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Ðof€the€communication.€He€claims€to€be€a€victim€of€a€violation€by€Canada€of€articles€2,€paragraphsÐ à%0!$ Ð3(a)€and€(b),€6,€paragraph€1,€7,€9,€13,€17€and€23,€paragraphs€1€and€2,€of€the€Covenant.€He€isÐ Ì&"% Ðrepresented€by€counsel.Ð ¸'#& ÐÌò òòòThe€facts€as€presentedóóó óÐ )à$( ÐÌ2.1€In€May€1978,€the€author€fled€Vietnam€illegally€for€fear€of€being€drafted€into€the€VietnameseÐ h+¸&* Ðarmed€forces€in€the€armed€conflict€with€Cambodia.€The€authorððs€father€had€been€a€general€in€theÐ T,¤'+ Ðformer€South€Vietnamese€forces€and€died€in€1975.€On€20€October€1980€(aged€16€years),€the€authorÐ @-(, Ðarrived€in€Canada€and€was€granted€permanent€resident€status.€On€his€immigration€record€andÐ ° Ðpermanent€residence€visa€documentation,€he€is€listed€as€ð ðapatride/statelessðð.€In€April€1985,€the€authorÐ œì Ðwas€convicted€of€assault€causing€bodily€harm€and€aggravated€assault,€and€sentenced,€concurrently,Ð ˆØ Ðto€9€months€imprisonment€and€2€years€probation.€In€1988,€he€was€(i)€convicted€of€breaking€andÐ tÄ Ðentering€and€theft,€as€well€as€assault€with€a€weapon,€for€which€he€received€consecutive€sentences€ofÐ `° Ð4€months€and€2€months€imprisonment,€(ii)€convicted€of€assault€causing€bodily€harm,€for€which€heÐ L œ Ðwas€sentenced€to€one€year€imprisonment€and€probation€of€two€years,€(iii)€convicted€of€operating€aÐ 8 ˆ Ðmotor€vehicle€while€impaired,€for€which€he€was€sentenced€7€days€imprisonment€and€a€fine.€In€JuneÐ $ t Ð1991,€the€author€travelled€to€Vietnam€on€Canadian€documentation€on€a€limited€term€visitorððs€visa,Ð  ` Ðand€married€a€Vietnamese€national€who€applied€for€Canadian€permanent€residence€on€the€basis€ofÐ ü L  Ðher€relationship€with€the€author.Ð è 8  ÐÌ2.2€By€virtue€of€his€criminal€offences,€the€Canadian€authorities€on€8€July€1992€ordered€the€authorððsÐ À  Ðdeportation€pursuant€to€s.€27€of€the€Immigration€Act,€which€requires€the€deportation€of€permanentÐ ¬ü  Ðresidents€who€have€been€convicted€of€serious€criminal€offences.€In€1993,€he€was€convicted€ofÐ ˜è  Ðoperating€a€motor€vehicle€while€impaired;€he€was€sentenced€to€14€daysðð€imprisonment.€On€15€JulyÐ „Ô  Ð1993,€the€author's€appeal€to€the€Appeals€Division€of€the€Immigration€and€Refugee€Board,€based€onÐ pÀ Ðð ðthe€existence€of€compassionate€or€humanitarian€considerationsðð€was€dismissed.€The€author€thenÐ \¬ Ðsought€leave€to€apply€for€judicial€review€to€the€Federal€Court.€However,€his€counsel€at€the€timeÐ H˜ Ðinadvertently€failed€to€request€written€reasons€for€decision€from€the€Appeals€Division€within€the€10Ð 4„ Ðday€limit€provided,€and€as€a€result€the€Appeals€Division€refused€to€supply€its€reasons€once€requestedÐ  p Ðthereafter.€On€10€November€1993,€the€Federal€Court€dismissed€the€author's€application€for€failureÐ  \ Ðto€supply€an€application€record€(including€the€Appeals€Divisionððs€reasons€for€decision.)Ð øH ÐÌ2.3€On€20€December€1993,€the€Canadian€authorities€refused€his€wifeððs€application€for€permanentÐ Ð  Ðresidence€(which,€according€to€the€author,€would€otherwise€likely€have€been€approved)€on€the€basisÐ ¼  Ðof€the€deportation€order€against€the€author.€On€21€December€1993,€the€author€submitted€to€theÐ ¨ø ÐFederal€Court€a€motion€for€reconsideration€of€its€decision€of€10€November€1993€to€reject€the€authorððsÐ ”ä Ðapplication€for€judicial€review.€On€18€April€1994,€the€Federal€Court€dismissed€the€motion.€On€4Ð €Ð ÐMarch€1994,€the€author€appealed€against€the€refusal€of€his€wifeððs€application€to€the€Immigration€andÐ l¼ ÐRefugee€Board.Ð X ¨ ÐÌ2.4€On€5€July€1994,€the€authorððs€new€counsel€made€a€further€request€to€the€Appeals€Division€for€theÐ 0"€  Ðwritten€reasons€his€case€was€dismissed.€On€21€July€1994,€counsel€was€advised€that€the€time€limit€forÐ #l! Ðrequesting€reasons€had€passed€and€would€not€be€supplied.