’WPC8  ī„sW-/@8ee/,–/ŅcɘiŹJ W™ćŽņĄø`HI‚$bīOLŪŠJ„¶zgžbÆ7IPQ i:Ėoeń ’Ŗ»żń·¬:Ć[Å„=yŒ ćyɧ=i„ 9ĘÅ< k¾ŠŚ3ūƒ|[Z“ŌM dQ·2u%y+Ō÷¾hNGś11Īa/ķr”Õ‰ĒåRµoüP²4å ‚e@ė2Ą¤ūÆæŌ¶¾«ŅšEvųćńVA¶S$ Ž>(åŗf“č><»ž'„ygE0ŠąÅ®2XšąnƒšDĮĶŠeūŽąō9Ō³ēÖ”÷źĄ~T&¤'c/••¶„}Ö)įā¹{ē–Bź¢g|Ć×p°Ob:ģÖAš8wać5ŁPÉ.ļ·Eoöė÷‰ĀrŲł2’UhĖ¤Mb<a œį8Šv–Ō‘ī¾& ®ŅLø0}6yāźŚž”Łį‚_ĢøĘÆÄGå‚óķć©““ż½‚ž­O—ø)] ‘„xekĪ æ’H`³zųėŒ ŒkćŖöšx¦Śm»J‘]Š‰‡`"–3ėņLwQƒų•¢Šv3éŅ)ń~H™ŅU ÖŃņzbe%Ɓŗyė 3†ŠmC¹oŃŅņ\qņdZ#ĮģUN­ %ū 0: ^ ; wG 4K _ n mp 1‡ 72 1uF 72» 0cķ 1P 72Ż  N  E                                                                    B ˜HP LaserJet 4000 Series PSČŁŲŁŁŲČŁ0&Öd9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(üœ$””ŌUSUS.,Ōr­\, ½ha+ź:i¢Ų+003|x ’U‹’ĄĄĄ(× CEMU]emu}AutoList1(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)(a) (a)3#37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a) i)(;3£$““Ō2#ŌŚ  Ś0Ś  Ś.Ō3  Ōą0  ą(ē CEMU]emu}AutoList2(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)  dŻ ƒüœ!ŻŌUSUS.,ŌŻ  ŻŌ_Ōņ ņŌ‡¼mŠ»XXŌą@––(ģąCHADˆŠ ° ŠŌ#†X3¾X»¼mŠ@#ŌĢĢŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€€A/34/18€(1979)ó óŠ •å ŠĢĢÓ  Ó185.€€The€initial€report€of€Chad€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/15/Add.2)€was€considered€by€the€Committee€withoutŠ Q ” Šparticipation€of€the€representative€of€the€reporting€State.Š : Š ŠĢ186.€€The€Committee,€while€noting€the€special€situation€created€in€that€country€as€a€result€of€theŠ  \  Šconfrontations€which€were€partly€of€an€ethnic€character,€regretted€that€the€Convention€had€not€beenŠ õ E  Šgiven€effective€implementation€at€the€legislative,€judicial€or€administrative€levels.Š Ž.  ŠĢ187.€€It€was€recalled,€with€reference€to€the€final€paragraph€of€the€report,€that€States€parties€to€theŠ °  ŠConvention€were€required€to€adopt€specific€legal€texts€to€combat€racism€and€racial€discrimination.€Š ™é  ŠA€member€stated€consequently€that€the€Committee€should€invite€the€Government€of€Chad€toŠ ‚Ņ  Šannounce€what€measures€it€had€taken€to€fulfil€its€obligations€under€articles€3,€4,€5,€6€and€7€of€theŠ k» ŠConvention.€€In€view€of€the€fact€that€the€Constitution€of€Chad€has€been€suspended€since€1975,€it€wasŠ T¤ Šimperative€that€a€future€report€should€provide€particulars€on€the€judicial€regulations€which€currentlyŠ = Šguided€the€actions€of€the€public€authorities.Š &v ŠĢ188.€€The€Committee€recognized€that€Chad€had€not€respected€its€obligations€under€article€9€of€theŠ ųH ŠConvention€concerning€the€presentation€and€content€of€reports€to€the€Committee.€€At€the€proposalŠ į1 Šof€the€Chairman,€the€Committee€decided€that€the€guidelines€and€general€recommendations€of€theŠ Ź ŠCommittee€concerning€the€presentation€of€reports€should€be€brought€to€the€attention€of€theŠ ³ ŠGovernment€of€Chad€so€that€the€Government€could€give€due€account€in€its€next€report€of€allŠ œģ Šmeasures€taken€to€implement€the€Convention.Š  …Õ ŠŌ_Ōņ ņŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€€A/39/18€(1984)ó óŠ ° ŠĢ434.€€The€third€periodic€report€of€Chad€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/87/Add.2)€was€considered€by€the€CommitteeŠ ƒÓ Šwithout€the€participation€of€a€representative€of€the€reporting€State.Š l¼ ŠĢ435.€€The€Committee€was€mindful€of€the€situation€existing€in€Chad€which€was€involved€in€anŠ > Ž Šinternal€and€external€war€at€the€same€time.€€It€therefore€expressed€its€understanding€of€theŠ ' w ŠGovernmentššs€difficulties€in€providing€a€satisfactory€report.€€The€Committee€commended€theŠ  ` ŠGovernment€of€Chad€for€its€frank€attempt€to€depict€the€true€situation€in€the€country.€€In€thatŠ ł I Šconnection,€it€expressed€the€hope€that€the€Government€would€be€able€to€achieve€nationalŠ ā 2  Šreconciliation,€to€implement€fully€all€the€provisions€of€the€Convention€and€to€submit€a€moreŠ Ė   Šsubstantive€report€soon€in€accordance€with€the€Committeeššs€guidelines€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/70/Rev.1).Š “  ŠĢ436.€€Commenting€on€the€information€provided,€the€Committee€stated€that€further€information€wasŠ †Ö  Šneeded€with€regard€to€the€demographic€composition€of€Chad€and€the€relations€existing€among€theŠ oæ  Šmany€ethnic€groups€forming€the€population€of€the€country.€€The€Committee€also€observed€that€itŠ XØ  Šcould€not€accept€the€statement€in€the€report€to€the€effect€that€there€was€no€need€for€legislation€toŠ A‘ Šimplement€the€Convention€in€Chad€because€there€was€no€trace€of€racial€discrimination€in€theŠ *z Šcountry.