandscientificindependenceofforensicdoctorsintheexecutionoftheir |*%) forensicworkshouldbeguaranteed,includingthroughplacingthemunderthejudicialauthorityor h+&* anyotherindependentauthorityandseparatingthemfromallpolicestructures;  L  M  L  M  (bb)  TheStatepartyisencouragedtoratifytheOptionalProtocoltotheConvention,whichwould  providefortheestablishmentofanationalprotectionmechanismwiththeauthoritytomakeperiodic t visitstoplacesofdetention; ` L  M  L  M  (cc)  TheStatepartyisalsoencouragedtoaccepttherightofindividualpetitiontotheCommittee, 8  bymakingthedeclarationenvisagedunderarticle22oftheConvention.L  M   $ t  PARTTWO:L  M  CommentsbytheGovernmentofBrazilonL  M  theL  M  ԀL  M  Reportproducedbythe  L  CommitteeL  M  ԀL  M  againstTorture,L  M  ԀL  M  underArticle20OFtheL  M  L  M  ConventionagainstTortureandL  M  ԀL  M  Other  8  L  M  L  M  Cruel,InhumanorL  M  ԀL  M  degradingTreatmentL  M  L  M  orL  M  ԀL  M  Punishment(CAT/C/36/R.1./L  M  AddL  M  .1)  $  L  M  197.  L  M  OnJune82006theconclusionsresultingfromtheinvestigationcarriedoutbytheCommittee   AgainstTorture(CAT)inBrazil,expressedindocumentCAT/C/36/R.1/Add.1, ReportonBrazil,   producedbytheCommitteeAgainstTorture,underarticle20oftheConvention,weretransmitted   totheGovernmentofBrazil. p L  M  198.  L  M  Takingintoaccountespeciallytheobservationsandrecommendationsmadebythe H Committee,thepresentdocumentcommentsandclarifiessomeofthepointscontainedintheReport 4 andupdatesinformationonmeasurestakenbytheBraziliangovernmenttopreventandcombat  p tortureandothercruel,inhumanordegradingtreatmentorpunishment.  \ L  M  L  M  Introduction  4 L  M  L  M  L  M  199.  L  M  TheBrazilianGovernmentexpressesitsappreciationtotheCommitteeagainstTorture   (CAT)forthetransmissionofthereportonBrazil,producedunderarticle20oftheConvention  AgainstTortureandOtherCruel,InhumanorDegradingTreatmentorPunishment.BoththeReport  andtheL  M  inlocoL  M  ԀvisitofthedelegationfromtheCommitteeAgainstTorturethatprecededit(1329  July2005)representimportantelementsofcooperationtostrengthenpreventionandthestruggle l againsttortureandothercruelinhumanordegradingtreatmentinBrazil. X  L  M  200.  L  M  TheBrazilianGovernmentexpressesitsappreciationfortherecognitioninthereportofthe 0"  Committeeofthedegreeofopennessandcooperationbyitsauthoritiesfortheorganizationand #l! realizationofthevisit.TheBrazilianGovernmentisconvincedthatafrank,constructiveand $X" ongoingdialoguewiththeCommitteemaycontributetoadditionalprogressinhumanrightsinthe $D # country. %0!$ L  M  201.  L  M  SinceBrazilisoneofthecountriesthathavereceivedmostSpecialProceduresvisitsfrom '#& theCommission/CouncilonHumanRights,themissionofa treatybodysuchasCATtoBrazil (#' hasalsobeenusefultostrengthentransparentandgoodfaithdialoguebetweenBrazilandall )$( internationalmechanismsfortheprotectionofhumanrights. |*%) L  M   h+&* 202.  L  M  SinceSeptember281989BrazilhasbeenapartytotheConventionAgainstTorture.The  ConventionanditscorrespondingregionalinstrumentL  M  ԄL  M  ԀtheInterAmericanConventiontoPrevent  andPunishTorture,ratifiedinJune1989L  M  ԄL  M  ԀwerethefirsthumanrightstreatiestowhichBrazil  adheredafterthereturntodemocracyandtheadoptionofthe1988Constitution.Theirratification t precededadherencetothemoregeneralinstrumentsofpromotionandprotectionofhumanrights, ` suchastheInternationalCovenantsonCivilandPoliticalRightsandEconomic,SocialandCultural L  RightsandtheAmericL  M  anConventiononHumanRights.L  M  Itisthusevidentthatthestruggleagainst 8  tortureisoneofthefirstprioritiesintheBrazilianpolicyonhumanrights. $ t L  M  203.  L  M  TheConstitutionofOctober51988enshrinedrepudiationtotortureinseveralofits  L  provisions,bystipulatingthat nooneshallbesubjecttotortureorinhumanordegradingtreatment  8  (art.5,III)andthatthelawwillconsiderthepracticeoftortureasanonbailablecrime,towhichno $  pardonoramnestyisadmissible,andforwhichtheprincipalagent,theexecutorsandthosewhodid   notpreventitalthoughinapositiontodosoareresponsibleL  M     L  M  (art.5,_XLIII_).Cruelpunishmentisalsoforbidden(art.5,_XLIV_,e).   L  M  204.  L  M  ForBrazil,thepriorityofthepreventionofandthestruggleL  M  againsttorturestemsbothfrom p L  M  itscharacterofseriousviolationoffundamentalrightsand,uL  M  nfortunately,fromthehistoric \ L  M  circumstancesthataffectedthecountryduringtheperiodofdictatorship,between1965and1985. H L  M  205.  L  M  Atthetime,especialaftertheeditionofInstitutionalActno.5(AI5),inDecember1968,  p rightsandassurancesessentialtotheDemocraticStateofRightwereabolishedandthepracticeof  \ arbitraryarrests,followedbytortureandilltreatmentbyofficialagentsbecamecommonplace. H OpponentsoftheauthoritarianregimewerepersecutedandvioleL  M  ntlypunished,oftenbydeath.L  M   4 L  M  206.  L  M  Thefightagainstdictatorshipwasthuscharacterizedbytorture,somuchsothattofight   againstittodayisemblematicfortheBrazilianGovernmentandsociety,standingforthe  consolidationofthedemocraticregime.  L  M  207.  L  M  Inthisconnection,besidetheabovementionedconventionsandconstitutionalguarantees, l theBrazilianGovernmentlaunched,inlate2005,anintegratedactionplanagainsttorture,whose X  centralaxisarethethirtyrecommendationsmadebytheSpecialRapporteuronTortureinhislast D! visittoBrazil.ThePlanaimsatjoiningthethreePowersandorganizedcivilsocietyinthe 0"  preventionofandstruggleagainstpracticesoftorture. #l! L  M  208.  L  M  UntilMarch2007eightstatesoftheFederationhadadheredtothePlan.Amongmeasures $D # proposedtocurbtortureisthevideorecordingofinterrogationsandfrequentsurprisevisitsto %0!$ penitentiariesandpoliceprecinctsbyindependentcommitteesandorganizationsthecreationof &"% specializedgroupsofpublicprosecutorstocombattortureandtodevelopapermanentnationalanti '#& torturecampaigninthemedia. (#' L  M  L  M   I.L  M  ONTHEVISITTOBRAZILOFTHECOMMITTEEAGAINSTL  M  ԀL  M  TORTUREUNDER |*%) ARTICLE20OFTHECONVENTION  h+&* ЇL  M  209.  L  M  ThestartingpointoftheinvestigationprocedurebytheCommitteeAgainstTortureunder  article20oftheConventionwastheinformationtransmittedtoCATbynongovernmental  organizationsinNovember2002.Itshouldbementionedthataccordingtoparagraphs3and45of t theReportoftheCommittee,thatinformationwasrelatedtoallegedpracticeoftortureinbutone ` stateoftheFederation.ApartofsuchinformationhadalreadybeentransmittedtotheRapporteur L  oftheHumanRightsCommissionontheQuestionofTorture,SirNigel_Rodley_,ontheoccasionof 8  hisvisittoBrazilin2000. $ t L  M  210.  L  M  TheinformationreceivedbytheCommitteewastransmittedtoBrazilinNovember2002.  L  TheprocessofgovernmentchangeintheFederalandStatelevelsatthattimehamperedaprompt  8  responsetothewritteninformationandqueriessentbyCAT.Ontheotherhand,thepriority $  accordedbythe_Lula_ԀAdministrationtothepromotionandprotectionofhumanrightsL  M  ԄL  M  Ԁasshownby   thecreationofthreeSpecialSecretariatswithministeriallevelontheissueandbydeepening   dialogueandcooperationwiththeinternationalprotectionmachineryL  M  ԄL  M  ԀledBraziltopromptlyagree   withtherequestofavisitsentbytheCommitteeinDecember2003;therewasonlyarequestfora   shiftofdatesnecessaryforitsadequatepreparationandcarryingout. p L  M  211.  L  M  TheBrazilianGovernmentexpressesitssatisfactionfortherecognitionbytheCommittee, H inparagraph19ofitsReport,ofthecooperationandsupportoftheGovernmentofBrazilforthe 4 visitandfortherespecttotheprinciplesagreedwiththeCommitteeforitsrealization.Throughout  p thevisit,theBrazilianGovernmentaccordedtheCommitteefullfreedomoftransitandinvestigation,  \ withaccesstorelevantofficialsateverylevelandPowersoftheFederation,accessandprivate H contactswithrepresentativesofnongovernmentalorganizations,likelywitnessesandpersons 4 deprivedoffreedom.TheBrazilianGovernmentalsoassuredthesecuritymeasuresnecessarytothe   membersoftheCommitteeandothermembersofitsdelegationduringthewholevisit.Incasesof   seemingconflictbetweensecurityneedsandfreedomofinvestigation,theBrazilianauthoritiesleft  thisappraisalatthediscretionofthemembersofCAT,asintheinstanceswhenmembersofthe  delegationdecidedtoenterunaccompaniedincellsandpavilionswithalargenumberofinmates.  L  M  212.  L  M  AsmentionedbytheCommittee,thevisitoftheCATdelegationwasnotpossibleinonly X  onedetention_center_:theRegionalPenitentiaryJason_Soares_Ԁ_Albergaria_,in_S o_Ԁ_Joaquim_ԀL  M   D! L  M  de_Bicas_ԀL  M  ԄL  M  ԀMG.TheBrazilianGovernmentexpressesitsappreciationtotheCommitteefor 0"  recognizingtheeffortsofanofficialoftheMinistryofExternalRelationstoallowaccessoftheCAT #l! delegationtothatthedetention_center_ԀandregretsthelackofcommunicationbetweentheSecretariat $X" forSocial_Defense_ԀofMinas_Gerais_Ԁandtheadministrationofthatprisonunit,whichmade $D # impossibletherealizationofthevisit.ItstressesthecooperationbyStateauthoritiestothevisitsto %0!$ alltheotherdetention_centers_ԀsingledoutbytheCommitteeinthatStateandtheisolatednatureof &"% theincident.ItpointsoutthatthedelegationoftheCommitteesoughtthevisittotheRegional '#& Penitentiaryonaweekend,whenontheonehandvisitsbyfamiliesofinmateswereinprogress,and (#' ontheothercommunicationwithrelevantStateauthoritiestoassureaccessbytheCommitteewas )$( moredifficult.ItrecallsthattheRegionalPenitentiaryJason_Albergaria_,openedinNovember2003, |*%) isamodernprisonestablishment,recentlybuilt,andhadevenbeenmentionedtotheCommitteein h+&* itsmeetingswithstateauthoritiesasanexampleofeffortscarriedouttoimproveprisonconditions.  L  M  213.  L  M  TheBrazilianGovernmentthanksthedelegationoftheCommitteeforhavinginformedall  personswhomitmetinBrazilthatthevisithadaconfidentialcharacter,accordingtoarticle20of t theConvention.Itregrets,however,thatsomerepresentativesofnongovernmentalorganizations ` withwhomtheSalvadorBAteammetinSalvadorBAdidnotrespecttheconfidentialityofthe L  procedure.Accordingtotheannexdocuments,thevisitofCATtoSalvadorcametobeannounced 8  bythelocalpress,includingdeclarationsofpersonswhomayhavehadcontactwiththeCommittees $ t delegation.Insomeinstances,photographerstailedthemembersofthedelegationfromoneofthe  ` leadinglocalnewspapers.TheBrazilianGovernmenthighlightstheimportanceofrule81.3ofthe  L  RulesofProcedureoftheCommittee,abouttheoathandthesolemndeclarationoftruthfulwitness  8  andrespectfortheconfidentialityoftheproceduresonthepartofallpersonsfromwhomthe $  membersoftheCommitteemayobtaintestimony.   L  M  214.  L  M  TheBrazilianGovernmentstressesthepostureoftransparencyandconstructivedialogue   adoptedingeneralbytheBrazilianauthoritieswhomtheCommitteesdelegationinterviewedduring   itsvisittothecountry.Itregrets,however,theearlyclosureofoneofthemeetingscarriedoutbythe p Committeesdelegation.Itregretsespeciallytheincompleteandpartialwayinwhichthatincident \ wasincludedintheCommitteesReportL  M  (paragraph185oftheReport).L  M  TheReportomits,with H respecttothatincident,theattitudeofoneofthemembersoftheCommitteepresentatthemeeting, 4 hardlycompatiblewiththedignityoftheofficeheldbytheofficialbeinginterviewedandwiththat  p ofthememberoftheCommitteeAgainstTorture.Toreestablishtruth,theBrazilianGovernment  \ stressesthatthestateofficialbroughtthemeetingtoanearlyclosurebecausehefelt under H interrogationduetothewayhewasbeinginterviewedbytheabovementionedmemberofCAT, 4 whoactedseveraltimesinaninquisitorialandironicway.Itemphasizesthatsuchaposturehad   occurredinpreviousinterviews,fortunatelywithoutthesameresult,andthatitwasnevershared   eitherbyanyothermemberoftheCommitteepresentatthevisitorbytheremainderofthemembers  oftheCATdelegation.TheBrazilianGovernmentstressestheneedforfullrespecttothesolemn  declarationprovidedinRule14oftheRulesofProcedureoftheCommittee.  L  M  L  M   IIL  M  .ONTHEPLACESOFDETENTIONVISITEDBYTHECOMMITTEE  X  L  M  215.  L  M  AspartoftheirworkinBrazil,themembersofCATvisitedplacesofdetentionofpersons 0"  infivestatesoftheFederation.TheBrazilianStatepresentsupdatedinformationonsomeofthe #l! placesvisitedbytheCommittee. $X" L  M  216.  