€On€12€September€1994,€counsel€requestedÐ $X" Ðfrom€the€Appeals€Division€an€order€extending€the€time€available€to€request€written€reasons.€On€5Ð ô$D # ÐOctober€1994,€the€Appeals€Division€refused€the€request.€An€application€for€leave€and€judicial€reviewÐ à%0!$ Ðof€this€decision€was€filed€with€the€Federal€Court€on€25€October€1994.Ð Ì&"% ÐÌ2.5€On€9€March€1995,€the€Federal€Court€dismissed€the€application,€without€reasons€given.€No€furtherÐ ¤(ô#' Ðappeal€is€available,€and€the€author€submits€that€all€effective€and€available€domestic€remedies€haveÐ )à$( Ðbeen€exhausted.€In€1995,€the€author€was€charged€with€breaking€and€entering,€possession€of€aÐ |*Ì%) Ðrestricted€weapon,€carrying€a€concealed€weapon,€careless€handling€of€a€firearm,€possession€of€aÐ h+¸&* Ðprohibited€weapon,€and€various€other€related€charges.Ð T,¤'+ ÐÐ @-(, Ðò òòòThe€complaintó óóóÐ ° ÐÌ3.1€The€author€argues€that€his€removal€to€a€country€where€he€allegedly€has€no€legal€status€wouldÐ ˆØ Ðamount€to€cruel,€inhuman€and€degrading€treatment€contrary€to€article€7.€He€submits€that€as€a€resultÐ tÄ Ðof€his€illegal€departure€from€Vietnam€and€the€loss€of€his€Canadian€permanent€residency€status,€heÐ `° Ðhas€become€stateless.€As€a€result,€he€would,€upon€deportation€to€Vietnam,€be€unable€to€work,€resideÐ L œ Ðor€otherwise€enjoy€the€rights€associated€with€employment.€He€points€out€that€when€he€travelled€toÐ 8 ˆ ÐVietnam€in€1991,€he€was€required€to€obtain€a€visa€for€four€months€and€was€not€allowed€to€engageÐ $ t Ðin€employment.€He€submits€that€he€may€be€imprisoned€in€a€ð ðre„education€campðð€upon€return€as€aÐ  ` Ðresult€of€his€illegal€departure€and€his€fatherððs€involvement€in€the€former€South€VietnameseÐ ü L  Ðgovernment.€The€author€refers€to€the€Committeeððs€General€Comment€20€on€article€7,€where€theÐ è 8  ÐCommittee€considered€that€both€the€ð ðdignity€and€the€physical€and€mental€integrity€of€the€individualððÐ Ô$  Ðwas€protected€by€this€article.€He€also€refers€to€jurisprudence€of€the€Committee€and€the€EuropeanÐ À  ÐCourt€of€Human€Rights€finding€that€psychological€torture€and€pressure€may€be€subsumed€under€thisÐ ¬ü  Ðprovision.€òò2/óóÐ ˜è  ÐÌ3.2€He€also€alleges,€under€article€7,€that€his€removal€would€amount€to€a€destruction€of€his€family€lifeÐ pÀ Ðand€that€his€family€would€suffer€anguish€as€a€result.€He€lists€three€sisters,€three€brothers„in„law,€sixÐ \¬ Ðnieces,€three€nephews€and€five€others€(of€unspecified€relationship)€in€Canada€from€whom€he€wouldÐ H˜ Ðbe€separated.€He€contends€that€the€Committee€has€recognized€that€anguish€and€suffering€to€familyÐ 4„ Ðmembers€may€be€in€violation€of€the€Covenant.€òò3/óóÐ  p ÐÌ3.3€The€author€further€alleges€that,€for€the€reasons€advanced€above,€his€deportation€would€violateÐ øH Ðhis€right€to€security€and€liberty€of€the€person€(article€9).€He€argues€that€ððlibertyðð€includes€the€rightÐ ä4 Ðto€establish€a€home€and€bring€up€children.€He€further€refers€to€the€right€to€life,€liberty€and€securityÐ Ð  Ðof€the€person€provisions€contained€in€the€Canadian€Charter€of€Rights€and€Freedoms€and€contendsÐ ¼  Ðthat€this€includes€the€right€to€pursue€any€lawful€livelihood€or€lawful€occupation€without€unreasonableÐ ¨ø Ðgovernment€interference.Ð ”ä ÐÌ3.4€The€author€complains€that€his€deportation€would€be€arbitrary€and€contrary€to€article€13,€taken€inÐ l¼ Ðconjunction€with€article€2,€paragraphs€3(a)€and€(b),€as€it€is€not€in€accordance€with€law€and€does€notÐ X ¨ Ðrespect€the€safeguards€contained€in€article€13.€Referring€to€the€Committeeððs€General€Comment€15Ð D!” Ðon€article€13,€he€argues€that€the€Committee€has€interpreted€broadly€the€right€against€arbitraryÐ 0"€  Ðexpulsion.