WPC' 7.9#?{=I/?Z}丕U:QuM,;y^\ gBX|^KM"w2_[^J#8Dh c8ݢmt!-rC ZM?-בuHΓЮ`rfkr Va'I9q 0 0 0- 0* 0' 0$*! 0!N" 0o# 0$ 0% 1e& 7 ' 1u' 72'HP Officejet 6500 E710n-z (Network)0(9 Z6Times New Roman RegularX(\$CEUS., m> >ntFold3|xUTABLE A*+ (_2623  ..*D+D (_25   ," <DL,23  ..," <DL,   *5+5 (_24  ) <DL)23  ..) <DL)  *2+2 (_23 ` &<<DL&23  ..&<<DL& ` */+/ (_22  #DL#23  ..#DL#  *,+, (_21   DL 23  .. DL  *)+) (_20 h DDL23  ..DDL h *&+& (_19  L23  ..L  *#+# (_18   L23  .. L  *>> (_17  2( 4 <DL223  Ԁ2( 4 <DL2  *DD (_16   ," <DL,23  Ԁ," <DL,   *55 (_15  ) <DL)23  Ԁ) <DL)  *22 (_14 ` &<<DL&23  Ԁ&<<DL& ` *// (_13  #DL#23  Ԁ#DL#  *,, (_12   DL 23  Ԁ DL  *)) (_11 h DDL23  ԀDDL h *&& (_10  L23  ԀL  (## &_9   L23  Ԁ L  (>> &_8  2( 4 <DL223  2( 4 <DL2  (DD &_7   ," <DL,23  ," <DL,   (55 &_6  ) <DL)23  ) <DL)  (22 &_5 ` &<<DL&23  &<<DL& ` (// &_4  #DL#23  #DL#  (,, &_3   DL 23   DL  ()) &_2 h DDL23  DDL h (&& &_1  L23  L  &## $_   L23   L  <:Default Para\  `&Times New Roman86_ParaNo._G      /% <DL/ UK S*\  `&Times New RomanS    2( 4 <DL2 US   S*\  `&Times New RomanS<W+Z :Outline001_1  /% <DL/23  ..  2( 4 <DL2<`+f :Outline001_2   ," <DL,23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <]+f :Outline001_3 j  ) <DL)23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <Z+f :Outline001_4  ` &<<DL&23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <W+f :Outline001_5   #DL#23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <T+f :Outline001_6 j   DL 23  ..  2( 4 <DL2 j <Q+f :Outline001_7  h DDL23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <N+f :Outline001_8   L23  ..  2( 4 <DL2  <?+Z :Outline001_9 j  L23  ..2( 4 <DL2 j ,-./0123 35;AGMSY_11.a.i.1.a.i.1.a.54i.3#37=CIQYag1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)7i) \!CEUS.,  _ XX  COSTARICA  #X\X@#_Follow-up-StateReporting  Ѐ_i_)ActionbyTreatyBodies    _CCPR_,A/64/40,vol.I(2009)  t     VII.  FOLLOWUPTOCONCLUDINGOBSERVATIONS  L  237.  InchapterVIIofitsannualreportfor2003, 20 theCommitteedescribedtheframeworkthat $ t  ithassetoutforprovidingformoreeffectivefollowup,subsequenttotheadoptionofthe `  concludingobservationsinrespectofStatesparties'reportssubmittedunderarticle40ofthe L  Covenant.InchapterVIIofitslastannualreport(A/63/40,vol.I),anupdatedaccountofthe 8  Committee'sexperienceinthisregardoverthelastyearwasprovided.Thecurrentchapteragain $  updatestheCommittee'sexperienceto1August2009.   238.  Overtheperiodcoveredbythepresentannualreport,SirNigel_Rodley_Ԁactedasthe  Committee'sSpecialRapporteurforfollow-uponconcludingobservations.AttheCommittee's  ninety-fourth,ninety-fifthandninety-sixthsessions,hepresentedprogressreportstotheCommittee p oninter-sessionaldevelopmentsandmaderecommendationswhichpromptedtheCommitteetotake \ appropriatedecisionsStatebyState. H 239.  ForallreportsofStatespartiesexaminedbytheCommitteeunderarticle40oftheCovenant  p overthelastyear,theCommitteehasidentified,accordingtoitsdevelopingpractice,alimited  \ numberofpriorityconcerns,withrespecttowhichitseekstheStateparty'sresponse,withinaperiod H ofayear,onthemeasurestakentogiveeffecttoitsrecommendations.TheCommitteewelcomes 4 theextentanddepthofcooperationunderthisprocedurebyStatesparties,asmaybeobservedfrom   thefollowingcomprehensivetable. 