L  M  OnJuly162005,themembersoftheCommitteevisitedtheVilaMaria_center_,in_S o_ԀPaulo, %0!$ under_FEBEM_,nowrenamed_Socio_ԄEducationAttention_Center_ԀfortheAdolescent(CASA) &"% Foundationof_S o_ԀPaulo.Atpresent,theCASAFoundationhasabout1.110placesavailable.Thus '#& thereisnoovercrowding,butotherunitsaretobL  M  ebuiltoutsidethecityof_S o_ԁL  M  Pauloinorderto (#' allowtheaccommodationofyoungstersinthemunicipalitiesL  M  Ԁwheretheirparentslive.L  M   )$( L  M  217.  L  M  TheBrazilianStateinformsthattheCASAFoundationhasaPermanentL  M  _Corregedor_ h+&* L  M  (Ombudsman),besidethevigilancecarriedoutbytheJudiciaryBranchandthePublicProsecution  Service.Ineveryprocedure,whenthereisstrongevidenceofinvolvementinirregularities,the  officialissuspended.Theadolescentsaregroupedbyageanddegreeoftheiroffense.Pedagogic  activitiestakeplaceregularly. t L  M  218.  L  M  OnJuly192005themembersoftheCommitteevisitedthePrecinctsofthe4L  M  thL  M  Ԁand39L  M  thL  M  ԀPolice L  Districtsandthe_44Participative_44ԀPrecinctofthe9L  M  thL  M  ԀPoliceDistrict,allin_44S o_44ԀPaulo.TheBrazilianState 8  makesclearthatthejailsatthe4L  M  thL  M  Ԁand9L  M  thL  M  ԀDistrictswereclosedupandtheirinmatesweretransferred $ t toProvisionalDetention_44Centers_44.  ` L  M  219.  L  M  OnJuly222005themembersoftheCommitteevisitedtheTheftandRobberyPrecinct,the  8  VehicleTheftandRobberyPrecinctandtheDrugandL  M  NarcoticsPrecinct,allinBeloL  M  Horizonte.The $  BrazilianStateinformsthatthejailsatthefirsttwooftheprecinctsmentionedweretotallyclosed   andtheirinmatesweretransferredtonewprisonunitsinthemetropolitanregion.ThejailattheDrug   andNarcoticsPrecinctisbeingclosed.SinceSeptember2006nonewinmatesentereditandtotal   closureawaitstheconstructionofnewprisonunits.   L  M  220.  L  M  OnJuly222005themembersoftheCommitteevisitedthePrecinctofthe5L  M  thL  M  ԀDistrictinRio \ deJaneiro.Atthetime,thatPrecinctwasalreadyapartofthe LegalPrecinct(_44Delegacia_44ԀLegal) H programandheldnoinmates.Todaythereareotherprecinctsofthiskindinthestate. 4 L  M  221.  L  M  OnJuly222005themembersoftheCommitteevisitedtheProvisionalInterment_44Center_44  \ (_44CEIP_44)atBeloHorizonte,aboutwhichtherehadbeenpressallegationsconcerningtortureofminors. H TheDirectorofthe_44Center_44ԀhadbeensuspendedandreplacedontheeveoftheCommitteesvisit.The 4 BrazilianstateinformsthattheproceduresetinmotionatthetimewasconcludedonAugust82005   andresultedintheDirectorsdismissal.Thedocumentationregardingtheprocedurewassenttothe   PublicProsecutor,whofiledforpenalactiononL  M  L  M  July222005(_44Prc_44.No.0024.05.573.3620).  L  M  222.  L  M  Thepremisesof_44CEIP_44Ԁwererestoredandtheproblemofovercrowdingisbeinggradually  solved.Itisexpectedthatonthesecondhalfofthisyearthenumberofplacesofferedwillbethree l timesthatof2003,from420to1.141.Theselectionofthetechnicalteamiscarefullydone,there X  iscontinuoustraining,includingontheissueofhumanrights.Anew_44socio_44Ԅeducationalmodel,based D! oneducativeintervention,hasbeenadopted. 0"  L  M  223.  L  M  OnJuly232005themembersoftheCommitteevisitedtheheadquartersof_44Polinter_44ԀinRio $X" deJaneiro.TheBrazilianStateinformsthatthejailat_44Polinter_44Ԁwasclosedandistodayusedonlyas $D # a_44center_44Ԁforsortingandclassifyingdetainees,aswellasahalfwayhousefordetaineesbeingsentto %0!$ custody_44centers_44.Detaineesspendnomorethanonedayatthatplace,amongatotalof10to50 &"% peopleundercustody. '#& L  M  224.  L  M  OnJuly262006themembersoftheCommitteevisitedtheprovisionalL  M  Ԁdetention_44center_44 )$( L  M  Padre_44Severino_44,inRiodeJaneiro,under_44DEGASE_44.TheBrazilianstateinformsthatcurrently100% |*%) oftheadolescentsareenrolledintheschool. h+&* ЇL  M  225.  L  M  OnJuly292005themembersoftheCommitteevisited_44Bangu_44ԀIIIinRiodeJaneiro.The  penitentiaryencompassestwoseparateunitsandthereisnoovercrowding.ThelastL  M  rebelliontook  placein2003.L  M    L  M  L  M   IL  M  II.L  M  COMMENTSFROMBRAZILONTHECONCLUSIONSL  M  ԀL  M  ANDRECOMMENDATIONS ` OFTHECOMMITTEE  L  L  M  Paragraph178 L  M  ,TheCommitteefound,asdescribedintheprecedingparagraphs,endemic $ t overcrowding,filthyconditionsofconfinement,extremeheat,lightdeprivationandpermanentlock  d ups(factorswithseverehealthconsequencesforinmates),alongwithpervasiveviolenceaswellas  P  lackofproperoversight,whichleadstoimpunity.Infact,thereiswidespreadimpunityL  M  Ԁforthe  <  perpetratorsofabuse.L  M  ԀInaddition,theCommitteeonseveraloccasionsreceivedallegationsattesting (  tothediscriminatorynatureoftheseconditionsgiventhattheyaffectvulnerablegroupsandin   particular,personsofAfricandescent.TheCommitteenotesthatL  M  .L  M  thegovernmentofBrazil,fully   cooperatedwiththeCommitteesvisit,constantlyexpresseditsawarenessandconcernwiththe   seriousnessoftheexistingproblems,aswellasitspoliticalwilltoimprove.However,tensof   thousandsofpersonsarestillheldin_44delegacias_44Ԁandelsewhereinthepenitentiarysystemwhere t tortureandsimilarilltreatmentcontinuestobe metedoutonawidespreadandsystematicbasis. ` TheCommitteehasdefinedsystematictorturebystatingthat theCommitteeconsiderstortureis L practisedsystematicallywhenitisapparentthatthetorturecasesreportedhavenotoccurred 8 fortuitouslyinaparticularplaceorataparticulartime,butareseentobehabitual,widespreadand $t deliberateinatleastaconsiderablepartoftheterritoryofthecountryinquestion.Torturemayin ` factbeofasystematiccharacterwithoutresultingfromthedirectintentionofaGovernment.Itmay L betheconsequenceoffactorswhichtheGovernmenthasdifficultyincontrolling,anditsexistence 8 mayindicateadiscrepancybetweenpolicyasdeterminedbythecentralGovernmentandits $ implementationbythelocaladministration.Inadequatelegislationwhichinpracticeallowsroom  fortheuseoftorturemayalsoaddtothesystematicnatureofthispracticeL  M  .  L  M  226.  L  M  TheBrazilianGovernmentnotestheCommitteesconclusionthatthepracticeoftorture  couldbesystematicinthecountry.ItexpressesitsappreciationforthestatementbyCATthatL  M   the p governmentofBrazil,fullycooperatedwiththeCommitteesvisit,constantlyexpressedits \  awarenessandconcernwiththeseriousnessoftheexistingproblems,aswellasitspoliticalwillto H! improve.L  M  ԀTheBrazilianGovernmentnotes,inthisconnection,thattheCommitteeAgainstTorture 4"  usuallyconsiderstorturetobesystematicL  M  whenitisapparentthatthetorturecasesreportedhave  #p! notoccurredfortuitouslyinaparticularplaceorataparticulartime,butareseentobehabitual,  $\" widespreadanddeliberateinatleastaconsiderablepartoftheterritoryofthecountryinquestion. $H # L  M  Torturemayinfactbeofasystematiccharacterwithoutresultingfromthedirectintention %4!$ ofaGovernment.ItmaybetheconsequenceoffactorswhichtheGovernmenthasdifficulty & "% incontrolling,anditsexistencemayindicateadiscrepancybetweenpolicyasdeterminedby ' #& thecentralGovernmentanditsimplementationbythelocaladministration L  M  .L  M  Inadequate (#' legislationwhichinpracticeallowsroomfortheuseoftorturemayalsoaddtothesystematic )$( natureofthispracticeL  M  (emphasesadded)L  M  .L  M   *%)  p+&* L  M  227.  L  M  Aswillbeclearlyshownfurtheron,BrazilisalreadycompL  M  lyingorconsideringcompliance  L  M  withtherecommendationscontainedintheReportoftheCommitteesinvestigationunderarticle  20.ManyofthemeasuresrespondingtoCATsrecommendationswerealreadybeingtakenonthe  initiativeoftheBraziliangovernmentalauthorities.TheBrazilianGovernmentbelievesthatthe t Committeesrecommendationsaresignificantlyusefulforthepreventionandthestruggleagainst ` tortureandothercruel,inhumanordegradingtreatmentandpunishmentinanycircumstancesand L  hopestodeepenandexpanditsdialoguewiththeCommitteeonthataccount. 8  L  M  228.  L  M  However,somepointsshouldbemaderegardingtheconclusionsoftheCommitteeinits  ` investigationunderarticle20oftheConvention.  L   IL  M  V.SYSTEMATICPRACTICEOFTORTUREININTERNATIONALLAW  $  L  M  229.  L  M  BrazilrecallsthattheConventionAgainstTorturementionsthesystematicpracticeoftorture   initsarticle20,whereitprovidesthat L  M  IftheCommitteL  M  ereceivesreliableinformationL  M  whichappears   toittocontainwellfoundedindicationsthattortureisbeingsystematicallypractisedintheterritory   ofaStateParty,theCommitteeshallinvitethatStatePartytocooperateintheexaminationofthe p informationandtothisendtosubmitobservationswithregardtotheinformationL  M  ԀL  M  concerned.L  M  There \ isnoindicationinthetextoftheConventionthatStatesPartieshaveintendedtoattachspecial H meaningtotheconceptofsystematicpracticeoftortureasprovidedintheConvention. 4 L  M  230.  L  M  Theabovementionedinterpretationgiventothesystematicpracticeoftorturewasmadeby  \ CATitself,ontheoccasionofitsfirstinvestigationunderarticle20,relatingtoTurkey H (A/48/44/Add.1,paragraph39).Thedefinitionofsystematicpracticeoftortureconsideredbythe 4 Committeeseemedtoaddaspecialmeaningtotheexpression,withoutithavingbeenestablished   thatsuchwastheintentionofthePartiestotheConvention.   L  M  231.  L  M  Theuseoftheterm systematic,suchasinsystematicviolationsofhumanrights,is  commoninthelanguageofHumanRightsInternationalLaw,InternationalHumanitarianLawand  InternationalCriminalLaw. l L  M  232.  L  M  Whendealingwith seriousviolationsofobligationsstemmingfromperemptorynormsof D! generalinternationallaw,theInternationalLawCommissionoftheUnitedNationsconsideredthe 0"  termL  M  systematicL  M  ԀduringtheelaborationofdraftarticlesontheinternationalresponsibilityoftheState. #l! AtthesecondreadingofthedraftarticlesontheinternationalresponsibilityoftheState,serious $X" violationsweredeemedtobethoseoccurringinacontextofapatternofviolationscarriedoutina $D # systematicandoftenmassivemanner. %0!$ L  M  233.  L  M  Violationswereconsideredtohavebeencommittedinasystematicwaywhenthereis '#& evidenceofacertainpatternintheactionsoftheState,leadingtotheharmofcertainrightsL  M  ,L  M  39L  M  Ԁand (#' __________ )$( 39_wwJrgensen_wwL  M  ,NinaH.L  M  B.L  M  TheResponsibilityofStatesforInternationalCrimes.L  M  Oxford:Oxford |*%) UniversityPress,2003.p.108e109. h+&* Їthatitismassivewhenitisnotorious.Thus,theexistenceofapatternofviolationsleadstothe  questionoftheintentionandthemotivesoftheperpetratortocommittheviolations.Theobjectives  oftheStatewhencommittingcertainviolationsmaybeessentialtodeterminetheexistenceofa t  seriousviolationofobligationsfromperemptorynormsofgeneralinternationallaw. ` L  M  234.  L  M  WhencommentingontheDraftArticlesontheInternationalresponsibilitiesofStates,the 8  InternationalLawCommissionwasparticularlypreciseinclarifyingthat toberegardedas $ t systematicaviolationwouldhavetobecarriedoutinanorganizedanddeliberateway.L  M  40  ` L  M  L  M  235.  L  M  InInternationalHumanitarianLaw,theterms massiveand systematicareusedto  8  distinguish CrimesAgainstHumanityfromthegenerallistof WarCrimes.Tobeconsidereda $   crimeagainsthumanitytheactionthatconstitutesaviolationmustbe massiveand systematic.   Article3oftheStatuteoftheRwandaCourtandarticle7oftheRomeStatuteprovidethatthelisted   crimesmustoccurasa massiveand systematicattackagainstthecivilpopulation.According   tothejurisprudenceofthosecourts,theterm systematicreferstoattackcarriedoutaccordingto   acommonandmethodicplanningL  M  41L  M  .InL  M  Prosecutorv._wwAkaseyu_ww,_wwICTR_wwԀstated Theconceptof p  systematicmaybedefinedasthoroughlyorganizedandfollowingaregularpatternL  M  onthebasis \ ofacommonpolicyinvolvingsubstantialpublicorprivate L  M  L  M  resources. L  M  ԀThereisnorequirementthat H thispolicymustbeadoptedformallyasthepolicyofaState.L  M  L  M  Theremusthoweverbesomekindof 4 preconceivedplanorpolicy L  M  .L  M  42L  M  L  M  (emphasesadded).  p L  M  236.  