’WPC[ łJp`yė‘Ķ‰o&ź±BŽT ģK†‘Ŗ‰öĖvŻ{`”k…>­‘:…qåöĢt ½ƒÉžS¹m»€ųĆ¼%[‚Żķ>Žl­~·c¼¢„ •’µc<ģˆū,ƒ;¦.~æ\ŗ[]ØīE Ü:×įLvØäÓĶ’×fi¼ ‘tćN5¼økānR.smųŅ|Z™ńŽM‚łÜØfĒīÅĻ¢ź p9›gP‡Æ”yŃ4ƒpĖø_¦woēĀżļĻ(Š¾sžJ$x«I;:ņBŸ,6G#üo£&żÄ£”Ē>•b÷Ā<§æ‘Š±ælo•A-}‰?7‘±aŗ,ē‡Ī¤­šHR<—eMHųYģš1ō7ŠŸuį‹ģT"Ž Šfor€the€Convention.€€They€noted€that,€although€this€country€did€not€as€yet€have€a€constitution,€itsŠ ' w ŠCivil€and€Penal€Codes€appeared€to€give€adequate€guarantees€that€acts€of€racial€discrimination€wouldŠ !` Šbe€prevented.Š ł!I  ŠĢ157.€€The€Committee€was€pleased€to€note€that€Burundi€had€severed€all€relations€with€the€racistŠ Ė#" ŠŌ_ŌrgimeŌ_Ō€of€South€Africa€and€congratulated€its€Government€on€making€regular€financial€contributionsŠ “$ # Što€the€activities€of€national€liberation€movements.Š %ķ $ ŠĢ158.€€With€regard€to€article€4€of€the€Convention,€some€members€of€the€Committee€stated€that€the€textŠ o'æ"& Šof€article€75€ņņŌ_ŌbisŌ_Ōóó€of€the€Penal€Code€did€not€correspond€exactly€to€the€requirements€of€the€ConventionŠ X(Ø#' Šwhich€was€more€comprehensive.€€More€information€was€also€needed€concerning€the€implementationŠ A)‘$( Šof€article€4€(b).Š **z%) ŠĢ159.€€The€Committee€was€of€the€view€that€information€regarding€the€rights€listed€in€article€5€of€theŠ ü+L'+ ŠConvention€was€fragmentary€and€should€be€supplemented€in€the€second€periodic€report,€in€particularŠ å,5(, Šas€regards€the€agrarian€reform€and€its€results,€the€demographic€and€religious€composition€of€theŠ Ī-)- ŠŌ_Ōcountry€and€the€position€and€the€legal€status€of€refugees€and€foreigners€with€respect€to€the€enjoymentŠ ° Šof€those€rights.€€The€Committee€would€be€in€a€better€position€to€discuss€the€implementation€of€thisŠ ™é Šarticle€of€the€Convention€once€it€had€seen€the€texts€of€the€Charter€for€Economic€and€SocialŠ ‚Ņ ŠDevelopment€and€the€Constitution.€€Several€members€asked€for€more€information€regarding€the€typeŠ k» Šof€single„party€system€Burundi€intended€to€introduce.€€They€asked€whether€in€this€system€a€balanceŠ T¤ Šof€power€would€be€established;€whether€the€independence€of€the€judiciary€would€be€assured;€andŠ =  Šwhether€it€would€be€tolerated€if€persons€critical€of€the€party€in€power€formed€an€association€in€orderŠ & v Što€oppose€it.Š  _ ŠĢ160.€€The€information€concerning€implementation€of€article€6€was€also€considered€incomplete.€Š į 1  ŠMembers€wished€to€know€what€penal,€administrative€and€civil€procedures€were€open€to€individualsŠ Ź   Šwho€claimed€to€be€the€victims€of€acts€of€racial€discrimination,€including€acts€of€discrimination€byŠ ³  Špublic€officials.€€Mention€was€made€of€the€right€to€appeal€against€miscarriages€of€justice,€since€it€wasŠ œģ  Šnot€clear€from€the€report€whether€victims€of€discrimination€had€the€right€of€recourse€and€the€rightŠ …Õ  Što€reparation.Š n¾  ŠĢ161.€€As€far€as€article€7€of€the€Convention€was€concerned,€it€was€felt€that€the€report€provided€ampleŠ @ Šinformation€concerning€the€implementation€of€this€article.€€Members€of€the€Committee,€however,Š )y Šwished€to€know€how€many€students€were€actually€receiving€higher€education,€and€what€were€theŠ b Šdetails€of€the€campaign€launched€by€the€Government€to€make€the€public€aware€of€the€problems€ofŠ ūK Šracial€discrimination.Š ä4 ŠĢ162.€€In€reply€to€questions€raised€by€members€of€the€Committee,€the€representative€of€Burundi€statedŠ ¶ Šthat€in€the€event€of€a€violation€of€provisions€of€the€Convention,€€Burundi€citizens€had€Ō_ŌhadŌ_Ō€twoŠ Ÿļ Šremedies€prescribed€by€law:€€at€the€first€level,€they€could€lodge€a€complaint€against€the€officials€whoŠ ˆŲ Šhad€abused€their€powers€and,€at€the€second€level,€they€could€appeal€under€the€system€of€dualŠ qĮ Šjurisdiction€against€an€initial€judgement.€€With€respect€to€the€minority€question,€the€representativeŠ ZŖ Šsaid€that€Burundi€society€was€multiracial,€but€it€was€impossible€to€obtain€statistics€on€its€ethnicŠ C“ Šcomponents€because€there€was€nothing€to€distinguish€the€different€ethnic€groups,€of€which€itŠ ,| Šconsisted:€€those€groups€did€not€live€in€separate€areas€and€they€had€the€same€language,€religion,Š e Šculture,€customs€and€physical€appearance.€€He€also€pointed€out€that€Burundi€was€a€country€of€asylumŠ žN Šand€it€received€many€refugees€from€Ō_ŌneighbouringŌ_Ō€countries€who€were€integrated€into€BurundiŠ ē 7 Šsociety€and€enjoyed€the€same€rights€as€Burundi€citizens.€€Burundi€had€ratified€the€1951€GenevaŠ Š!   ŠConvention€and€the€1967€Protocol€relating€to€the€Status€of€Refugees,€as€well€as€the€Organization€ofŠ ¹" ! ŠAfrican€Unity€Convention€on€Refugees.Š ¢#ņ" ŠĢ163.€€Replying€to€other€questions,€he€stressed€that,€although€Burundi€had€a€single€party€system,€itŠ t%Ä $ Šwas€a€democratic€one€which€allowed€criticism€and€self„criticism.€€With€regard€to€agrarian€reform,Š ]&­!% Šthe€system€of€ņņŌ_ŌmtayageŌ_Ōóó€had€been€abolished€upon€the€advent€of€the€Second€Republic€and€the€presentŠ F'–"& ŠGovernment€was€redistributing€to€poor€peasants€the€land€which€had€been€appropriated€by€officialsŠ /(#' Šof€the€previous€Ō_ŌrgimesŌ_Ō.Š )h$( ŠĢ164.€€He€assured€the€Committee€that€his€Government€would€take€into€account,€in€preparing€its€nextŠ ź*:&* Šreport,€the€very€pertinent€observations€made€by€members€of€the€Committee€and€that€it€would€provideŠ Ó+#'+ Šthe€requested€additional€information.Š  ¼, (, Šņ ņŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€€A/36/18€(1981)ó óŠ ° ŠĢĢ234.€€The€second€periodic€report€of€Burundi€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/62/Add.1)€was€introduced€by€theŠ l¼ Šrepresentative€of€the€reporting€State€who,€supplementing€the€information€given€in€the€report€onŠ U„ Šarticles€5€and€6€of€the€Convention,€stated€that€Burundi€was€studying€the€possibility€of€ratifying€theŠ > Ž ŠInternational€Covenants€on€Human€Rights,€whose€provisions€it€was€already€implementing.€Š ' w ŠMoreover,€it€was€taking€an€active€part€in€the€preparation€of€an€African€charter€of€human€rights€andŠ  ` Šrights€of€peoples.€€In€order€to€bring€the€courts€closer€to€the€people,€Burundi€had€set€up€courts€in€allŠ ł I Šbut€two€of€its€communes,€and€that€shortcoming€would€soon€be€remedied.€€It€had€undertaken€aŠ ā 2  Šsystematic€inspection€of€the€courts€and€public€prosecutorsšš€departments€in€order€to€retain€only€thoseŠ Ė   Šofficers€of€the€law€who€were€politically€and€morally€responsible.€€The€Judicial€SupervisoryŠ “  ŠCommission€was€Ō_ŌendeavouringŌ_Ō€to€expedite€judgements€and€their€execution.€€In€order€to€modernizeŠ ķ  Šand€update€the€law€of€Burundi,€several€instruments€had€been€adopted,€among€them€a€bill€for€theŠ †Ö  Šreform€of€the€Criminal€Code€and€a€bill€concerning€the€establishment€of€an€administrative€tribunal.€Š oæ  ŠMoreover€the€draft€fundamental€law€of€the€Republic€of€Burundi€would€probably€be€submitted€to€theŠ XØ  Šcompetent€bodies€in€the€course€of€the€year.€€The€representative€also€informed€the€Committee€aboutŠ A‘ Švarious€activities€which€had€been€organized€in€his€country€to€make€the€population€aware€of€theŠ *z Šproblem€of€racial€discrimination.Š c ŠĢ235.€€Members€of€the€Committee€considered€that€the€Government€of€Burundi€had€submitted€a€mostŠ å5 Šconscientious€report,€drawn€up€in€accordance€with€the€Committeeššs€guidelines,€and€had€well€set€outŠ Ī Šthe€efforts€it€was€making€to€meet€the€requirements€of€the€Convention.€€In€that€connection,€it€wasŠ · Šsuggested€that€the€attention€of€the€Burundi€Government€should€be€drawn€to€the€mandatory€articlesŠ  š Šof€the€Convention€so€that€they€could€be€included€in€the€draft€constitution€which€was€to€be€the€subjectŠ ‰Ł Šof€a€referendum€during€the€current€year.Š rĀ ŠĢ236.€€In€connection€with€article€2,€paragraph€2€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€statedŠ D” Šthat€they€were€aware€of€the€difficulties€of€national€unity€in€the€African€countries€caused€by€ethnicŠ -} Šor€tribal€problems€inherited€from€the€colonial€era,€and€expressed€the€opinion€that€it€might€be€usefulŠ f Šfor€the€Committee€to€receive€some€information€on€the€demographic€composition€of€the€populationŠ ’O Šof€Burundi€in€order€to€understand€certain€problems€that€the€country€was€currently€facing€and€theŠ č 8 Šenvironment€in€which€the€convention€was€being€implemented.€€They€wished€to€know,€in€particularŠ Ń!!  Šwhat€was€the€distribution€of€Ō_ŌHutusŌ_Ō€and€Ō_ŌTutsisŌ_Ō€in€the€population€and€how€many€refugees€and€statelessŠ ŗ" ! Špersons€there€were€in€Burundi.€€One€member€requested€clarification€on€the€information€given€in€theŠ £#ó" Šreport,€according€to€which€there€were€2,000€students€representing€10€nationalities€at€the€UniversityŠ Œ$Ü# Šof€Burundi,€while€it€was€also€stated€in€the€report€that€the€population€of€Burundi€was€homogeneous.€Š u%Å $ ŠAnother€member€asked€what€measures€had€been€taken€to€enable€the€disadvantaged€groups€whichŠ ^&®!