€In€his€case,€the€Appeals€Divisionððs€refusal€to€issue€written€reasons€for€its€decision€deniedÐ #l! Ðhim€the€opportunity€to€challenge€the€legality€of€his€deportation€order€in€the€Federal€Court.€He€arguesÐ $X" Ðthat€the€Appeals€Divisionððs€decision€should€be€subject€to€judicial€review,€given€the€consequencesÐ ô$D # Ðof€the€decision,€and€to€ensure€the€objectivity€and€independence€of€the€decision„maker.€He€alleges,Ð à%0!$ Ðwith€reference€to€the€Committeeððs€jurisprudence,€that€he€has€not€been€afforded€an€effective€remedyÐ Ì&"% Ðto€challenge€his€expulsion€and€that€there€are€no€compelling€reasons€of€national€security€to€depriveÐ ¸'#& Ðhim€of€such€a€remedy.€òò4/óó€Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌ3.5€Finally,€the€author€alleges€that€his€deportation€would€amount€to€a€disproportionate€interferenceÐ |*Ì%) Ðwith€his€right€to€home€and€family€life,€infringing€his€rights€under€articles€17,€paragraphs€1€and€2,€andÐ h+¸&* Ð23,€paragraphs€1€and€2.€He€alleges€that€his€separation€by€deportation€from€close€family€members€isÐ T,¤'+ Ðdisproportionate€to€his€criminal€record,€and€that€it€is€unreasonable€to€deport€someone€who€arrivedÐ @-(, Ðin€Canada€at€age€16.€Referring€to€his€wifeððs€(refused)€application€for€residence€and€the€authorððs€closeÐ ° Ðfamily€members€in€Canada,€he€contends€that€a€situation€of€family€dependency€upon€the€author€hasÐ œì Ðbeen€established€in€Canada.€In€these€circumstances,€a€broad€interpretation€of€the€notion€of€ð ðfamilyððÐ ˆØ Ðshould€be€applied,€òò5/óó€€and€that€protection€of€the€family€outweighs€the€Stateððs€desire€to€deport€him.Ð tÄ ÐHe€submits€that€articles€17€and€23€should€also€be€given€a€broad€interpretation€where€legal€obstaclesÐ `° Ðto€creation€of€family€life€and€a€fear€of€persecution€exist€in€a€country€a€person€is€being€returned€to.Ð L œ ÐDue€to€his€statelessness,€he€will€be€unable€to€remain€indefinitely€in€Vietnam€and€support€a€family.Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌ3.6€The€author€contends€that€jurisprudence€of€the€European€Court€has€prohibited€the€deportation€ofÐ  ` Ðindividuals€with€criminal€convictions€on€the€grounds€of€family€relationships.€òò6/óó€Although€denial€ofÐ ü L  Ðfamily€rights€may€be€cruel€or€degrading€treatment€contrary€to€article€12€of€the€Canadian€Charter,€heÐ è 8  Ðcontends€there€are€no€effective€domestic€remedies€available€for€the€rights€in€issue.Ð Ô$  ÐÌò òòòThe€State€partyððs€submissions€on€the€admissibility€of€the€communicationó óóóÐ ¬ü  ÐÌ4.1€By€submissions€of€4€July€1997,€the€State€party€contested€the€admissibility€of€the€communication,Ð „Ô  Ðarguing€that€the€author€had€failed€to€demonstrate,€on€the€facts,€that€he€would€òòprima€facieóó€be€a€victimÐ pÀ Ðof€a€violation€by€Canada€of€any€of€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant€if€he€were€to€be€returned€toÐ \¬ ÐVietnam.€It€is€therefore€unsubstantiated,€incompatible€with€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant€andÐ H˜ Ðinadmissible.Ð 4„ ÐÌ4.2€The€State€party€points€out€that,€while€200,000€people€are€granted€permanent€residence€each€year,Ð  \ Ðthere€is€no€right€to€the€grant€or€retention€of€such€status,€and€conditions€of€compliance€may€be€set.Ð øH ÐThese€conditions,€for€the€most€part,€reflect€the€State€partyððs€concerns€for€the€health€and€safety€of€itsÐ ä4 Ðcitizens,€the€security€of€its€institutions,€and€the€administration€of€its€law.€As€to€the€authorððs€personalÐ Ð  Ðcircumstances€in€Canada,€the€State€party€points€out€that€the€author€has€been€living€with€one€of€hisÐ ¼  Ðsisters€and€her€family,€while€his€employment€history€has€been€erratic.€The€State€party€observes€thatÐ ¨ø Ðit€has€requested€travel€papers€for€the€author€from€Vietnam,€with€which€it€concluded€a€MemorandumÐ ”ä Ðof€Understanding,€on€4€October€1995,€to€accept€the€return€of€Vietnamese€citizens€without€any€otherÐ €Ð Ðcitizenship€who€violated€Canadian€law€and€are€subject€to€deportation.