L  M  Tosumup,itisunderstoodthattheexpression systematicviolationisnormallyusedto H characterizehumanrightsviolationsthatoccurinadeliberateandplannedmanner.Tothateffect, 4 theviolationsmustbecommittedaccordingtoacertainpattern,underanintentionalplanorpolicy,   albeitnotexplicitlyadmitted.L  M     237.  L  M  Inthiscontext,CATsdefinitionofsystematicpracticeoftortureseemstodivergefromthe  commonmeaningoftheexpressionandthusfromthegeneralruleofinterpretationoftreaties,  accordingtowhichatreatyshouldbeinterpretedinaccordancewiththecommonmeaningtobe l giventoitsterms,expressedinarticle31oftheViennaConventionontheLawofTreaties,as X  follows: D! 0  L  M   Article31Generalruleofinterpretation:0" (#(# 0  1. ` Atreatyshallbeinterpretedingoodfaithinaccordancewiththeordinarymeaning#l!(#(# __________ $X" 40INTERNATIONALLAWCOMMISSION.L  M  DraftarticlesonResponsibilitiesofStatesfor $D # InternationallyWrongfulActswithcommentaries.L  M  ԀUnitedNaL  M  tions:2005,p.285,CommentaryL  M  (8) %0!$ onL  M  Art.40.L  M  AvailableatL  M  . '#& 41SeeL  M  Prosecutorv._wwTadic_wwL  M  ,TrialJudgement,7May1977,para.648. (#' 42SeeL  M  Prosecutorv.AkayesuL  M  ,TrialJudgement,2September1998,paraL  M  .L  M  Ԁ580. )$(  h+&* Ї0  tobegiventothetermsofthetreatyintheircontextandinthelightofitsobjectand  purpose.(#(# 0  2. ` Thecontextforthepurposeoftheinterpretationofatreatyshallcomprise,in ` additiontothetext,includingitspreambleandannexes:L (#(# 0  (a)L  M   ` anyagreementrelatingtothetreatywhichwasmadebetweenallthepartiesin 8  connectionwiththeconclusionofthetreaty;$ t(#(# L  M  0  (b)L  M   ` anyinstrumentwhichwasmadebyoneormorepartiesinconnectionwiththe  ` conclusionofthetreatyandacceptedbytheotherpartiesasaninL  M  strumentrelatedtothe  L  treaty.L  M   8 (#(# 0  L  M  3. ` Thereshallbetakenintoaccount,togetherwiththecontext: (#(# 0  (a)L  M   ` anysubsequentagreementbetweenthepartiesregardingtheinterpretationofthe   treatyortheapplicationofitsprovisions; (#(# L  M  0  (b)L  M   ` anysubsequentpracticeintheapplicationofthetreatywhichestablishesthe   agreementofthepartiesregardingitsinterpretation;p(#(# L  M  0  _(c)_L  M   ` anyrelevantrulesofinternationallawapplicableintherelationsbetweenthe \ parties.H(#(# L  M  0  4. ` L  M  AspecialmeaningshallbegiventoatermifitisestablishedthL  M  atthepartiesso  p intended.L  M   \(#(# L  M  238.  L  M  Thegeneralruleofinterpretationdescribedaboveisuncontrovertiblyrecognizedasthe 4 expressionofcommoninternationallaw,includingbytheInternationalCourtofJusticeL  M  .43L  M  ԀInfact,   alreadyin1931thePermanentCourtofInternationalJusticerecognizedthat Itisafundamentalrule   ofinterpretationthatwordsmustbegiventheordinarymeaningwhichtheybearintheircontext  unlesssuchaninterpretationleadstounreasonableorabsurdresults.44L  M    L  M  __________ l 43Cf.,forinstance,INTERNATIONALCOURTOFJUSTICE.LegalConsequencesofthe D! ConstructionofaWallintheOccupiedPalestinianTerritory.AdvisoryOpinion.09July2004.para. 0"  94.TerritorialDispute(_Lybian_ԀArab_Jamahiriya_Ԁv.Chad)Judgment,_I.C.J._ԀReports1994,pp.2122, #l! para.41.OilPlatforms(IslamicRepublicofIranv.UnitedStatesofAmerica),Preliminary $X" Objections,_I.C.J._ԀReports1996(II),p.812,para.23;MaritimeDelimitationandTerritorial $D # QuestionsbetweenQatarandBahrain(Qatarv.Bahrain),JurisdictionandAdmissibility,Judgment, %0!$ _I.C.J._ԀReports1995,p.18,para.33;_Kasikili_/_Sedudu_ԀIsland(Botswana/Namibia),_I.C.J._ԀReports1999 &"% (II),p.1059,para.18,Sovereigntyover_Pulau_Ԁ_Ligitan_Ԁand_Pulau_Ԁ_Sipadan_Ԁ(Indonesia/Malaysia), '#& Judgment,I.C.J.Reports2002,p.645,para.37. (#' 44 PERMANENTCOURTOFINTERNATIONALJUSTICEL  M  ,CustomsUnionsbetweenGermany )$( andAustria,L  M  ԀAdvisoryOpinion,SeriesA/B,N41,60. |*%)  h+&* Ї239.  L  M  TheICJhasbeendevelopingimportantjurisprudenceontherespecttothegeneral  interpretationrule.AlreadyattheAdvisoryOpinionontheCompetenceoftheGeneralAssembly  toadmitaStatetotheUnitedNations,itstatedthatL  M   (...)thefirstdutyofatribunalwhichiscalled t upontointerpretandapplytheprovisionsofatreaty,istoendeavourtogiveeffecttothemintheir ` naturalandordinarymeaninginthecontextL  M  inwhichtheyoccur(...)[I]fL  M  therelevantwordsin L  theirnaturalandordinarymeaningmakesenseintheircontext,thatisanendofthematter.If,on 8  theotherhand,thewordsintheirnaturalandordinarymeaningareambiguousorleadtoan $ t unreasonableresult,then,andthenonly,musttheCourt,byresorttoothermethodsof  ` interpretation,seektoascertainwhatthepartiesreallydidmeanwhentheyusedthesewords.L  M  45  L  L  M  TheHagueCourtalsoemphasizedthattheinterpretationcannotrevisetreatiesorreadintothem  8  whattheydonotcontainexpresslyorbynecessaryimplication.L  M  46L  M   $  L  M  240.  L  M  Itshouldbementioned,inparticular,thatthegeneralruleofinterpretationcanhavea   fundamentalroleintheprotectionofhumanrights,asintherecognition,bytheInternationalCourt   ofJustice,oftheindividualrighttobeinformedabouttherightstoconsularassistanceprovidedfor   inarticle361.boftheViennaConventiononConsularrelationsand,morerecently,inthecaseon p theapplicationoftheConventionforthePreventionandPunishmentoftheCrimeL  M  L  M  ofGenocide,in \ whichthe_ICJ_ԀrecognizedthatarticleIforbidsStatesfromcommittingthemselvesthecrimeof H genocide,thusnotonlypreventingandpunishingitsperpetrationbyindividuals.L  M  47 4 L  M  L  M  241.  L  M  Inviewoftheconsiderationsabove,theBrazilianStateassertstheinexistenceofany  \ deliberateplanorpolicyfortheoccurrenceofthepracticeoftortureinthecountry.Onthecontrary, H astheCommitteeagainstTortureitselfrecognized,itstressesthatthegovernmentalauthoritiesare 4 awareoftheseriousnessoftheproblemandhavethepoliticalwilltoimprove.Itthusdisagreeswith   theopinionthattortureissystematically_practiced_ԀinBrazil,havinginmindthemeaningordinarily   giventotheexpression.  L  M  L  M   VL  M  I.L  M  DIFFERENCESBETWEENTORTUREANDOTHERCRUEL,L  M  ԀL  M  INHUMANL  M  ԀL  M  OR  DEGRADINGTREATMENTORPUNISHMENT  l L  M  242.  L  M  TheBrazilianGovernmenttakesnoteofthecommentsbytheCommitteeonsituationsof D! __________ 0"  45InternationalCourtofJustice.L  M  CompetenceoftheGeneralAssemblyfortheAdmissionofaState #l! totheUnitedNationsL  M  .AdvisoryOpinion,_wwI.C.J_wwԀReports(1950),p.8L  M  . $X" 46INTERNATIONALCOURTOFJUSTICE.L  M  CertainExpensesoftheUnitedNationsL  M  ,Advisory $D # Opinion,_wwI.C.J._wwԀReports1962,p.159;L  M  SouthWestAfrica(Ethiopiav.SouthAfrica;Liberiav.South %0!$ Africa)L  M  ,SecondPhase,Judgment,_wwI.C.J._wwԀReports1966,pp.39,48L  M  . &"% 47󀀀L  M  Cf.INTERNATIONALCOURTOFJUSTICE.L  M  _wwLaGrand_wwԀCase(Germanyv.UnitedStatesof '#& America)L  M  .Judgement,27June2001.L  M  ApplicationoftheConventiononthePreventionand (#' PunishmentoftheCrimeofGenocide(BosniaandHerzegovinav.SerbiaandMontenegro)L  M  , )$( Judgment,26February2007. |*%)  h+&* ЇendemicovercrowdingL  M  ,L  M  Ԁfilthyconditionsofconfinement,extremeheat,lightL  M  ԀL  M  deprivationand  permanentlockupsinplacesofdetentioninBrazilandtheirrelationshipwiththeconclusions  arrivedatbyCATunderarticle20.Itpointsout,however,thatsufficientconsiderationdoesnot  appeartohavebeengiventothedistinctionbetweenthepracticeoftortureandothercruel,inhuman t ordegradingtreatmentorpunishment,ontheonehand,andlackofrespecttowardthehuman ` treatmentofpersonsdeprivedoffreedom. L  L  M  243.  L  M  Initsarticle1,theConventionAgainstTorturedefinestortureas L  M  anyactbywhichsevere $ t painorsuffering,whetherphysicalormental,isL  M  intentionally L  M  ԀinflictedonapersonL  M  forsuch  ` purposesasobtaining L  M  ԀfromhimorathirdpersonL  M  informationoraconfession,punishinghim L  M  for  L  anactheorathirdpersonhascommittedorissuspectedofhavingcommitted,orintimidatingor  8  coercinghimorathirdperson,orL  M  foranyreasonbasedondiscriminationofanykind L  M  ,whensuch $  painorsufferingisinflictedbyorattheinstigationoforwiththeconsentoracquiescenceofa   publicofficialorotherpersonactinginanofficialcapacity.Itdoesnotincludepainorsuffering   arisingonlyfrom,inherentinorincidentaltolawfulsanctionsL  M  ԀL  M  (emphasesadded)L  M  .L  M     L  M  244.  L  M  TheConventionAgainstTorture,however,didnotdefinewhatwouldbe othercruel, p inhumanordegradingtreatmentorpunishment,mentionedinitsarticle16( L  M  EachStatePartyshall \ undertaketopreventinanyterritoryunderitsjurisdictionotheractsofcruel,inhumanordegrading H treatmentorpunishmentL  M  whichdonotamounttotortureasdefinedinarticleI L  M  ,whensuchactsare 4 committedbyorattheinstigationoforwiththeconsentoracquiescenceofapublicofficialorother  p personactinginanofficialcapacityL  M  .)(emphasisadded).L  M    \ L  M  245.  L  M  Itisclear,anyway,thattheConventionsoughttodistinguishviolationsofhumanrights 4 deemedastorturefromthosethatwouldconstituteothercruel,inhumanordegradingtreatmentor   punishment,evenifinanycasethoseareseriousviolationsofhumanrightsthatneedtobeprevented   andpunished.FromtheprovisionsoftheConventiononecannotethatothercruel,inhumanor  degradingpunishmentwouldbeviolationsofadifferent,lowerdegree( whichdonotamountto  torture),whichreceiveaspecifictreatmentintheConvention,inconformitywithitsarticle16.  L  M  246.  L  M  TheBrazilianGovernmenttakesnotethattheCommitteeagainstTorture(CAT)hasnotbeen X  takingintoconsiderationthedistinctionbetweentortureandothercruel,inhumanordegrading D! treatment,eitherwithinthescopeoftheanalysisofperiodicreportsorintheexaminationof 0"  individualcommunications.Greaterclarityinthosedistinctionswouldbeimportanttobetter #l! elucidatetheobligationsofStatesandofthenormativecontentsoftheconventionalterms,thus $X" leadingtoamoreadequateprotectionofindividualsandgroups.L  M  48L  M   $D # L  M  __________ %0!$ 48BARRETT,J.L  M  TheProhibitionofTortureunderInternationalLaw,Part2:TheNormativeL  M   '#& L  M  ContentL  M  ,L  M  TheInternationalJournalofHumanRightsL  M  ,VolumL  M  e5,Issue2,Jan2001,pp.1L  M  29,pp.L  M  ԁL  M  12. (#'  h+&* Ї247.  L  M  Despitehavingequallyutilizeda globalapproach49L  M  Ԁontheapplicationofarticle7ofthe  InternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights50L  M  Ԁ(_ICCPR_),whichalsoprohibitstortureand  othercruel,inhumanordegradingtreatmentorpunishment,theCommitteeonHumanRights t recognized,initsGeneralCommentno.20,thatalthoughitdoesnotconsidernecessarytodefine ` alistofprohibitedactionsandestablishsharpdifferencesamongthedifferenttypesoftreatmentor L  punishment,L  M  thedistinctionsdependonthenature,purposeandseverityofthetreatment 8  applied L  M  .Itisalsousefultoobservethat_ICCPR_Ԁcontainsdifferentprovisionsontheprohibitionof ( x tortureandothercruel,inhumanordegradingtreatmentorpunishment(article7)andonthehumane  h treatmentofpersonsdeprivedoffreedom(article10),objectoftwodifferentGeneralComments  T  (_GCs_Ԁno.20and21).Thisamountstoastrongindicationofthedifferentnatureofviolations  @  derivingfromthepracticeoftortureandotherformsofilltreatmentandfrominadequateconditions ,  ofdeprivationoffreedom.   L  M  248.  L  M  Sofar,theissuewasfurtherdevelopedwithintheEuropeansystemofhumanrights,inthe   interpretationandapplicationofarticle3oftheEuropeanConventiononHumanRights,which   couldbeutilized,L  M  mutatismutandisL  M  ,forabetterunderstandingoftheprovisionsoftheConvention x AgainstTorture.Therecognitionthatthedistinctionbetweentortureandotherinhumantreatment d isrootedmainlyinthe differenceofintensityofthesufferinginflictedshouldbestressed.L  M  51L  M  ԀTorture P wouldthusbe anL  M  aggravatedL  M  ԀL  M  andL  M  deliberateL  M  Ԁformofcruel,inhumanordegradingtreatmentor < punishment52L  M  Ԁ(emphasesadded).TheEuropeanCourtdeemedimportanttodistinguishother (x inhumantreatmentfromtorturebecausethelatterinvolvesa specialstigmaofviolation.L  M  53L  M  ԀItis d alsonecessary,foritscharacterization,thatthecruelorinhumantreatmentbedeliberateandhave P aspecificpurpose.SeveralcasesconsideredbytheEuropeanHRsystemdeepenthisunderstanding, < asthecaseL  M  Irelandv.theUnitedKingdomL  M  ,thesocalled GreekCaseandalsothecasesL  M  _Selmouni_ ( v.FranceL  M  ԀandL  M  _Ihlan_Ԁv.TurkeyL  M  ,inwhichtheEuropeanCourtmentionedtheUnitedNations  ConventionagainstTorture.54L  M    __________  49_RODLEY_,Nigel.L  M  TheTreatmentofPrisonersunderInternationalLawL  M  ,Oxford:_Claredon_ԀPress  (1983),p.L  M  ԀL  M  71. t 50 Nooneshallbesubjectedtotortureortocruel,inhumanordegradingtreatmentorpunishment. `  Inparticular,nooneshallbesubjectedwithouthisfreeconsenttomedicalorscientific L! experimentationL  M  . 