% Šhad€existed€in€Burundi€to€reach€the€average€standard€of€living€of€the€population.Š G'—"& ŠĢ237.€€With€regard€to€article€3€of€the€Convention,€it€was€asked€what€were€the€sanctions€referred€toŠ )i$( Šin€the€report€that€Burundi€applied€to€countries€which€made€racial€discrimination€a€constant€of€theirŠ *R%) Šnational€policy.€€The€texts€of€the€orders€and€Ministerial€decisions€referred€to€in€that€connectionŠ ė*;&* Šshould€be€communicated€to€the€Committee.Š Ō+$'+ ŠĢŅe°Ņ238.€€With€reference€to€article€4€of€the€Convention,€it€was€observed€that€article€75€ņņŌ_ŌbisŌ_Ōóó€of€the€CriminalŠ ¦-ö(- ŠCode€of€Burundi€did€not€appear€to€cover€the€financing€of€racist€activities€and€it€was€suggested€that,Š ° Šperhaps,€the€Government€of€Burundi€could€redraft€that€article€and€make€it€more€consistent€with€theŠ ™é Šrequirements€of€article€4€(a)€of€the€Convention.€€It€was€also€observed€that€under€the€Order€of€8€MayŠ ‚Ņ Š1959,€associations€which€occasioned€or€would€be€likely€to€occasion€a€breach€of€the€peace€or€of€publicŠ k» Šorder€could€be€disbanded,€but€the€Order€did€not€prohibit€such€associations€in€advance.€€The€hope€wasŠ T¤ Štherefore€expressed€that€future€reports€would€give€an€account€of€further€legislation€to€implement,€inŠ =  Šparticular,€the€provisions€of€article€4€(a)€and€(b)€of€the€Convention.Š & v ŠĢ239.€€In€connection€with€the€implementation€of€article€5€of€the€Convention,€members€of€theŠ ų H ŠCommittee€asked€what€were€the€components€of€the€Burundi€Governmentššs€humanitarian€policyŠ į 1  Šconcerning€refugees;€where€the€refugees€existing€in€the€country€came€from;€what€their€status€was€asŠ Ź   Šforeigners,€how€they€could€acquire€Burundi€nationality;€and€what€rights€and€benefits€were€recognizedŠ ³  Šfor€refugees€in€practice,€which€might€encourage€them€to€adopt€Burundi€nationality.€€Furthermore,Š œģ  Šmembers€wished€to€know€what€were€the€social€conditions€which€had€resulted€not€only€in€the€factualŠ …Õ  Šexistence€of€a€single€party€but€also€in€the€exclusion€of€other€parties€in€the€Constitution.€€It€was€askedŠ n¾  Šwhether€the€population€at€large€could€determine€its€own€political€destiny€or€whether€the€single€partyŠ W§  Šhad€absolute€authority.€€Information€was€requested€concerning€the€conditions€for€equal€access€to€theŠ @ Šcivil€service,€the€procedures€which€enabled€Burundi€citizens€to€leave€their€country€and€the€numberŠ )y Šof€citizens€who€went€to€other€countries€to€seek€work€or€to€join€their€families.€€With€regard€to€the€rightŠ b Što€marriage,€it€was€noted€that€the€only€impediments€to€marriage€concerned€conditions€pertaining€toŠ ūK Šage€and€degrees€of€kindred.€€Further€information€was€requested€on€the€latter€point.€€In€connectionŠ ä4 Šwith€the€right€to€own€property,€it€was€observed€that€the€report€did€not€give€sufficient€information€onŠ Ķ Šthe€system€of€property„ownership€in€force,€and€it€was€asked€exactly€was€meant€by€š šfull€and€finalŠ ¶ Šliquidation€of€the€institution€known€as€ššŌ_ŌUbugererwaŌ_Ōšš€šš€contained€in€the€report.€€Members€of€theŠ Ÿļ ŠCommittee€also€wished€to€know€whether€there€was€more€than€one€newspaper€in€Burundi€and€if€it€wasŠ ˆŲ Špossible€to€publish€newspapers€which€were€not€controlled€by€the€Government;€whether€the€Union€ofŠ qĮ ŠWorkers€of€Burundi€was€the€only€trade€union€existing€in€the€country€and€how€it€was€constituted;Š ZŖ Šwhether€it€was€possible€to€establish€more€than€one€trade€union€in€Burundi;€whether€the€lawŠ C“ Šguaranteed€the€right€of€access€to€any€place€or€service€intended€for€use€by€the€general€public;€andŠ ,| Šwhether€provisions€to€that€effect€would€appear€in€the€future€constitution.Š e ŠĢ240.€€With€reference€to€article€6€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€wondered€whetherŠ ē 7 Šthe€detailed€rules€established€in€order€to€bring€the€legislation€into€line€with€the€principles€of€theŠ Š!   ŠConvention€had€been€exactly€followed€in€practice;€whether€there€had€been€cases€of€infringement€andŠ ¹" ! Šwhether€justice€had€been€set€in€motion€to€remedy€any€injury.€€In€addition,€it€was€asked€what€š šotherŠ ¢#ņ" Šbodyšš,€referred€to€in€the€report,€than€the€ordinary€courts€and€specialized€courts,€was€competent€toŠ ‹$Ū# Šhave€before€it€cases€of€violation€of€the€rights€recognized€in€the€Convention.€€Members€of€theŠ t%Ä $ ŠCommittee€also€wished€to€receive€details€concerning€recourse€procedures€in€the€event€of€racialŠ ]&­!% Šdiscrimination€and€to€know€whether€there€were€in€Burundi€provisions€for€legal€assistance€forŠ F'–"& Šdisadvantaged€persons€to€enable€them€more€effectively€to€assert€their€rights€in€the€courts,€and€whetherŠ /(#' Šthere€was€any€provision€for€redress€for€any€injury€which€might€result€from€discrimination€in€civil€orŠ )h$( Šcriminal€Procedure.Š *Q%) ŠĢ241.€€With€regard€to€article€7€of€the€Convention,€it€was€asked€whether€Ō_ŌprogrammesŌ_Ō€had€been€drawnŠ Ó+#'+ Šup€€to€familiarize€Burundi€citizens€with€the€cultures€and€civilizations€of€Ō_ŌneighbouringŌ_Ō€areas€and€otherŠ ¼, (, Šcountries€both€developed€and€developing;€what€the€content€of€the€educational€syllabuses€was,Š „-õ(- Šwhether€they€embodied€measures€to€combat€the€prejudices€which€might€result€in€discrimination,Š ° Šwhether€they€encouraged€mutual€understanding€and€tolerance€between€peoples€and€nations,€andŠ ™é Šwhether€they€sought€to€inculcate€the€purposes€and€principles€of€the€United€Nations.€€In€addition,€moreŠ ‚Ņ Šinformation€was€requested€on€the€way€in€which€democratization€was€put€into€operation€in€theŠ k» Šeducational€system€of€Burundi,€and€also€on€the€introduction€of€the€Ō_ŌKirundiŌ_Ō€language€as€the€mediumŠ T¤ Šof€primary€schooling,€especially€taking€into€account€the€several€dialects€spoken€in€the€country€andŠ =  Šthe€tribal€system€which€had€not€entirely€disappeared.€€It€was€asked€specifically€whether€it€implied€thatŠ & v Šall€lessons€would€be€given€in€Ō_ŌKirundiŌ_Ō€or€that€Ō_ŌKirundiŌ_Ō€would€be€taught.Š  _ ŠĢ242.€€The€representative€of€Burundi,€replying€to€a€number€of€questions,€informed€the€Committee€thatŠ į 1  Šthe€draft€constitution€of€Burundi,€which€would€cover€all€the€provisions€of€the€Convention,€was€atŠ Ź   Špresent€under€discussion€at€a€high€level,€and€would€no€doubt€be€considered€at€one€of€the€forthcomingŠ ³  Šcommunal€congresses.Š œģ  ŠĢ243.€€Referring€to€questions€regarding€the€implementation€of€article€2,€paragraph€2€of€the€Convention,Š n¾  Šhe€stated€that€it€was€very€difficult€to€obtain€statistics€concerning€the€ethnic€composition€of€hisŠ W§  Šcountryššs€population€whose€roots€went€back€to€time€immemorial.Š @ ŠĢ244.€€With€reference€to€article€3€of€the€Convention,€he€explained€that€although€Burundi€had€neverŠ b Šmaintained€any€diplomatic€or€economic€relations€with€South€Africa,€it€had€provided€for€theŠ ūK Šimposition€of€sanctions€under€Chapter€VII€of€the€Charter€of€the€United€Nations.Š ä4 ŠĢ245.€€Turning€to€questions€under€article€5€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€informed€theŠ ¶ ŠCommittee€that€Burundi€had€been€admitting€the€refugees€from€Ō_ŌneighbouringŌ_Ō€countries€ever€since€itŠ Ÿļ Šhad€obtained€its€independence€in€1962.€€As€these€refugees€at€present€numbered€200,000,€they€createdŠ ˆŲ Ša€difficult€situation€for€a€country€faced€with€its€own€development€problems,€and€the€assistance€of€theŠ qĮ Šcompetent€international€organizations€and€of€friendly€countries€had€therefore€been€sought.€€The€factŠ ZŖ Šthat€the€refugees€came€from€Ō_ŌneighbouringŌ_Ō€countries€and€had€the€same€culture€as€the€local€populationŠ C“ Šfacilitated€their€integration.€€They€had€the€same€rights€as€citizens€of€Burundi€with€respect€to€accessŠ ,| Što€the€Ō_ŌlabourŌ_Ō€market,€health€services€and€education.€€Many€refugees€had€taken€advantage€ofŠ e Šlegislation€enacted€in€1971€to€enable€them€to€acquire€the€nationality€of€Burundi.€€Those€who€had€doneŠ žN Šso€were€eligible€for€service€in€the€highest€offices€of€State.€€He€also€stated€that€all€citizens€wereŠ ē 7 Šguaranteed€the€right€to€express€their€views€within€the€single„party€system,€and€provided€information,Š Š!   Šin€particular,€about€the€participation€of€all€sections€of€the€population€in€the€preparation,€execution€andŠ ¹" ! Šmonitoring€of€the€five„year€national€plan.€€The€code€of€personal€and€family€law€gave€equal€status€toŠ ¢#ņ" Šthe€spouses.€€It€prohibited€consanguineous,€polygamous€and€bigamous€marriages,€marriages€ofŠ ‹$Ū# Šminors€and€marriages€without€the€consent€of€both€spouses.€€The€š šŌ_ŌUbugererwaŌ_Ōšš€system,€which€wasŠ t%Ä $ Ša€retrograde€system€of€share„cropping,€had€been€abolished€by€new€acts€promulgated€for€the€purpose.€Š ]&­!% ŠWith€regard€to€freedom€of€the€press,€there€was€in€his€country€a€wide€range€of€newspapers,€includingŠ F'–"& Ša€semi„official€publication,€a€French„language€newspaper,€trade€union€and€youth€movementŠ /(#' Špublications,€technical,€scientific€and€legal€journals€and€religious€publications.