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A.3#37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a) i)(;3£$““Ō2#ŌŚ  Ś0Ś  Ś.Ō3  Ōą0  ą(Oé;$µµą0  ąŌ2#ŌŚ  ŚaŚ  Ś.Ō3  Ōą0` (#(#ą(EhCEKQW]cioAutoList21.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.(UhCEKQW]cioAutoList31.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.(ehCEKQW]cioAutoList41.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.(uhCEKQW]cioAutoList51.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.(…hCEKQW]cioAutoList61.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.(•hCEKQW]cioAutoList71.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.  dŻ ƒüœ!ŻŌUSUS.,ŌŻ  ŻŌ_ŌÓ  Óą@––(ģąŌ€¼r »XXŌņ ņCHADˆŠ ° Šó óŌ€X>X»¼r ŌĢĢņ ņCRC€€C/87€(1999)ó óŠ “ć ŠĢĢ5.€€ņņConcluding€Observations€of€the€Committee€on€the€Rights€of€the€ChildóóŠ O Ÿ ŠĢ167.€€The€Committee€considered€the€initial€report€of€Chad€(CRC/C/3/Add.50)€at€its€546ņņthóó€to€548thŠ ! q Šmeetings€(see€CRC/C/SR.546„548),€held€on€24€and€25€May€1999€and€adopted*€€the€followingŠ  Z  Šconcluding€observations.Š ó C  ŠĢӁ€ (Š}03 ÓA.€€ņņIntroductionóóŠ Å  ŠĢ168.€€The€Committee€expresses€its€appreciation€for€the€submission€of€the€report,€while€noting€thatŠ —ē  Šthe€report€did€not€always€follow€strictly€the€guidelines€established€by€the€Committee.€€TheŠ €Š  ŠCommittee€also€takes€note€of€the€written€answers€to€the€list€of€issues€(€CRC/C/Q/CHAD.1),€whileŠ i¹ Šregretting€their€late€submission,€and€of€the€additional€information€provided€to€it€during€the€courseŠ R¢ Šof€the€dialogue,€which€enabled€it€to€assess€the€situation€of€the€rights€of€the€child€in€the€State€party.€Š ;‹ ŠThe€Committee€welcomes€the€constructive€and€cooperative€dialogue€with€the€State€partyššsŠ $t Šdelegation,€as€well€as€its€frankness€and€self„critical€approach.Š  ] ŠĢB.€€ņņPositive€aspectsóóŠ ß/ ŠĢ169.€€The€Committee€welcome€the€improvement€in€the€human€rights€situation€that€has€resulted€fromŠ ± Šthe€end€of€civil€conflict€and€the€achievement€of€a€political€settlement.€€It€welcomes€in€particular€theŠ šź Šmeasures€undertaken€by€the€State€party€to€improve€the€implementation€of€the€Convention€since€theŠ ƒÓ Šinitial€report€was€prepared€in€1996.€€It€notes€current€efforts€to€draft€legislation€that€will€improve€theŠ l¼ Šprotection€of€children€from€all€forms€of€abuse€and€appreciates€the€attempts€made€by€the€State€partyŠ U„ Što€involve€customary€and€religious€leaders€in€the€implementation€of€the€rights€of€the€child.€€TheŠ >Ž ŠCommittee€also€welcome€the€fact€that€Chad€has€recently€moved€to€ratify€the€African€Charter€on€theŠ ' w ŠRights€and€Welfare€of€the€Child.Š !` ŠĢ170.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€establishment€in€1998€of€a€Parliament€for€Children€that€mayŠ ā"2! Šcontribute€to€the€State€partyššs€efforts€to€address€widespread€resistance€to€the€consideration€of€theŠ Ė#" Šviews€of€the€child,€due€to€traditional€customs€and€attitudes.Š “$ # ŠĢ171.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€preparation€by€the€Ministry€of€Social€Action€and€the€Family€ofŠ †&Ö!% Ša€National€Ō_ŌProgrammeŌ_Ō€for€Persons€with€Disabilities,€the€decision€to€exempt€children€with€disabilitiesŠ o'æ"& Šfrom€all€educational€fees,€and€the€efforts€of€the€State€party€to€cooperate€with€Ō_ŌNGOsŌ_Ō€in€this€field.Š X(Ø#' ŠĢņņĢ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóŠ +c&* ŠĢą  ą*€€€€At€the€557ņņthóó€meeting,€held€on€4€June€1999.Š å,5(, ŠŠ Ī-)- ŠŌ_Ō‡172.€€The€Committee€appreciates€the€establishment€of€a€technical€unit€within€the€Ministry€ofŠ ° Šeducation€to€encourage€schooling€for€girls.Š ™é ŠĢC.€€ņņFactors€and€difficulties€impeding€the€implementation€of€the€ConventionóóŠ k» ŠĢ173.€€The€Committee€is€aware€of€the€difficulties€encountered€by€the€State€party,€noting€that€the€StateŠ =  Šparty€is€among€the€least€developed€countries€of€the€world,€and€that€the€devaluation€of€the€CFA€francŠ & v Šand€the€implementation€of€structural€adjustment€programmes€affect€the€implementation€of€theŠ  _ ŠConvention.