8"  51_ECHR_,L  M  Irelandv.theUnitedKingdomL  M  ,Judgementof18January1978,167. $#t! 52Resolution3452(XXX),adoptedbytheGeneralAssemblyoftheUnitedNationsL  M  L  M  on9December $`" 1975,article1.2. $L # 53_wwECHR_ww,L  M  Irelandv.theUnitedKingdomL  M  ,Judgementof18January1978,idem. %8!$ 54Cf.LONG,Debra.L  M  GuidetoJurisprudenceonTortureandIllTreatmentL  M  ԀL  M  Article3ofthe &$"% EuropeanConventionfortheProtectionofHumanRightsL  M  ,Geneva:APT,2002,pp.L  M  ԀL  M  1320._wwBUENO_ww, '#& Gonzalo.L  M  El_wwConcepto_wwԀdeTorturayOtros_wwTratos_wwԀ_wwCL  M  rueles_ww,_wwInhumanos_wwԀo_wwDegradantes_wwԀenelDerecho (#' Internacionaldelos_wwDerechos_wwԀ_wwHumanos_wwL  M  ,availableat:L  M  http://www.derechopenal.com.ar/ )$( _wwarchivos.php?op_ww=13&id=169L  M  . *%)  p+&* Ї  L  M  249.  L  M  Inthelightofthedistinctionsbetweentortureandothercruel,inhumanordegrading  treatmentorpunishment,chieflytheelementsofspecialdegreeofseverityandspecificpurpose,  whichattachaspecialstigmatoactsoftorture,itwouldseemmistakentotrytoequatetorturewith t problematicconditionsofdetention.TheBrazilianGovernmenttooknoteoftheobservationsonthe ` seriousconditionsofdeprivationoffreedominthedetention_wwcenters_wwԀvisitedbytheCommittee,a L  seriousandcomplexproblemthatBrazilhasbeen_wwendeavoring_wwԀtosolve.Brazilhighlyappreciates 8  therecommendationsoftheCommitteerelatedtothisquestion. $ t L  M  250.  L  M  Theproblemsofovercrowdingandinadequateconditionsofdeprivationoffreedomin  L  detention_wwcenters_wwԀareserioushumanrightsissueswhichrequireadequatesolution,includingthrough  8  cooperationwiththerelevantinternationalmechanisms.Suchproblemsusuallyderivefroma $  complexensembleoffactors,whichmayincludeexcessiveuseofdeprivationoflibertyas   punishment,growingratesofcriminalitysometimeslinkedtoeconomicandsocialproblemsand   lackofsufficientpublicresourcesL  M  ԄL  M  ԀespeciallyindevelopingcountriesL  M  ԄL  M  Ԁtobuildandrestoreplaces   ofdetentionandhireandtrainpersonnel.Theprocessofimprovementoftheconditionsof   deprivationoffreedominBrazilL  M  ԄL  M  ԀadevelopingcountryL  M  ԄL  M  Ԁcannotshowimmediateresults,butseveral p improvementshavecomeabout,suchastheprogressiveabolitionofjailsinpoliceprecincts,the \ constructionofnewandbetterdetentioncenters,theplanunderwaytoestablishunitsoftheUnified H HealthSysteminsidedetentioncenters,etc.,besidesseveralpreventiveactionsthatseektoavoid 4 deprivationoffreedomandencouragealternativesentencing,asdetailedlaterinthisdocument.  p L  M  251.  L  M  Itwouldseemthusinadequatetoconsidertheexistenceofadeliberatesystemwithpunitive H anddiscriminatorypurposes,ofdeprivationoffreedominsituations,forinstance,ofovercrowding 4 andunhealthyconditions.Suchsituationspersistincertaincases,despitethebesteffortsofBrazilian   authorities,andnotwiththeirconsentoracquiescence.ThesesituationslackL  M  L  M  boththe special   stigmaofaggravatedviolationsandthepurposeofobtaininginformationormetingoutpunishment  thatwouldcharacterizetorture.DuringthevisitoftheCommitteesdelegationtoBrazilthenational  authoritiesalwaysrecognizedproblemsintheconditionsofdeprivationoffreedom,butalso  expoundedtheongoingmeasuresfortheirsolution. l L  M  252.  L  M  Thegeneralcharacterofthesituation,whichaffectswholepopulationsindetention_wwcenters_ww, D! thelackofphysicalandpsychologicalaggressionagainstinmatesandtheabsenceofpunitive 0"  purposesorofobtainingconfessionsorinformationindicatethatonecannotidentifythespecial #l! degreeofseverityandtheabsenceofthespecificpurposethatwoulddefinetorture.Thisevenmore $X" obviousastheStateauthoritiesrecognizetheproblemand_wwendeavor_wwԀtoovercomethem.Acontrary $D # reasoningwouldleadtotheconclusionthatthewholesystemofdeprivationoffreedominagiven %0!$ Statecouldbeorganizedwiththeaimofviolatingtheinmateshumanrights,whichishighly &"% unlikelyinademocraticsocietythatstrivestoimproveitshumaL  M  nrightsprofileinthisissue.L  M   '#& L  M  L  M  179.  L  M  Policeinvestigationsintoallegedactsoftortureorilltreatmenthavebeencriticizedas )$( ineffective.Abusesbythepoliceincarryingouttheseinvestigationsarereportedtobecommon. |*%) Thereisareportedlackofwillingnessbypoliceofficerstoinvestigatefellowofficers.Inthis h+&* connection,thecorporatenatureoftheL  M  _wwcorregedorias_wwԀL  M  mayleadpoliceofficerstobeunwillingto  investigatetheirowncolleagues.Itwasrepeatedlysuggestedthatitusuallytakesalongtimebefore  informationonallegationsoftorturereachesthePublicProsecutorsofficefromtheL  M  _wwcorregedorias_wwL  M    andacriminalinquiryisinitiated.L  M   t L  M  253.  TheBrazilianGovernmentiskeenontheneedfortheimprovementoftheinternal L  investigationsystemsofthepolicecorps.TheMinistryofJustice,throughitsNationalPublic 8  SecuritySecretariat(_wwSENASP_wwԄ_wwMJ_ww)heldon30and31May2006theNationalMeetingofPolice $ t L  M  _wwCorregedores_wwL  M  ԀinBrazil,withaviewtodiscussingexistingproblemsandproposingpublicpolicies  ` tostrengthentheL  M  _wwCorregedorias_wwL  M  .  L  254.  AttheMeeting,itwasfoundthattheimprovementoftheworkoftheL  M  _wwCorregedorias_wwL  M  Ԁcanbe $  reachedthroughtheadoptionofthefollowingproposals:1)administrativeandfinancialautonomy;   ii)adequateorganizationalstructure;iii)provisionofqualificationandimprovementcourserfor   officersandmanagers;iv)logisticandhumanresources(aqualifiedspecificcorpsofofficials,whose   numbershouldbeequivalentoabout2%ofthetotalnumberoftheinstitutionsofficers;v)adequate   regulationoftheexistinglegislationthroughnormativeinstrumentsandstandardizationof p procedures;vi)specificpenitentiariesforpoliceofficers;vii)creationofintelligenceand \ investigationunits;viii)exchangesamongtheL  M  _wwCorregedorias_wwL  M  ;ix)L  M  L  M  institutionofspecialpayor H officialsattheL  M  _wwCorregedorias_wwL  M  ;x)creationoftheNationalCollegeofPoliceL  M  _wwCorregedores_wwL  M  . 4 255.  _wwSENASP_wwԀalsocarriedoutthefirstResearchontheOrganizationalProfileofPolice  \ L  M  Corregedorias,L  M  55L  M  Ԁwhosereportshouldbepublishedsoon.Thisresearchaimedatdeepening H knowledgeonthestructureofexistingPoliceL  M  _wwCorregedorias_wwL  M  Ԁ(bothgeneralandspecificoftheCivil 4 andMilitaryPolice),andfromtheanalysisofthatReport_wwSENASP_wwԀwillevaluatetheimplementation   ofthefollowingactions:_wwi_ww)acquisitionofequipmentforakittobedistributeddirectlytothe   L  M  _wwCorregedorias_wwL  M  Ԁduringthefirsthalfofnextyear;ii)qualificationofpoliceofficersinadministrative  disciplinaryprocedures,throughtheNationalNetworkofRemoteEducation,stillduringthecurrent  year;iii)settingupofaworkinggroupthroughministerialact,composedoften(10)L  M  _wwcorregedores_ww  L  M  fromthecivilandmilitarypolice,representingthefiveregionsofthecountry,tomakeeffectivethe l neededlegislationandtheproceduralstandardization,amongotherproposalsthatmaybeconsidered X  feasibleandpragmatic. D! L  M   180.  Furthermore,theconstitutionaldebateonthepowerofthePublicProsecutorsOfficeto #l! initiateindependentinvestigationsintoallegationsoftortureisstillpending.TheConstitutionhas $X" beeninterpretedbysomeasprovidingthePublicProsecutorsOfficewithamoreactiveroleand $D # allowingittoproceedwithcriminalinvestigationsandindictofficialsinvolvedincriminalactivities, %0!$ suchastorture,incaseswherethereissufficientprimafacieevidence.Othercommentators, &"% includingthepolice,claimthatconstitutionalprovisionsrequirethatapoliceinquiryisnecessary '#& andthatpreventingthecausesoftorturewouldbemoreappropriate.TheCommitteemembers (#' __________ )$( 55TheReportoftheresearchwillbeavailableatL  M  ԀL  M  www.mj.gov.brL  M  Ԁat_wwPesquisas_wwԀ_wwEstatsticas_ww. |*%)  h+&* Їconsiderthatpublicprosecutorsshouldbeabletoinitiatecasesratherthanhavingtorelyon  evidencecollectedandforwardedbythepolice.  L  M  256.  L  M  ThePublicProsecutorsOffice(L  M  MinistrioPblicoL  M  )istheinstitutionchargedwiththe ` defenseofthepublicorder,thedemocraticregimeandtheinalienablesocialandindividualinterests. L  Ithasfunctional,administrativeandbudgetaryautonomy.Itsmembersenjoythesameimpediments 8  andguaranteesasmagistrates.Onpenalmatters,theProsecutorsOfficeisentitledtopublicpenal $ t actionandinordertoexerciseititsmembersarevestedwithprivilegessuchas exerciseinternal  ` controlofpoliceactivityand orderinvestigationproceduresandinitiatepoliceinquiry,withthe  L  indicationofthelegalgroundsofitsproceduralmanifestations(arts.127and129VIIandVIIIof  8  theFederalConstitution).Onitspart,thejudicialpoliceactivityisincumbentonthecivil(State)and $  federalpolice,whicharechargedwith verifyingcriminalinfractions,exceptmilitary(art.144,   1and4oftheFederalConstitution).ThusthereisnodoubtthatthePublicProsecutorsofficemay,   uponknowledgeofapossiblecriminalinfraction,orderthecarryingoutofaninvestigation,request   specificsearchandifalreadyinpossessionofsufficientelementsforofferingadenunciation(that   is,theinitiationofthelegalprocess)independentlyfromthepoliceinvestigation. p L  M  257.  L  M  Thus,publicprosecutorsmayofferdenunciation(thatis,initiatepenalactionincourt) H independentlyfromthepoliceinvestigation,iftheypossesssufficientelementsthatindicatethe 4 materialityoftheoffenseanditsauthorship.L  M  56L  M  ԀThequestionofthepowertoinvestigatepenal  p L  M  L  M  infractionsdirectlybythePublicProsecutorsOffice,withoutpoliceparticipation,isstill  \ controversial.ThisissueisunderexaminationbytheSupremeCourt.Despitethissituationoflack H oflegaldefinition,thereareconcreteexamplesofspecialpoliceteamsoperatingdirectlywiththe 4 PublicProsecutorsOffice.   L  M   181.  L  M  Proposalshavebeenmadetoreplacethepreliminarypoliceinvestigationwithan  investigationledbyaprosecutorandcontrolledbyaninvestigatingjudge,wherebyalldetained  personswouldbebroughtbeforeaninvestigatingjudgeandonlyconfessionsmadebeforehim/her  wouldbeconsideredadmissible.TheCommitteememberssupportthisproposal,butnotethatno l actionhasbeentakeninthisrespecttodate.L  M   X  L  M  258.  L  M  TheBrazilianjusticesystemdoesnotincludejudicialinquiryor investigativejudges.The 0"  creationofthePublicProsecutorsOffice,withthesameimpedimentsandguaranteesasthoseof #l! judges,aimspreciselyatcharginganotherinstitutionwiththetaskofpenalprosecution.Thetaskof $X" __________ $D # 56 Theinitiationofapoliceinvestigationisnotindispensabletotheinitiationofapublicpenal %0!$ action,andthePublicProsecutorsOfficemayutilizeevidenceinordertosupportitsopinion.There &"% isnoimpedimentforthePublicProsecutorsagenttogatherotherdepositionswhen,havingafactual '#& knowledgeofthecircumstantialevidenceoftheauthorshipandmateriality,helearnsdirectlyofany (#' factthatdeservesclarification(_Ing_.1.957),_Rapp_.Min.L  M  Carlos_Velloso_,DJ11.11.05). )$(  h+&* Їjudging,withindependenceandimpartiality,isreservedtomagistrates.Thisconceptisinspiredin  theaccusatorymodelofpenalproL  M  cedure.L  M    L  M  259.  L  M  ThesystemofevaluationofevidenceadoptedinBrazilianlaw,knownasrationalpersuasion ` ofthejudges,doesnotestablishavaluerelationshipamongpiecesofevidenceandrequiresthejudge L  togivethereasonsforhisorherdecision.Besides, 8thedefendantsconfessionceasestobe 8  conclusiveproofofhis(her)guilt.Allevidenceisrelative;nonehasadecisivevalueornecessarily $ t moreprestigethatanother.