€€The€representativeŠ )h$( Šalso€explained€that€when€Burundi€had€first€emerged€as€an€independent€nation,€it€had€Ō_ŌhadŌ_Ō€about€40Š *Q%) Špolitical€parties€and€10€trade€unions.€€The€Ō_ŌUPRONAŌ_Ō€party€had€won€more€than€90€per€cent€of€the€votesŠ ź*:&* Šin€the€elections€that€had€been€held€under€United€Nations€supervision.€€In€1967,€the€10€trade€unionsŠ Ó+#'+ Šhad€decided€to€amalgamate€into€a€single€union€with€18€federal€branches.€€Various€opinions€wereŠ ¼, (, Šrepresented€and€members€could€engage€freely€in€criticism.€€The€union€was€founded€on€legislationŠ „-õ(- Šwhich€reflected€the€wishes€of€its€members.Š ° ŠĢ246.€€With€reference€to€article€6€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€stated€that€the€State€paid€theŠ ‚Ņ Šlegal€costs€of€those€not€in€a€position€to€meet€them€and€provided€a€lawyer€for€their€Ō_ŌdefenceŌ_Ō.€€NoŠ k» Šcomplaint€concerning€violation€of€the€Convention€had€so€far€been€heard.€€The€Convention€hadŠ T¤ Šbecome€part€of€the€legal€order€of€Burundi€and€the€relevant€remedies€were€therefore€established€byŠ =  Šlaw.€€As€regards€the€question€concerning€recourse€to€courts€or€other€competent€bodies,€he€explainedŠ & v Šthat€those€bodies€were€the€specialized€courts€referred€to€in€the€report.Š  _ ŠĢ247.€€In€connection€with€article€7€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€informed€the€Committee€thatŠ į 1  Šthere€was€in€Burundi€a€ministry€which€was€specifically€responsible€for€providing€information€on€theŠ Ź   Šcivilization€of€Burundi,€that€Burundi€was€a€member€of€the€linguistic€Ō_ŌcentreŌ_Ō€which€had€beenŠ ³  Šestablished€for€East€African€countries€and€that€the€national€language,€Ō_ŌKirundiŌ_Ō,€was€being€introducedŠ œģ  Šthroughout€the€primary€school€curriculum.€€Furthermore,€every€effort€was€being€made€to€promoteŠ …Õ  Šhuman€rights€particularly€in€schools,€where€teaching€on€international€humanitarian€law,€the€CharterŠ n¾  Šof€the€United€Nations€and€the€United€Nations€system€was€given.€€Whenever€a€convention€was€ratifiedŠ W§  Šby€the€Government,€the€relevant€provisions€were€quoted€in€newspapers€and€other€publications.Š @ ŠĢ248.€€The€representative€of€Burundi€finally€assured€the€Committee€that€fuller€replies€to€their€questionsŠ b Šwould€be€provided€by€his€Government€in€its€next€periodic€report.Š  ūK Šņ ņŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€€A/44/18€(1989)ó óŠ ° ŠĢĢ370.€€The€third,€fourth€and€fifth€periodic€reports€of€Burundi,€submitted€in€one€documentŠ l¼ Š(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/145/Add.1),€were€considered€by€the€Committee€at€its€847th€and€848th€meetings,€on€18Š U„ ŠAugust€1989€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/SR.847€and€848).Š > Ž ŠĢ371.€€The€report€was€introduced€by€the€representative€of€the€reporting€State,€who€stated€that€theŠ  ` ŠConstitution€of€the€Republic€of€Burundi,€adopted€in€1981,€confirmed€its€determination€to€ensureŠ ł I Šprotection€of€the€dignity€of€the€human€being€and€the€recognition€and€protection€of€human€beings€andŠ ā 2  Špeopleššs€rights.Š Ė   ŠĢ372.€€He€stated€that€his€Government€remained€convinced€that€ņņapartheid€óówas€a€negation€of€theŠ ķ  Šuniversal€principles€of€equality€of€all€human€beings.€€His€Government€did€not€maintain€diplomatic,Š †Ö  Šmilitary,€economic€or€other€relations€with€the€South€African€Ō_ŌrgimeŌ_Ō.€€He€further€explained€that€theŠ oæ  ŠBurundi€Movement€for€Support€to€Southern€Africa,€set€up€in€1984,€contributed€to€the€internationalŠ XØ  Šcampaign€against€ņņapartheid€óóand€informed€public€opinion€about€the€crimes€of€ņņapartheid€óóand€misdeedsŠ A‘ Šof€racial€discrimination.Š *z ŠĢ373.€€The€representative€of€the€reporting€State€said€that€through€its€regulatory€and€legislative€systemŠ üL Šas€well€as€in€its€administration€and€legal€practice,€his€country€showed€its€attachment€to€the€universallyŠ å5 Šrecognized€value€of€equality€of€all€rights€and€obligations€without€distinction€as€to€sex,€origin,€Ō_ŌcolourŌ_ŌŠ Ī Šor€race.€€The€Penal€Code€of€Burundi€prescribed€penalties€against€racial€or€ethnic€aversion.Š · ŠĢ374.€€He€stated€that€since€3€September€1987€Burundi€had€been€living€in€an€era€of€change€with€theŠ ‰Ł Šcommencement€of€the€Third€Republic.€€Among€the€many€reasons€for€the€change€was€the€concern€toŠ rĀ Šensure€better€respect€and€protection€for€the€physical€and€moral€integrity€of€the€human€being€and€forŠ [« Šhis€property,€and€to€establish€social€justice€for€all.Š D” ŠĢ375.€€He€said€further€that€the€events€in€the€north€of€the€country,€which€in€August€1988€had€resultedŠ f Šin€massacres,€had€sprung€from€external€aggression€and€were€in€no€way€a€problem€of€the€dominationŠ ’O Šof€one€ethnic€group€over€another.€€Since€the€events€of€Ō_ŌNtegaŌ_Ō€and€Ō_ŌMaranganaŌ_Ō€in€August€of€last€year,Š č 8 Šthe€Third€Republic€had€broadened€the€Government€to€include€persons€from€both€major€ethnic€groupsŠ Ń!!  Šand€had€established€a€commission€to€study€the€question€of€national€unity.€€The€Commission€hadŠ ŗ" ! Špublished€its€recommendations€on€13€May€1989,€and€had€advocated,€in€particular,€the€adoption€ofŠ £#ó" Ša€new€constitution€and€a€charter€of€national€unity€as€well€as€a€more€open€access€to€publicŠ Œ$Ü# Šemployment.€€In€this€regard,€the€representative€of€the€reporting€State€informed€the€Committee€thatŠ u%Å $ Ša€more€detailed€explanation€of€the€positive€developments€in€his€country€would€be€presented€in€theŠ ^&®!% Šsixth€periodic€report.Š G'—"& ŠĢ376.€€Members€commended€the€reporting€State€and€said€that€in€spite€of€the€major€changes€that€hadŠ )i$( Štaken€place€since€the€report€was€prepared,€the€Government€had€not€withdrawn€the€report€that€hadŠ *R%) Šbeen€submitted€by€the€previous€Ō_ŌrgimeŌ_Ō,€but€had€chosen€to€press€ahead€and€to€inform€the€membersŠ ė*;&* Šcandidly€and€honestly€about€the€developments€since€1987.€€Members€thanked€the€representatives€ofŠ Ō+$'+ Šthe€reporting€State€for€their€honest€and€straightforward€description€of€the€current€situation€in€theirŠ ½, (, Šcountry.€€It€was€observed€that€the€representative€of€Burundi€had€not€concealed€the€ills€of€the€past€andŠ ¦-ö(- Šthe€fact€that€massacres€had€taken€place.Š ° ŠĢ377.€€The€Committee€pointed€out€that€the€reports€had€not€provided€further€answers€to€questions€raisedŠ ‚Ņ Šby€members€when€the€second€report€was€considered.€€In€this€respect,€it€was€hoped€that€the€sixthŠ k» Šperiodic€report€would€contain€a€detailed€account€of€actions€taken€as€a€result€of€the€recommendationsŠ T¤ Šmade€by€the€National€Commission.€€A€member€observed€that€if€Burundi€was€to€achieveŠ =  Šreconciliation,€it€must€at€the€very€least€ascertain€whether€in€the€massacres€of€August€1988€anyŠ & v Šsoldiers€were€given€unlawful€orders€and€which€soldiers€were€responsible€for€atrocities.€€ThoseŠ  _ Šapparently€responsible€should€be€brought€before€appropriate€tribunals.€€A€member€wished€to€knowŠ ų H Šif€there€had€been€any€prosecutions€in€connection€with€the€prohibition€of€incitement€to€racial€hatred.Š į 1  ŠĢ378.€€It€was€observed€by€several€members€that€the€most€serious€problem€in€Burundi€would€be€toŠ ³  Šcombat€discrimination,€particularly€in€the€army,€public€administration€and€in€education.€€One€memberŠ œģ  Šmaintained€that,€if€Ō_ŌHutuŌ_Ō€confidence€was€to€be€gained,€the€Government€would€need€to€publish€for€theŠ …Õ  Šarmy,€and€for€other€State€institutions,€specific€goals€and€monitoring€procedures.€€Members€requestedŠ n¾  Šthat€the€next€periodic€report€should€provide€information€also€on€the€demographic€composition€of€theŠ W§  Šcountry.Š @ ŠĢ379.€€Members€noted€that€the€previous€Government€had€failed€to€pay€its€annual€assessedŠ b Šcontributions€under€the€International€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€RacialŠ ūK ŠDiscrimination.€€The€new€Government€could€demonstrate€its€good€intentions€by€rectifying€thatŠ ä4 Šsituation€and€also€by€making€the€declaration€under€article€14€of€the€Convention.Š Ķ ŠĢ380.€€In€response€to€questions€raised€and€observations€made€by€members€of€the€Committee,€theŠ Ÿļ Šrepresentative€of€Burundi€stated€that€the€fundamental€objective€of€the€Third€Republic€was€theŠ ˆŲ Šreconciliation€of€the€people€of€Burundi.€€He€said€that€in€Burundi,€the€ethnic€question€was€the€subjectŠ qĮ Šof€a€debate€at€all€levels€and€sectors€of€the€society;€it€was€no€longer€a€taboo€question.€€From€top€toŠ ZŖ Šbottom,€dialogue€was€the€keyword€of€the€new€Ō_ŌrgimeŌ_Ō.Š C“ ŠĢ381.€€He€said€that€the€events€in€August€1988€had€been€caused€by€extreme€elements,€mostly€fromŠ e Šoutside,€who€had€incited€the€people€to€commit€atrocities.€€The€army€had€intervened€to€restore€order;Š žN Šwithout€the€intervention€of€the€army,€the€representative€asserted,€the€country€would€probably€haveŠ ē 7 Šbeen€destroyed.