€At€the€time€of€submission,Ð l¼ ÐVietnam€had€accepted€15€such€persons,€and€the€authorððs€return€is€under€active€consideration€by€thatÐ X ¨ Ðcountry.Ð D!” ÐÌ4.3€As€to€the€authorððs€claims€under€article€7,€the€State€party€argues€that€the€scope€of€this€provisionÐ #l! Ðis€not€as€broad€as€claimed.€Reasoning€by€analogy€with€òòVuolanne€v€Finlandóó,€òò7/óó€€the€State€party€arguesÐ $X" Ðthat€the€treatment€complained€of€must€amount€to€more€than€deportation€or€its€natural€consequences.Ð ô$D # ÐThere€must€be€substantial€grounds€for€believing€that€the€authorððs€rights€under€article€7€would€beÐ à%0!$ Ðviolated€in€the€receiving€country.€In€this€case,€the€author€has€given€no€evidence€to€refute€UNHCRÐ Ì&"% Ðclaims€that€Vietnamese€returnees€are€well€treated,€òò8/óó€€nor€is€his€claim€that€he€might€be€imprisonedÐ ¸'#& Ðin€a€re„education€camp€more€than€pure€speculation.€The€State€party€points€out€that€the€author€did€notÐ ¤(ô#' Ðhesitate€to€return€to€Vietnam€several€years€ago€to€marry,€and€it€does€not€appear€that€at€that€time,€heÐ )à$( Ðwas€subject€to€any€discriminatory€action€by€the€Vietnamese€authorities,€much€less€action€that€wouldÐ |*Ì%) Ðtrigger€the€article€7€threshold.Ð h+¸&* ÐÌ4.4€The€State€party€rejects€that€the€author€is€stateless,€pointing€out€that€in€four€documents€placedÐ @-(, Ðbefore€the€Committee€by€the€author,€he€is€identified€as€a€Vietnamese€national€(in€his€VietnameseÐ ° Ðmarriage€certificate,€his€affidavit€to€the€Immigration€and€Refugees€Board,€his€memorandum€ofÐ œì Ðargument€to€the€same€Board€and€his€memorandum€of€argument€before€the€Federal€Court).€He€hasÐ ˆØ Ðprovided€no€evidence€that€he€has€lost€Vietnamese€citizenship,€or€that€he€could€not€work€in€VietnamÐ tÄ Ðand€support€a€family.€Indeed,€he€has€recently€married€a€Vietnamese€national,€whose€right€of€abodeÐ `° Ðthere€would€enable€the€author€to€enjoy€family€life€there.€While€the€author€would€be€inconveniencedÐ L œ Ðin€terms€of€his€relationships€with€his€sisters€in€Canada,€his€mother€and,€apparently,€two€brothers€alsoÐ 8 ˆ Ðcontinue€to€reside€there,€further€reducing€the€negative€impact€of€his€removal.Ð $ t ÐÌ4.5€Concerning€article€9,€the€State€party€argues€that€the€author€would€not€be€deprived€in€Vietnam€ofÐ ü L  Ðany€of€the€rights€that€he€identifies€as€inherent€in€that€article.€As€a€citizen€of€Vietnam,€he€would€beÐ è 8  Ðentitled€to€all€the€rights€of€that€country€if€returned.€While€the€valid€removal€of€an€alien€affects€theÐ Ô$  Ðremoval€of€an€alien€to€move€freely€within€the€removing€state,€there€is€no€violation€of€article€9€whereÐ À  Ðthe€removal€is€otherwise€lawful€and€consistent€with€the€Covenant.Ð ¬ü  ÐÌ4.6€As€to€the€authorððs€claims€under€articles€13€and€2€concerning€arbitrary€expulsion,€the€State€partyÐ „Ô  Ðrecalls€that€the€author€was€convicted€of€serious€criminal€offences,€thereby€breaching€an€importantÐ pÀ Ðcondition€attached€to€his€continued€residence€as€an€alien.€He€was€ordered€removed€following€an€oralÐ \¬ Ðhearing€with€full€procedural€safeguards.€The€decision€by€the€Appeals€Division€to€reject€his€appealÐ H˜ Ðwas€taken€in€accordance€with€law€and€having€regard€to€all€the€circumstances€of€the€case,€and€cannotÐ 4„ Ðbe€said€to€be€arbitrary€or€inconsistent€with€the€Covenant.€The€author€had€multiple€legal€opportunitiesÐ  p Ðto€obtain€the€Appeals€Divisionððs€reasons,€and€failed€to€do€so€either€through€inadvertence€or€dueÐ  \ Ðprocess€of€law.Ð øH ÐÌ4.7€The€State€party€points€out€that€the€Appeals€Division€hears€too€many€cases€to€make€it€practicableÐ Ð  Ðto€issue€written€reasons€for€its€decision€automatically.€If€requested€within€a€certain€timeframe,Ð ¼  Ðhowever,€they€must€be€supplied.