(ExposonthePenalProcedureCode,itemVII).Thus,eventhe  ` confessionduringtheinquiry,byitself,unaccompaniedbyotherevidencetoindicatetheauthorship  L  oftheoffensebythedefendant,maynotbeenoughtobringabouthis(her)conviction.  8  L  M   182.L  M    Anotherfactorthatcontributestoimpunityisthatjudgesdonotapplythe1997TortureLaw   andprefertoclassifycasesoftortureasbodilyharmorabuseofauthority.Thefederalizationofthe   crimeoftorturehasbeenproposedasapossiblemeansofovercomingthedifficultiesinthe   implementationoftheTortureLaw.TheCommitteemembersfounditregrettablethattheprocedure   establishedbytheConstitutionalamendment45/2004,wherebytheSuperiorCourtofJusticeis p competent,uponrequestoftheFederalProsecutorGeneral,totransferacaseconcerningserious \ violationsofhumanrights(includingtorture)fromthelocalcourtstothefederalcourtshasrarely H beenused. 4 L  M  260.  L  M  TheGovernmentlacksdatathatwouldenableittorecognizethatthe Leicontraa_Tortura_  \ (AntiTortureLaw)isnotbeingeffectivelyappliedbythejudicialauthorities.Similarly,thereare H noavailabledataontheresultofdenunciations(penalprocedures)ofcrimesoftortureandtheresult 4 ofconvictionsforthiscrimeoralessseriouL  M  sone(suchasphysicalharm).L  M  Fromtheissuesraisedby   CATsReportitwillbeimportanttolookintothissituationandsearchforadequatesolutions   togetherwiththeJudiciaryBranch.  L  M  261.  L  M  ThereformoftheJudicialBranchaccordedspecialtreatmenttoseriousviolationsagainst  humanrights,bymeansofthepossibilityofthetransferofcompetencetotheFederalJustice. l Accordingto5ofarticle109oftheFederalConstitution, L  M  incasesofgraveviolationsofhuman X  rights,theGeneralProsecutor,withaviewtoensuringcompliancewithobligationsstemmingfrom D! internationaltreatiesonhumanrightsofwhichBrazilisaParty,mayraisebeforetheSuperior 0"  CourtofJustice,atanytimeduringtheinquiryortheprocedure,theshiftingofcompetencetothe #l! FederalJusticeL  M  .L  M  ԀL  M  ThisproposalwascontainedintheNationalHumanRightsprogram,havingin $X" mindthatseriousviolationsareanissuethatintereststhewholecountry,andtheirinternaland $D # externalrepercussiongoesbeyondtheterritoriallimitsoftheStatesoftheFederation.Whilethe %0!$ normisautoapplicable,accordingtoadecisionbytheFederalSupremeCourt,thedetailed &"% regulationofthematterisproposedinDraftBill6.647,of2006,alreadyapprovedbytheFederal '#& SenateandpresentlyawaitingexaminationbytheConstitutionandJusticeCommitteeoftheHouse (#' ofRepresentatives. )$( L  M  262.  L  M  Itshouldbereiterated,however,thatanycitizenmayfilearequesttotheGeneralProsecutor h+&* withaviewtoinitiatingtheprocedureofshiftingofcompetencetotheFederalJusticesystem.The  GeneralProsecutorwilldecideonitspertinence.  L  M  263.  L  M  Itshouldalsobestressedthatthereisadraftconstitutionalamendment(_wwPEC_wwԀno.48705)that t legitimizestheUnionsGeneralPublicDefendertoinitiatetheshiftincompetence,asawayto ` furtherexpandthefederalizatL  M  ionofsuchseriousviolations.L  M   L  L  M  L  M  183.L  M    Thereseemstobeverystrongpressureanddemandfromsocietyandpoliticiansthatall $ t criminalsshouldreceivestrictpenaltiesandremainindetentioncentresawayfromthepublic.  ` Judgesallegedlyimposeharshersentencesthanarenecessary,anddonotapplyalternative  L  sentences,suchaspaymentofreparation,communityworkortemporarysuspensionofrights  8  providedbythePenalCode.Theapplicationofsuchsentenceswouldrelieve,toacertainextent, $  theovercrowdingwhichexistsindetentioncentres.   L  M  264.  L  M  TheBrazilianGovernmentisactingontheencouragementoftheapplicationofalternative   sentences,asmeasuresinkeepingwiththeidealofresocializationoftheoffenderandalso   contributetolesseningtheproblemofovercrowding.TheBrazL  M  ilianGovernmentbelievesthat p L  M  deprivationoffreedomisnotalwaysthebestwayofpunishingcrimes. \ L  M  265.  L  M  AsstatedbytheCommittee,alternativemeasureshavenotyetbeenfullyacceptedbothby 4 societyandbyauthoritiesresponsiblefortheirapplication.TheBrazilianGovernmentthusconsiders  p essentialthedevelopmentoftheprogramsinthatdirection.  \ L  M  266.  L  M  So,sidebysidewiththecreationoftheFederalPenitentiarySystem,turnedtohighrisk 4 crimes,anumberofmeasuresaimingatthediffusionandencouragementtotheapplicationof   alternatL  M  ivesentencingweredeveloped.L  M  TheMinistryofJustice,throughtheNationalPenitentiary   Department(_wwDEPEN_ww)hasaprogramofstimulitoinitiativesinthisarea.Someofthestatesreceiving  incentivesbywayofresourceshaveshownsignificantresults.  L  M  267.  L  M  Asanexample,thecaseoftheStateofPernamL  M  bucodeservestobementioned.L  M  Between l March2005andSeptember2006,theAlternativeSentencingandSocialIntegrationManagement X  (_wwGEPAIS_ww)L  M  ԄL  M  ԀconnectedtotheJusticeandHumanRightsSecretariatoftheStateofPernambucoL  M  ԄL  M  Ԁwas D! responsiblefortheinstallationoftennewunitsoftheCentralofSupporttoAlternativeMeasures 0"  andSentences(_wwCEAPAS_ww).Thesearethenucleithatmonitoralternativemeasuresinthestate. #l! L  M  268.  L  M  Itmustbestressedthattheapplicationofalternativemeasuresandsentencesinvolvesa $D # complexoperation,sincetheconvictedmustbekeptunderacertaincontrolbytheState,despite %0!$ beingfree. &"% L  M  269.  L  M  TheresultsreachedinPernambucoillustratetheefficacyoftheadoptionofthosemeasures. (#' Duringthethirteenmonthsoftheiroperationtheimprisonmentof869personswasavoided. )$( L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  270.  L  M  AnothermeasurecreatedtoexpanddebateontheissueistheholdingoftheNational h+&* CongressontheExecutionofAlternativeSentencesandMeasures(_CONEPA_).Theobjectiveof  _CONEPA_Ԁisthedebateofcentralissuesonthenationalrealityconcerningthealternativepenal  executionandtoproducestrategicbasesandfundamentalguidanceofasustainablepolicyof  stimulustoalternativesentencingandmeasuresinBrazil.Thisentailsthenecessarycooperation t betweentheState,throughtheinstitutionsthatmakeupthejusticesystemL  M  ԄL  M  ԀJudiciaryBranch,Public ` ProsecutorOffice,andPublicDefenderOfficeL  M  ԄL  M  ԀtheExecutiveBranch,civilsocietyandthemedia. L  TheCongressisanannualeventandthethirdonewilltakeplaceinNovemberthisyear,inthestate 8  ofMinas_Gerais_. $ t L  M  271.  L  M  Furthermore,theMinistryofJusticecreatedtheNationalCommissiononAlternative  L  Sentencing,anagencydedicatedtodialoguewiththestatestodivulgetheapplicationofalternative  8  measures. $  L  M  272.  L  M  TherestructuringoftheNationalPenitentiaryDepartment,withthecreationoftheGeneral   CoordinationofAlternativeSentencing,isalsoanimportantfactortodenotetherelevanceofthis   issuefortheBrazilianGovernment.   L  M  273.  L  M  Allactionsdescribedaboveresultedinthegrowthoftheapplicationofalternativesentences \ inBrazil:in2002,21.560personsservedalternativesentencesorweresubjectedtoalternative H measures;theestimatenumberfortheendof2006isaround170.000persons.ThesenumbersL  M  Ԅa 4 growthbyL  M  almost700%infouryearsL  M  ԄL  M  Ԁattesttothesuccessofthepolicyofexpansionandacceptance  p ofalternativesentencesandmeasuresbytheagencieschargedwithpenalexecutionandthesociety  \ ingeneral. H L  M  274.  L  M  MentionshouldalsobemadetotheenactmentofLawno.10.259/2001,whichbesides   havingcreatedtheSpecialFederalCriminalCourtsalsoexpandedtherangeofcrimessubjecttothe   applicationofalternativesentences,byestablishinganewparadigmforcrimesoflesseroffensive  potential,nowdefinedasthosecrimesforwhichthemaximumsanctionisundertwoyearsof  incarcerationorfine.  L  M  L  M  184.L  M    TheCommitteememberswereconcernedatcommentsmadebyhighlevelGovernment X  officials;theseincludedtheopinionthatjuvenilesecondtimeoffendersshouldnotbeprotected D! undertheStatuteoftheChildandAdolescentandthatpoliceofficerswhocommitacrimeoftorture 0"  shouldnotbetreatedinthesamewayascivilianswhocommitsuchacrime,becausetheformercan #l! beintegratedintosocietymoreeasily,giventhattheyaretrainedL  M  . $X" L  M  275.  TheBrazilianGovernmentwishestoreiterateitsfullcommitmenttotheimplementationand %0!$ thestrictestcompliancewiththeStatuteoftheChildandtheAdolescentandtothepunishmentof &"% policeofficersindictedandconvictedforthecrimeoftorture.Itdoesnotrecognize,therefore, '#& contrarystatementsbyanyindividualsinauthorityatanyleveloftheFederation. (#' L  M  L  M  185.  L  M  TheCommitteemembersobservedthattheprotectionofdetaineesduringtheirarrest,pre |*%) trialdetentionanddetentioniswellprovidedforinthenationallegislation.However,serious h+&* difficultiesariseintheimplementationofthelawL  M  .L  M  ԀTheyalsoconsideredthatthelegalprovisionsin  thisareaaregenerallynotwellknown.ThisobservationwasconfirmedwhenthePresidentofthe  SupremeCourtofRiodeJaneiroaffirmedtotheCommitteemembersthatthecrimeoftorture  constitutedafederalcrime.DuetohislackL  M  ԀL  M  ofknowledgeofcriminallawinthisregard,theL  M   t L  M  PresidentL  M  ԀL  M  feltuncomfortablewiththediscussionandabruptlyinterruptedthedialoguewiththe ` CommitteemembersL  M  .L  M   L  L  M  276.  L  M  TheMinistryofJustice,throughtheNationalPublicSecuritySecretariat(_SENASP_Ԅ_MJ_),has $ t beenimplementshortmediumandlongtermmeasuresaimingatchangingthecultureofstate  ` policeforcesregardingtheneedtoensuretheprotectionofdetaineesonoccasionoftheirarrest.  L  L  M  277.  L  M  AsasL  M  hL  M  orttermmeasure,_SENASP_ԀheldHumanRightsMeetingstomotivate,sensitizeand $  mobilizemultiplierleadershipsinthehumanrightsculture,inthecontextofpublicsecurity,thus   contributingtotheformationofaNationalCultureofHumanRightsandDuties,ofactivesolidarity   andsocialpeace,andcollaboratingfortheconstructionofanewpolice,consciousofitsroleinthe   promotionofhumanrightsandpeace.Infouryears,2.480professionalsinthefieldofPublic   SecurityweretrainedinthestatesofBahia,Paran,_S o_ԀPaulo,_Amazonas_,_Paraba_,Pernambuco, p RioGrandedoNorteand_Sergipe_. \ L  M  278.  L  M  AnotherinitiativewasthecreationofanItinerantSchoolofHighStudiesinPublicSecurity 4 withthepurposeofdevelopingtheconscienceofoperatorsinpublicsecurityascitizens,promoting  p reflectionontechniquesofactionemployedintheiractivities,theenhancementoftheprofessional  \ characterofpoliceactions,incentivetosharingofresponsibilitiesandintegrationoftheactionof H allorganizationsrelatedtotheareaofpublicsecurityandthebroadeningoftheresponsibilityofthe 4 policebeyondstrictlycriminalissues.   L  M  279.  L  M  ApartnershipwiththeInternationalCommitteeoftheRedCrosswasestablishedinorder  topromotethetrainingofpoliceofficersinhumanRights,benefiting1.030officers.In2006,the  partnershipwasrenewedwithaviewtoworkoutthequestionof_transversal_Ԁteachingofhuman  rightsinthecurriculaofthefederatedunits.In2006theFirstInterAmericanCongressonEducation l inHumanRightswasheldwiththeparticipationofpoliceofficers,_NGO_Ԁrepresentatives, X  professionalsinthefieldofhumanrightsandrepresentativesofuniversities. D! L  M  280.  L  M  Quantitativeandqualitativestandardswereestablishedforthedistributionoffinancial #l! resourcestothestatepublicsecuritySecretariats.Itisimportanttostressthatthequalitative $X" standardsincludetheconcreteimplementationbythestatesofpoliciesofexternalcontrolofthe $D # policeactivities,investmentincontinuingqualification,autonomyofL  M  _corregedorias_L  M  Ԁaswellaspublic %0!$ policiesthatenhancetheadoptionofprinciplesofrespecttohumanrightsandaleadingroleforthe &"% policeinsuchissues. '#& L  M  281.  L  M  ThecrimeoftorturewasincludedasacategoryintheclassificationofeventsintheNational )$( SystemofStatisticsonPublicL  M  SecurityandCriminalJustice. |*%)  h+&* 282.  