ÿWPC[ ì>ÃÛӨ然ý{EÄâ=~fW‹)ší±æD.¥4Ñ$l³6çÒw,N·MðÛxL÷D öÍGöù|"êf·ðê„qÜ ˜uB–š²·HnÓÛüK|wÁ(Ý4ÏP04Cmþ‹3©Ù6a?”-,ÆÊÄÆYuâ¦H$ïö>žN”ýZ°Ó„¡ö­”5¾1×v­e ì§ßdܾE_Ò¼WVJ‰s ±gYòj¬ß< ÛühIªR½S3NØ›\7¶(@á òZôùà Úîmå|y~Ÿ^êÓ«ž®ñ}U¼$Ð#ðÜÁ~ ŸŒ§+¦;!‡rð=»…vÌV™ÑÊú=ÑíG¤ì÷<5*¬ÅÄXs˽¹æþý~Á¦…t¼¦´:„é°Œ‰A¾Ð?V\Ÿ®Ì• vóîK/Ú?¾ý‘LÃæ—æp•÷ƒW ¤¿Í„`Ó,Ð_,¡îJ¹³µ-²nwC1æÌùáf$$¾$¯¥"hhÛ!ÍÓèñû•Þzùq¼CA$+¾Rxå7ï%m|êy=ZÉè@Ënz|£çµJ˜y” €øƒ‰°MáëE‡«Ô;Ðr¨Ì­¾IäÁ%7òÝÛìRŠØ5 ÅhˆlVâxÞOÐ1VR(ÿî–ªaýª–\ #Á¶UNw %Å 0:Ë^ w4)8 m:QNY˜HP LaserJet 4P,ü,,,,,ü0&Öd9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(üœ$¡¡ÔUSUS.,Ô@s, ñkr, œ TcŸ3|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ Ý ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ò òÔ‡¼ñD»XXÔCAMBODIAÔ#†XªˆX»¼ñDy#Ôó óÐ ° ÐÌò òÔ_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô€A/54/40€Ô_Ô(1999)ó óÔ_ÔÐ ° ÐÌÌÓ  Ó292.€€The€Committee€considered€the€initial€report€of€Cambodia€(Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/81/Add.12)€at€its€1758th,Ð t Ä Ð1759òòthóó€and€1760òòthóó€meetings€(Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/SR.1758-1760),€held€on€14€and€15€July€1999,€and€adopted€theÐ ` ° Ðfollowing€concluding€observations€at€its€1770th€and€177st€meetings€(Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/SR.1770-1771),€heldÐ L œ Ðon€22€July€1999.Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌ1.òò€IntroductionóóÐ `  ÐÌ293.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€State€party's€comprehensive€and€detailed€initial€report€whichÐ è8  Ðpointed€to€many€difficulties.€€It€appreciates€the€information€provided€by€the€delegation€in€its€dialogueÐ Ô$  Ðwith€the€Committee.€Ð À  ÐÌ2.€òòPositive€aspectsóóÐ ˜è ÐÌ294.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€fact€that€the€State€party€has€begun€the€process€of€reforming€andÐ pÀ Ðtraining€the€judiciary€which€was€destroyed€in€the€period€of€Khmer€Rouge€rule.€Ð \¬ ÐÌ295.€€The€Committee€also€welcomes€the€fact€that€the€Constitution€calls€for€recognition€of€and€respectÐ 4„ Ðfor€human€rights€as€stipulated€in€international€instruments,€including€the€Covenant.€Ð  p ÐÌ3.€òòFactors€and€difficulties€affecting€implementation€of€the€CovenantóóÐ øH ÐÌ296.€€The€State€party€has€undergone€a€long€period€of€conflict€and€violence€which€resulted€in€theÐ Ð  Ðkilling€of€a€large€proportion€of€its€population,€the€forced€exile€of€many€others,€the€destruction€of€theÐ ¼  Ðmain€institutions€of€the€State,€including€the€judiciary,€and€the€undermining€of€its€economic€and€socialÐ ¨ø Ðlife.€€There€remains€an€unacceptable€level€of€violence€and€use€of€weapons.€Ð ”ä ÐÌ4.òò€Principal€areas€of€concern€and€recommendationsóóÐ l!¼ ÐÌ297.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€that€Khmer€Rouge€leaders€have€not€yet€been€brought€to€trial.€€Ð D#”! ÐÌà0  àThe€State€party€should€take€steps€without€delay€to€ensure€that€the€alleged€perpetrators€ofÐ %l # Ðgross€human€rights€violations€and€crimes€against€humanity€are€brought€to€trial€beforeÐ &X!$ Ðproperly€constituted€independent€courts€and€in€accordance€with€generally€acceptedÐ ô&D"% Ðinternational€standards.€Ðà'0#&(#(# ÐÌ298.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€that€under€article€31€of€the€Constitution€equal€rights€apply€toÐ ¸)%( Ð"Khmer€citizens"€while€other€provisions€protect€the€rights€of€€"non-Khmer€citizens".€Ð ¤*ô%) ÐÌà0  à€The€State€party€should€ensure€that€the€rights€contained€in€the€Covenant€are€enjoyed€by€allÐ |,Ì'+ Ðwithout€distinction.