€The€time€limit€is€to€ensure€an€accurate€rendition€of€the€decision,€andÐ ¨ø Ðto€be€consistent€with€the€timeframes€for€further€appeals€from€the€Appeals€Divisionððs€decisions€andÐ ”ä Ðfor€other€decisions€under€the€Immigration€Act.€At€each€stage€of€the€process,€the€author€wasÐ €Ð Ðrepresented€by€counsel,€while€the€adjudicators,€Appeals€Division€members€and€Federal€Court€judgesÐ l¼ Ðdeciding€in€the€authorððs€case€were€all€independent.€Thus,€the€deportation€decision€was€reached€inÐ X ¨ Ðaccordance€with€the€law,€and€the€author€had€ample€opportunity€to€seek€review€of€that€order,€asÐ D!” Ðrequired€by€article€13.€The€State€party€submits€that€the€judicial€review€available€to€the€authorÐ 0"€  Ðsatisfied€its€obligations€under€article€2,€and€that€any€violation€of€Covenant€rights€would€have€foundÐ #l! Ðan€effective€remedy€before€competent€judicial€authorities.Ð $X" ÐÌ4.8€As€to€the€authorððs€claims€under€articles€17€and€23,€the€State€party€repeats€that€he€is€a€VietnameseÐ à%0!$ Ðnational€with€corresponding€rights,€and€that€a€number€of€close€family€members,€including€his€wife,Ð Ì&"% Ðmother€and€two€brothers,€live€in€Vietnam.€He€has€demonstrated€no€family€dependency€on€him€inÐ ¸'#& ÐCanada€ð!ð€indeed,€he€lives€in€the€home€of€a€sister€and€her€family.€The€State€party€submits€that€theÐ ¤(ô#' Ðscope€of€the€Covenantððs€protection€of€the€family€in€the€immigration€context€is€defined€by€articles€13,Ð )à$( Ð17€and€23€read€together,€such€that€a€State,€when€considering€removal€of€aliens,€should€balance€theÐ |*Ì%) Ðindividualððs€family€interests€against€the€interests€of€the€State.€To€that€end,€full€consideration€wasÐ h+¸&* Ðgiven€to€the€authorððs€family€circumstances€throughout€the€entire€decision„making€process.Ð T,¤'+ ÐConsiderations€such€as€age,€length€of€time€spent€in€Canada,€presence€of€close€family€members€inÐ @-(, ÐCanada€and€abroad,€degree€of€integration€into€Canadian€society€and€successful€establishment€inÐ ° ÐCanada€are€mandatory€in€the€decision„making.€The€decisions€made€were€not€arbitrary€and€proceduralÐ œì Ðguarantees€were€fully€met.€The€State€party€submits€that€the€same€considerations€were€applied€in€theÐ ˆØ Ðpresent€case€as€in€the€case€of€òòStewart€v€Canadaóó,€òò9/óó€€where€the€Committee€found€no€violations€ofÐ tÄ Ðarticles€17€and€23€of€the€Covenant,€and€that€in€fact€the€present€facts€show€a€far€weaker€familyÐ `° Ðconnection€with€the€removing€country€than€was€the€case€in€òòStewartóó.Ð L œ ÐÌ4.9€As€to€the€authorððs€claim€under€article€6,€paragraph€1,€the€State€party€contests€the€relevance€of€thisÐ $ t Ðprovision€to€the€case.€The€author€has€not€suggested€that€his€case€falls€into€the€categories€of€deathÐ  ` Ðpenalty,€infant€mortality,€deaths€at€the€hands€of€State€authorities€or€similar€circumstances€that€theÐ ü L  ÐCommittee€has€previously€examined€in€relation€to€article€6.€The€authorððs€right€to€life€is€notÐ è 8  Ðthreatened€in€either€Canada€or€Vietnam.Ð Ô$  ÐÌò òòòThe€authorððs€commentsóóó óÐ ¬ü  ÐÌ5.1€By€letter€of€27€October€1997,€the€author€responded€to€the€State€partyðð€submissions,€pointing€outÐ „Ô  Ðthat€in€the€State€partyððs€immigration€documentation€he€is€identified€as€ð ðapatride/statelessðð.€It€is€thusÐ pÀ Ðnot€open€to€the€State€party€to€contend€that€he€possesses€Vietnamese€citizenship€when€itsÐ \¬ Ðdocumentation€acknowledges€him€as€stateless.€He€also€points€out€that€when€he€traveled€to€VietnamÐ H˜ Ðin€1991,€he€was€first€required€to€obtain€a€visitorððs€visa€for€a€four€month€period€only€and€was€notÐ 4„ Ðallowed€to€pursue€employment€during€his€stay.Ð  p ÐÌòòò òSupplementary€submissionsó óóóÐ øH ÐÌ6.1€By€submissions€of€16€March€1998,€the€State€party€responded€to€the€authorððs€comments,€pointingÐ Ð  Ðout€that€the€author€does€not€deny€that€he€remains€a€citizen€of€Vietnam,€and€that€the€VietnameseÐ ¼  Ðgovernment€would€not€accept€him€unless€he€was€a€citizen.