L  M  ItshouldalsobestressedthattheNationalPolicyofCL  M  ommunityPolicewaslaunchedin  L  M  2005,withtheholdingoftheILatinAmericanCongressonCitizenSecurity.Professionalsand  scholarsdebatedwithanaudienceofover500peoplethethemeofCommunityPoliceinLatin  America.Representativesofmorethan10LatinAmericanL  M  ԀandCaribbeancountries(CostaL  M  Rica, t Nicaragua,Guatemala,Honduras,Mexico,Peru,DominicanRepublic,Argentina,Chile,Paraguay, ` Uruguay,Venezuela,andColombia)werepresent,expoundingtheirexperiencesintheintroduction L  ofacitizenspolice.Thiseventmarkedthestartofasurveyofnationalexperiencestosupportthe 8  elaborationofaNationalMatrixofCommunityPolicePrograms,inlinewiththenationalcurricular $ t matrixesforthetrainingofstateprofessionalsinpublicsecurity.Aswellasprofessionalsfrom  ` MunicipalGuards.AnotherstrategicactivitywastheholdingoftheCommunityPoliceContest,in  L  2005,whoseobjectivewastherecognitionofthesuccessofcommunitypoliceprograms  8  implementedinanyunitoftheFederationinthecountryandthedisseminatL  M  ionofsuccessful $  experiences.L  M     L  M  283.  L  M  OnApril262006aWorkingGroupwassetupwithin_SENASP_Ԅ_MJ_Ԁthroughministerialact   withthetaskofelaboratingthe NationalCurricularMatrixforCommunityPolice,whosechief   objectiveisthepresentationofproposalsforthedescriptionofthesubjectsinthecurriculumofthe p CommunityPoliceCourseforMultiplierswhichwillguidethetrainingofprofessionalsinthefield \ ofpublicsecurity,underthephilosophyofcommunitypoliceandsocialmobilizaL  M  tionofcommunity H leaderships.L  M  421publicsecurityprofessionalsfromalloverBrazilweretrained,amongwhom 4 militarypoliceofficers,chiefcivilpoliceofficers,communityleadersandinspectorsfromMunicipal  p Guards.  \ L  M  284.  L  M  Asformediumterm,theGovernmentisinvestinginapartnershipbetweentheSpecial 4 SecretariatforHumanRightsand_SENASP_Ԅ_MJ_,withaninvestmenttodateoftheequivalentto   R$6,6milliontostrengthenexistingpoliceL  M  _ouvidorias_,L  M  aswellasL  M  ԀL  M  tocreatesuchL  M  _ouvidorias_ԀL  M  instates   wheretheydonotyetexist,especiallythestatesof_Sergipe_,_Amap_Ԁand_Paraba_,bywayof  agreement,and_Rond=nia_,Acre,_Mato_ԀGrossodoSulandTocantins.Itshouldbestressedthatthe  modeladoptedforthepoliceL  M  _ouvidorias_L  M  ,endorsedbytheNationalForumofpoliceL  M  _ouvidores_L  M  ,not  onlydoesthefollowupofdenunciationsofpracticeofarbitraryorillegalactsonthepartofpolice l officersbutalsoaimsatpromotingpreventiveaction,lookingforinvestmentonqualificationand X  controlbythestatebeforetheoccurrenceoffactsofthatnature. D! L  M  285.  L  M  Finally,asregardsthelongterm,theGovernmentisinvestinginthecontinuingtrainingof #l! allprofessionalsinpublicsecurityfromthestates(civilandmilitarypolice)andmunicipalities $X" (municipalguards)L  M  ԄL  M  Ԁprisonwardens,physicians,expertsandpoliceofficersL  M  ԄL  M  Ԁthroughtheprojects $D # NationalCurriculumMatrixforPoliceLearningandNaL  M  tionalPublicSecurityNetworkL  M  andLong %0!$ DistanceEducationNetworkforPublicSecurity. &"% L  M  286.  L  M  TheNationalCurriculumMatrixisanationalreferencefortheformationandtrainingof (#' operatorsinpublicSecurity,basedontheprinciplesofhumanrightsandcitizenship,integration. )$( _interdiscipline_,continuityandquality,aimingatstandardizingformationactivitiesinpublicsecurity |*%) _focusing_ԀonhumanisticandtechnicaltraininginallunitsoftheFederation.Theimplementationof h+&* thispedagogicreferenceforpublicsecurityprofessionalshasbroughtaboutimportantchanges  regardingtheformulationofpoliciesguidingformation,professionaldevelopmentandpermanent  educationofitsprofessionals.  L  M  287.  L  M  TheNationalNetworkofSpecializationinPublicSecurityismadeupofpublicandprivate ` HigherEducationInstitutions,dulylicensedby_SENASP_Ԅ_MJ_Ԁtopromotespecializationcourses(L  M  _Latu_ L  _Senso_)L  M  Ԁinpublicsecurityinordertodisseminateamongpublicsecurityprofessionals,andthus 8  amongtheinstitutionswheretheywork,theknowledgeandabilitytoappraisenecessaryforthe $ t constructionofanewwayofmakingpublicsecurity,throughacommitmentwithcitizenship,human  ` rightsandtheconstructionofsocialpeace,andarticulatedwithscientificprogressandaccumulated  L  knowledge.  8  L  M  288.  L  M  TheLongDistanceEducationNetworkforPublicSecuritL  M  yisanenvironmentof   teaching-L  M  learningthataimsatinforming,formingupdatingandspecializing,atnocharge,the   operatorsofpublicsecurityinBrazilL  M  ԄL  M  Ԁcivil,federal,highwayandL  M  Ԁmilitaryofficers,firemenand   L  M  municipalguards,usingthemediaandtheInternet.   L  M  289.  L  M  TherearealsoprogramstargetingspecificallythemembersoftheJudiciaryBranchandthe \ PublicProsecutorOffice,withtheobjectiveofimprovingtheperformanceoftheseprofessionalsin H thestruggleagainsttorture.InDecember2005,duringaSeminaron BuildingaNationalPolicyto 4 CombatTorture,amanualforMagistratesandmembersofthePublicProsecutorsOfficewas  p launched,containingadescriptionofthedutiesandresponsibilitiesofjudgesandprosecutorsin  \ ordertopreventandinvestigateactsoftorture,aswellasotherformsofilltreatment.TheManual H alsooffersguidancefromthebestpracticesaboutwaystofighttortureattheprocedurallevel,the 4 legalinstrumentsinforceandcasestriedattheinternalandinternationallevels.AtthisSeminarthe   theme TheFightAgainstTortureintheFormationofMagistratesandProsecutorswasdiscussed.   L  M  290.  L  M  RegardingtheepisodeinRiodeJaneiro,theBrazilianGovernmentrecallsitsobservations  containedinthesectiononthegeneralcommentsonthevisit.  L  M  L  M  186.  L  M  TheCommitteemembersalsonotedthat,inpractice,alargenumberofdetaineeswithwhom X  theCommitteemembersmetdidnothaveanyfreelegalassistance,despitethefactthattheydidnot D! havethefundstopayalawyer.ThePublicDefendersOfficeisnotavailableinalargepartofthe 0"  countryandreportedly,inthosecaseswhereitispresent,lacksresourcestocarryoutitsfunctions. #l! Forinstance,theStateof_S o_ԀPaulostilldoesnothaveaPublicDefendersOffice.Atthetimeof $X" thevisit,thePublicDefendersOfficeinRiodeJaneirowasonstrikeforvariousreasons,including $D # lackofpersonnel,precariousworkconditionsandlowsalaries(publicdefendersreportedlyearn %0!$ onethirdofajudgeorprosecutorssalary).L  M   &"% L  M  291.  L  M  TheFederalConstitutionassurestherighttofullandfreelegalassistancetothosewhoprove (#' lackofresources.ThePublicDefenderofficesoftheUnion,thestatesandtheFederalDistrict )$( shouldprovidethisassistance.TowidenthescopeoftheservicesofthePublicDefender,improve |*%) itsstructureandincreasethenumberofitsmembers,thefederalgovernmentadoptedimportant h+&* measuresduringthelastfouryears.OneofthemostimportantchangesattheConstitutionalReform  oftheJudiciaryBranchwasthegratingofadministrative,financialandbudgetarytothePublic  Defendersoffices.ThepracticaleffectsofsuchautonomywereevaluatedattheIIDiagnosisof  PublicDefenderservicesinBrazil,launchedbytheMinistryofJusticeinDecember2006. t SignificantprogresswasattainedinallPublicDefenderoffices,withanincreaseinbudgetary ` expenses,increaseinthenumbercircuitcourtsandjudicialsectionsL  M  L  M  assisted,increaseinthenumber L  ofpublicexaminationstobecomeaDefenderandaconcomitantincreaseinthenumberofdefenders. 8  In2004,threestatesintheFederationdidnotpossessPublicDefenderoffices.Afterthepassingof $ t theConstitutionalAmendment45;2004,twoofthemalreadyestablishedtheiroffices(_S o_ԀPaulo  ` andRioGrandedoNorte),andtheonlyoneL  M  ԀL  M  remainingisSanta_Catarina_.ThestatesofParanand  L  _Gois_ԀhaveLegalAidservicesbutthosearenotorganizedasPublicDefenderoffices.Withinthe  8  PublicDefenderofficeoftheUnion,169PublicDefenderjobswerecreatedandfilled. $  L  M  292.  L  M  InthestateswherethematterstilldependsonregulationandPublicDefenderofficeshave   notyetbeencreated,the_defense_ԀofthoseinneedisdonethroughJudicialAssistanceAttorneysor   similaragencies,orelsebylawyersappointedbythejudgetoperformthisduty.   L  M  293.  L  M  Importantlawswerepassedatthesubconstitutionallevel,especiallytheexpress \ legitimizationoftheDefenderofficestoinitiatecollectivelegalsuitstodefendtheirclientsandthe H changeintheCodeofPenalProceduretorequirethepoliceauthoritytheimmediatecommunication 4 tothejudge,tothepersonsfamily(orthepersonappointedbyhim)andtothePublicDefenderany  p arrestL  M  inflagrantedelictoL  M  ԀincaseswherethearrestedpersL  M  onhasnolawyer.L  M    \ L  M  L  M  187.L  M    TheCommitteemembersalsoobservedthatspecificinitiativeshavebeentakenatthestate 4 andfederalleveltocombatthepracticeoftorture,suchasthe NationalPermanentCampaignfor   _Combating_ԀTortureandImpunitylaunchedbythefederalGovernmentandcivilsocietybut   regrettablydiscontinuedin2003.Thecampaignhasbeencriticizedbymany_NGOs_Ԁasbeinghighly  ineffective.L  M    L  M  294.  L  M  TakingintoaccountthelimitsandwantsdetectedduringtheNationalPermanentCampaign l AgainstTortureandInstitutionalViolence,theBraziliangovernmenthaselaboratedandis X  implementingineightpilotstates(AC,L  M  ԀL  M  AL,PB,PE,RS,DF,L  M  ԀL  M  ESandPI)theintegratedactionplan D! againsttorture. 0"  L  M  295.  L  M  Theguidingprinciplesoftheactionplanagainsttortureare:actionsaimingandrendering $X" moredifficultthepracticeoftorture,increasetheriskofpunishmentandremoveexcusesforthat $D # practice;adoptionofmeasuresaimingatstrengtheningthevictim,avoidormitigatefrictionin %0!$ confrontationsandrelationships,toenableeffectivevigilance(personalandenvironmental)and &"% maketheoffenderlesslikelytocommitthecrime;developmentofintegratedactions,articulating '#& initiativesdevelopedinthedifferentpolicecorps,publicprosecutoroffices,publicdefenderoffices, (#' judicialagencies,jails,detention_centers_,penitentiaries,unitsofinternmentofadolescentsandthe )$( civilsociety. |*%)  h+&* L  M  296.  L  M  Inthiscontext,theplanproducedaprofoundchangeinpreviousstrategiesbyadoptingan  intersectorial,integratedandsystemicapproachtooperatemanagerialandorganizationalchanges,  professionalprocedures,practices,attitudesnormsandvaluesthatallowthedevelopmentand  consolidationofacultureofintegritywithintheinstitutions.Theintentionistoreinforcethe t inclinationsofpublicagentstoresistopportunitiesforabuseofpowerandforceandtoward ` toleranceforabusesassociatedwiththeirjobsandfunctions.InthissensetheTermofAdherence, L  tobesignedbypublicandprivateinstitutionsintheplaceswherethePlanisbeingintroduced, 8  requiresthecommitmenttocreateanIntersectorialStateCommitteetomonitortheexecutionofthe $ t planatthelocallevel.  ` L  M  297.  L  M  ThePlanforeseespreventiveactioninordertomakeaggresL  M  sorsanswerableandtoreceive,  8  L  M  assist,protectandcompensatevictims.Thefollowingpunitiveactionshavebeenprovidedfor: $  L  M  (a)  DL  M  eclarationagainsttorturebythehighechelons,makingclearthatthereisnoroomforthis   practiceinthepoliticalstructureoftheinstitution.Commitmenttoadopteffectivemeasuresforthe   repressionoftorture.Articulationwithstateandfederalgovernmentsforthesignatureofadocument   repudiatingtortureandcommitmenttoitseradication.Widepublicityinthemedia.Tobeattentive p toeventsthatmaypromotedeclarationsbypublicsecurityofficialsandincentivesforthemtodoso, \ especiallywhennewsabouttortureappearinthepress; H L  M  (b)  TL  M  olinkfederalfinancingofandpenalandpolicefacilitiestotheexistenceofstructureand  p programstosecurerespecttotherightsofdetainees;  \ L  M  _(c)_  CL  M  reateanddistributeabasiclibraryofdocuments,studies,researchandnationaland 4 internationalmanualsregardingtheintegrityoftheinstitutionsoftheCriminalJusticeSystemwith   specialattentiontothepreventionandcontroloftorture;   L  M  (d)  DL  M  evelopstudies,researchandmanualsabouttheintegrityofinstitutionsintheCriminal  JusticeSystemwithspecialattentiontothepreventionandcontroloftorture;  L  M  (e)  DL  M  evelopamoduleonhumanrightsandtorturetobeappliedinformativeschoolsforpolice X  officersandpenitentiaryagents.Hirespecialiststocreatedidacticmaterialonthematte.Toestablish D! trainingcoursesforpoliceandpenitentiaryinstructors.Toevaluatetheimpactofthemoduleonthe 0"  students,inassociationwiththepoliceandpenitentiaryacademies; #l! L  M  (f)  CL  M  reateadatabankwithgoodpracticesfortheprevenL  M  tionandcontroloftorture.ToL  M  make $D # widedisseminationofthatintentioninordertocollectdataandinsertthemintheInternet; %0!