€Ðh-¸(,(#(# ÐÔ_Ô€Ì299.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€that€the€justice€system€remains€weak€owing€to€the€killing€orÐ œì Ðexpulsion€of€professionally€trained€lawyers€during€the€conflict,€the€lack€of€training€and€resources€forÐ ˆØ Ðthe€new€judiciary€and€their€susceptibility€to€bribery€and€political€pressure.€The€Committee€is€alsoÐ tÄ Ðconcerned€that€the€Supreme€Council€of€the€Magistracy€is€not€independent€of€government€influence,Ð `° Ðand€that€it€has€not€yet€been€able€to€deal€with€the€many€allegations€of€judicial€incompetence€andÐ L œ Ðunethical€behavior.€Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌ300.€€The€Committee€is€further€concerned€that€the€judiciary€seeks€the€opinion€of€the€Ministry€ofÐ  ` ÐJustice€in€regard€to€the€interpretation€of€laws€and€that€the€Ministry€issues€circulars€which€are€bindingÐ ü L  Ðon€judges.€Ð è 8  ÐÌà0  àThe€State€party€should€take€urgent€measures€to€strengthen€the€judiciary€and€to€guarantee€itsÐ À  Ðindependence,€and€to€ensure€that€all€allegations€of€corruption€or€undue€pressure€on€theÐ ¬ü  Ðjudiciary€are€dealt€with€promptly.€Ð˜è (#(# ÐÌ301.€€The€Committee€is€€concerned€that€the€effect€of€article€51€of€the€Cambodian€Common€StatuteÐ pÀ Ðof€€Civil€Servants,€in€requiring€permission€from€the€relevant€minister€(or€from€the€Council€ofÐ \¬ ÐMinisters)€before€a€criminal€prosecution€against€a€civil€servant€(or€senior€civil€servant)€may€beÐ H˜ Ðinitiated,€tends€to€lead€€to€impunity€by€preventing€the€investigation€and€prosecution€of€publicÐ 4„ Ðofficials,€including€law€enforcement€officers€responsible€for€human€rights€violations.€It€notes€theÐ  p Ðstatement€by€the€delegation€that€this€law€is€not€applied€to€members€of€the€security€forces€and€that€itsÐ  \ Ðrepeal€has€been€proposed.€€Ð øH ÐÌà0  àThe€State€party€should€repeal€article€51€of€the€Common€Statute€of€Civil€Servants€withoutÐ Ð  Ðdelay.€Ð¼ (#(# ÐÌ302.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€that€the€State€party€has€not€yet€established€an€independent€andÐ ”ä Ðlegally€constituted€body€with€power€to€oversee€and€report€on€the€implementation€of€human€rightsÐ €Ð Ðobligations€and€to€investigate€complaints€of€human€rights€violations,€and€that€the€National€HumanÐ l¼ ÐRights€Committee€referred€to€in€paragraph€27€of€the€report€has€neither€the€resources€nor€theÐ X ¨ Ðindependence€to€carry€out€this€function.€Furthermore,€while€the€State€party€concedes€that€its€judiciaryÐ D!” Ðis€lacking€in€resources€and€is€plagued€by€corruption,€it€puts€undue€reliance€on€the€courts€toÐ 0"€  Ðinvestigate€human€rights€violations€by€public€officials.€€A€permanent€and€independent€human€rightsÐ #l! Ðmonitoring€body€should€be€established€by€legislation,€with€adequate€powers€and€resources€to€receiveÐ $X" Ðand€investigate€allegations€of€torture€or€other€abuses€of€power€by€public€officials.Ð ô$D # ÐÌà0  àA€permanent€and€independent€human€rights€monitoring€body€should€be€established€byÐ Ì&"% Ðlegislation,€with€adequate€powers€and€resources€to€receive€and€investigate€allegations€ofÐ ¸'#& Ðtorture€or€other€abuses€of€power€by€public€officials.€Ð¤(ô#'(#(# ÐÌ303.€€The€Committee€is€alarmed€at€reports€of€killings€by€the€security€forces,€other€disappearancesÐ |*Ì%) Ðand€deaths€in€custody,€and€at€the€failure€of€the€State€party€to€investigate€fully€all€these€allegations€andÐ h+¸&* Ðto€bring€the€perpetrators€to€justice.