€€The€lack€of€access€to€the€sea,€as€well€as€environmental€degradation,€and€the€difficultiesŠ ų H Šinvolved€in€dealing€with€a€large€territory€which€includes€sparsely€populated€areas€pose€additionalŠ į 1  Šproblems.Š Ź   ŠĢ174.€€The€Committee€notes€that€certain€traditional€practices€and€customs,€prevailing€particularly€inŠ œģ  Šrural€areas,€hamper€the€effective€implementation€of€the€Convention,€especially€with€regard€to€girls.Š …Õ  ŠĢ175.€€The€Committee€notes€that€the€legacy€of€violence€left€by€decades€of€civil€way€in€the€State€partyŠ W§  Šcreates€additional€obstacles€for€the€full€implementation€of€the€Convention.Š @ ŠĢD.€€ņņPrincipal€subjects€of€concern€and€committee€recommendationsóóŠ b ŠĢӁ€ (Uh80 Ó1.€€ņņGeneral€measures€of€implementationŠ ä4 ŠóóĢŲ!Æ !ŲӁ€ (Eh88Ó176.€€While€the€Committee€notes€the€efforts€of€the€State€party€to€review€legislation,€including€theŠ ¶ Šrecent€adoption€of€several€laws€dealing€with€different€aspects€of€juvenile€justice€and€the€drafting€ofŠ Ÿļ Šlegislation€to€protect€children€against€different€forms€of€abuse,€it€remains€concerned€that€otherŠ ˆŲ Šdomestic€legislation€does€not€fully€reflect€the€principles€and€provisions€of€the€Convention.€€TheŠ qĮ ŠCommittee€is€also€concerned€that€the€current€and€proposed€legislation€covering€childrenššs€rights€itŠ ZŖ Šfragmented€in€different€laws.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€a€thorough€review€of€all€existingŠ C“ Šlegislation€be€conducted€to€bring€it€into€line€with€the€provisions€of€the€Convention€and€suggests€thatŠ ,| Šthe€State€party€consider€enacting€a€comprehensive€childrenššs€code,€as€recommended€by€the€1993Š e ŠSovereign€National€Conference.Š žN ŠĢ177.€€The€Committee€takes€note€of€the€close€collaboration€between€the€Department€for€Children€ofŠ Š!   Šthe€Ministry€for€Social€and€Family€Affairs€and€the€Child€Protection€Department€of€the€Ministry€ofŠ ¹" ! ŠJustice.€€It€also€notes€the€existence€of€the€National€Committee€for€the€Coordination€andŠ ¢#ņ" ŠImplementation€of€the€Objectives€of€the€National€Committee€for€the€Coordination€andŠ ‹$Ū# ŠImplementation€of€the€Objectives€of€the€National€Programme€of€Action€for€Chadian€ChildrenŠ t%Ä $ Š(PRONAFET).€€The€Committee€remains€concerned€about€the€lack€of€effective€coordination€of€theŠ ]&­!% Šimplementation€of€the€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child.€€It€notes€with€concern€the€lack€of€anŠ F'–"& Šeffective€mechanism€to€ensure€systematic€implementation€of€the€Convention€and€the€monitoring€ofŠ /(#' Šprogress€achieved.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€take€all€appropriate€measuresŠ )h$( Što€strengthen€coordination€of€the€implementation€of€the€Convention€by€a€governmental€mechanismŠ *Q%) Šwith€adequate€powers,€functions€and€resources.€€Coordination€must€take€account€of€the€need€to€giveŠ ź*:&* Šdue€regard€to€the€integrated€approach€of€the€Convention.€€The€Committee€encourages€the€State€partyŠ Ó+#'+ Što€improve€or€expand€an€existing€mechanism€or€establish€an€independent€one€to€monitorŠ ¼, (, Šimplementation,€and€to€identify€within€the€existing€framework€a€focal€point€to€deal€with€childŠ „-õ(- Šcomplaints€of€violations€and€ensure€that€violations€of€child€rights€are€duly€addressed.Š ° ŠĢĢ178.€€Concern€is€expressed€at€the€lack€of€systematic,€comprehensive€and€disaggregated€quantitativeŠ k» Šand€qualitative€data„collection€mechanism€for€all€areas€covered€by€the€Convention,€especially€theŠ T¤ Šmost€sensitive,€such€as€child€abuse€or€ill„treatment,€but€also€in€relation€to€all€vulnerable€groups€ofŠ =  Šchildren,€especially€girls,€children€with€disabilities,€children€living€in€rural€areas,€children€living€inŠ & v Špoverty€and€refugee€children.