€€It€pointed€out€that€States€parties€had€to€enact€specific€legislation€in€order€to€fulfil€theirŠ c Šobligations€under€the€Convention.€€In€addition,€it€was€noted€that€the€1962€Constitution€of€Chad,Š üL Šwhich€contained€guarantees€with€regard€to€human€rights,€had€been€repealed€and€that€theŠ å5 ŠFundamental€Act€of€the€Third€Republic€served€as€the€Constitution,€and€it€was€asked€whether€theŠ Ī ŠFundamental€Act€maintained€some€of€the€provisions€of€the€1962€Constitution€in€force.€€ClarificationŠ · Šwas€also€requested€on€legislative,€judicial,€administrative€and€other€measures€which€existed€in€ChadŠ  š Što€give€effect€to€the€provisions€of€article€6€of€the€Convention.Š ‰Ł ŠĢ437.€€The€Committee€finally€noted€from€the€report€that€numerous€United€Nations€documents€hadŠ [« Šdisappeared€in€Chad€as€a€result€of€the€armed€conflict.€€In€order€to€help€the€Government€of€Chad€toŠ D” Šcomply€with€the€Convention€and€to€produce€a€satisfactory€report,€the€Committee€requested€theŠ -} ŠSecretary„General€to€transmit€to€the€Government€the€summary€record€of€the€proceedings€relatingŠ f Što€its€consideration€of€the€report€of€Chad,€the€Committeeššs€guidelines€as€well€as€all€other€relevantŠ ’O Šdocumentation€relating€to€the€Convention.Š  č 8 Šņ ņŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€€A/44/18€(1989)ó óŠ ° ŠĢĢ180.€€The€fourth€periodic€report€of€Chad€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/114/Add.2)€was€considered€by€the€CommitteeŠ l¼ Šat€its€838ņņthóó€meeting,€held€on€11€August€1989€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/SR.838),€without€the€participation€of€aŠ U„ Šrepresentative€of€the€reporting€State.Š > Ž ŠĢ181.€€Member€emphasized€the€importance€of€having€the€participation€of€a€representative€of€theŠ  ` Šreporting€State€when€the€report€was€being€considered,€and€regretted€the€fact€that€the€State€concernedŠ ł I Šwas€not€represented€at€its€meeting.Š ā 2  ŠĢ182.€€Members€observed€that€the€fourth€periodic€report€of€Chad€had€not€been€prepared€in€accordanceŠ “  Šwith€the€revised€general€guidelines€concerning€the€form€and€contents€of€reports€by€States€partiesŠ ķ  Šunder€article€9,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Convention€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/70/Rev.1).€€In€the€first€part€of€the€reportŠ †Ö  Šsome€information€relating€to€the€composition€of€the€various€ethnic€groups€of€the€population€wasŠ oæ  Šprovided.€€However,€it€would€assist€the€Committee€in€the€performance€of€its€task€if€the€future€reportŠ XØ  Šcould€give€information€on€the€different€ethnic€groups,€as€far€as€their€language€and€participation€inŠ A‘ Špublic€service€and€in€the€economy€of€the€country€were€concerned.Š *z ŠĢ183.€€With€regard€to€the€application€of€articles€2€to€7€the€Convention,€the€Committee€felt€that€theŠ üL Šinformation€furnished€in€the€fourth€periodic€report€remained€inadequate.€€It€was€observed€that€theŠ å5 ŠGovernment€had€not€responded€to€the€questions€raised€during€the€consideration€of€earlier€reports.€Š Ī ŠThe€Committee€therefore,€considered€it€necessary€to€renew€its€request€to€the€Government€of€ChadŠ · Što€provide€in€its€next€periodic€reports€information€relating€to,€and€texts€of,€its€general€legal€normsŠ  š Šprohibiting€racial€discrimination.€€The€Government€was€also€called€upon€to€supply€informationŠ ‰Ł Šrelating€to€measures€it€had€taken€in€order€to€fulfil€its€obligations€under€articles€2€to€7€of€theŠ rĀ ŠConvention.Š [« ŠĢ184.€€The€Committee€recommended€that€the€summary€records€of€its€deliberations€during€theŠ -} Šconsideration€of€the€fourth€periodic€report€should€be€sent€the€Government€of€the€reporting€State€soŠ f Šas€to€enable€the€Government€to€take€into€account€the€questions€raised€and€comments€made€in€theŠ ’O Špreparation€of€its€fifth€and€sixth€periodic€reports,€which€were€due€in€September€1986€and€SeptemberŠ č 8 Š1988€respectively,€and€which€should€be€submitted€in€one€consolidated€document.Š  Ń!!  Šņ ņŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€€A/48/18€(1993)ó óŠ ° ŠĢĢ162.€€At€its€980ņņthóó€and€983ņņrdóó€meetings,€held€on€17€and€18€March€1993€(see€Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/SR.980€and€983),Š l¼ Šthe€Committee€reviewed€the€implementation€of€the€Convention€by€Chad€based€on€its€previous€reportŠ U„ Š(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/114/Add.2)€and€its€consideration€by€the€Committee€(see€Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/SR.838).