€The€1995€Memorandum€of€UnderstandingÐ ¨ø Ðonly€requires€Vietnam€to€accept€its€citizens,€if€they€have€been€convicted€in€Canada€of€criminalÐ ”ä Ðactivity.€Vietnam€would€not€issue€a€passport€or€other€documentation€to€the€author€if€he€were€not€aÐ €Ð Ðcitizen.Ð l¼ ÐÌ6.2€The€State€party€points€out€that€the€designation€ð ðapatride/statelessðð€is€typically€used€in€itsÐ D!” Ðimmigration€documentation€to€indicate€that€the€person€concerned€is€outside€his/her€state€ofÐ 0"€  Ðnationality,€is€not€carrying€a€travel€document€issued€by€that€country,€and€is€unwilling€to€return€to€thatÐ #l! Ðcountry.€The€officials€completing€such€documentation€do€not€have€the€capacity€to€determine€whetherÐ $X" Ðthe€individual€in€question€is,€in€law,€stateless.€The€State€party€continues€to€consider€the€author€aÐ ô$D # ÐVietnamese€citizen,€and€conducts€discussions€with€Vietnam€about€the€authorððs€return€on€that€basis.Ð à%0!$ ÐÌ6.3€The€State€party€recalls€that€the€authorððs€marriage€certificate,€issued€by€the€VietnameseÐ ¸'#& Ðauthorities,€identifies€him€as€a€Vietnamese€national.€Indeed,€the€author€swore€in€his€affidavits€beforeÐ ¤(ô#' Ðthe€Immigration€and€Refugee€Board€and€before€the€Federal€Court€that€he€was€Vietnamese.Ð )à$( ÐÌ6.4€On€22€April€1998,€the€State€partyððs€supplementary€submissions€were€transmitted€to€the€authorððsÐ h+¸&* Ðcounsel,€with€an€invitation€to€comment.€Despite€being€further€invited€by€reminders€of€25€SeptemberÐ T,¤'+ Ð2000€and€12€October€2001,€no€further€comments€were€received€from€the€authorððs€counsel.Ð @-(, Їòòò òIssues€and€proceedings€before€the€Committeeó óóóÐ ° ÐÌ7.1€Before€considering€any€claim€contained€in€a€communication,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€must,Ð ˆØ Ðin€accordance€with€rule€87€of€its€rules€of€procedure,€decide€whether€or€not€the€communication€isÐ tÄ Ðadmissible€under€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€Covenant.Ð `° ÐÌ7.2€The€Committee€observes€that€the€State€party€objects€to€the€admissibility€of€the€communicationÐ 8 ˆ Ðsolely€on€the€ground€that€it€is€unsubstantiated€and/or€that€the€authorððs€claims€fall€outside€the€scopeÐ $ t Ðof€the€Covenant.€At€the€outset,€the€Committee€notes€that€it€does€not€need€to€determine€whether€theÐ  ` Ðauthor€is,€in€fact,€stateless€or€not.€If€he€is€not€a€Vietnamese€citizen,€then,€on€the€basis€of€theÐ ü L  Ðinformation€before€it,€he€is€not€liable€to€removal€to€Vietnam€under€the€terms€of€the€MemorandumÐ è 8  Ðof€Understanding€and,€at€least€at€the€present€time,€his€communication€would€be€moot€and€devoid€ofÐ Ô$  Ðobject.€The€Committee€therefore€proceeds,€for€the€sake€of€argument,€on€the€basis€most€favourableÐ À  Ðto€the€author,€namely€that€the€author€òòisóó€liable€to€deportation€to€Vietnam.Ð ¬ü  ÐÌ7.3€As€to€the€claim€under€article€6,€the€Committee€notes€that€the€author€has€not€advanced€anyÐ „Ô  Ðargumentation€whatsoever€in€support€of€his€claim€under€this€provision,€and€accordingly€finds€thisÐ pÀ Ðclaim€inadmissible€as€manifestly€unsubstantiated.Ð \¬ ÐÌ7.4€As€to€the€claims€under€articles€2,€7,€9,€13,€17€and€23,€the€Committee€observes€that€the€authorððsÐ 4„ Ðarguments€fall€into€two€categories.€Firstly,€he€argues€that€his€removal€would€separate€him€fromÐ  p Ðfamily€in€Canada,€render€him,€partly€due€to€his€being€a€non„citizen,€unable€to€pursue€his€own€familyÐ  \ Ðlife€in€Vietnam€and€expose€him€to€deprivations€of€other€rights€there.€Secondly,€he€argues€that€theÐ øH Ðdeportation€process€in€Canada€was€flawed.€On€the€first€point,€the€Committee€notes€that,€as€aÐ ä4 ÐVietnamese€citizen,€the€author€would€be€entitled€to€reside,€work€and€support€a€family€in€Vietnam;Ð Ð  Ðindeed,€he€married€a€Vietnamese€citizen€there€without€any€difficulty€in€1991.