€€He€pointed€out€that€the€majority€of€those€who€had€fled€from€the€country€had€heededŠ Š!   Šthe€call€of€the€Government€and€had€voluntarily€returned.€€He€said€that€by€May€this€year€only€aboutŠ ¹" ! Š956€persons€out€of€48,000€refugees€had€not€yet€returned.€€The€returnees€had€returned€to€their€villages,Š ¢#ņ" Šand€regained€their€houses€and€employments.Š ‹$Ū# ŠĢ382.€€He€further€stated€that€the€composition€of€the€Military€Committee,€to€which€members€of€theŠ ]&­!% ŠCommittee€had€referred€as€being€exclusively€composed€of€Ō_ŌTutsisŌ_Ō,€was€due€to€the€fact€that€there€wereŠ F'–"& Šno€senior€Ō_ŌHutuŌ_Ō€officers€in€the€army€since€1972.€€He€stated,€however,€that€with€the€new€policy€of€theŠ /(#' ŠThird€Republic€to€include€Ō_ŌHutusŌ_Ō€in€all€sectors€of€public€life,€the€situation€would€soon€be€rectified.€Š )h$( ŠThe€Government€of€Burundi€was€fighting€from€several€fronts:€€regionalism,€tribalism,€as€well€as€theŠ *Q%) Šproblems€of€a€land„locked€country.€€As€long€as€these€questions€had€not€been€regulated€and€theŠ ź*:&* Šmistakes€of€the€past€had€not€been€corrected,€it€could€be€difficult€to€achieve€national€unity.Š Ó+#'+ ŠĢ383.€€The€representative€of€the€reporting€State€informed€the€Committee€that€the€Government€hadŠ „-õ(- Šdecided€to€take€measures€to€ensure€that€such€massacres€would€not€happen€again€in€the€future.€€He€saidŠ ° Šthat€the€questions€raised€and€observations€made€by€the€members€would€be€transmitted€to€hisŠ ™é ŠGovernment€and€would€be€taken€into€account€in€the€preparation€of€the€next€periodic€report.Š ‚Ņ ŠĢ384.€€As€regards€the€non„payment€of€its€assessed€contributions€under€the€Convention,€he€said€that€theŠ T¤ Šdelay€was€not€due€to€lack€of€will€on€the€part€of€the€Government,€but€probably€to€lack€of€means,€sinceŠ =  ŠBurundi€was€a€poor€country.€€He€assured€the€members,€however,€that€all€would€be€done€to€ensure€thatŠ & v Šthe€assessed€contributions€were€paid.Š   _ Šņ ņŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€€A/46/18€(1991)ó óŠ ° ŠĢĢ79.€€The€sixth€periodic€report€of€Burundi€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/168/Add.1)€was€considered€by€the€CommitteeŠ l¼ Šat€its€894th€meeting,€held€on€7€March€1991€(see€Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/SR.894).Š U„ ŠĢ80.€€The€report€was€introduced€by€the€representative€of€the€State€party,€who€informed€the€CommitteeŠ ' w Šof€the€most€important€changes€that€had€taken€place€in€Burundi€since€the€advent€of€the€Third€RepublicŠ  ` Šon€3€September€1987.€€Foremost€among€them€was€the€adoption€by€the€Special€Congress€of€theŠ ł I ŠŌ_ŌUPRONAŌ_Ō€(Union€for€National€Progress)€Party,€in€December€1990,€of€the€Charter€of€National€Unity,Š ā 2  Šwhich€was€subsequently€approved€in€a€national€referendum,€with€89€per€cent€of€the€votes€being€castŠ Ė   Šin€Ō_ŌfavourŌ_Ō.€€The€Charter€of€National€Unity€constituted€a€general€platform€for€the€full€exercise€of€allŠ “  Šhuman€rights,€including€the€elimination€of€racial€discrimination.€€It€rejected€violence,€upheld€the€rightŠ ķ  Što€life,€proclaimed€the€equality€of€all€citizens€and€the€free€exercise€of€public€and€individual€freedoms,Š †Ö  Šrecognized€the€right€of€every€citizen€to€education€and€training,€guaranteed€the€right€to€own€propertyŠ oæ  Šand€advocated€the€organization€of€society€on€a€democratic€basis.€€A€new€constitution,€which€wouldŠ XØ  Šcertainly€not€depart€from€the€guidelines€contained€in€the€Charter€of€National€Unity,€was€to€be€drawnŠ A‘ Šup€and€put€to€a€referendum€by€the€end€of€1991.€€Other€important€developments€included€theŠ *z Šconsolidation€of€national€unity€through€the€implementation€of€the€Charter,€an€immediate€analysis€ofŠ c Šthe€refugee€question€and€of€the€question€of€compensation€for€the€victims€of€the€ethnic€clashes€thatŠ üL Šhad€occurred€in€Burundi€and€the€establishment€of€permanent€democratic€institutions.Š å5 ŠĢ81.€€The€representative€of€the€reporting€State€also€informed€the€Committee€of€some€newŠ · Šdevelopments€that€had€occurred€since€the€preparation€of€the€report,€indicating,€in€particular,€that€theŠ  š ŠGovernment€of€National€Unity€had€taken€further€steps€to€give€concrete€form€to€universally€recognizedŠ ‰Ł Švalues,€including€the€implementation€of€policies€in€keeping€with€the€ethics€of€unity€in€such€sensitiveŠ rĀ Šfields€as€education€and€employment,€where€everything€was€now€being€done€with€the€greatestŠ [« Štransparency€and€without€any€discrimination,€and€ensuring€that€human€rights€were€guaranteed€for€allŠ D” ŠBurundi€citizens€without€any€discrimination,€the€only€constraints€being€due€to€Burundiššs€status€as€aŠ -} Šleast€developed€country.€€Notwithstanding€the€progress€made,€much€remained€to€be€done.€€TheŠ f Šsupport€of€the€international€community,€particularly€of€the€United€Nations€Ō_ŌCentreŌ_Ō€for€Human€RightsŠ ’O Šthrough€its€Ō_ŌprogrammeŌ_Ō€of€advisory€services,€in€providing€information€and€training€at€all€levels€andŠ č 8 Šfor€all€Ō_ŌsocioŌ_Ō„professional€groups,€in€both€urban€and€rural€areas,€including€training€in€theŠ Ń!!  Šadministration€of€justice€and€for€the€police€and€army,€would€be€most€valuable€in€ensuring€the€successŠ ŗ" ! Šof€the€Governmentššs€initiatives.Š £#ó" ŠĢ82.€€Members€of€the€Committee€welcomed€the€changes€that€had€taken€place€in€Burundi€since€3Š u%Å $ ŠSeptember€1987€and€congratulated€President€Ō_ŌBuyoyaŌ_Ō€€for€initiating€measures€for€nationalŠ ^&®!% Šreconciliation.€€They€noted€with€special€satisfaction€that€the€most€flagrant€measures€of€discriminationŠ G'—"& Šagainst€the€Ō_ŌHutusŌ_Ō€in€schools€had€been€eliminated€and€that€leaders€of€both€ethnic€groups€were€involvedŠ 0(€#' Šin€promoting€national€unity€and,€for€the€first€time,€had€agreed€to€discuss€common€problems.€€At€theŠ )i$( Šsame€time,€members€expressed€the€view€that€there€was€as€yet€no€concrete€evidence€to€suggest€thatŠ *R%) Šthe€conditions€that€had€caused€the€events€of€1988€had€changed€significantly.€€With€regard€specificallyŠ ė*;&* Što€those€events,€members€wished€to€know€what€judicial€proceedings€had€been€taken€following€theŠ Ō+$'+ Šviolent€disturbances€in€the€north€of€the€country€in€August€1988;€whether€the€initial€arrests€andŠ ½, (, Šdetentions€had€been€followed€by€measures€of€clemency€and€liberalization;€and€whether€penalties€hadŠ ¦-ö(- Šbeen€imposed€on€military€personnel€guilty€of€violence€at€that€time.€€They€also€noted€that€requests€forŠ ° Šdetails€of€action€taken€by€Burundi€on€the€Committeeššs€recommendations€had€gone€unheeded€and€thatŠ ™é Šlittle€factual€information€had€been€provided.€€Members€also€wished€to€receive€demographic€data€onŠ ‚Ņ Šthe€Ō_ŌTutsiŌ_Ō€and€Ō_ŌHutuŌ_Ō€and€more€information€on€the€balance€between€the€two€ethnic€groups€in€all€areasŠ k» Šof€public€life.Š T¤ ŠĢ83.€€With€reference€to€article€2€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€wished€to€know€whatŠ & v Šeffective€measures€had€been€taken€by€the€Government€of€Burundi,€pursuant€to€paragraph€(c)€of€thatŠ  _ Šarticle,€to€nullify€discrimination€and€to€ensure€that€there€was€no€discriminatory€application€of€textsŠ ų H Šsuch€as€those€specified€in€paragraph€18€of€the€report,€and€whether€any€relevant€supervisory€procedureŠ į 1  Šhad€been€set€up.Š Ź   ŠĢ84.€€Regarding€article€4€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€requested€that€the€texts€ofŠ œģ  Šnational€laws€relevant€to€the€implementation€of€provisions€contained€in€paragraphs€(a)€and€(b)€ofŠ …Õ  Šarticle€4€be€provided€to€the€Committee.Š n¾  ŠĢ85.€€With€respect€to€article€5€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€wished€to€know€whatŠ @ Šassurance€the€Ō_ŌHutusŌ_Ō€had€of€equal€treatment€before€the€courts€and€whether€any€effort€had€been€madeŠ )y Što€strike€a€more€appropriate€balance€between€Ō_ŌTutsiŌ_Ō€and€Ō_ŌHutuŌ_Ō€elements€in€that€regard;€whether€accessŠ b Što€legal€remedies€was€readily€available;€what€specific€measures€had€been€taken€to€encourage€Ō_ŌHutusŌ_ŌŠ ūK Što€re„enter€the€educational€system€at€all€levels;€whether€any€reforms€of€the€educational€system€couldŠ ä4 Šbe€expected€in€the€near€future;€what€measures€were€being€taken€to€reduce€tension€between€Ō_ŌHutuŌ_ŌŠ Ķ Šclerics€and€the€Ō_ŌTutsiŌ_Ō€elite,€both€secular€and€religious;€whether€the€churches€were€being€allowed€toŠ ¶ Šplay€a€role€in€reconstruction€and€national€reconciliation;€and€whether€there€was€freedom€of€religionŠ Ÿļ Šin€Burundi€and€how€such€freedom€was€exercised.€€Noting€that€the€army€in€Burundi€continued€to€beŠ ˆŲ Š98€per€cent€Ō_ŌTutsiŌ_Ō,€members€wished€to€know€whether€that€situation€would€remain€unchanged€in€theŠ qĮ Šforeseeable€future€and€how€the€ethnic€balance€was€to€be€improved.