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€undertake€efforts€toŠ  _ Šdevelop€a€comprehensive€system€of€collecting€disaggregated€data,€in€order€to€gather€all€necessaryŠ ų H Šinformation€on€the€situation€of€all€children€under€18€years€of€age€in€the€various€areas€covered€by€theŠ į 1  ŠConvention,€including€children€belonging€to€vulnerable€groups.€€Technical€cooperation€in€this€areaŠ Ź   Šfrom,€ņņinter€aliaóó,€UNICEF,€is€encouraged.Š ³  ŠĢ179.€€With€regard€to€article€4€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€is€concerned€that€the€financial€andŠ …Õ  Šhuman€resources€available€for€the€implementation€of€all€the€rights€recognized€by€the€Convention€areŠ n¾  Šinsufficient€to€ensure€adequate€progress€in€improving€the€situation€of€children€in€the€State€party.€Š W§  ŠThe€Committee€encourages€the€State€party€to€pay€particular€attention€to€the€full€implementation€ofŠ @ Šarticle€4€of€the€Convention.€€Budget€allocation€for€the€implementation€of€economic,€social€andŠ )y Šcultural€rights€should€be€ensured€to€the€maximum€extent€of€available€resources.Š b ŠĢ180.€€While€recognizing€the€efforts€of€the€State€party€to€disseminate€the€Convention,€the€CommitteeŠ ä4 Šis€of€the€opinion€that€the€measures€adopted€to€promote€widespread€awareness€of€the€principles€andŠ Ķ Šprovisions€of€the€Convention€among€both€adults€and€children€need€to€be€strengthened.€€WelcomingŠ ¶ Šthe€efforts€of€the€State€party€to€carry€out€sensitization€programmes€on€the€Convention€for€traditionalŠ Ÿļ Šchiefs€and€religious€leaders,€the€Committee€considers€that€training€programmes€for€professionalŠ ˆŲ Šgroups€working€with€and€for€children€need€to€be€further€developed.€€The€Committee€recommendsŠ qĮ Šthat€the€State€party€reinforces€its€efforts€to€make€the€provisions€and€principles€of€the€ConventionŠ ZŖ Šwidely€known€and€understood€by€adults€and€children€alike,€and€to€change€those€attitudes€that€poseŠ C“ Šdifficulties€for€the€implementation€of€the€Convention.€€It€also€encourages€the€State€party€to€continueŠ ,| Šits€efforts€to€sensitize€the€community,€especially€parents,€and€to€sensitize€and€train€traditional€andŠ e Šreligious€leaders,€as€well€as€all€professional€groups€working€with€and€for€children,€such€as€judges,Š žN Šlawyers,€law€enforcement€and€army€officials,€civil€servants,€personnel€working€in€institutions€andŠ ē 7 Šplaces€of€detention€for€children,€teachers,€health€personnel,€psychologists€and€social€workers.Š Š!   ŠĢŲ! !ŲӁ€ (…h88Ó2.€€ņņDefinition€of€the€childóóŠ ¢#ņ" ŠĢ181.€€While€noting€the€preparation€by€the€State€party€of€legislation€that€would€set€the€legal€age€forŠ t%Ä $ Šmarriage€at€18€for€both€boys€and€girls,€the€Committee€expresses€its€concern€about€the€differentŠ ]&­!% Šminimum€legal€ages€for€marriage€under€existing€legislation€for€boys€(18)€and€girls€(14),€and€aboutŠ F'–"& Šthe€lower€age€for€girls€which€appears€to€be€common€for€traditional€customary€law€marriages.€€TheŠ /(#' ŠCommittee€encourages€the€State€party€in€its€commitment€to€harmonize€the€minimum€legal€ages€forŠ )h$( Šmarriage,€increasing€the€minimum€age€for€girls.€€It€recommends€that€the€State€party€undertakeŠ *Q%) Šaware„raising€campaigns€on€the€negative€effects€of€early€marriage.Š ź*:&* ŠĢŲ! !ŲӁ€ (•h88Ó3.€€ņņGeneral€principlesóóŠ ¼, (, ŠŠ „-õ(- Š182.€€With€regard€to€the€implementation€of€the€general€principles€of€the€Convention,€and€inŠ ° Šparticular€article€2,€insufficient€measures€have€been€adopted€to€ensure€the€full€enjoyment€by€allŠ ™é Šchildren€of€the€rights€recognized€in€the€Convention.€€The€Committee€is€extremely€concerned€at€theŠ ‚Ņ Šsituation€of€girls,€in€particular€in€relation€to€access€to€education€and€to€protection€from€harmfulŠ k» Štraditional€practices,€sexual€abuse,€forced€marriages,€early€marriage€and€early€pregnancy.€€TheŠ T¤ ŠCommittee€recommends€that€a€more€active€approach€be€taken€to€eliminate€discrimination€againstŠ =  Švulnerable€groups€of€children,€especially€girls.Š & v ŠĢ183.