€TheŠ > Ž ŠCommittee€noted€that€no€report€had€been€received€since€1986.Š ' w ŠĢ163.€€The€representative€of€the€State€party€explained€that,€during€the€previous€dictatorial€regime€ofŠ ł I ŠPresident€Ō_ŌHissneŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌHabrŌ_Ō,€there€had€been€many€discriminatory€policies€in€Ō_ŌfavourŌ_Ō€of€the€Ō_ŌGoranesŌ_Ō,€theŠ ā 2  Štribe€of€the€President.€€During€the€years€of€dictatorship,€1982€to€1990,€more€than€40,000€persons€hadŠ Ė   Šbeen€killed,€more€than€80,000€children€orphaned,€more€than€30,000€women€widowed€and€more€thanŠ “  Š200,000€persons€deprived€of€material€and€moral€support.€€The€new€democratic€Government€hadŠ ķ  Šinitiated€a€number€of€steps€in€an€effort€to€establish€the€rule€of€law€and€guarantee€respect€for€humanŠ †Ö  Šrights.€€Among€the€measures€adopted€were€the€establishment,€by€Decree€No.€14/P-CE/Ō_ŌCJŌ_Ō/90,€of€aŠ oæ  Šcommission€to€investigate€crimes€committed€under€the€dictatorship.€€The€post€of€Minister€forŠ XØ  ŠHumanitarian€Affairs€had€recently€been€established€with€a€view€to€creating€the€conditions€necessaryŠ A‘ Šfor€the€exercise€of€human€rights,€coordinating€humanitarian€undertakings,€monitoring€respect€forŠ *z Šhuman€rights€and€educating€the€general€public€in€that€regard,€and€providing€a€mechanism€forŠ c Šreparations€to€victims€of€human€rights€abuses.€€Additionally,€the€newly€created€National€HumanŠ üL ŠRights€Commission€investigated€reports€of€human€rights€abuses,€including€torture,€disappearancesŠ å5 Šand€arbitrary€detention,€and€promoted€human€rights€education.€€Fundamental€human€rights€were€nowŠ Ī Šguaranteed€in€the€new€Charter€of€the€Republic,€which€had€been€adopted€in€March€1991€under€DecreeŠ · ŠNo.€001/PR/91.€€Lastly,€the€Government€had€taken€the€necessary€steps€to€ratify€the€InternationalŠ  š ŠCovenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€the€International€Covenant€on€Economic,€Social€and€CulturalŠ ‰Ł ŠRights€and€the€Convention€against€Torture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€orŠ rĀ ŠPunishment.Š [« ŠĢ164.€€The€representative€of€the€State€party€assured€the€Committee€that€there€were€no€politicalŠ -} Šprisoners€in€Chad€and€no€journalists€in€detention.€€There€had€not€been€a€state€of€emergency€since€1Š f ŠDecember€1992.€The€present€Government€was€doing€everything€possible€to€restore€peace€in€theŠ ’O Šcountry€following€30€years€of€civil€war.€€Although€Chad€had€not€been€represented€at€theŠ č 8 Šdeliberations€of€the€Committee€since€1986,€it€would€be€in€the€future.Š Ń!!  ŠĢ165.€€Members€of€the€Committee€welcomed€the€presence€of€the€representative€of€Chad€andŠ £#ó" Šexpressed€their€satisfaction€with€the€re-establishment€of€a€dialogue€with€that€State€party.€€TheŠ Œ$Ü# Šrepresentative€had€provided€the€Committee€with€much€useful€information.€€However,€there€were€stillŠ u%Å $ Šmany€areas€that€required€further€clarification.€€In€particular,€members€of€the€Committee€wished€toŠ ^&®!% Šhave€more€information€regarding€the€size€of€the€various€ethnic€groups€in€Chad€and€the€extent€toŠ G'—"& Šwhich€their€economic,€social€and€cultural€rights€were€respected.€€In€that€connection,€the€results€ofŠ 0(€#' Šthe€1993€census€should€be€communicated€to€the€Committee€by€the€Government.€€Members€of€theŠ )i$( ŠCommittee€stated€that€steps€needed€to€be€taken€to€assist€the€various€ethnic€groups€with€regard€toŠ *R%) Šculture,€education€and€their€social€welfare.€€Members€of€the€Committee€expressed€their€concern€overŠ ė*;&* Šthe€reported€persecution€of€the€Ō_ŌHajeraiŌ_Ō€ethnic€group,€which€had€been€closely€associated€with€theŠ Ō+$'+ Šprevious€regime.€€Information€was€also€needed€on€whether€vulnerable€ethnic€groups€were€adequatelyŠ ½, (, Šrepresented€in€the€new€National€on€Human€Rights€Commission.Š ¦-ö(- Š‡166.€€Members€of€the€Committee€invited€the€State€party€to€follow€up€the€dialogue€by€submitting€aŠ ° Šnew€report€that€would€conform€to€the€Committee's€revised€general€guidelines€for€the€submission€ofŠ ™é Šreports.Š ‚Ņ ŠĢ167.€€In€his€reply,€the€representative€of€the€State€party€stated€that€Chad€counted€among€its€populationŠ T¤ Šno€less€than€110€tribes.€€He€assured€members€of€the€Committee€that€racial€discrimination€was€notŠ =  Ša€tradition€in€Chad.