$ L  M  (g)  CL  M  reatea DialHumanRightsnumber,usingtheprogressachievedbytheSOSTortureand '#& correctingitsdefects,_analyzing_Ԁforthisendtheexperienceofthe DialSexualExploitationand (#' similarsystemstoreceiveanddealwithdenunciationsandcomplaintsontheinstitutionsofthe )$( CriminalJusticeSystemsexistinginothercountries; |*%) L  M   h+&* (h)  CL  M  lassifyexistingdataandinformationandintegratedatabanksandinformationonthe  structureandoperationoftheinstitutionsoftheCriminalJusticeSystem;  L  M  (_i_)  OL  M  fferconditionsandincentivesfortheagenciesresponsibleforthemonitoringofplacesof t deprivationoflibertytocomplywiththelaw.JudgesandmembersofthePublicProsecutorsOffice ` havelegalcompetencetomakemonthlyinspections.Forotheragencies(PenitentiaryCouncil, L  NationalCriminalandPenitentiaryPolicyCouncil,CommunityCouncil,NationalPenitentiary 8  Department,forPenalExecution,andTutelageCouncils,fortheinstitutionsofinternmentof $ t adolescents)thereisnofixedschedule.Atanyrate,itisanessentialresourceforthepromotionof  ` integrityintheCriminalJusticeSystemandforthepreventionoftorturethatinspectionscanbe  L  carriedoutasoftenaspossible,withnowarning,withtheassurancethatvisitorscanhavedirect  8  accesstotheinmatesandthatcontactsareconfidential; $  L  M  (j)  CL  M  reate,forthemembersofentitiesresponsibleforthefollowupofpenalexecutionin   penitentiaries,anopenprogramfortrainingintheapplicationof_socio_Ԅeducativemeasuresinunits   ofinternmentofadolescentsandinthetreatmentofpersonsinotherplacesofdeprivationof   freedom,accordingtothedirectivescontainedintheL  M  OptionalProtocol.L  M  Thetrainingshouldalso p qualifyagentsforcarryingoutmoreeffectiveinspections,accordingtointernationalcriteriaforthe \ protectionandpromotionofhumanrL  M  ightsandpreventionoftorture;L  M   H L  M  (k)  L  M  EncourageandpromotepersonnelqualificationforthecreationofCommunityCouncils,as  p providedforintheLawofPenalExecution;  \ L  M  (l)  L  M  Widen,improve,qualifyandstimulatethepractice,atalllevels,offreelegalassistanceto 4 personsdeprivedoffreedom.Suchmeasuresguaranteetherightsofindividualsinfollowinginquiry   andprocedures,andpreventtorture.   29L  M  8L  M  .  Thefollowingactionstomakeaggressorsanswerablehavebeenprovidedfor:  L  M  (L  M  a)  L  M  CL  M  reationofspecificL  M  _corregedorias_ԀL  M  forthePoliceSystemandthePenitentiarySystem; l L  M  (L  M  b)  L  M  CL  M  reationofindependentL  M  _ouvidorias_L  M  Ԁinbothsystemstoreceivedenunciationsoftortureand D! followinvestigations.ItispossibletocollecttheexistinglawsonthematterL  M  ԄL  M  Ԁforinstance,theone 0"  thatcreatedtheL  M  _ouvidoria_L  M  ԀofthePoliceof_S o_ԀPauloL  M  ԄL  M  Ԁandelaborateadraftbillthatcanberepeated #l! inthesatesorvotedintheNationalCongress.Articulationwithstateandfederalgovernmentsto $X" sendthedrafttotheLegislative; $D # L  M  _(L  M  c)_  L  M  CL  M  reationofspecializedgroupsofprosecutorstofighttorture,makingthemawarethatatthe &"% timeofdenunciationtheincidentshouldbeinscribedunderthepenalclassificationoftorture. '#& IncludetheissueinmeetingsoftheNationalCollegeofGeneralprosecutors.Organizenational (#' experiencesandformulateproposalstobeintroducedbythePublicProsecutorOfficesinthefederal )$( andstatelevelsandintheFederalDistrict; |*%) L  M   h+&* (L  M  d)  L  M  AL  M  rticulatewiththePublicProsecutorofficestheneedtoreverttheburdenofproofincases  ofallegationoftorture.Incaseswheredenunciationoftortureorotherformsofilltreatmentare  broughtbyadefendantatatrial,theburdenofproofshouldbetransferredtothepublicprosecution  sothatitprovesthattheconfessionwasnotobtainedbyillicitmeans,includingtortureorill t treatment;L  M   ` (L  M  e)  L  M  AL  M  doptionofmeasuresthatspeeduptheinvestigationofdenunciationsoftortureandill 8  treatmentandthatleadtodismissalofpersonnelinvolved;L  M   $ t L  M  (L  M  f)  L  M  TL  M  rainhealthcareprofessionalswhoworkintheprisonsystemtoregisterandadoptproper  L  legalprocedureincasesoftortureandilltreatmentsufferedbyinmates.Launching,onDecember  8  22005,theBrazilianExpertExaminationProtocol,whichcontains,L  M  interaliaL  M  ,thechief $  recommendationsoftheIstanbulProtocol InternationalCodeofConductL  M  forforensicphysicians;L  M     L  M  L  M  (L  M  g)  L  M  AL  M  rticulatewiththeFederalCouncilofMedicinetheawarenessofdoctorstocommunicate   tocompetentauthoritiesthepracticeofthecrimeoftorture,stressingtheaspectofpenaloffense   typifiedinarticle66,II,ofDecreeLaw3688;41.L  M   p L  M  299.  L  M  Finally,thefollowingactionsforsheltering,assisting,protectingandcompensatingvictims H areenvisaged: 4 L  M  (a)  EL  M  xpandthetechnicalandscientificcapacityoftheForensicMedicineInstitutes(IML)or  \ Institutesof_Criminalistics_,endowingthemwithbudgetary,administrativeandoperationalautonomy H inrelationwithpolicedepartments; 4 L  M  (b)  WL  M  idencooperationwithagenciesbelongingtopublicuniversitiesforthecarryingoutL  M  corpus   delictiL  M  Ԁexaminations;  L  M  _(c)_  SL  M  treamlinethecarryingoutofL  M  corpusdelictiL  M  Ԁexaminationsastheinmateentersorleavesthe  prison,bymakingavailableprofessionalphysiciansonascheduleofduty; l L  M  (d)  EL  M  xpandandimproveservicesofshelter,assistanceandprotectiontovictims; D! L  M  (e)  AL  M  doptmeasuresaimingatthecompensationofharmcausedtovictimsofabuseofpowerand #l! excessiveuseofforcebypublicagents. $X" L  M  L  M  188.L  M    Theextremelypoorconditionsofdetentionfacilitiesobservedconsistentlythroughoutthe %0!$ visitwereofdeepconcerntotheCommitteemembers.Thereisaconstantthreatofviolentriotsin &"% detentioncentres,withthedangerofsuchincidentsincreasingasadirectresultofpoorconditions. '#& OvercrowdingisendemicandthemajorityofthecentresviL  M  sitedlackadequatefacilities.L  M  ԀMoreover, (#' theCommitteemembersobservedthatthedetentioncentresdonothaveprogrammestohelp )$( reintegratedetaineesintosociety.Alargepercentageofthedetaineesdonothaveaccessto |*%) educationortoanyvocationalactivity.Thissituationparticularlyaffectspersonswithlowincome h+&* whobelongtodisadvantagedgroups.Theirprolongeddetentionreducestheirpossibilitiesofsocial  reintegration,deepeningtheir_marginalization_Ԁandexposingthemtoothercriminalactivities.L  M    300.  L  M  TheBrazilianGovernmenthasbeenstrivingtoalloL  M  cateresourcestohastenthere-L  M  equipment t ofstatepenalfacilitiesL  M  ԄL  M  ԀagreementsforthepurL  M  chaseofmetaldetectors,X-rayL  M  equipment,vehicles ` fortransportationofinmates,computers,medL  M  icalandclinicequipment,etc.L  M  Ԁbesidesdirect L  purchasesfordonationtothestates.Thereis,therefore,abetteruseofresources,asaconsequence 8  ofintegratedprojects.Withhightechequipmentandimmediateresultsatlocalsystems.In2006 $ t aloneaboutR$75.5L  M  millionwereinvestedinthere-L  M  equipmentofpenalfacilities,withspecial  ` emphasisontheallocationofR$45milliontothestateof_S o_ԀPauloandhepurchaseof62vehicles  L  fortransportationofinmatesfor11states.  8  L  M  301.  L  M  Furthermore,largeinvestmentshavebeenmadeinexpandingspaceattheprisonsystem.In   2006,aboutR$170.1millionwerespentinstatefinancingpoliciestocreate7,720newplacesinthe   statepenitentiarysystem.Specialmentionshouldbemadetothecreationof6,992newplaces,the   resultofagreementsmadeinpreviousyearsthatwerecontinuedin2006.Therewasalsoan   investmentofR$12.3milliononthereformofpenL  M  alfacilitiesinthestates. p 302.  L  M  Inwhatregardsitsmultisectorialaction,theMinistryofJusticehasbeenconcluding H technicalcooperationandprotocolsofintentionwithotherministries,withaviewtoestablishing 4 integratedpublicpoliciesforthePenitentiarySystem.TheNationalHealthPlaninthepenitentiary  p systemcontinuedin2006inpartnershipwiththeMinistryofHealth.Thereareonehundredandforty  \ (140)teamsregisteredinten(10)states,forbasichealthcareofinmatesandinterns. H L  M  303.  L  M  _Interministerial_ԀAct(_Portaria_)1.777,of9September2003institutedtheNationalHealthPlan   inthePenitentiarySystem(_PNSSP_).ThisPlanaimsatprovideaccesstotheprisonpopulationtothe   UnifiedHealthSystem(SUS)throughbasichealthcareactionsandservicesattheprisonunitsand  theuseofthenextlevelsofhealthcare.ActionsforthL  M  epromotionofhealthL  M  andforcareatthebasic  leveltobeundertakenattheprisonunitsregardoralhealth,womenshealth,sexuallycommunicable  diseasesandAIDS,mentalhealth,hepatitis,TB,hypertension,diabetes,and_hanseniasis_,besides l basicpharmaceuticalassistancevaccinesandlaboratoryexaminations. X  L  M  304.  L  M  Amechanismforthefinancingandpermanentevaluationoftheworkperformedbytheteam 0"  inthosespaceshasbeenputinplace.Itshouldbestressedthatthequalificationofstatestobe #l! includedinthe_PNSSP_Ԁmustbeinitiatedbythefederatedunitsthemselves.Topreventtheabsence $X" offollowuptotheintentiontoadhere,theMinistryofHealthestablishedstandardsforinclusion $D # through_Portaria_Ԁ1.777. %0!$ L  M  305.  L  M  AnotherworthyinitiativeistheProtocolofIntentionconcludedwiththeMinistryof '#& Education.Since2005theMinistriesofJusticeandEducationhavebeenworkingintandemto (#' establishjointlyapublicpolicyturnedtowardsteachingtheprisonpopulationtoreadandwriteand )$( toimprovetheirlevelofinstructioningeneral.Thisactionisextendedtothoseleavingprison,also |*%) withinthepolicyofeducationforyoungpeopleandadults.Thisjoint_endeavor_ԀgeneratedResolution h+&* 23/2005bythe BrazilReadandWriteProgram,makingtheprisonpopulationoneofthepriority  targetsofthecountryslargestalphabetizationprogram.  L  M  306.  L  M  This_interministerial_Ԁpartnershipislinkedtoapoliticalactionfortheredemptionofthe t durationofpunishmentthrougheducation.DemarchesareunderwayattheNationalCongressto ` obtainapprovalforthedraftbillthatwouldincludesuchaprovisioninthePenalExecutionLaw. L  L  M  L  M  189L  M  .L  M    L  M  TheCommitteemembersnotedthattheGovernmentofBrazilhasattemptedtoreduce $ t overcrowdingbybuildingmoredetentioncentres,whichinturn,havebecomeovercrowdedina  ` shortperiodoftime.Alternativesolutionsmustbesoughtasamatterofextremeurgency.  L  Overcrowdingcausesirreparablephysicalandpsychologicaldamagetodetainees.Aslongasthis  8  problemisnotsolved,theStatewillberesponsiblefortoleratinganinhumansituationinmany $  detentioncentres.L  M  L  M     L  M  30L  M  7.L  M    Asexpressedinthecommenttoparagraphs183and188,theBrazilianGovernmenthasbeen   investinginactionstoencouragetheapplicationofsentencesthatrestrictrights,toreplacesentences   thatrestrictfreedom,andhasalsoinvestedintheconstructionofnewunitsintheprisonsystem.L  M   p L  M  L  M  190L  M  .L  M    L  M  Thenumberofstaffguardingdetaineesisextremelylow.TheCommitteemembersobserved H thattheshortageofstaffhadanegativeeffectnotonlyonsecurityandrespectofdetaineesrights, 4 butalsoonthesecurityandmoraleofthestaff.Theyalsoobservedshortagesinthenumberofsocial  p workers,psychologistsandotherstaff.Furthermore,staffdonotreceivesufficienttrainingonthe  \ rightsofalldetaineesandtheirobligationtorespectsuchrightsL  M  . H L  M  30L  M  8L  M  .  TheBrazilianGovernmentiscommittedtobuildingasoundpolicyofformation,   qualificationandvalorizationofofficersofthestatesprisonsystems,withaviewtoimproving   penalservicesinthecountry.In2006,apublicexaminationforhiringfederalpenitentiaryagentswas  held.Theseagentswillberesponsibleforthecare,vigilance,custody,guard,assistanceandguidance  toinmatesoffederalprisons.  30L  M  9L  M  .  BesidestheseveralformationcoursesandtheorganizationoftheNationalregisterof X  SpecialistsinKnowledgeandTeachingofPenalExecutionIssues,theMinistryofJustice D! encouragedthesettingupofpenitentiaryschoolsinthewholecountry.In2006,theinstallationof 0"  schoolsinfivestatesreceivedfinancing,bringingtonineteenthetotalnumberofpenitentiary #l! schoolsinthetwentysevenstatesofthecountry.Ismustbestressedthatbefore2005therewere $X" onlyfiveunitsofthiskindinBrazil. $D # 3L  M  10L  M  .  