€€They€also€wished€to€know€whatŠ ZŖ Šthe€role€of€the€army€would€be€in€the€future,€if€and€when€national€reconciliation€had€been€effected€andŠ C“ Šwhether€the€army€would€be€disarmed€to€an€appreciable€extent.€€Members€also€sought€moreŠ ,| Šinformation€on€action€to€rectify€the€ethnic€imbalance€in€civil€service€posts€and€in€the€Ō_ŌlabourŌ_Ō€marketŠ e Šgenerally.€€If€the€Ō_ŌUPRONAŌ_Ō€Party€was€monopolized€by€the€Ō_ŌTutsiŌ_Ō,€the€planned€strengthening€of€thatŠ žN Šparty€or€of€any€other€institution€might€increase€the€difficulties.€€It€was€asked€whether€a€multi„partyŠ ē 7 Šsystem€might€be€considered.Š Š!   ŠĢ86.€€With€respect€to€article€6€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€were€of€the€view€that,Š ¢#ņ" Šin€general,€more€information€was€needed€on€the€implementation€of€the€provisions€contained€in€thatŠ ‹$Ū# Šarticle,€especially€concerning€the€effectiveness€of€court€proceedings€against€racial€discrimination€andŠ t%Ä $ Šaccess€to€legal€remedies.Š ]&­!% ŠĢ87.€€The€representative€of€the€State€party,€replying€to€the€questions€raised€and€comments€made€by€theŠ /(#' Šmembers€of€the€Committee,€explained€that€the€ethnocentric€concept€had€been€introduced€into€theŠ )h$( Šsociety€and€politics€of€Burundi€by€the€colonial€Power€which,€playing€on€the€differences€between€theŠ *Q%) ŠŌ_ŌTutsisŌ_Ō€and€the€Ō_ŌHutusŌ_Ō,€had€laid€the€foundation€of€an€administration€based€on€privilege.€€AfterŠ ź*:&* Šindependence,€a€power€vacuum€left€by€the€assassination€of€the€Prince€had€exacerbated€discord€amongŠ Ó+#'+ Šthe€elites,€leading€to€the€bloody€events€of€1965.€€A€policy€of€discrimination€in€the€army€and€inŠ ¼, (, Šeducation€had€further€accentuated€ethnic€strife,€which€the€Government€of€the€Second€Republic€hadŠ „-õ(- Šproved€unable€to€curb.€€The€Government€of€the€Third€Republic,€which€had€taken€office€in€SeptemberŠ ° Š1987,€had€Ō_ŌhadŌ_Ō€the€great€merit€of€recognizing€the€problem€of€inter„ethnic€tension€and€launching€aŠ ™é Šnational€debate€on€the€issues€involved€at€all€levels€of€society€and€public€life.€€Even€an€expert€wouldŠ ‚Ņ Šfind€difficulty€in€providing€information€on€the€ethnic€distribution€of€Ō_ŌHutusŌ_Ō€and€Ō_ŌTutsisŌ_Ō,€since€theŠ k» Šdistribution€of€population€in€Burundi€was€not€based€on€ethnic€considerations.€€With€regard€to€theŠ T¤ Ševents€of€1988,€the€representative€said€that€justice€had€taken€its€course€following€the€events€of€1988Š =  Šand€that€the€President€of€the€Republic€had€subsequently€amnestied€all€those€charged€with€offencesŠ & v Šin€connection€with€those€events.€€He€also€informed€the€Committee€that€the€recently€established€humanŠ  _ Šrights€leagues€were€multi„ethnic€in€composition,€that€their€function€was€to€enhance€and€protect€humanŠ ų H Šrights,€and€that€they€were€independent€of€the€public€authorities.Š į 1  ŠĢ88.€€With€regard€to€questions€raised€concerning€article€2€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€of€theŠ ³  ŠState€party€said€that€non„discrimination€was€amply€provided€for€in€legislation€and€other€statutoryŠ œģ  Šinstruments€and€that€what€was€important€in€the€actual€situation€was€the€political€will€to€ensure€theirŠ …Õ  Šapplication€in€practice.€€Monitoring€procedures€now€existed€at€the€level€of€the€party€and€theŠ n¾  Šadministration€through€various€commissions.€€Although€the€Government€was€making€efforts€toŠ W§  Šimprove€the€situation,€some€isolated€cases€of€discrimination€still€occurred.€€Such€cases€were€dulyŠ @ Špenalized€according€to€the€legislation€in€force.Š )y ŠĢ89.€€Concerning€article€4€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€explained€that€the€relevant€article€ofŠ ūK Šthe€Penal€Code€provided€for€sanctions€against€anyone€who€manifested€racial€or€ethnic€aversion€orŠ ä4 Šhatred€or€committed€an€act€likely€to€stir€up€such€aversion€or€hatred,€but€a€text€of€that€nature€could€notŠ Ķ Šbe€expected€to€contain€specific€details€of€such€sanctions.€€So€far€no€one€had€been€convicted€under€thatŠ ¶ Šarticle,€although€certain€persons€had€been€held€for€questioning€but€later€released€on€grounds€ofŠ Ÿļ Šinsufficient€evidence.Š ˆŲ ŠĢ90.€€With€reference€to€article€5€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€of€the€State€party€said€thatŠ ZŖ Ševeryone€in€Burundi€was€equal€before€the€law.€€The€judiciary€was€independent€and€ensured€equalŠ C“ Štreatment€of€all€citizens.€€The€€Catholic€Church€of€Burundi€had€been€the€first€to€denounce€theŠ ,| Šviolations€committed€under€the€Second€Republic€and€was€Ō_ŌendeavouringŌ_Ō€to€promote€reconciliation,Š e Šnotably€through€its€participation€in€human€rights€associations.€€The€predominance€of€Ō_ŌTutsisŌ_Ō€in€theŠ žN Šarmy€should€not€be€seen€as€an€€obstacle€to€national€reconciliation,€since€it€was€a€national€army€andŠ ē 7 Šits€purpose€was€not€to€defend€the€Ō_ŌTutsisŌ_Ō.€€After€the€proclamation€of€the€Third€Republic€in€1987,€theŠ Š!   ŠMilitary€Committee€for€National€Redemption€had€been€replaced€by€the€Party€Congress,€which€hadŠ ¹" ! Šelected€the€Central€Committee€of€the€Ō_ŌUPRONAŌ_Ō€Party€in€which€the€Ō_ŌHutusŌ_Ō€and€Ō_ŌTutsisŌ_Ō€were€equallyŠ ¢#ņ" Šrepresented€and€which€comprised€representatives€of€all€Ō_ŌsocioŌ_Ō„political€sectors.€€Both€the€Ō_ŌHutusŌ_Ō€andŠ ‹$Ū# Šthe€Ō_ŌTutsisŌ_Ō€were€represented€in€the€civil€service.€€The€Governmentššs€policy€was€progressively€toŠ t%Ä $ Šensure€fair€representation€at€all€levels€of€the€administration,€beginning€with€the€Government,€whereŠ ]&­!% Šthe€Ō_ŌHutusŌ_Ō€already€outnumbered€the€Ō_ŌTutsisŌ_Ō.€€The€ever„present€aim€was€to€promote€national€unity.Š F'–"& ŠĢ91.€€With€regard€to€recruitment€for€both€the€public€and€private€sectors,€a€tripartite€recruitmentŠ )h$( Šcommission€had€been€established€in€July€1988€with€responsibility€for€all€matters€relating€toŠ *Q%) Šrecruitment,€posting€of€vacancies,€contacts€between€employers€and€employees,€and€other€Ō_ŌlabourŌ_ŌŠ ź*:&* Šissues.€€At€the€beginning€of€1990,€a€special€commission€had€been€established€with€wide€powersŠ Ó+#'+ Šconcerning€recruitment€for€the€civil€service.€€In€education,€a€fellowships€and€training€commission€hadŠ ¼, (, Šbeen€established,€and€the€national€examination€for€admission€to€secondary€school€had€undergone€aŠ „-õ(- Šthorough€reform€based€on€the€principle€of€non„discrimination.€€A€commission€for€the€repatriation€ofŠ ° Šrefugees€had€also€been€set€up€and€its€role€and€financial€resources€had€been€substantially€strengthened.€Š ™é ŠSince€Burundi€was€a€country€with€a€single€culture€and€a€single€language,€there€were€no€distinctionsŠ ‚Ņ Šbetween€the€two€ethnic€groups€in€regard€to€culture€and€language.Š k» ŠĢņņConcluding€observationsóóŠ =  ŠĢ92.€€Concluding€the€consideration€of€the€report€of€Burundi,€members€expressed€their€appreciation€ofŠ  _ Šthe€responses€given€by€the€representative€of€Burundi€to€the€questions€raised.€€They€expressed€theŠ ų H Šhope€that€in€the€next€report€extracts€from€the€countryššs€legislation€corresponding€to€specificŠ į 1  Šprovisions€of€articles€2€to€7€of€the€Convention€would€be€provided,€as€well€as€information€on€theŠ Ź   Šextent€to€which€those€articles€had€been€implemented€through€judicial€or€administrative€measures.€Š ³  ŠThey€hoped€that€specific€information€could€also€be€given€on€the€representation€of€the€Ō_ŌHutusŌ_Ō€in€theŠ œģ  Šarmy,€the€public€service,€the€Ō_ŌUPRONAŌ_Ō€party,€the€Parliament€and€the€Government€to€measureŠ …Õ  Šprogress€in€realizing€national€unity.€€The€repatriation€of€refugees€and€the€gradual€elimination€ofŠ n¾  Šinstitutionalized€discrimination€in€education€augured€well€for€the€future.Š  W§  Šņ ņŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€€A/49/18€Ō_Ō(1994)ó óŌ_ŌŠ ° ŠĢĢ30.€€In€view€of€reports€of€ethnic€conflict€in€Burundi,€the€Committee€decided€at€its€forty-first€sessionŠ l¼ Što€request,€in€accordance€with€article€9,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Convention,€further€information€from€theŠ U„ ŠGovernment€of€Burundi€on€that€conflict€and€on€its€implications€for€the€implementation€of€theŠ > Ž ŠConvention,€in€particular€the€provisions€of€article€5€(b).€€No€written€reply€was€received€in€responseŠ ' w Što€that€request.€€At€its€1026th€and€1027th€meetings,€on€9€March€1994,€the€Committee€reviewed€theŠ  ` Šimplementation€of€the€Convention€in€Burundi.Š ł I ŠĢ31.€€The€representative€of€the€State€party€indicated€that€the€crisis€which€her€country€was€currentlyŠ Ė   Šundergoing€was€the€most€serious€of€the€ethnic€crises€that€had€ravaged€Burundi€for€more€than€30€years;Š “  Šthe€latest€crisis€had€claimed€the€life€of€the€first€democratically€elected€President€of€the€Republic€andŠ ķ  Šhad€led€to€numerous€massacres€throughout€the€country.€€Between€30,000€and€50,000€people€had€beenŠ †Ö  Škilled,€800,000€had€taken€refuge€outside€the€country,€mainly€in€Rwanda,€and€300,000€had€moved€toŠ oæ  Šother€parts€of€Burundi.