€€During€the€previous€regime,€an€attempt€had€been€made€to€create€divisions€inŠ & v Šthe€country€between€north€and€south,€between€Christians€and€Muslims€and€between€French€speakersŠ  _ Šand€Arab€speakers.€€All€of€those€discriminatory€practices€had€since€been€terminated.€€At€present,Š ų H Šthere€were€33€political€parties€in€Chad.€€In€order€to€prevent€the€rise€of€tribalism,€each€party€wasŠ į 1  Šrequired€by€law€to€have€membership€in€at€least€10€of€the€country's€14€regions.€€The€Ō_ŌHajeraiŌ_Ō€ethnicŠ Ź   Šgroup€had€been€reintegrated;€those€persons€who€had€been€arrested€in€the€clashes€of€October€1991Š ³  Šhad€been€released.Š œģ  ŠĢ168.€€Further€responses€to€the€questions€posed€by€members€of€the€Committee€would€be€containedŠ n¾  Šin€the€next€report€submitted€by€Chad.Š W§  ŠĢņņProvisional€concluding€observationóó€ņņ4óó/Š )y ŠĢ169.€€The€Committee€welcomed€the€presence€of€the€Minister€of€Humanitarian€Affairs€of€Chad,€whoŠ ūK Šhad€come€to€present€his€Government's€point€of€view,€thus€demonstrating€Chad's€willingness€toŠ ä4 Šreopen€the€dialogue€with€the€Committee€after€many€years€of€silence.Š Ķ ŠĢ170.€€The€Committee€took€note€with€satisfaction€of€the€commitment€made€by€the€representative€ofŠ Ÿļ ŠChad€to€submit€the€written€periodic€report€in€the€prescribed€manner€at€the€next€session€and€reiteratedŠ ˆŲ Šits€offer€of€the€advisory€services€of€the€Ō_ŌCentreŌ_Ō€for€Human€Rights€to€assist€Chad€in€preparing€theŠ qĮ Šreport,€if€it€so€wished.Š ZŖ ŠĢ171.€€The€Committee€emphasized€the€particular€importance€it€attached,€during€the€country's€presentŠ ,| Štransition€period,€to€the€measures€taken€by€the€Government€of€Chad€to€consolidate€the€rule€of€lawŠ e Šand€to€prevent€the€return€of€any€dictatorial€regime€or€of€any€policies€of€discrimination€or€repressionŠ žN Šagainst€particular€ethnic€groups.Š ē 7 ŠĢĢĢĢĢĢĢßA€Y)¹@+sdE¹@+sAßĢą  ąņņ4óó/€€At€its€980ņņthóó€meeting,€held€on€17€March€1993,€the€Committee€decided€to€adopt€provisionalŠ )h$( Šconcluding€observations€pending€the€submission€by€Chad€of€its€promised€report€and€theŠ *Q%) Šconsideration€of€that€report€by€the€Committee.Š  ź*:&* Šņ ņŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€€A/49/18€(1994)ó óŠ ° ŠĢĢ552.€€At€its€1060ņņthóó€meeting,€on€12€August€1994€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/SR.1060),€the€Committee€examined€theŠ l¼ Šimplementation€of€the€Convention€by€Chad€on€the€basis€of€the€previous€report€of€the€State€partyŠ U„ Š(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/114/Add.2)€and€its€consideration€by€the€Committee€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/SR.838).€Š > Ž ŠĢ553.€€The€Committee€noted€that,€despite€the€resumption€of€the€dialogue€with€the€State€party€in€1993,Š  ` Šthe€fifth,€sixth€and€seventh€periodic€reports€of€Chad€that€were€to€be€presented€in€a€single€documentŠ ł I Šhad€still€not€been€submitted€to€the€Committee.€€The€Committee€therefore€noted€that€Chad€had€notŠ ā 2  Šfulfilled€its€obligations€under€article€9,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Convention.€Š Ė   ŠĢ554.€€The€Committee€was€concerned€about€reports€that€tensions€between€ethnic€groups€continuedŠ ķ  Šin€Chad,€that€the€use€of€force€by€the€authorities€was€frequent,€that€violent€acts€were€being€committedŠ †Ö  Šby€the€security€forces,€including€members€of€the€President's€ethnic€group,€and€that€the€security€ofŠ oæ  Šcivilians€was€not€assured.Š XØ  ŠĢ555.€€The€Committee€expressed€concern€over€reports€on€the€impunity€enjoyed€by€perpetrators€ofŠ *z Šhuman€rights€violations€and€over€the€lack€of€independence€of€the€judicial€system.€€It€also€expressedŠ c Šconcern€over€information€that€the€administration€was€paralyzed€by€lack€of€resources€and€corruption.€Š üL ŠĢ556.€€The€members€of€the€Committee€noted€with€satisfaction€that,€according€to€information€received,Š Ī Šinternational€and€Chadian€non-governmental€organizations€had€permission€to€work€in€the€countryŠ · Šand€that€some€progress€had€been€observed€in€the€area€of€freedom€of€expression.Š  š ŠĢņņConcluding€observationsóóŠ rĀ ŠĢ557.€€At€its€1067ņņthóó€meeting,€held€on€18€August€1994,€the€Committee€adopted€the€followingŠ D” Šconcluding€observations.Š -} ŠĢ558.€€It€is€regretted€that€the€State€party€has€not€submitted€any€report€to€the€Committee€since€1986,Š ’O Šdespite€the€resumption€of€the€dialogue€with€the€State€party€in€1993.€€It€does,€however,€note€theŠ č 8 Šdifficulties€deriving€from€the€civil€war€in€Chad,€and€from€the€fact€that€there€is€no€permanent€missionŠ Ń!!  