ThroughitsNationalPenitentiaryDepartment,theMinistryofJusticehasalsobeen &"% concernedwiththequalificationofsecurityagentsinthefieldofhumanrights,bymeansofthe '#& followingprojects: EstablishmentoftheHumanRightsObservatory, HumanRightsTakethe (#' Stage _Theater_ԀoftheOppressedinthePrisons.Together,alltheseprojectsaimatthequalification )$( ofsecurityagents,directorsofprisonunitsandeventheinmatesabouttheissue. |*%) L  M   h+&* 311.  L  M  Withthisaiminsight,theOfficeofImprovementinPenitentiaryManagement(_EMPG_)was  establishedthroughMinisterialAct(L  M  _Portaria_L  M  )67,ofNovember292005,whichaimsatproviding  qualificationinpracticalandtheoreticalmethodsofpromotionand_defense_Ԁhumanrightsinpenal  establishments,alreadyinternationallyadopted. t L  M  L  M  191L  M  .L  M    L  M  Jailscontinuetoexistinpolicestations.Althoughtheinitiativetodecommissionpolice L  stationshasbeenpartiallyimplemented,aswasobservedatthe9thDistrict_Delegacia_Ԁde_Polcia_ 8  _Participativa_Ԁin_S o_ԀPauloand5thDistrict_Delegacia_ԀLegalinRiodeJaneiro,therearestillalarge $ t numberofpolicestationswhichcontinuetoholddetainees.TheCommitteemembersstrongly  ` recommendthatanyjailsinpolicestationsbeabolishedimmediately.L  M  L  M    L  L  M  31L  M  2L  M  .  EveryyeartheFederalGovernmentapportionsfinancialresourcestotheStatePublic $  Security/Social_Defense_ԀSecretariats,aimingatinvestinginprofessionalformationandvalorization,   preventionandreductionofviolence,managementofknowledge,institutionalreorganization,   structuringofexpertiseandexternalcontrolandsocialparticipation.Withintheseobjectives,states   mayalsoreceiveresourcesfortheconstructionoffunctionalunits(policeprecincts,academies,etc.)   Architecturalprojectsfortheconstructionorrestorationofprecinctsthatprovidefortheconstruction p ofcellsfordetaineesarenotaccepted.ItisimportantnottoforgetthattheFederalConstitution \ grantsautonomytothefederatedunits.TheFederalL  M  L  M  Governmentactstoinducepublicpoliciesinthe H fieldofsecurity,establishingstandardsofrewardsforthesatesthatcomplywiththesetdirections. 4 WestressthatthestatesofRioGrandedoSul,_Distrito_ԀFederaland_Cear_Ԁdonotkeepdetaineesin  p policeprecincts.  \ 31L  M  3L  M  .  RegardingtheprecinctsmentionedinthisparagraphL  M  ԄL  M  Ԁ9L  M  thL  M  ԀDistrictL  M  _Delegacia_Ԁde_Polcia_ 4 _Participativa_L  M  Ԁin_S o_ԀPauloand5L  M  thL  M  ԀDistrictL  M  _Delegacia_ԀLegalL  M  ԀinRiodeJaneiro,theBrazilian   Governmentinformsthattheynolongerholddetainees,Thesehavebeentransferredtocustody   facilitiesorprovisionaldetention_centers_Ԁintherespectivestates.  L  M  L  M  192L  M  .L  M    L  M  TheCommitteemembersconsiderthatthenewdisciplinaryregimes(_RDD_/_RDE_)maylead  toviolationsofthehumanrightsofinmatesheldundertheseregimes,particularlywheretheyare l heldinisolationforlongperiodsoftime.Theyregrettednothavingbeenabletovisitanycentres X  of_RDD_/_RDE_Ԁduetotheirdistancefromthestatecapitals.Inthisregard,theCommitteemembers D! areconcernedthatthegeographicaldistancebetweenthesecentresandthelocationofthefamily 0"  membersofmostinmatesimpedevisitsbyfamilymembers.L  M   #l! L  M  31L  M  4.  L  M  ThepublicsecuritypolicyoftheFederalGovernmentinwhatregardspenitentiarieshas $D # soughttosolve,throughmultipleactions,theseriousproblemsofovercrowding,rebellionsand %0!$ relapse.Aswasalreadymentioned,oneofthetargetsisthebroadeningoftheapplicationof &"% alternativesentencingandseveralcautionarymeasuresdifferentfromprovisionalcustody. '#& Incarcerationshouldbeappliedtomoreseriouscrimes. (#' 31L  M  5L  M  .  Thefederalspecialmaximumsecurityprisons,providedforsince1984inthePenal |*%) ExecutionLaw,arenowunderconstruction(twohavebeenopenedandtwootherarebeingbuilt). h+&* Ї31L  M  6L  M  .  Itiswellknownthatamongothercauses,prisonrebellionsaresparkedbyorganizedgroups  ofcriminalswhomaintainthehierarchicalstructureoftheirbandsinsidetheprisons.Thefederal  penitentiarieswillholdhighriskcriminals,whomayjeopardizethesecurityofthefacilityorbecome  thevictimsofattemptedassassinationinsidetheprisonitself.TheGovernmentsaimistoassure t greaterisolationofthebossesoforganizedcrimeandatthesametimetoreducethetensioninthe ` stateprisonsystem.Freeofrebellionsusuallyprovokedbythemostdangerousindividuals,local L  authoritieswillbeabletodedicatemoreattentiontotherecoveryoftheprisonpopulationandthe 8  socialreinsertionoftheinmatesafterhavingservedtheirsentences. $ t 31L  M  7L  M  .  Federalprisons,however,arenotdesignedforthefulltermofthesentences.Onlyfora  L  certainperiod(maximumtwoyears),anduponjustificationoftheneed,highriskinmateswillbe  8  keptinfederalfacilities. $  31L  M  8.  L  M  Therefore,differentiateddisciplinaryregimescanonlybeappliedincasesofextremeneed,   inordertoensurepublicsecurity,alwaysforfixedperiodsoftime.Theirapplicationcanonlybe   decidedbyajudge,afterhearingthePublicProsecutorsopinionandthedefendanthavingbeen   assuredthefullrightof_defense_.Theconstructioninfarawayplacesislargelyaconsequenceofthe p difficultiestoselectthesitesduetoconstaL  M  ntresistancefromcommunities.L  M   \ L  M  L  M  31L  M  9.  L  M  Therefore,takingintoconsiderationtheexceptionalcharacteroftheseregimes,thereisno 4 reasontoraisethequestionofhumanrightsviolation.TheBrazilianGovernmenthasnointerestin  p broadeningtheapplicationofdifferentiatedregimes,whichrequirecomplexoperationandare  \ expensivehowever,inthefaceofconcretecircumstances,suchregimeshaveprovedthebest H solutiontocontainserioussituationsarisinginsidetheprisons. 4 3L  M  20.  L  M  Despitethefactthatthisisnottheidealsituation,whenfacingextremeconditions,e.gthe   risktohumanlives,onemustponderthevaluesinvolvedandmitigatetheapplicationofsomein  orderthatothersmayprevail.Thusitisnecessarytheapplicationofastricterregimetocertain  personsduringacertaintime,soastopreventthemtocontinuemastermindingcriminalschemes  frominsidetheprisons,provokingrebellions,causingdeathsandphysicalharm,asusuallyhappens l whenmorerigidmeasuresarenotinplace. X  32L  M  1.  L  M  Onemustalsostressthatthereisnopunitiveaimintheisolationtowhichtheinmatemay 0"  besubjected,andmuchlesstheobjectiveofmetingoutilltreatment.Asstatedbefore,suchmeasures #l! areexceptionalandtheirultimateaimistoprotectsupremeindividualvalues,chieflytherightto $X" life.Besides,thefederalpenitentiarieswheretheseregimesareusuallyapplied,possessexcellent $D # structureinaccordancewithinternationalstandardsforpersonsdeprivedoffreedom.Itisalso %0!$ fundamentaltoemphasizethatthelegislationon_RDD_Ԁensurestherightofinmatestoweekly2hour &"% visitsbytwopersons,notcountingtheirchildren,todaily2hoursunbathingandiswithoutprejudice '#& totheirrightstocontactwiththeirlegalcounsel. (#' L  M  L  M  193L  M  .L  M    L  M  TheCommitteemembersreceivednumerousallegationsfrom_NGOs_Ԁconcerningabusesin |*%) psychiatricdetentioncentres.However,theCommitteemembersdidnotvisitthesecentresasthey h+&* didnothavemedicalexpertiserequiredfortheirassessmentandthereforecannotdrawconclusions  basedonitsownobservationsL  M  .  L  M  32L  M  2L  M  .  TheGovernmentabstainsfromcommentingthisparagraph,sincetheCommitteedidL  M  not t verifysuchallegations.L  M   ` L  M  L  M  194L  M  .  L  M  Generally,forensicinstitutesandtheirdoctorsareeconomicallydependentofthepolice 8  authorities.Thus,mostStateslackanindependentforensicinstitute.Consideringthatmost $ t allegationsoftortureandilltreatmentareagainstpoliceagents,thislackofindependencecan  ` seriouslycompromiseadiligentandpromptforensicexaminationwithaccurateresults.Inaddition,  L  ithasbeenrepeatedlyreportedthatallforensicinstitutesdonothavesufficientfinancial,technical  8  andhumanresourcestocarryouttheirfunctionsadequately.L  M  L  M   $  L  M  323.  L  M  Besidesinvestmentsalreadymadeorforeseenintheformationofpublicsecurity   professionals,theBrazilianGovernmenthassetupaworkingGroupattheMinistryofJusticewith   theaimofelaboratingaplanforthemodernizationofcivilpoliceinBrazil.Thegroupiscomposed   ofcivilpoliceofficersfromthestatesandhasproposedthereorganizationofproceduralmethods p andtheredefinitionofdoctrinestoestablishanationalalignment.Withinthisperspective,the \ autonomyoftheforensicinstitutesisunderdiscussion,bothwithforensicprofessionalsandwith H unions.L  M   4 324.  L  M  Inaddition,investmentsweremadtoestablishregionalDNAlaboratories,electronic  \ microscopyappliedtoforensicballistics,aNational_Center_ԀforForensicEntomology,qualification H inforensicgenetics,qualificationinforensicphonetics,qualificationinforensictoxicology,technical 4 assistancetoStatesforstructuringinthefieldofexpertise.L  M     L  M  325.  L  M  ItshouldbenotedthatsomedraftbillsarecurrentlyunderexaminationinbothHousesofthe  LegislativeBranchwithaviewtograntingautonomyandfunctionalindependencetoforensic  institutesandotherexpertagencies.OneshouldpointoutespeciallyDraftBillno.3.653/1997,which  respondstoCATrecommendations,ascanbeseenfromthefollowingsectionoftheReportofthe l PublicSecurityCommitteeandCombattoOrganizedCrime,quotedbelow:L  M   X  0  L  M  L  M  Thisdraftbilldealswithofficialexpertexaminationandprovidesthattheywillbecarried 0"  outbyexpertswhoarepartofpermanentstaffofaspecializedagencystructuredintechnical #l! careers,tobefilledthroughpubliccontestwithrequirementofspecificdegree.$X"(#(# 0  Itdefinesasofficialexpertsthecriminalexpertsandforensicexperts,whowouldbesubject %0!$ toaspecialregimeofworktakingintoaccountthenatureoftheirspecificfunctionsandthe &"% placeswheretheyaretobeperformed,accordingtothelaw.'#&(#(# L  M  0  Suchanagencywouldhavescientificandfunctionalautonomy,itssubordinationtoa )$( policeagencywouldbeforbidden,andtherespectivecareerswouldbeconsideredas x*%) typicalofthefunctionsoftheStatL  M  e.L  M  L  `+&*(#(# Ї0  M  TheAuthorjustifiestheproposalbyrecallingthatexpertexaminationisindispensablefor  theinvestigationofillicitacts,ataskthatdemandsimpartialityandencouragementofthe  exactitudeoftheperformance.L  M  Recommendationsbynationalandinternationalagencies  andorganizationsin_favor_Ԁoftheautonomyofexpertexaminationvisavisthepolice t agenciesarementioned.L  M  L  M  \(#(#  L  M  195.  L  M  Inpractice,theforensicexaminationofdetaineesiscarriedoutonlyattherequestofthe 0  policeorlegalauthority,suchasajudgeorprosecutor.Thisreducesthepossibilitythatapossible  l victimoftorturewillbemedicallyexamined.Inmanycases,medicalexaminationsaresuperficial  X orarecarriedoutmanydaysaftertheaggressionhastakenplace,whenexternalsignsofsuch  D  activitywillhavealreadydisappeared.Manydoctorslackprofessionaltraininginforensicmedicine  0  andareunabletoidentifytheinjuriescharacteristicofilltreatmentortorture.L  M  L  M     L  M  326.  L  M  In2003,therewasanimportantinvestmentinthequalifiedproductionofproof(seeanswer   toparagraph194).TheCoordinationofExpertiseispreparingaspecificcourseforcriminalexperts,   withaviewtotheidentificationofphysicaltortureandilltreatment,accordingtoarequestreceived |  fromtheNationalForumofPoliceL  M  _Ouvidores_L  M  . h L  M  327.  L  M  Furthermore,theBrazilianGovernmentannouncesanimportantadvancementinthis @ question.InMay2007,theFederalCouncilonMedicinewillpublisharesolutionthataddsnew ,| itemstotheexpertreportdonebyexpertsontheL  M  corpusdelictiL  M  .InaccordancewiththeIstanbul h Protocol,suchitemsareformulatedinordertoidentify,ontheexpertreport,tracesoftorture,thus T allowingtheexpertstoverifythespecificoccurrenceofthiscrime. @ L  M  328.  L  M  Untilthen,ontheexpertreports,caseswhereindicationsoftorturearedetected,havebeen  identifiedasbodilyharm,whichproducesadistortionofthefactsandmayjeopardizethecriminal  investigation.Thischangeisexpectedtosolvethatproblem.Itisfurtherclarifiedthatthemedical  expertsaretrainedtoanswerinacorrectandadequatewaytothenewitems.  L  M   196.L  M    L  M  Inthelightoftheseconsiderations,theCommitteemakesL  M  Ԁthefollowingrecommendations:L  M   d (a)L  M    Complaintsallegingtorturebypublicofficialsshouldbepromptly,fullyandimpartially