€€The€representative€of€the€State€party€said€that€she€wished€to€provide€allŠ XØ  Šnecessary€clarifications€on€the€ethnic€problems€and€violations€of€human€rights€in€Burundi,€and€wasŠ A‘ Šopen€to€all€questions.€€She€emphasized€that€her€country€needed€international€assistance.Š *z ŠĢ32.€€Members€of€the€Committee€thanked€the€representative€of€the€State€party€for€her€frank€accountŠ üL Šof€the€events€that€had€occurred€in€her€country€and€emphasized€the€seriousness€of€the€crisis€whichŠ å5 ŠBurundi€was€undergoing,€a€crisis€that€constituted€a€set„back€for€the€incipient€move€towardsŠ Ī Šdemocracy€and€respect€for€human€rights.€€The€members€then€examined€the€conformity€of€domesticŠ · Šlegislation€with€the€provisions€of€the€Convention.€€The€Constitution€adopted€in€1992€and€approvedŠ  š Šby€90€per€cent€of€the€population€in€a€referendum€provided€for€equal€status€and€equal€protection€forŠ ‰Ł Šall€without€discrimination,€but€often€the€exercise€of€the€human€rights€embodied€in€the€ConstitutionŠ rĀ Šwas€subordinated€to€public€requirements€which€restricted€them.€€In€addition,€many€constitutionalŠ [« Šprovisions€for€the€protection€of€human€rights,€such€as€those€prohibiting€unlawful€detention,€had€noŠ D” Šlaws€to€give€them€effect.€€The€Charter€of€National€Unity,€which€took€pride€of€place€over€allŠ -} Šlegislation,€including€the€Constitution,€should€be€accepted€by€all€political€organizations;€it€would€beŠ f Šuseful€to€have€fuller€details€of€the€content€of€that€Charter.€€Members€also€asked€who,€at€the€presentŠ ’O Štime,€was€effectively€wielding€power€in€Burundi.Š č 8 ŠĢ33.€€Members€of€the€Committee€noted€that€the€new€constitutional€rules€regarding€political€rights€andŠ ŗ" ! Šthe€exercise€thereof€were€in€conformity€with€article€5€(c)€of€the€Convention.€€On€the€other€hand,€theyŠ £#ó" Špointed€out€that€there€was€a€failure€to€comply€with€article€5€(b)€of€the€Convention,€since€numerousŠ Œ$Ü# Šsummary€executions€and€cases€of€torture€had€occurred€in€November€1991€and€April€1992.€€Similarly,Š u%Å $ Šnumerous€cases€of€brutal€repression€by€Ō_ŌTutsiŌ_Ō€against€Ō_ŌHutuŌ_Ō€suspected€of€belonging€to€the€Ō_ŌPalipehutuŌ_ŌŠ ^&®!% Šparty€had€been€mentioned€by€non-governmental€organizations€and€by€the€Human€Rights€Committee.€Š G'—"& ŠWere€efforts€being€made€to€reform€the€army,€to€conclude€agreements€with€the€Ō_ŌPalipehutuŌ_Ō€party,€asŠ 0(€#' Šwell€as€with€Ō_ŌneighbouringŌ_Ō€countries€on€the€question€of€refugees,€and€to€curb,€if€not€halt,€the€armsŠ )i$( Štraffic?Š *R%) ŠĢ34.€€Concerning€article€6€of€the€Convention,€it€was€noted€that€there€was€no€effective€remedy€inŠ Ō+$'+ ŠBurundi€for€victims€of€human€rights€violations.Š ½, (, ŠŠ ¦-ö(- ŠŌ_Ō35.€€With€regard€to€article€7€of€the€Convention,€it€was€asked€whether€measures€had€been€taken€toŠ ° Šteach€human€rights€to€judicial,€police€and€prison€personnel.Š ™é ŠĢ36.€€Members€inquired€about€the€emergency€measures€which€the€Government€intended€to€take€toŠ k» Šremedy€the€crisis€situation,€and€drew€its€attention€to€articles€4,€2€(1)€(e)€and€5€(e)€of€the€Convention,Š T¤ Šwhich€required€States€parties€to€take€positive€measures€in€accordance€with€the€aims€of€theŠ =  ŠConvention.€€They€also€asked€the€representative€of€Burundi€to€give€her€opinion€concerning€theŠ & v Šestablishment€of€a€tribunal€which€would€put€an€end€to€the€impunity€enjoyed€by€those€responsible€forŠ  _ Šmassacres€and€ņņcoups€d'tatóó.Š ų H ŠĢ37.€€Replying€to€the€questions€and€comments€of€members€of€the€Committee,€the€representative€ofŠ Ź   ŠBurundi€stated€that,€following€the€assassination€of€President€Ndadaye€and€his€close€associates,€it€hadŠ ³  Šbeen€decided€that€the€process€initiated€by€the€first€free€elections€in€the€countryššs€history€should€notŠ œģ  Šbe€interrupted€and,€in€February€1994,€a€new€President€belonging€to€the€same€political€party€as€theŠ …Õ  Šassassinated€President€had€entered€office.€€The€new€President€had€taken€as€Prime€Minister€a€memberŠ n¾  Šof€an€opposition€party,€and€40€per€cent€of€the€Government€was€composed€of€members€of€oppositionŠ W§  Šparties;€the€ethnic€problems€that€existed€in€Burundi€could€only€be€resolved€through€the€establishmentŠ @ Šof€a€balance€in€the€exercise€of€power€between€all€the€ethnic€groups€-€Hutu,€Tutsi€and€Twa€-€that€livedŠ )y Šin€Burundi.€€In€order€to€prevent€a€recurrence€of€ņņcoups€d'tatóó€such€as€that€of€October€1993,Š b Šinternational€assistance€was€needed€to€train€the€armed€forces€and€the€police€in€the€area€of€humanŠ ūK Šrights.€€International€assistance€was€also€needed€to€enable€the€Government€to€combat€the€impunityŠ ä4 Šnow€enjoyed€for€over€30€years€by€persons€responsible€for€ņņcoupsóó€and€massacres.€€The€dialogue€thatŠ Ķ Šhad€taken€place€between€all€parties€in€Burundi€had€led€to€the€elaboration€of€the€Charter€of€NationalŠ ¶ ŠUnity,€but€insufficient€account€had€been€taken€of€the€role€and€importance€of€the€army.Š Ÿļ ŠĢņņConcluding€observationsóóŠ qĮ ŠĢ38.€€At€its€1039th€meeting,€on€17€March€1994,€the€Committee€adopted€the€following€concludingŠ C“ Šobservations.Š ,| ŠĢņņIntroductionóóŠ žN ŠĢ39.€€It€is€regretted€that€the€Government€of€Burundi€did€not€submit€the€further€information€which€hadŠ Š!   Šbeen€requested€by€the€Committee.€€However,€it€is€noted€with€satisfaction€that€a€delegation€wasŠ ¹" ! Špresent€to€respond€to€the€questions€and€comments€of€Committee€members.€€Appreciation€is€expressedŠ ¢#ņ" Što€that€delegation€for€a€most€frank€and€useful€dialogue.Š ‹$Ū# ŠĢņņPrincipal€subjects€of€concernóóŠ ]&­!% ŠĢ40.€€Shock€is€expressed€over€the€outbreak,€once€again,€of€massive€ethnically€motivated€violence€inŠ /(#' ŠBurundi€and€the€subsequent€systematic€human€rights€violations€to€which€members€of€both€the€HutuŠ )h$( Šand€Tutsi€communities€have€been€subjected.€€Concern€is€expressed€that€the€recurrent€violenceŠ *Q%) Šconstitutes€a€serious€impediment€to€peace,€stability€and€respect€for€human€rights€in€the€region.Š ź*:&* ŠĢ41.€€Concern€is€expressed€over€the€cyclical€nature€of€large-scale€ethnic€violence€in€Burundi€and€it€isŠ ¼, (, Šnoted€with€alarm€that€there€is€no€effective€prohibition€of€incitement€to€such€violence€either€in€theŠ „-õ(- Šarmed€forces€and€the€police€or€among€the€general€public.€Š ° ŠĢ42.€€It€is€deeply€regretted€that€the€democratically€elected€Government€of€President€Ndadaye€wasŠ ‚Ņ Šbrutally€attacked€by€military€forces€in€the€attempted€ņņcoup€d'tatóó€of€21€October€1993€and€that€theŠ k» Šsignificant€progress€that€had€been€made€towards€strengthening€democratic€institutions€in€Burundi€hasŠ T¤ Šbeen€jeopardized.Š =  ŠĢ43.€€Concern€is€expressed,€in€particular,€that€major€reform€of€the€military€remains€to€be€undertakenŠ  _ Šwith€a€view€to€bringing€it€under€effective€civilian€control€and€to€broaden€its€ethnic€composition€toŠ ų H Šreflect€more€adequately€the€composition€of€the€population.€€Concern€is€also€expressed€that€majorŠ į 1  Šreform€needs€to€be€undertaken€with€respect€to€the€judiciary€and€the€public€service,€which€also€do€notŠ Ź   Šreflect€the€ethnic€composition€of€the€population.Š ³  ŠĢ44.€€Deep€concern€is€expressed€that€an€atmosphere€of€impunity€continues€to€prevail€in€Burundi.€€AsŠ …Õ  Šin€the€past,€the€lack€of€effective€investigation,€prosecution€and€punishment€of€those€guilty€of€humanŠ n¾  Šrights€violations€committed€against€both€ethnic€communities€threatens€to€undermine€efforts€toŠ W§  Šstrengthen€the€rule€of€law€and€build€confidence€in€democratic€institutions.€€Concern€is€expressed€thatŠ @ Šthe€impunity€of€perpetrators€of€human€rights€violations€is€one€of€the€factors€contributing€to€the€threatŠ )y Šof€renewed€and€unrestrained€violence.Š b ŠĢ45.€€Concern€is€expressed€over€the€inadequate€response€of€the€international€community€to€assistŠ ä4 ŠBurundi€in€dealing€with€the€serious€and€difficult€problems€confronting€it.Š Ķ ŠĢņņSuggestions€and€recommendationsóóŠ Ÿļ ŠĢ46.€€The€Committee€strongly€recommends€that€decisive€steps€be€taken€immediately€at€theŠ qĮ Šinternational,€regional€(through€the€Organization€of€African€Unity)€and€national€levels,€and€throughŠ ZŖ Šthe€Secretary-General€of€the€United€Nations,€to€break€the€vicious€cycle€of€ethnic€violence€andŠ C“ Šatrocities€that€continues€to€erupt€regularly€in€Burundi.€€To€that€end,€the€Committee€supports€the€callŠ ,| Šof€the€Government€of€Burundi€for€international€cooperation€to€assist€it€in€its€efforts€to€restore€stabilityŠ e Šand€to€strengthen€democratic€institutions.€€In€that€connection,€the€Committee€emphasizes€the€needŠ žN Što€restructure€the€military,€the€police€and€the€public€service€in€order€to€bring€them€under€effectiveŠ ē 7 Šcivilian€control.€€The€Committee€also€emphasizes€the€urgent€need€to€take€steps€to€foster,€at€all€levelsŠ Š!   