Šof€Chad€to€the€United€Nations€Office€at€Geneva.Š ŗ" ! ŠĢӁ€ (× 83 Ó(a)€€ņņPrincipal€subjects€of€concernóóŠ Œ$Ü# ŠĢ559.€€It€is€noted€with€concern€that,€according€to€information€available€two€years€after€the€end€of€theŠ ^&®!% Šchange€of€government€in€Chad,€tensions€between€ethnic€groups€persist,€and€violent€acts€and€multipleŠ G'—"& Šviolations€of€human€rights€are€still€being€committed,€ņņinter€aliaóó€by€the€military€forces€and€the€securityŠ 0(€#' Šunits.Š )i$( ŠĢ560.€€Concern€is€also€expressed€regarding€information€on€the€impunity€enjoyed€by€perpetrators€ofŠ ė*;&* Šhuman€rights€violations€who,€despite€the€Government's€promises,€have€still€not€been€prosecuted€byŠ Ō+$'+ Šthe€authorities.Š ½, (, ŠŠ ¦-ö(- Š561.€€The€members€of€the€Committee€note€with€concern€information€received€about€the€paralysisŠ ° Šin€the€administration€which€affects€all€sectors€of€the€public€service,€including€the€judicial€sector.€Š ™é ŠThey€express€their€concern€over€the€attacks€on€the€independence€of€the€judicial€authorities.Š ‚Ņ ŠĢ562.€€It€is€noted€with€satisfaction€that€international€and€Chadian€non-governmental€organizations€canŠ T¤ Šnow€work€in€the€country€and€that€some€progress€has€been€achieved€in€regard€to€freedom€ofŠ =  Šexpression.€Š & v ŠĢ(b)€€ņņSuggestions€and€recommendationsóóŠ ų H ŠĢ563.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€include€in€its€next€periodic€report€informationŠ Ź   Šon€developments€in€the€situation€within€the€country,€the€strengthening€of€the€rule€of€law€in€Chad,Š ³  Šthe€composition€of€the€population,€the€introduction€of€legislation€to€combat€racial€discriminationŠ œģ  Š(article€4€of€the€Convention),€the€means€available€to€individual€victims€of€human€rights€violationsŠ …Õ  Što€obtain€justice€and€reparation€(article€6€of€the€Convention)€and€the€measures€taken€to€promoteŠ n¾  Šeducation€with€a€view€to€combating€racial€discrimination€(article€7€of€the€Convention).Š W§  ŠĢ564.€€In€the€light€of€the€above,€the€Committee€requests€the€Government€of€Chad€to€expedite€itsŠ )y Šoverdue€reports€as€a€matter€of€urgency.Š b ŠĢ565.€€The€Committee€suggests€that€the€Government€of€Chad€avail€itself€of€the€technical€assistanceŠ ä4 Šoffered€under€the€advisory€services€and€technical€assistance€Ō_ŌprogrammeŌ_Ō€of€the€Ō_ŌCentreŌ_Ō€for€HumanŠ Ķ ŠRights.Š  ¶ Šņ ņŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€€A/50/18€Ō_Ō(1995)ó óŌ_ŌŠ ° ŠĢĢ637.€€The€fifth,€sixth,€seventh,€eighth€and€ninth€periodic€reports€of€Chad,€grouped€together€to€formŠ l¼ Ša€single€document€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/259/Add.1),€were€considered€by€the€Committee€at€its€1120ņņthóó€meeting,Š U„ Šheld€on€14€August€1995€(see€Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/SR.1119).Š > Ž ŠĢ638.€€The€representative€of€the€State€party€supplemented€the€report€orally€to€a€substantial€extent.€Š  ` ŠThe€representative€explained€that€for€several€decades€his€country€had€experienced€a€series€of€crisesŠ ł I Šcharacterized€by€political€instability,€the€stifling€of€freedom€and€an€infernal€spiral€of€violence€thatŠ ā 2  Šhad€led€to€the€total€disruption€of€the€State€apparatus.Š Ė   ŠĢ639.€€The€representative€pointed€out€that€the€Sovereign€National€Conference€had€drawn€up€aŠ ķ  ŠNational€Transitional€Charter€whose€basic€principles€were:€€the€defense€of€human€rights€and€publicŠ †Ö  Šfreedoms,€the€establishment€of€true€democracy€based€on€the€separation€of€powers,€multi-partyŠ oæ  Špolitics€and€free€trade€unions€and€print€media.€€In€that€context€of€growing€awareness€of€individualŠ XØ  Šrights€and€fundamental€freedoms€and€of€each€person's€duties€towards€society,€the€NationalŠ A‘ ŠCommission€on€Human€Rights€had€been€established€in€September€1994.€€It€was€also€to€be€noted€thatŠ *z Šnon-governmental€human€rights€organizations€had€been€legally€recognized€and€a€large€number€ofŠ c Šinternational€and€regional€human€rights€instruments€had€been€ratified.€€Such€instruments€tookŠ üL Šprecedence€over€domestic€laws€in€the€domestic€legal€order.Š å5 ŠĢ640.€€The€population€of€Chad€consisted€of€some€200€ethnic€groups€that€fell€into€12€major€groups.Š · ŠĢ641.