€€While€recognizing€the€efforts€of€the€State€party,€including€the€establishment€in€1998€of€aŠ ų H Šchildrenššs€parliament,€the€Committee€is€still€concerned€that€the€participatory€rights€of€children,€asŠ į 1  Šenshrined€in€the€Convention,€are€not€yet€taken€into€account€by€the€society€at€large.€€The€CommitteeŠ Ź   Šis€particularly€concerned€that€the€implementation€of€article€12€of€the€Convention€regarding€the€needŠ ³  Što€give€due€weight€to€the€views€of€the€child€in€accordance€with€the€age€and€maturity€of€the€child€isŠ œģ  Šexcessively€constrained€by€subjective€interpretation€under€existing€legislation.€€The€CommitteeŠ …Õ  Šrecommends€that€the€State€party€develop€further€a€systematic€approach€to€increasing,€includingŠ n¾  Šthrough€the€media,€public€awareness€in€order€to€make€these€rights€and€their€implications€fullyŠ W§  Šunderstood€by€the€population€at€large.€€In€addition,€the€Committee€recommends€that,€in€the€requestedŠ @ Šreview€of€existing€legislation,€reconsider,€without€neglecting€the€need€for€special€support,€the€rightŠ )y Šof€children€under€18€to€give€evidence€in€court€without€being€accompanied€by€their€parents€orŠ b Šguardians.Š ūK ŠĢ4.€€ņņCivil€rights€and€freedomsóóŠ Ķ ŠĢ184.€€While€acknowledging€the€difficulties€posed€by€the€high€rate€of€illiteracy,€the€CommitteeŠ Ÿļ Šexpresses€its€concern€at€the€insufficient€measures€undertaken€by€the€State€party€in€the€area€of€birthŠ ˆŲ Šregistration€and€at€the€lack€of€implementation€of€legislative€measures€requiring€parents€to€registerŠ qĮ Šchildren€at€birth,€especially€in€rural€areas€and€in€particular€among€nomadic€groups.€€In€the€light€ofŠ ZŖ Šarticle€7€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€take€all€availableŠ C“ Šmeasures€to€ensure€registration€of€the€birth€of€all€children.€€The€Committee€encourages€the€StateŠ ,| Šparty€to€ensure€that€birth€registration€procedures€are€made€widely€known€and€suggests€thatŠ e Šconsideration€be€given€to€the€establishment€of€mobile€registration€units,€or€other€innovativeŠ žN Šapproaches,€to€facilitate€birth€registration€in€remote€rural€areas€and€for€nomadic€groups.Š ē 7 ŠĢ185.€€The€Committee€is€generally€concerned€that€inadequate€attention€has€been€given€to€theŠ ¹" ! Špromotion€of€civil€rights€and€freedoms€of€the€child,€as€provided€for€in€articles€13,€14€and€15€of€theŠ ¢#ņ" ŠConvention.€€The€Committee€is€also€concerned€about€respect€of€the€childššs€right€to€privacy€(art.€16),Š ‹$Ū# Šincluding€at€school,€and€about€the€right€of€children€to€be€protected€from€harmful€information€andŠ t%Ä $ Šmaterial,€in€accordance€with€article€17€of€the€Convention.€€Information€before€the€CommitteeŠ ]&­!% Šindicates€that€traditional€social€attitudes€regarding€the€role€of€children€appear€to€make€it€difficult€toŠ F'–"& Šaccept€children€fully€as€subjects€of€rights.€€The€Committee€urges€the€State€party€to€redouble€itsŠ /(#' Šefforts€to€protect€children€from€harmful€information€and€material€and€to€educate€and€sensitizeŠ )h$( Šparliamentarians€and€government€officials,€professional€groups,€parents€and€children€on€theŠ *Q%) Šimportance€of€accepting€fully€the€concept€of€child€rights,€and€recommends€that€legislative€measuresŠ ź*:&* Šbe€envisaged€to€guarantee€the€enjoyment€of€civil€rights€and€freedoms€for€every€child.Š Ó+#'+ ŠĢ186.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€about€inadequate€enforcement€existing€legislation€to€ensure€thatŠ „-õ(- Šchildren€are€treated€with€humanity€and€respect€for€the€inherent€dignity€of€the€human€person.€€TheŠ ° ŠCommittee€recommends€that€the€State€party€give€prompt€consideration€to€the€possibility€of€ratifyingŠ ™é Šthe€Convention€against€Torture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€PunishmentŠ ‚Ņ Šand€to€review€its€policies€and€legislation€to€provide€for€full€implementation€of€the€provisions€ofŠ k» Šarticles€37€(a)€and€39€of€the€Convention.Š T¤ ŠĢ5.€€ņņFamily€environment€and€alternative€careóóŠ & v ŠĢ187.