€€It€is€particularly€concerned€at€the€lack€of€action€in€regard€to€theÐ T,¤'+ Ðmany€deaths€and€disappearances€that€occurred€during€1997€and€during€the€1998€elections,€and€inÐ @-(, Ðregard€to€the€delay€in€completing€the€investigation€of€the€grenade€attack€on€demonstrators€on€30Ð ° ÐMarch€1997.€€Ð œì ÐÌà0  àAction€should€be€taken€without€delay€to€prevent€the€further€occurrence€of€such€incidents,€toÐ tÄ Ðinvestigate€all€such€allegations,€and€to€bring€those€alleged€to€have€violated€Covenant€rightsÐ `° Ðto€trial.€ÐL œ(#(# ÐÌ304.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€at€statements€in€the€report€that€the€laws€relating€to€arrest€andÐ $ t Ðpreventive€and€pre-trial€detention€are€not€strictly€observed,€that€unlawful€and€arbitrary€detention€isÐ  ` Ðcommon€and€that€many€persons€are€kept€in€pre-trial€detention€longer€than€the€period€of€six€monthsÐ ü L  Ðpermitted€under€Cambodian€law.€€It€is€especially€concerned€that€the€provisions€of€the€TransitionalÐ è 8  ÐCriminal€Code€(arts.€10-22),€under€which€the€court€must€order€the€immediate€release€of€a€personÐ Ô$  Ðarrested€without€a€warrant,€are€not€always€complied€with€by€the€police€authorities.€It€is€alsoÐ À  Ðconcerned€about€reports€of€obstruction€of€the€judicial€process€by€the€police.€€The€State€party€shouldÐ ¬ü  Ðtake€firm€measures,€including€training€of€the€judiciary€and€the€police€in€human€rights,€to€ensure€strictÐ ˜è  Ðcompliance€with€its€Criminal€Code€and€with€article€9€of€the€Covenant.€Ð „Ô  ÐÌ305.€€The€Committee€is€seriously€concerned€at€statements€in€the€report€relating€to€the€frequency€ofÐ \¬ Ðphysical€and€mental€coercion€of€accused€persons€and€the€beating€of€detainees€during€interrogation,Ð H˜ Ðand€that€there€have€been€few€investigations€or€prosecutions€in€respect€of€allegations€of€torture€andÐ 4„ Ðill-treatment.€€The€Committee€is€also€concerned€at€reports€that€women€prisoners€are€vulnerable€toÐ  p Ðrape€by€prison€guards€and€that€despite€the€prohibition€of€the€use€of€shackles€and€chains€in€prisons,Ð  \ Ðthere€continue€to€be€reports€of€their€use.€Ð øH ÐÌà0  àThe€State€party€should€act€without€delay€to€prevent€these€abuses,€which€violate€article€7,Ð Ð  Ðparagraph€1€and€article€10,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant,€to€investigate€alleged€violations€andÐ ¼  Ðbring€the€perpetrators€to€justice;€it€should€ensure€that€confessions€obtained€by€force€areÐ ¨ø Ðexcluded€from€evidence,€that€women€prisoners€are€guarded€only€by€female€wardens,€and€thatÐ ”ä Ðthere€are€effective€procedures€for€making€and€investigating€complaints€by€prisoners€andÐ €Ð Ðdetainees.€Ðl¼(#(# ÐÌ306.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€at€reports€of€serious€overcrowding€in€prisons€and€at€the€level€ofÐ D!” Ðill-health€among€prisoners€and€the€lack€of€health€care.€€Ð 0"€  ÐÌà0  àThe€State€party€should€take€urgent€steps€to€ensure€that€article€10€of€the€Covenant€is€fullyÐ $X" Ðimplemented€and€that€basic€minimum€standards€are€met€in€all€prisons€and€places€ofÐ ô$D # Ðdetention.€Ðà%0!$(#(# ÐÌ307.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€at€reports€that€children€are€detained€in€juvenile€detention€facilitiesÐ ¸'#& Ðfor€considerable€periods€without€charge,€and€without€access€to€a€lawyer€or€to€court.€€It€is€particularlyÐ ¤(ô#' Ðconcerned€that€these€children€are€subjected€to€beatings€and€to€ill-treatment.