Šof€society,€a€dialogue€of€reconciliation€which€includes€the€military€and€other€security€forces.Š ¹" ! ŠĢ47.€€The€ethnic€conflict€in€Burundi€is€paralleled€by€a€conflict€in€Rwanda€involving€members€of€theŠ ‹$Ū# Šsame€two€groups.€€It€is€doubtful€whether€one€State€can€resolve€the€conflict€within€its€borders€unlessŠ t%Ä $ Šthe€conflict€in€the€subregion€is€resolved.Š ]&­!% ŠĢ48.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€major€reform€of€the€judiciary€be€undertaken€and€stresses€thatŠ /(#' Šadequate€legal€safeguards€must€be€put€in€place€to€ensure€the€security€of€members€of€all€ethnicŠ )h$( Šcommunities€and€their€access€to€effective€judicial€recourse.Š *Q%) ŠĢ49.€€The€Committee€strongly€urges€the€Government€of€Burundi€to€make€a€determined€effort€to€bringŠ Ó+#'+ Šan€end€to€the€impunity€of€the€perpetrators€of€the€ethnically€motivated€massacres€and€other€raciallyŠ ¼, (, Šbased€human€rights€violations€that€have€ravaged€the€country.€€In€this€connection,€the€CommitteeŠ „-õ(- Šemphasizes€the€need€for€the€investigation,€prosecution€and€punishment€of€perpetrators€by€theŠ ° ŠGovernment€of€Burundi€in€order€to€restore€confidence€in€the€rule€of€law€and€also€as€an€indication€of€Š ™é Šresolve€that€a€recurrence€of€those€crimes€will€not€be€tolerated.€€To€that€end,€steps€should€be€takeŠ ‚Ņ Šimmediately€at€the€international€level€to€lend€more€support€and€assistance€to€the€Government€ofŠ k» ŠBurundi€with€a€view€to€ending€the€violence,€to€help€in€finding€a€lasting€solution€to€the€ethnic€tensionŠ T¤ Šand€to€create€conditions€to€encourage€the€return€of€the€refugees.Š =  ŠĢ50.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€Government€of€Burundi€request€technical€assistance€fromŠ  _ Šthe€Centre€for€Human€Rights€in€all€aspects€of€strengthening€democratic€institutions€and€promoting€Š ų H Šrespect€for€human€rights,€with€the€possible€assistance€of€one€or€more€members€of€the€Committee.€Š į 1  ŠSuch€assistance€would€be€useful€particularly€with€respect€to€legislative€and€judicial€reform,€theŠ Ź   Štraining€of€law€enforcement€officials,€the€establishment€of€a€national€institution€for€the€protection€ofŠ ³  Šhuman€rights€and€the€development€of€education€programmes€aimed€at€encouraging€inter-ethnicŠ œģ  Štolerance€and€understanding.Š …Õ  ŠĢņņFurther€actionóóŠ W§  ŠĢ51.€€In€accordance€with€article€9,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€requests€furtherŠ )y Šinformation€from€the€State€party€on€measures€taken€to€implement€the€provisions€of€the€ConventionŠ b Šin€the€light€of€the€concluding€observations€adopted€by€the€Committee€at€its€forty-fourth€session.€€TheŠ ūK ŠState€party€is€requested€to€provide€that€information€by€30€June€1994€so€that€it€may€be€considered€byŠ ä4 Šthe€Committee€at€its€forty-fifth€session.Š Ķ ŠĢ52.€€At€its€1063rd€meeting€(forty-fifth€session),€held€on€16€August€1994,€the€Committee€gave€furtherŠ Ÿļ Šconsideration€to€the€situation€in€Burundi€(see€sect.€B€below).Š ˆŲ ŠŠ  qĮ Šņ ņCERD€€A/52/18ó óŠ ° ŠĢĢ562.€€At€its€1238th€and€1239th€meetings,€held€on€19€and€20€August€1997,€the€Committee€consideredŠ l¼ Šthe€seventh€to€tenth€periodic€reports€of€Burundi€(CERD/C/295/Add.1),€and€at€its€1242nd€meeting,Š U„ Šheld€on€21€August€1997,€adopted€the€following€concluding€observations.Š > Ž ŠĢņņIntroductionóóŠ  ` ŠĢ563.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€resumption€of€the€dialogue€with€the€State€party€and€the€presenceŠ ā 2  Šof€a€delegation€from€the€capital€to€present€the€report.€€While€noting€that€the€report€fails€to€provideŠ Ė   Šconcrete€information€on€the€implementation€of€the€Convention€in€Burundi,€the€Committee€expressesŠ “  Šits€satisfaction€to€the€€delegation€for€answering€the€many€questions€raised€by€members€of€theŠ ķ  ŠCommittee€during€the€course€of€the€dialogue.Š †Ö  ŠĢņņFactors€and€difficulties€impeding€the€implementation€of€the€ConventionóóŠ XØ  ŠĢ564.€€The€Committee€recognizes€that€Burundi€is€facing€many€difficulties€that€have€an€impact€on€the€Š *z Šimplementation€of€the€Convention.€€In€this€regard,€the€Committee€refers€in€particular€to€the€violentŠ c Šethnic€conflict€in€the€States€of€the€Great€Lakes€region,€including€Burundi;€the€civil€conflict€plaguingŠ üL Šthe€country;€the€massive€displacements€of€populations€and€flows€of€refugees€within€the€region,€asŠ å5 Šwell€as€the€numerous€internally€displaced€persons;€the€political€instability;€and€the€very€difficultŠ Ī Šeconomic€and€social€situation,€aggravated€by€the€imposition€of€an€economic€embargo€against€theŠ · ŠState€party€since€31€July€1996.Š  š ŠĢņņPositive€aspectsóóŠ rĀ ŠĢ565.€€The€Committee€warmly€appreciates€the€efforts€of€the€State€party€to€submit€and€present€its€reportŠ D” Šunder€adverse€circumstances.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€declared€willingness€of€the€State€partyŠ -} Što€restore€peace€and€security€in€Burundi€through€political€dialogue,€to€be€held€in€September€1997€inŠ f Šthe€United€Republic€of€Tanzania,€which€could,€hopeful,€produce€a€government€satisfactory€to€allŠ ’O Šparties.€€The€declared€policy€of€the€Government€to€end€impunity€for€perpetrators€of€human€rightsŠ č 8 Šviolations€is€also€welcomed€by€the€Committee.Š Ń!!  ŠĢ566.€€The€establishment€of€a€ministry€responsible€for€human€rights€and€of€a€national€centre€for€humanŠ £#ó" Šrights€is€welcomed.€€The€fact€that€the€Government€encourages€the€establishment€of€independentŠ Œ$Ü# Šleagues€and€associations€for€the€promotion€and€protection€of€human€rights€is€viewed€as€a€positiveŠ u%Å $ Šfactor.Š ^&®!% ŠĢ567.€€The€fact€that€the€Penal€Code,€in€its€article€180,€penalizes€racial€or€ethnic€discrimination€andŠ 0(€#' Šhatred,€and€that€the€Political€Parties€Act€prohibits€discrimination€based€on€ethnic€grounds€and€makesŠ )i$( Šit€an€offence€under€its€articles€5€and€63,€respectively,€is€noted€with€satisfaction.Š *R%) ŠĢ568.€€Note€is€taken€with€appreciation€of€the€oral€invitation€to€send€members€of€the€Committee€intoŠ Ō+$'+ ŠBurundi€to€assess€the€situation€with€respect€of€the€implementation€of€the€Convention€in€practice.€€ThisŠ ½, (, Šis€viewed€as€a€€constructive€means€of€pursuing€the€dialogue€with€the€State€party€and€shows€the€latterššsŠ ¦-ö(- Šwillingness€to€improve€implementation€of€provisions€of€the€Convention.Š ° ŠĢņņPrincipal€subjects€of€concernóóŠ ‚Ņ ŠĢ569.€€The€main€concern€of€the€Committee€is€with€the€continuation€of€acts€of€violence€and€killingsŠ T¤ Šbetween€people€of€different€ethnic€background€in€Burundi.Š =  ŠĢ570.€€The€understanding€of€the€notions€of€š šracešš€and€š šethnic€originšš€by€the€State€party,€as€expressedŠ  _ Šin€paragraphs€5,€6€and€23€of€the€report,€and€reiterated€by€the€delegation€in€its€oral€statement,€is€aŠ ų H Šmatter€of€concern.€€The€Committee€emphasizes€that€article€1,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Convention€definesŠ į 1  Šas€racial€discrimination€any€distinction,€exclusion,€restriction€or€preference€based€on€race,€colour,Š Ź   Šdescent,€or€national€or€ethnic€origin€which€has€either€the€purpose€or€the€effect€of€nullifying€orŠ ³  Šimpairing€the€recognition,€enjoyment€or€exercise€of€human€rights€and€fundamental€freedoms€on€anŠ œģ  Šequal€basis€in€the€political,€social,€cultural€or€any€other€field€of€public€life.€€Moreover,€the€attentionŠ …Õ  Šof€the€State€party€is€called€to€the€Committeeššs€General€Recommendation€VIII,€which€provides€thatŠ n¾  Šthe€identification€of€individuals€as€members€of€a€particular€racial€or€ethnic€group€shall€be€based€uponŠ W§  Šself-identification€by€the€individual€himself.€€In€the€present€case,€it€is€believed€that€an€important€partŠ @ Šof€the€population€of€the€State€party€identifies€itself€as€being€member€of€one€of€the€three€ethnic€groupsŠ )y Šliving€in€the€country,€either€the€Tutsis,€the€Hutus€or€the€Twas,€and€that€important€parts€of€theŠ b Špopulation€are€living€in€conditions€which€do€not€guarantee€the€exercise€of€human€rights€under€equalŠ ūK Šterms.Š ä4 ŠĢ571.€€It€is€regretted€that€concerns€expressed€and€recommendations€made€by€the€Committee€in€itsŠ ¶ Šconcluding€observations€of€17€March€1994,€and€in€its€decision€1€(47)€of€1995€and€resolution€1€(49)Š Ÿļ Šof€1996€on€the€situation€in€Burundi,€adopted€under€the€Committeeššs€agenda€item€on€prevention€ofŠ ˆŲ Šracial€discrimination,€including€early€warning€and€urgent€procedures,€have€not€been€addressed€in€theŠ qĮ Špresent€report.Š ZŖ ŠĢ572.€€It€is€regretted€that€the€status€of€Decree-Law€No.€1/001€of€13€September€1996,€which€regulatesŠ ,| Šthe€transitional€institutional€system€and€the€current€powers€and€activities€of€the€National€Assembly,Š e Šas€well€as€the€functions€and€powers€of€the€National€Centre€for€Human€Rights€and€the€ņņAbashingantaheóóŠ žN ŠCouncil,€has€not€been€fully€clarified.Š ē 7 ŠĢ573.