€Given€the€presence€ofÐ ¼  Ðhis€wife,€mother€and€two€brothers,€the€author€has€failed€to€demonstrate€that€his€removal€would,€inÐ ¨ø Ðterms€of€articles€17€and€23,€raise€arguable€issues€of€family€life€under€the€Covenant.Ð ”ä ÐÌ7.5€As€to€the€claim€under€article€7€of€the€Covenant,€the€Committee€considers€that,€the€author€has€notÐ l¼ Ðsubstantiated,€beyond€a€simple€allegation,€that€he€faces€a€real€risk€ofÐ X ¨ Ðabusive.CCPR/C/77/D/743/1997€treatment€by€the€Vietnamese€authorities€that€would€raise€additionalÐ D!” Ðissues€under€article€7.€While€the€Committee€would€ordinarily€assess€the€merits€of€the€claim€of€suchÐ 0"€  Ða€risk€at€the€time€it€considered€the€communication,€the€Committee€notes€in€the€present€case€(i)€thatÐ #l! Ðthe€authorððs€comments€on€the€State€party€submissions€did€not€respond€to€its€contention€that€he€wasÐ $X" Ðnot€at€risk€of€such€treatment,€and€(ii)€that€despite€repeated€invitations€to€comment€on€the€State€partyððsÐ ô$D # Ðsupplementary€submissions,€the€author€did€not€take€those€opportunities€to€further€substantiate€thisÐ à%0!$ Ðclaim.€In€the€light€of€the€preceding€paragraphs,€the€Committee€accordingly€concludes€that€the€authorÐ Ì&"% Ðhas€failed€to€substantiate,€for€purposes€of€admissibility,€his€claims€of€a€violation€of€articles€7,€9,€17Ð ¸'#& Ðand€23€of€the€Covenant.€Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌ7.6€As€to€the€processes€before€Canadian€immigration€and€judicial€authorities,€the€Committee€notesÐ |*Ì%) Ðthat€the€author,€aided€by€counsel,€had€a€full€and€independent€review€by€the€Appeals€Division€of€theÐ h+¸&* Ðdecision€to€deport€him.€Even€if€article€13€was€to€be€interpreted€to€require€the€possibility€of€a€furtherÐ T,¤'+ Ðappeal,€the€Committee€notes€that€this€was€available€under€the€State€partyððs€law,€provided€that€theÐ @-(, Ðauthor€lodged€a€timely€request€for€the€full€decision.€The€Committee€recalls€its€jurisprudence€pursuantÐ ° Ðto€which€failure€to€adhere€to€procedural€time€limits€for€the€filing€of€complaints€amounts€to€failureÐ œì Ðto€exhaust€domestic€remedies,€òò10/óó€€and€concludes€that,€as€a€consequence,€it€would€be€inappropriateÐ ˆØ Ðfor€the€author€to€raise€on€the€merits€his€subsequent€inability,€due€to€inadvertence,€to€pursue€anÐ tÄ Ðeffective€appeal.€The€Committee€accordingly€concludes€that€the€author€has€failed€to€substantiate,€forÐ `° Ðpurposes€of€admissibility,€his€claim€of€a€violation€of€articles€2€and€13€of€the€Covenant.Ð L œ ÐÌ8.€The€Committee€therefore€decides:Ð $ t ÐÌa)€that€the€communication€is€inadmissible€under€article€2€of€the€Optional€Protocol;Ð ü L  ÐÌb)€that€this€decision€shall€be€communicated€to€the€author€and€to€the€State€party.Ð Ô$  ÐÌÌ[Adopted€in€English,€French€and€Spanish,€the€English€text€being€the€original€version.Ð ˜è  ÐSubsequently€to€be€issued€also€in€Arabic,€Chinese€and€Russian€as€part€of€the€Committee'sÐ „Ô  Ðannual€report€to€the€General€Assembly.]Ð pÀ ÐÌ*€The€following€members€of€the€Committee€participated€in€the€examination€of€the€presentÐ H˜ Ðcommunication:€Mr.Nisuke€Ando,€Mr.€Prafullachandra€Natwarlal€Bhagwati,€Ms.€Christine€Chanet,Ð 4„ ÐMr.€Franco€Depasquale,€Mr.Walter€Klin,€Mr.€Ahmed€Tawfik€Khalil,€Mr.€Rajsoomer€Lallah,€Mr.Ð  p ÐRafael€Rivas€Posada,€Mr.€Nigel€Rodley,€Mr.€Martin€Scheinin,€Mr.€Ivan€Shearer,€Mr.€Hipð;ðlito€SolariÐ  \ ÐYrigoyen,€Ms.€Ruth€Wedgwood€and€Mr.€Roman€Wieruszewski.€Under€rule€85€of€the€Committee'sÐ øH Ðrules€of€procedure,€Mr.€Maxwell€Yalden€did€not€participate€in€the€examination€of€the€case.Ð ä4 ÐÌÌò òòòNotesóóó óÐ ¨ø ÐÌòò1/óó€€€These€charges€were€still€outstanding€at€the€time€of€the€State€partyððs€submission.Ð €Ð ÐÌòò2/óó€€òòMiguel€Angel€Estrella€v€Uruguayóó€Case€No€74/1980,€Views€adopted€on€29€March€1983;€òòSoeringÐ X ¨ Ðv€United€Kingdomóó€Series€A,€Vol€161€(1989).Ð D!” ÐÌòò3/óó€€òòAlmeida€de€Quinteros€et€al.