€€The€representative,€commenting€on€the€implementation€of€articles€2€and€5€of€the€Convention,Š ‰Ł Šsaid€that€all€Chadian€citizens,€without€distinction€as€to€race,€origin€or€religion,€enjoyed€the€right€toŠ rĀ Šbring€legal€proceedings,€the€right€to€security€of€person,€the€right€to€freedom€of€movement€andŠ [« Šresidence,€the€right€to€leave€the€country€and€to€return€to€it€freely,€the€right€to€nationality,€the€rightŠ D” Što€marriage,€the€right€to€own€property,€the€right€to€freedom€of€conscience€and€religion€and€toŠ -} Šfreedom€of€association,€the€right€to€work,€the€right€to€form€and€join€a€trade€union,€the€right€to€takeŠ f Špart€in€the€country's€cultural€life,€and€the€right€of€access€to€any€place€or€service€intended€for€use€byŠ ’O Šthe€general€public.Š č 8 ŠĢ642.€€Concerning€article€6€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€said€that€there€was€no€specialŠ ŗ" ! Šjudicial€or€administrative€procedure€ensuring€protection€against€acts€of€racial€discrimination€but€thatŠ £#ó" Šanyone€who€had€been€a€victim€of€such€acts€could€always€bring€criminal€indemnificationŠ Œ$Ü# Šproceedings.Š u%Å $ ŠĢ643.€€The€members€of€the€Committee€welcomed€the€presence€of€the€Chadian€delegation,€despite€theŠ G'—"& Šcountry's€domestic€difficulties€and€the€absence€of€permanent€representation€in€Geneva,€andŠ 0(€#' Šexpressed€their€appreciation€of€its€oral€presentation€which€had€very€extensively€supplemented€theŠ )i$( Šperiodic€report,€thereby€constituting€practically€an€additional€periodic€report.€€The€members€of€theŠ *R%) ŠCommittee€regretted,€however,€that€the€report€had€not€been€drawn€up€in€accordance€with€theŠ ė*;&* ŠCommittee's€consolidated€guidelines€on€reporting.Š Ō+$'+ ŠĢ644.€€Commenting€on€the€general€context€in€which€the€implementation€of€the€Convention€had€to€beŠ ¦-ö(- ŠŌ_Ōconsidered,€the€members€of€the€Committee€expressed€utmost€concern€at€information€about€seriousŠ ° Šhuman€rights€violations€occurring€in€the€State€party.€€Such€varied€sources€as€the€most€recent€reportsŠ ™é Što€the€Commission€on€Human€Rights€by€the€Special€Rapporteur€on€extrajudicial,€summary€orŠ ‚Ņ Šarbitrary€executions€(E/CN.4/1995/61€and€E/CN.4/1995/111),€the€report€by€the€Working€Group€ofŠ k» Šthe€Commission€on€Human€Rights€on€Enforced€or€Involuntary€Disappearances€(E/CN.4/1995/36),Š T¤ Šthe€report€by€the€Secretary-General€to€the€Commission€on€Human€Rights€on€persons€belonging€toŠ =  Šnational€or€ethnic,€religious€and€linguistic€minorities€(E/CN.4/1995/84),€the€1995€report€by€theŠ & v ŠCommittee€of€Experts€on€the€application€of€ILO€Conventions,€the€observations€by€theŠ  _ ŠSub-Commission€on€Prevention€of€Discrimination€and€Protection€of€Minorities€and€various€reportsŠ ų H Šby€Amnesty€International,€the€International€League€for€the€Rights€of€Man€and€the€Chadian€LeagueŠ į 1  Šfor€Human€Rights,€attested€to€summary€executions,€arbitrary€arrests,€disappearances,€extrajudicialŠ Ź   Šdetention,€torture,€and€the€harassment€and€intimidation€of€members€of€non-governmentalŠ ³  Šorganizations€working€for€human€rights.Š œģ  ŠĢ645.€€The€members€of€the€Committee€stressed€the€largely€ethnic€character€of€the€violenceŠ n¾  Šcharacterizing€the€domestic€situation€of€the€State€party.€€Most€of€the€armed€conflict€rife€in€Chad€wasŠ W§  Šlinked€to€ethnic€issues.€€Accordingly,€the€Special€Rapporteur€on€extrajudicial,€summary€or€arbitraryŠ @ Šexecutions,€in€an€urgent€appeal€to€the€Chadian€Government€on€26€August€1994,€had€expressedŠ )y Šparticular€concern€over€information€concerning€the€execution€of€members€of€ethnic€minorities.€Š b ŠNumerous€abuses€against€civilians,€committed€by€members€of€the€Republican€Guard€belonging€toŠ ūK Šthe€same€ethnic€group€as€the€President€of€the€Republic,€were€also€reported.€€The€members€of€theŠ ä4 ŠCommittee€once€again€deplored€the€continuing€impunity€enjoyed€by€the€perpetrators€of€such€actsŠ Ķ Šand€the€inoperativeness€of€the€judicial€system.Š ¶ ŠĢ646.€€According€to€the€sources€of€information€mentioned€in€paragraph€644€above,€ethnic€minoritiesŠ ˆŲ Šclose€to€power,€representing€roughly€1€per€cent€of€the€population,€exercised€a€predominant€influenceŠ qĮ Šover€appointments€and€the€decision-making€process€in€the€army€and€the€administration.€Š ZŖ ŠFurthermore,€the€widening€gap€between€the€north€and€the€south€of€the€country€was€reflected€evenŠ C“ Šin€the€capital€where€entire€districts€were€said€to€have€been€formed€composed€of€people€from€theŠ ,| Šnorth€or€from€the€south.€€The€members€of€the€Committee€reiterated€their€request€for€preciseŠ e Šsocio-economic€data€in€respect€of€each€major€ethnic€group.Š žN ŠĢ647.€€Following€those€remarks,€the€members€of€the€Committee€expressed€a€desire€to€have€preciseŠ Š!   