€€With€regard€to€the€situation€of€children€deprived€of€a€family€environment,€the€CommitteeŠ ų H Šexpresses€its€concern€at€the€insufficient€number€of€alternative€care€centres€and€the€lack€of€supportŠ į 1  Šand€supervision€of€the€existing€ones€established€by€non„governmental€organizations.€€TheŠ Ź   ŠCommittee€is€also€concerned€about€the€conditions€of€children€living€in€informal€types€of€placementŠ ³  Š(€intra„family€š šadoptionšš),€whose€situation€is€not€periodically€reviewed€in€accordance€with€articleŠ œģ  Š25€of€the€Convention.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€take€all€appropriateŠ …Õ  Šmeasures€to€establish€alternative€care€centres€for€children€deprived€of€a€family€environment€and€toŠ n¾  Šset€up€monitoring€for€public€and€private€care€institutions.€€In€the€light€of€article€25€of€theŠ W§  ŠConvention,€the€Committee€further€suggests€that€the€State€party€undertake€a€study€to€review€theŠ @ Šconditions€of€children€living€in€an€informal€type€of€placement.Š )y ŠĢ188.€€The€Committee€takes€note€of€the€imminent€ratification€of€the€Hague€Convention€of€1993€onŠ ūK ŠProtection€of€Children€and€Cooperation€in€Respect€of€Inter„country€€Adoption,€but€remainsŠ ä4 Šconcerned€about€the€widespread€traditional€customary€practice€of€š šintra„familyšš€adoption.€€TheŠ Ķ ŠCommittee€encourages€the€State€party€to€strengthen€its€legal€provisions€regarding€domestic€adoption.Š ¶ ŠĢ189.€€While€noting€that€legislation€is€being€drafted€to€protect€children€from€all€forms€of€abuse,Š ˆŲ Šincluding€forced€marriage€and€incest,€the€Committee€expresses€its€concern€at€the€insufficientŠ qĮ Šawareness€and€lack€of€information€on€ill„treatment€and€abuse,€including€sexual€abuse,€both€withinŠ ZŖ Šand€outside€the€family,€especially€in€schools€and€other€institutions.€€It€is€also€concerned€at€theŠ C“ Šinsufficient€legal€protection€measures,€resources€and€trained€personnel€to€prevent€and€combat€suchŠ ,| Šabuse.€€The€lack€of€rehabilitation€measures€for€the€physical€and€psychological€recovery€of€abusedŠ e Šchildren€is€also€a€matter€of€concern.€€In€the€light€of€article€19€of€the€Convention,€the€CommitteeŠ žN Šrecommends€that€the€State€party€take€all€appropriate€measures,€including€adoption€of€the€proposedŠ ē 7 Šlegislation,€to€prevent€and€combat€ill„treatment€of€children,€including€domestic€violence€and€sexualŠ Š!   Šabuse.€€Law€enforcement€should€be€strengthened€with€respect€to€such€crimes;€adequate€proceduresŠ ¹" ! Šand€mechanisms€to€deal€with€complaints€of€child€abuse€should€be€developed,€such€as€special€rulesŠ ¢#ņ" Šof€evidence€and€special€investigators€or€community€focal€points.Š ‹$Ū# ŠĢ190.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€about€the€use€of€corporal€punishment€in€families,€schools€andŠ ]&­!% Šother€institutions.€€It€is€concerned€about€existing€legislation€that€allows€the€use€of€corporalŠ F'–"& Špunishment€in€families€and€correctional€facilities,€and€particularly€concerned€about€its€continued€useŠ /(#' Šin€some€religious€schools€in€spite€of€legislation€banning€corporal€punishment€in€schools.€€TheŠ )h$( ŠCommittee€encourages€the€State€party€to€review€its€policies€and€legislation€in€order€to€eliminateŠ *Q%) Šcorporal€punishment€as€a€method€of€discipline,€and€to€improve€enforcement€of€the€legislationŠ ź*:&* Šbanning€corporal€punishment€in€schools.€€It€recommends€that€the€State€party€conduct€awareness„Š Ó+#'+ Šraising€campaigns€to€ensure€that€alternative€forms€of€discipline€are€administered€in€a€mannerŠ ¼, (, Šconsistent€with€the€childššs€human€dignity€and€in€conformity€with€the€Convention.€€Finally,€theŠ „-õ(- ŠCommittee€encourages€the€State€party€to€seek€international€assistance€and€advice€to€overcomeŠ ° Štraditional€social€and€religious€attitudes€regarding€corporal€punishment.€Š ™é ŠĢ6.€€ņņBasic€health€and€welfareóóŠ k» ŠĢ191.€€In€relation€to€the€situation€of€children€with€disabilities,€the€Committee€expresses€its€concernŠ =  Šat€the€limited€infrastructure,€qualified€staff€and€specialized€institutions,€while€welcoming€the€effortsŠ & v Šof€the€State€party€in€increase€services€to€children€with€disabilities.