€Ð )à$( ÐÌà0  à€The€State€party€should€ensure€strict€observance€of€articles€7,€9€and€10€and€should€takeÐ h+¸&* Ðappropriate€measures€to€ensure€the€protection€of€children€in€accordance€with€article€24€of€theÐ T,¤'+ ÐCovenant.€Ð@-(,(#(# Ї308.€€The€Committee€is€seriously€concerned€at€the€reports€of€extensive€trafficking€of€men€andÐ ° Ðwomen€for€labour,€and€of€women€and€children€for€purposes€of€sexual€exploitation€and€forcedÐ œì Ðprostitution.€€It€is€particularly€concerned€that€the€laws€which€prohibit€these€abuses€are€not€enforced.€Ð ˆØ ÐÌà0  àThe€State€party€should€take€positive€steps€to€eradicate€these€practices,€to€protect€the€victims,Ð `° Ðto€prosecute€those€responsible€and€to€enforce€anti-corruption€measures€in€respect€of€lawÐ L œ Ðenforcement€officers.€Ð8 ˆ(#(# ÐÌ309.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€that€prevalent€attitudes€concerning€the€subordinate€role€of€womenÐ  ` Ðin€the€family€and€in€society€are€a€substantial€obstacle€to€the€equal€enjoyment€of€rights€by€women,€andÐ ü L  Ðimpede€their€education€and€opportunities€for€employment€and€full€participation€in€political€life.€€TheÐ è 8  ÐCommittee€is€also€concerned€that€parents€decide€upon€marriage,€that€children€are€forced€intoÐ Ô$  Ðmarriage,€that€rape€in€marriage€is€not€an€offence€and€that€the€authorities€do€not€provide€support€toÐ À  Ðwomen€who€complain€of€domestic€violence.€Ð ¬ü  ÐÌà0  àThe€State€party,€in€conformity€with€its€obligations€under€the€Covenant,€should€ensure€greaterÐ „Ô  Ðaccess€to€education€by€women€and€girls,€equal€employment€opportunities€for€women,€andÐ pÀ Ðthe€full€and€equal€participation€of€women€in€political€life.€It€should€also€take€steps€to€ensureÐ \¬ Ðrespect€for€laws€prohibiting€marriage€without€full€and€free€consent,€and€introduce€measuresÐ H˜ Ðto€enable€women€to€seek€effective€protection€of€the€law€in€case€of€domestic€violence.€Ð4„(#(# ÐÌ310.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€at€reports€concerning€violent€attacks€on€and€harassment€ofÐ  \ Ðjournalists€and€suspension€of€publications.€€It€is€also€concerned€at€the€Press€Laws€which€imposeÐ øH Ðlicensing€requirements€and€prohibit€publications€which,€òòinter€aliaóó,€cause€harm€to€political€stabilityÐ ä4 Ðor€which€insult€national€institutions.€These€broadly€defined€offences€are€incompatible€with€theÐ Ð  Ðrestrictions€permissible€under€paragraph€3€of€article€19€of€the€Covenant.€Ð ¼  ÐÌà0  à€The€State€party€should€take€action€to€protect€journalists€and€to€investigate€acts€of€violenceÐ ”ä Ðand€bring€the€perpetrators€to€justice.€The€Press€Laws€should€be€brought€into€compliance€withÐ €Ð Ðarticle€19€of€the€Covenant.€Ðl¼(#(# ÐÌ311.€€The€Committee€regrets€the€lack€of€specific€information€concerning€indigenous€peoples,Ð D!” Ðespecially€hill€tribes,€and€about€the€measures€taken€to€ensure€that€their€rights€under€article€27€to€enjoyÐ 0"€  Ðtheir€cultural€traditions,€including€their€agricultural€activities,€are€respected.€€Ð #l! ÐÌà0  àImmediate€measures€should€be€taken€to€ensure€that€the€rights€of€members€of€indigenousÐ ô$D # Ðcommunities€are€respected;€further€information€on€these€issues€should€be€included€in€theÐ à%0!$ ÐState€party's€second€periodic€report.€ÐÌ&"%(#(# ÐÌ312.€€The€Committee€requests€that€the€State€party€submit€its€second€periodic€report€in€2002.€€ItÐ ¤(ô#' Ðrecommends€that€the€State€party€disseminate€the€present€concluding€observations,€in€the€CambodianÐ )à$( Ðlanguage,€widely€throughout€the€community.€€€€€€€Ð |*Ì%) Ð