€v€Uruguayóó€Case€No€107/1981,€Views€adopted€on€21€July€1983.€Ð #l! ÐÌòò4/óó€€òòHammel€v€Madagascaróó€Case€No€155/1983,€Views€adopted€on€3€April€1987.Ð ô$D # ÐÌòò5/óó€€òòAumeeruddy-Cziffra€v€Mauritiusóó€Case€No€35/1978,€Views€adopted€on€9€April€1981.€Ð Ì&"% ÐÌòò6/óó€€òòAbdulazis€et€al€v€Franceóó,€òòBeldjoudi€v€Franceóó,€òòDjeroud€v€Franceóó,€òòMoustaquim€v€Franceóó.€Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌòò7/óó€€Case€No€265/1987,€Views€adopted€on€7€April€1989.Ð |*Ì%) ÐÌòò8/óó€€The€State€party€refers€to€a€three€page€facsimile€message,€dated€4€May€1995,€from€the€DeputyÐ T,¤'+ ÐRepresentative€of€the€UNHCR€Branch€Office€for€Canada€to€an€IRB€Research€Officer€on€the€subjectÐ @-(, ÐÔ_ÔofÔ_Ô€ð ðÔ_ÔReturnÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔofÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔVietnameseÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔasylumÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔseekersÔ_Ôðð,€Ô_ÔwhichÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔconcludedÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔthatÔ_Ô:€ð ðÔ_ÔFromÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔsixÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔyearsÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔofÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔexperienceÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔinÔ_ÔÐ ° ÐÔ_ÔvisitingÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔmanyÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔthousandÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔreturneesÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔinÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔoverÔ_Ô€300€Ô_ÔdistrictsÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔandÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔcityÔ_Ô-Ô_ÔwardsÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔallÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔthroughoutÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔVietnamÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔweÔ_ÔÐ œì ÐÔ_ÔmayÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔstateÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔthatÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔtheyÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔareÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔgenerallyÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔtreatedÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔwellÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔwithÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔnoÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔdiscriminatoryÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔmeasuresÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔtakenÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔagainstÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔthemÔ_Ô.ððÐ ˆØ ÐÌòò9/óó€€Ô_ÔCaseÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔNoÔ_Ô€538/1993,€Ô_ÔViewsÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔadoptedÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔonÔ_Ô€1€November€1996.Ð `° ÐÌòò10/óó€€Ô_ÔSeeÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔforÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔexampleÔ_Ô,€òòÔ_ÔA.P.A.Ô_Ô€Ô_ÔvÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔSpainÔ_Ôóó€Ô_ÔCaseÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔNoÔ_Ô€433/1990,€Ô_ÔDecisionÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔadoptedÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔonÔ_Ô€25€Ô_ÔMarchÔ_Ô€1994.Ð 8 ˆ ÐÓGÓ