€€The€Committee€is€also€concernedŠ  _ Šabout€the€lack€of€legislation€protecting€children€with€disabilities€against€discrimination,€and€aboutŠ ų H Šthe€difficulties€encountered€in€addressing€the€special€needs€of€children€with€mental€disabilities.€€TheŠ į 1  ŠCommittee€recommends€that€the€State€party€increase€its€efforts€to€give€adequate€attention€to€theŠ Ź   Šspecial€needs€of€children€with€mental€and€physical€disabilities,€and€to€encourage€the€inclusion€ofŠ ³  Šdisabled€children€in€society.€€The€Committee€further€recommends€that€the€State€party€seek€technicalŠ œģ  Šcooperation€for€the€training€of€professional€staff€working€with€and€for€children€with€disabilities.Š …Õ  ŠĢ192.€€While€the€Committee€notes€with€appreciation€the€State€partyššs€efforts€to€combat€infant€andŠ W§  Šchild€mortality€and€the€important€role€played€by€international€technical€assistance€in€this€regard,€itŠ @ Šis€still€concerned€about€the€prevalence€of€malnutrition,€as€well€as€the€limited€access€to€healthŠ )y Šservices.€€The€persistence€of€health€problems€related€to€insufficient€access€to€safe€water€andŠ b Šsanitation€are€also€a€matter€of€concern.€€The€Committee€suggests€that€the€State€party€increase€itsŠ ūK Šefforts,€with€continued€support€from€international€assistance,€to€make€basic€health€care,€safe€waterŠ ä4 Šand€sanitation€accessible€to€all€children.€€In€particular,€concerted€efforts€are€needed€to€combatŠ Ķ Šmalnutrition€and€to€ensure€the€implementation€of€the€recently€adopted€national€plan€of€action€forŠ ¶ Šnutrition.Š Ÿļ ŠĢ193.€€While€the€Committee€acknowledges€the€State€partyššs€efforts€to€combat€and€prevent€theŠ qĮ Štransmission€of€HIV/AIDS,€it€expresses€its€deep€concern€at€the€spread€of€the€epidemic€and€its€directŠ ZŖ Šand€indirect€effects€on€children.€€The€Committee€encourages€the€State€party€to€refer€to€theŠ C“ ŠCommitteeššs€recommendations€formulated€during€the€day€of€general€discussion€on€children€livingŠ ,| Šin€a€world€with€HIV/Aids€(see€CRC/C/80,€para.€243)€and€to€seek€international€cooperation€fromŠ e ŠUNICEF,€WHO€and€UNAIDS€to€set€up€programmes€relating€to€the€incidence€and€treatment€ofŠ žN Šchildren€infected€with€or€affected€by€HIV/AIDS.Š ē 7 ŠĢ194.€€While€welcoming€the€State€partyššs€efforts€to€adopt€measures,€both€legal€and€educational,€toŠ ¹" ! Šeradicate€the€practice€of€female€genital€mutilation€and€other€harmful€traditional€practices€affectingŠ ¢#ņ" Šthe€health€of€children,€the€Committee€remains€concerned€at€the€difficulties€encountered€inŠ ‹$Ū# Šeliminating€such€practices.€€The€Committee€encourages€the€State€party€to€adopt€the€proposedŠ t%Ä $ Šlegislation€and€strengthen€its€measures€to€combat€and€eradicate€the€persistent€practice€of€femaleŠ ]&­!% Šgenital€mutilation€and€other€traditional€practices€harmful€to€the€health€of€the€child.€€It€encouragesŠ F'–"& Šthe€State€party€to€continue€carrying€out€awareness„raising€campaigns€and€sensitization€programmesŠ /(#' Šfor€traditional€and€religious€leaders€and€for€practitioners€of€female€genital€mutilation.Š )h$( ŠĢ195.€€The€Committee€acknowledges€the€State€partyššs€efforts€in€the€area€of€adolescent€health,€but€itŠ ź*:&* Šremains€concerned€at€the€high€rate€of€early€pregnancy€and€the€lack€of€access€by€teenagers€toŠ Ó+#'+ Šreproductive€health€education€and€services,€and€to€emergency€care.€€It€is€also€concerned€at€theŠ ¼, (, Šimpact€that€punitive€legislation€regarding€abortion€can€have€on€maternal€mortality€rates€forŠ „-õ(- Šadolescent€girls.€€The€Committee€suggests€that€a€comprehensive€and€multi„disciplinary€study€beŠ ° Šundertaken€to€understand€the€scope€of€adolescent€health€problems,€including€the€negative€impact€ofŠ ™é Šearly€pregnancy€and€illegal€abortion.€€The€Committee€encourages€the€State€party€to€review€itsŠ ‚Ņ Špractices€under€the€existing€legislation€authorizing€abortions€for€therapeutic€reasons,€with€a€viewŠ k» Što€preventing€illegal€abortions€and€improving€protection€of€the€mental€and€physical€health€of€girls.