€€The€insufficiency€of€information€in€the€report€in€connection€with€article€3€of€the€ConventionŠ ¹" ! Šis€regretted.€€In€this€respect,€the€Committee€calls€the€attention€of€the€State€party€to€its€GeneralŠ ¢#ņ" ŠRecommendation€XIX.Š ‹$Ū# ŠĢ574.€€The€Committee€expresses€concern€over€reports€of€delays€in€the€process€of€prosecuting€thoseŠ ]&­!% Šresponsible€for€the€assassination€of€President€Ndadaye.€€It€is€equally€concerned€over€the€slow€processŠ F'–"& Šof€prosecuting€and€punishing€perpetrators€of€mass€killings€and€disappearances.€€The€delays€castŠ /(#' Šdoubts€on€the€effective€implementation€of€the€Governmentššs€policy€of€ending€the€pattern€of€impunity.Š )h$( ŠĢ575.€€It€is€noted€with€concern€that€no€specific€legislation€has€been€adopted€to€fully€implement€theŠ ź*:&* Šprovisions€of€article€4€of€the€Convention€and€that€no€information€was€provided€in€the€report€on€theŠ Ó+#'+ Šimplementation€of€that€article€in€practice.Š ¼, (, ŠŠ „-õ(- Š576.€€The€lack€of€information€on€the€enjoyment€by€the€various€groups€within€the€population€of€all€theŠ ° Šrights€laid€down€in€article€5€of€the€Convention€is€regretted,€all€the€more€so€since€numerous€reportsŠ ™é Šmake€reference€to€discrimination€against€the€Hutus€and€the€Twas€in€the€enjoyment€of€certain€rights,Š ‚Ņ Šsuch€as€the€rights€incorporated€in€article€5€(a),€(b),€(d)€(i),€(e)€(i),€(iv),€(v),€and€(f)€of€the€Convention.Š k» ŠĢ577.€€The€insufficiency€of€information€received€on€regroupment€camps€in€general€and,€in€particular,Š =  Šon€the€ethnic€composition€of€the€people€in€the€camps€and€the€situation€and€conditions€of€lifeŠ & v Šprevailing€therein,€is€regretted.€€Concern€is€expressed€over€reports€that€people,€mostly€of€Hutu€origin,Š  _ Šare€forced€by€the€police€to€leave€their€homes€and€settle€in€regroupment€camps,€which€are€kept€underŠ ų H Šthe€control€of€the€army,€in€violation€of€article€5€(d)€(i)€of€the€Convention.Š į 1  ŠĢ578.€€While€the€statement€made€by€the€delegation€that€an€appeal€was€sent€to€Burundi€refugees€inŠ ³  Šneighbouring€countries€to€return€to€Burundi€is€welcomed,€the€lack€of€information€on€measures€takenŠ œģ  Što€ensure€their€€repatriation€and€their€safe€return€is€regretted.€€Similarly,€the€lack€of€information€onŠ …Õ  Šthe€situation€of€refugees€living€in€Burundi€is€regretted,€all€the€more€so€since€reports€state€that€theirŠ n¾  Šright€to€security€of€person€and€protection€by€the€State€against€violence€or€bodily€harm,€whetherŠ W§  Šinflicted€by€government€officials€or€by€any€individual€or€group€or€institution,€under€article€5€(b)€ofŠ @ Šthe€Convention,€is€not€always€guaranteed.Š )y ŠĢ579.€€With€respect€to€article€6€of€the€Convention,€concern€is€expressed€over€the€lack€of€legislativeŠ ūK Šprovisions€to€implement€the€right€to€just€and€adequate€reparation€or€satisfaction€for€any€damageŠ ä4 Šsuffered€as€a€result€of€acts€of€racial€discrimination.€€Moreover,€the€absence€of€complaints€against€actsŠ Ķ Šof€racial€discrimination€raises€doubts€as€to€the€extent€of€the€publicity€given€to,€and€the€effectivenessŠ ¶ Šof,€available€remedies€for€victims€of€racial€discrimination.Š Ÿļ ŠĢ580.€€In€connection€with€article€7€of€the€Convention,€while€the€statements€of€policy€and€theŠ qĮ Šprogrammes€launched€by€ministerial€departments€cited€in€the€report€are€welcomed,€the€lack€ofŠ ZŖ Šinformation€on€concrete€steps€undertaken€to€comply€with€its€provisions€is€regretted.Š C“ ŠĢņņSuggestions€and€recommendationsóóŠ e ŠĢ581.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€next€periodic€report€provide€information€on€theŠ ē 7 Šrepresentation€of€€members€of€the€Tutsi,€Hutu€and€Twa€ethnic€groups€in€the€government,€theŠ Š!   Šadministration,€the€judiciary,€the€police€and€the€army.€€It€further€recommends€that€the€Government,Š ¹" ! Šwhile€restructuring€the€country,€take€into€consideration€the€Committeeššs€concluding€observations€ofŠ ¢#ņ" Š17€March€1994,€its€decision€1€(47)€of€1995€and€its€resolution€1€(49)€of€1996.Š ‹$Ū# ŠĢ582.€€The€Committee€also€recommends€that€information€be€provided€by€the€State€party€in€its€nextŠ ]&­!% Šperiodic€report€on€the€place€of€Decree-Law€No.€1/001/96€within€the€domestic€legal€order€and€on€theŠ F'–"& Šsituation€with€respect€to€the€current€powers€and€activities€of€the€National€Assembly,€as€well€as€on€theŠ /(#' Šrespective€powers€and€functions€of€the€National€Centre€for€Human€Rights€and€the€ņņAbashingantaheóóŠ )h$( ŠCouncil.Š *Q%) ŠĢ583.€€In€connection€with€the€implementation€of€article€3€of€the€Convention,€the€CommitteeŠ Ó+#'+ Šrecommends€that,€in€the€light€of€its€General€Recommendation€XIX,€comprehensive€information€beŠ ¼, (, Šprovided€by€the€State€party€in€its€next€periodic€report€on€measures€taken€to€prevent,€prohibit€andŠ „-õ(- Šeradicate€all€practices€of€racial€segregation€in€Burundi.Š ° ŠĢ584.€€The€Committee€urges€the€Government€to€further€its€efforts€to€bring€to€an€end€the€impunity€ofŠ ‚Ņ Šthe€perpetrators€of€human€rights€violations€and€to€accelerate€the€procedures€currently€under€way.€€InŠ k» Šthis€respect,€the€Committee€emphasizes€the€need€for€the€investigation,€prosecution€and€punishmentŠ T¤ Šof€those€found€guilty€of€such€crimes,€in€order€to€restore€confidence€in€the€rule€of€law€and€as€anŠ =  Šindication€that€their€recurrence€will€not€be€tolerated€by€the€authorities.Š & v ŠĢ585.€€The€Committee€reaffirms€that€the€provisions€of€article€4€of€the€Convention€are€mandatory,€asŠ ų H Šstated€in€its€General€Recommendation€VII€(32).€€The€Committee€stresses€in€this€regard€that€the€StateŠ į 1  Šparty€should€fulfil€all€its€obligations€under€this€article€and€that,€in€doing€so,€it€take€fully€into€accountŠ Ź   Šits€General€Recommendation€XV€(42).Š ³  ŠĢ586.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€action€be€taken€at€the€legislative,€administrative€and€judicialŠ …Õ  Šlevels€to€protect€the€right€of€everyone,€without€discrimination,€to€enjoy€their€right€under€article€5€ofŠ n¾  Šthe€Convention,€especially€the€right€to€equal€treatment€before€the€courts€and€all€other€organsŠ W§  Šadministering€justice;€to€security€of€person€and€protection€by€the€State€against€violence€or€bodilyŠ @ Šharm;€to€freedom€of€movement€and€residence€within€the€borders€of€the€State;€to€work;€to€publicŠ )y Šhealth€and€medical€care;€and€to€education€and€training;€and€the€right€of€access€to€any€place€or€serviceŠ b Šintended€for€use€by€the€general€public.€€It€further€recommends€that€comprehensive€information€on€theŠ ūK Šimplementation€of€articles€be€provided€in€the€State€partyššs€next€periodic€report.Š ä4 ŠĢ587.€€Further€information€on€the€situation€prevailing€in€the€regroupment€camps,€as€well€as€on€theŠ ¶ Šethnic€composition€of€people€settled€therein€and€the€possibility€for€the€latter€to€freely€leave€or€settleŠ Ÿļ Šin€the€camps,€is€requested.Š ˆŲ ŠĢ588.€€The€Committee€also€requests€information€in€the€next€periodic€report€on€measures€taken€toŠ ZŖ Šensure€the€safe€repatriation€of€refugees€to€Burundi€and€to€protect€from€violence€refugees€living€withinŠ C“ ŠBurundi.Š ,| ŠĢ589.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€ensure€protection€against€any€acts€of€racialŠ žN Šdiscrimination€€through€the€competent€courts,€in€accordance€with€article€6€of€the€Convention,€by,€ņņinterŠ ē 7 Šaliaóó,€strengthening€the€court€system,€the€independence€of€the€judiciary€and€the€confidence€of€theŠ Š!   Špopulation€therein.€€It€further€recommends€that€the€right€to€seek€just€and€adequate€reparation€forŠ ¹" ! Švictims€of€acts€of€racial€discrimination€be€guaranteed€in€law€and€practice.Š ¢#ņ" ŠĢ590.€€In€connection€with€the€implementation€of€article€7€of€the€Convention,€the€CommitteeŠ t%Ä $ Šrecommends€that€all€necessary€measures€be€taken€to€provide€training€and€education€of€lawŠ ]&­!% Šenforcement€officers,€civil€servants,€magistrates€and€lawyers,€as€well€as€teachers€and€students,€at€allŠ F'–"& Šlevels€of€education,€in€the€field€of€human€rights€and€prevention€of€racial€discrimination.Š /(#' ŠĢ591.€€The€Committee,€being€aware€that€the€resolution€of€the€ethnic€conflict€in€Burundi€cannot€beŠ *Q%) Šachieved€without€a€resolution€of€the€conflict€in€the€Great€Lakes€region,€urges€the€Burundi€authoritiesŠ ź*:&* Što€take€all€necessary€measures,€in€cooperation€with€neighbouring€countries,€to€find€ways€and€meansŠ Ó+#'+ Što€restore€peace€and€security€in€Burundi.Š ¼, (, ŠŠ „-õ(- Š592.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€ratify€the€amendments€to€article€8,€paragraphŠ ° Š6,€of€the€Convention€adopted€on€15€January€1992€at€the€Fourteenth€Meeting€of€States€Parties€to€theŠ ™é ŠConvention.Š ‚Ņ ŠĢ593.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€partyššs€next€periodic€report,€due€on€26€NovemberŠ T¤ Š1998,€be€a€comprehensive€report€and€that€it€address€all€the€points€raised€in€the€present€observations.