Šinformation€regarding€the€following€points:€€regarding€the€general€section€of€the€report€what€textsŠ ¹" ! Šhad€finally€been€adopted€after€the€beginning€of€the€process€of€national€reconciliation?€€What€was€theŠ ¢#ņ" Šposition€regarding€the€reform€of€the€Constitution,€the€proposed€adoption€of€an€electoral€code,€theŠ ‹$Ū# ŠAmnesty€Act€and€the€Human€Rights€Violations€Compensation€Act?€€What€reforms€had€been€adoptedŠ t%Ä $ Šand€implemented€to€reorganize€the€security€forces€and€the€national€police€force€and€to€strengthenŠ ]&­!% Šthe€judicial€system€and€protect€its€independence?€€At€what€date€could€it€be€expected€that€presidentialŠ F'–"& Šelections€would€actually€be€held?€What€means€of€action€were€actually€available€to€the€NationalŠ /(#' ŠCommission€on€Human€Rights?€€Had€it€started€operating?Š )h$( ŠĢ648.€€In€that€worrying€national€context,€the€members€of€the€Committee€nevertheless€noted€a€fewŠ ź*:&* Šencouraging€points,€such€as€the€recognition€of€non-governmental€human€rights€organizations,€someŠ Ó+#'+ Šimprovement€in€the€exercise€of€freedom€of€opinion€and€expression€and€the€emergence€of€a€freeŠ ¼, (, Špress.€€Š „-õ(- Š‡649.€€Concerning€article€4€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€recalled€their€request€forŠ ° Šinformation€as€to€the€existence€of€legislative€provisions€recognizing€as€an€offence€and€punishing€actsŠ ™é Šof€racial€discrimination€within€the€meaning€of€article€1€of€the€Convention.Š ‚Ņ ŠĢ650.€€Information€was€requested€about€the€measures€taken€by€the€Government€to€guarantee€theŠ T¤ Šeffective€exercise€of€remedies€through€the€courts,€which€should€be€available€to€the€victims€of€actsŠ =  Šof€discrimination,€enabling€them€to€obtain€punishment€and€effective€reparation€for€such€acts,€inŠ & v Šaccordance€with€article€6€of€the€Convention.€€Members€of€the€Committee€reiterated€in€thatŠ  _ Šconnection€their€concern€regarding€reports€from€non-governmental€organizations€of€government€andŠ ų H Šarmy€interference€in€the€operation€of€justice,€even€entailing€threats€against€magistrates,€lack€ofŠ į 1  Štraining€and€a€persistent€shortage€of€resources€from€which€all€the€judiciary€personnel€were€sufferingŠ Ź   Šand€which€was€paralysing€the€institution.Š ³  ŠĢ651.€€The€members€of€the€Committee€reiterated€their€request€for€information€as€to€the€measuresŠ …Õ  Štaken,€in€accordance€with€article€7€of€the€Convention,€to€help€the€various€ethnic€communitiesŠ n¾  Šculturally,€educationally€and€socially€and€to€promote€education€to€combat€racial€discrimination.€€InŠ W§  Šthat€connection€the€members€of€the€Committee€expressed€their€concern€about€reports€they€hadŠ @ Šreceived€that€members€of€the€"National€Civic€Campaign",€a€movement€launched€by€several€humanŠ )y Šrights€organizations€in€order€to€educate€the€population,€particularly€with€a€view€to€the€next€elections,Š b Šhad€been€the€victims€of€harassment€and€intimidation.Š ūK ŠĢ652.€€The€members€of€the€Committee€again€suggested€that€the€State€party,€in€that€difficult€context,Š Ķ Šappeal€to€the€United€Nations€Centre€for€Human€Rights€for€technical€assistance.€€It€was€alsoŠ ¶ Šsuggested€that€the€oral€presentation€of€the€representative€of€the€State€party€be€published€in€the€formŠ Ÿļ Šof€an€addition€to€the€periodic€report.Š ˆŲ ŠĢņņConcluding€observationsóóŠ ZŖ ŠĢ653.€€At€its€1125ņņthóó€meeting,€held€on€17€August€1995,€the€Committee€adopted€the€followingŠ ,| Šconcluding€observations:Š e ŠĢӁ€ (ē 88 Ó(a)€€ņņIntroductionóóŠ ē 7 ŠĢ654.€€The€Committee€observed€with€satisfaction€the€desire€of€the€Government€of€the€State€party€andŠ ¹" ! Šits€delegation€to€renew€its€dialogue€with€the€Committee,€despite€the€grave€domestic€problemsŠ ¢#ņ" Šconfronting€Chad.€€It€regretted€the€fact€that€the€fifth,€sixth,€seventh€and€eighth€reports€had€not€beenŠ ‹$Ū# Šsubmitted€within€the€specified€times€and€that€the€ninth€periodic€report€was€extremely€brief€and€didŠ t%Ä $ Šnot€comply€with€the€Committee's€guidelines€for€the€preparation€of€reports€or€the€provisions€of€theŠ ]&­!% ŠConvention.€€It€was,€however,€pleased€that€the€oral€presentation€by€the€delegation€of€the€State€partyŠ F'–"& Š-€markedly€better€than€the€written€report€-€very€extensively€supplemented€the€periodic€report.Š /(#' ŠĢ655.€€It€was€noted€that€the€State€party€had€not€made€the€declaration€provided€for€in€article€14€of€theŠ *Q%) ŠConvention,€and€members€of€the€Committee€requested€that€consideration€should€be€given€to€theŠ ź*:&* Špossibility€of€making€such€a€declaration.