€Š T¤ ŠThe€Committee€also€encourages€the€State€party€to€seek€continuing€assistance€from,€ņņinter€aliaóó,Š =  ŠUNICEF€and€WHO€to€promote€adolescent€health€policies€and€programmes,€including€byŠ & v Šstrengthening€reproductive€health€education€and€counseling€services.Š  _ ŠĢ7.€€ņņEducation,€leisure€and€cultural€activitiesóóŠ į 1  ŠĢ196.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€commitment€of€the€State€party€to€education,€and€the€activeŠ ³  Šsupport€received€from€international€technical€assistance€in€this€area.€€The€Committee€remainsŠ œģ  Šconcerned€at€the€very€high€illiteracy€rates,€the€low€enrolment€rate€and€limited€access€to€education,Š …Õ  Šespecially€in€rural€areas.€€Concern€is€also€expressed€at€the€shortage€of€trained€teachers,€insufficientŠ n¾  Šschool€infrastructure€and€equipment,€and€gender€disparities€in€school€attendance.€€The€CommitteeŠ W§  Šrecommends€that€the€State€party€undertake€all€appropriate€measures€to€improve€the€quality€of€andŠ @ Šaccess€to€education,€especially€for€the€most€vulnerable€groups€of€children,€and€to€reinforce€trainingŠ )y Šprogrammes€for€teaching€personnel.€€Furthermore,€the€Committee€suggest€that€the€State€partyŠ b Šincrease€its€efforts€to€include€the€environment,€peace€education,€human€rights€and€the€ConventionŠ ūK Što€the€school€curriculum,€especially€within€the€framework€of€the€United€Nations€Decade€for€HumanŠ ä4 ŠRights€Education.Š Ķ ŠĢ197.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€that€family€preference€for€negotiated€settlement€of€incidents€ofŠ Ÿļ Šsexual€abuse€and€exploitation€of€girls€by€teachers€does€not€provide€adequate€protection€and€may€leadŠ ˆŲ Što€double€victimization.€€It€recommends€the€State€party€to€review€this€issue€to€ensure€that€priorityŠ qĮ Šby€given€to€protection€from€sexual€abuse€and€exploitation,€taking€fully€into€account€the€best€interestsŠ ZŖ Šof€the€child€(art.€3)€and€all€of€the€provisions€of€the€Convention,€and€that€perpetrators€be€appropriatelyŠ C“ Šsanctioned.Š ,| ŠĢ198.€€While€acknowledging€efforts€being€made€to€address€the€problem€of€students€who€bringŠ žN Šweapons€to€school,€the€Committee€is€concerned€at€the€frequency€and€level€of€violence€in€schools,Š ē 7 Šincluding€bullying€among€students.€In€the€light€of€articles€3,€19€and€28.2€of€the€Convention,€theŠ Š!   ŠCommittee€encourages€the€State€party€to€increase€its€efforts€to€prevent€violence€in€schools€and,Š ¹" ! Šespecially,€to€eliminate€bullying.Š ¢#ņ" ŠĢ8.€€ņņSpecial€protection€measuresóóŠ t%Ä $ ŠĢ199.€€While€the€Committee€welcomes€the€State€partyššs€openness€to€hosting€refugees€from€borderingŠ F'–"& ŠAfrican€States,€it€expresses€its€concern€at€the€limited€capacity€of€the€State€party€to€protect€andŠ /(#' Šguarantee€the€rights€of€unaccompanied€and€refugee€children.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€theŠ )h$( ŠState€party€increase€its€efforts€to€provide€adequate€protection€to€refugee€children,€working€in€closeŠ *Q%) Šcooperation€with€international€agencies€active€in€the€field€such€as€UNHCR€and€UNICEF.Š ź*:&* ŠĢĢ200.€€While€taking€note€of€the€existing€awareness€and€political€will€regarding€the€problems€Ō_ŌcausedŠ „-õ(- Šby€the€involvement€of€children€in€armed€conflict,€the€Committee€remains€seriously€concerned€aboutŠ ° Šthe€lack€of€resources€available€to€support€the€rehabilitation€and€social€reintegration€of€demobilizedŠ ™é Šchild€soldiers.€€The€Committee€is€particularly€concerned€about€the€situation€of€traumatized€orŠ ‚Ņ Špermanently€disabled€former€child€soldiers€and€their€lack€of€access€to€compensation€or€other€supportŠ k» Šservices.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€ensure€the€enforcement€of€its€legislationŠ T¤ Šbanning€the€recruitment€of€children€under€18€€years.€€It€also€encourages€the€redoubling€of€efforts€toŠ =  Šallocate€the€necessary€resources,€if€necessary€with€international€assistance,€to€the€rehabilitation€andŠ & v Šsocial€reintegration€of€former€child€soldiers,€and€in€particular€to€provide€compensation€and€supportŠ  _ Šservices€to€traumatized€or€permanently€disabled€former€child€soldiers.Š ų H ŠĢ201.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€establishment€of€juvenile€chambers€to€deal€with€offenders€agedŠ Ź   Š13€to€18€in€courts€of€first€instance,€and€the€recent€adoption€of€additional€legislation€on€the€treatmentŠ ³  Šof€juveniles,€including€the€requirement€that€deprivation€of€liberty€be€used€only€as€a€measure€of€lastŠ œģ  Šresort,€and€guaranteeing€legal€assistance.€€The€Committee€remains€concerned€about€the€conditionsŠ …Õ  Šfaced€by€children€deprived€of€liberty,€particularly€children€detained€with€adults€without€adequateŠ n¾  Šprotection€from€inhumane€treatment,€and€about€the€insufficiency€of€Ō_ŌprogrammesŌ_Ō€for€the€physical€andŠ W§  Špsychological€recovery€and€social€reintegration€of€juveniles.€€The€Committee€encourages€the€StateŠ @ Šparty€to€pursue€its€plans€to€build€facilities€to€separate€juveniles€from€adults€and€continue€trainingŠ )y Šjudges,€and€recommends€that€the€State€party€take€all€other€measures€needed€to€implement€fully€theŠ b Šprovisions€of€the€Convention,€in€particular€articles€37,€40€and€39,€as€well€as€other€relevantŠ ūK Šinternational€standards€in€this€area,€such€as€the€Beijing€Rules,€the€Riyadh€Guidelines€and€the€UnitedŠ ä4 ŠNations€Rules€for€the€Protection€of€Juveniles€Deprived€of€their€Liberty.Š Ķ ŠĢ202.€€Taking€note€of€the€completion€of€an€ILO€study€and€the€preparation€of€another€one,€theŠ Ÿļ ŠCommittee€expresses€its€concern€at€the€large€number€of€children€who€are€involved€in€Ō_ŌlabourŌ_ŌŠ ˆŲ Šactivities,€including€in€the€informal€sector,€in€agriculture€and€in€the€family€context,€as€well€as€at€theŠ qĮ Špersistence€of€forms€of€bonded€Ō_ŌlabourŌ_Ō€for€children.€€The€Committee€encourages€the€State€party€toŠ ZŖ Šuse€the€ILO€studies€as€a€framework€for€the€development€of€strategies€and€Ō_ŌprogrammesŌ_Ō,€and€to€reviewŠ C“ Šall€relevant€domestic€legislation€with€a€view€to€bringing€it€into€conformity€with€the€Convention€andŠ ,| Šother€relevant€international€standards.€€Child€Ō_ŌlabourŌ_Ō€laws€should€be€enforced€and€penalties€imposedŠ e Šin€cases€of€violation.€€Furthermore,€the€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€complete€theŠ žN Šprocess€of€ratification€of€ILO€Convention€no.€138€on€Minimum€Age€for€Admission€to€Employment.Š ē 7 ŠĢ203.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€at€the€absence€of€data€and€of€a€comprehensive€study€on€the€issueŠ ¹" ! Šof€sexual€exploitation€of€children.€€In€the€light€of€article€34€and€other€related€articles€of€theŠ ¢#ņ" ŠConvention,€the€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€undertake€studies€with€view€toŠ ‹$Ū# Šdesigning€and€implementing€appropriate€policies€and€measures,€including€care€and€rehabilitation,Š t%Ä $ Što€prevent€and€combat€the€sexual€exploitation€of€children.€€The€Committee€suggests€that€the€StateŠ ]&­!% Šparty€use€as€a€reference€framework€the€recommendations€formulated€in€the€Agenda€for€ActionŠ F'–"& Šadopted€at€the€World€Congress€Against€Commercial€Sexual€Exploitation€of€Children,€held€inŠ /(#' ŠStockholm€in€1996.Š )h$( ŠĢ204.€€Finally,€in€the€light€of€article€44,€paragraph€6,€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€recommendsŠ ź*:&* Šthat€the€initial€report€and€written€replies€submitted€by€the€State€party€be€made€widely€available€toŠ Ó+#'+ Šthe€public,€along€with€the€summary€records€of€the€relevant€meetings€and€concluding€observationsŠ ¼, (, Šadopted€by€the€Committee.€€Such€wide€distribution€should€generate€debate€and€awareness€of€theŠ „-õ(- ŠConvention€and€the€state€of€its€implementation,€particularly€within€the€Government,€the€relevantŠ ° Šministries,€the€Parliament€and€non„governmental€organizations.Š ™é Š