Š Ó+#'+ ŠĢ(b)€€ņņPositive€aspectsóóŠ „-õ(- Š‡656.€€The€extensive€additional€information€provided€in€the€delegation's€oral€presentation,€both€onŠ ° Šinstitutional€matters€and€on€the€breakdown€of€the€population€and€the€country's€leadingŠ ™é Šsocio-economic€indicators,€was€particularly€appreciated.€€As€a€result,€the€delegation€was€requestedŠ ‚Ņ Što€circulate€the€text€of€its€oral€presentation€as€a€supplementary€report.Š k» ŠĢ657.€€The€Committee€noted€Chad's€admission€to€its€territory€of€several€non-governmental€humanŠ =  Šrights€organizations,€and€an€improvement€in€the€exercise€of€freedom€of€expression,€in€the€press€andŠ & v Šelsewhere.€€It€also€considered€highly€encouraging€the€recent€ratification€of€a€number€of€internationalŠ  _ Šhuman€rights€conventions.Š ų H ŠĢ(c)€€ņņPrincipal€subjects€of€concernóóŠ Ź   ŠĢ658.€€Concern€was€expressed€over€the€allegations€of€serious€human€rights€violations€in€the€StateŠ œģ  Šparty,€including€violations€of€the€Convention.€€Concern€was€also€expressed€over€the€paralysis€of€theŠ …Õ  Šjudiciary,€associated€with€the€lack€of€resources€allocated€to€the€courts,€the€inadequate€training€givenŠ n¾  Što€judges€and€political€interference.Š W§  ŠĢ659.€€Other€causes€for€concern€related€to€the€ethnic€aspect€of€the€human€rights€violations,€theŠ )y Špredominant€influence€of€certain€ethnic€minorities€close€to€the€State€within€the€administration€andŠ b Šthe€army,€and€the€growing€antagonism€between€the€north€and€south€of€the€country.Š ūK ŠĢ660.€€The€information€given€on€the€socio-economic€situation€of€the€population€was€consideredŠ Ķ Šinadequate€in€the€ninth€periodic€report€but€much€fuller€in€the€delegation's€oral€presentation.Š ¶ ŠĢ661.€€The€written€report€also€failed€to€provide€enough€information€on€the€existence€of€legislationŠ ˆŲ Šgiving€effect€to€article€4€of€the€Convention.Š qĮ ŠĢ662.€€As€regards€the€implementation€of€article€6€of€the€Convention,€the€report€had€not€enlightenedŠ C“ Šthe€Committee€as€to€the€steps€taken€to€ensure€the€effective€use€of€remedies€so€that€victims€of€racialŠ ,| Šor€ethnic€discrimination€could€secure€the€punishment€of€discriminatory€acts€and€compensation€forŠ e Šthe€injury€caused.Š žN ŠĢ(d)€€ņņSuggestion€and€recommendationsóóŠ Š!   ŠĢ663.€€The€Committee€recommends€the€State€party€to€provide€in€its€next€report,€due€on€16€SeptemberŠ ¢#ņ" Š1996,€fuller€information€on€the€practical€implementation€of€the€Convention€and€to€supply€writtenŠ ‹$Ū# Šreplies€to€the€questions€raised€orally€during€the€consideration€of€the€report€of€Chad,€includingŠ t%Ä $ Šinformation€on€the€ethnic€characteristics€of€the€population,€in€accordance€with€paragraph€8€of€theŠ ]&­!% Šguidelines€for€the€preparation€of€reports.Š F'–"& ŠĢ664.€€More€precise€information€was€requested€on€the€reforms€undertaken€following€the€NationalŠ )h$( ŠConference€intended€to€begin€the€process€of€national€reconciliation:€€the€constitutional€reform,€theŠ *Q%) Šdraft€electoral€code,€the€amnesty€act,€the€law€on€compensation€for€victims€of€human€rightsŠ ź*:&* Šviolations,€the€reorganization€of€the€security€forces€and€national€gendarmerie,€and€the€strengtheningŠ Ó+#'+ Šof€the€judicial€apparatus.Š ¼, (, ŠŠ „-õ(- Š665.€€The€next€report€should€also€inform€the€Committee€of€the€actual€lines€of€action€open€to€theŠ ° ŠNational€Commission€on€Human€Rights€and€its€activities€in€terms€of€the€implementation€of€theŠ ™é ŠConvention.Š ‚Ņ ŠĢ666.€€The€Committee€strongly€recommends€the€State€party€to€make€every€effort€to€ensure€that€theŠ T¤ Šsystem€of€justice€functions€properly,€since€that€is€a€necessary€condition€for€a€return€to€the€rule€ofŠ =  Šlaw.€€Help€in€arranging€a€solid€training€programme€for€judges€should€be€sought€from€the€UnitedŠ & v ŠNations€Centre€for€Human€Rights.Š  _ ŠĢ667.€€The€Committee€considers€it€to€be€of€the€utmost€importance€to€set€up€a€training€programme€inŠ į 1  Šhumanitarian€law€and€human€rights€for€members€of€the€armed€forces,€the€police,€the€nationalŠ Ź   Šgendarmerie€and€other€State€employees.€€Assistance€could€be€sought€from€the€United€Nations€CentreŠ ³  Šfor€Human€Rights€and€the€International€Committee€of€the€Red€Cross.Š œģ  ŠĢ668.€€The€Committee€recommends€the€State€party€to€ratify€the€amendments€to€article€8,€paragraphŠ n¾  Š6,€of€the€Convention€adopted€by€the€14th€meeting€of€States€parties.