21 Overthereportingperiod,since1August2008,16States   parties(Austria,Barbados,BosniaandHerzegovina,Chile,CostaRica,CzechRepublic,France,  Georgia,Honduras,HongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegion(China),Ireland,LibyanArab  _Jamahiriya_,Madagascar,Tunisia,UkraineandUnitedStatesofAmerica),aswellastheUnited   NationsInterimAdministrationMissionin_Kosovo_Ԁ(_UNMIK_),havesubmittedinformationtothe l! Committeeunderthefollowupprocedure.SincethefollowupprocedurewasinstitutedinMarch X"  2001,11Statesparties(Botswana,CentralAfricanRepublic,DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo, D#! EquatorialGuinea,Gambia,Namibia,Panama,Sudan,theformerYugoslavRepublicofMacedonia, 0$" YemenandZambia)havefailedtosupplyfollowupinformationthathasfallendue.TheCommittee %l # reiteratesthatitviewsthisprocedureasaconstructivemechanismbywhichthedialogueinitiated &X!$ withtheexaminationofareportcanbecontinued,andwhichservestosimplifytheprocessofthe &D"% nextperiodicreportonthepartoftheStateparty. 22  '0#& 240.  ThetablebelowtakesaccountofsomeoftheWorkingGroup'srecommendationsanddetails )%( theexperienceoftheCommitteeoverthelastyear.Accordingly,itcontainsnoreferencetothose *%) StatespartieswithrespecttowhichtheCommittee,uponassessmentofthefollowupresponses +&* providedtoit,decidedbefore1August2008totakenofurtheractionpriortotheperiodcoveredby |,'+ thisreport. h-(, _ԇ241.  TheCommitteeemphasizesthatcertainStatespartieshavefailedtocooperatewithitinthe  performanceofitsfunctionsunderPartIVoftheCovenant,therebyviolatingtheirobligations  (Gambia,EquatorialGuinea).  * ddd Xdd Xdd X(#(#,xvv+  +!tt vv+... ?5#: vv   vv?L  M  L  M  Ninetyfirstsession(October2007)L  M  L  M  L  M  ?5#  vv   vv?L  M  L  M  ... ?5#  vv   vv?L  M  Stateparty: L  M  CostaRicaL  M  L  M  ?5#r  vv   vv?L  M  Reportconsidered: L  M  Fifthperiodic(duesince30April2004),submittedon30May2006.L  M  L  M  ?5#N  vv   vv?L  M  Informationrequested: *z   L  M  Para.9:Measurestoputanendtoovercrowdingindetentioncentres(art.10). R  Para.12:Measurestocombattraffickingofwomenandchildren(arts.L  M  2and24).L  M  L  M  ?5#*  vv   vv?L  M  Dateinformationdue:1November2008L  M  ?5# vv   vv?L  M  Dateinformationreceived:   L  M  17March2009L  M  L  M  Partialreplyreceived(cooperativebutincompleteinformation)L  M  L  M  ?5#b vv   vv?L  M  Actiontaken: >  L  M  16December2008L  M  ԀAreminderwassent.L  M  L  M  ?5#f vv   vv?L  M  Recommendedaction:Alettershouldbesenttorequestadditionalandmorespecific > information.L  M  ?5# * vv   vv?L  M  Nextreportdue: L  M  1November2012L  M  L  M  ?5#" vv   vv?...3)'$ vv   3____________________________ %@!   20/OfficialRecordsoftheGeneralAssembly,Fifty-eighthSession,SupplementNo.40(A/58/40), '# vol.I. ($ 21/Thetableformatwasalteredattheninetiethsession. *% 22/AsthenextperiodicreporthasbecomeduewithrespecttothefollowingStatesparties,the d,' Committeehasterminatedthefollow-upproceduredespitedeficientinformationortheabsenceof P-(  afollow-upreport:Mali,SriLanka,Suriname,Namibia,Paraguay,andtheDemocraticRepublicof  theCongo.    ` _CCPR_,_CCPR_/C/SR.2738/Add.1(2010)     HumanRightsCommittee t Ninetyninthsession ` Summaryrecordofthesecondpart(public)ofthe2738thmeeting 8  Heldat_Palais_ԀWilson,Geneva, $ t onWednesday28July2010,at11:25am  ` ...  8  L  M  L  M  FollowuptoconcludingobservationsonStatereportsandtoViewsundertheOptional   Protocol    L  M  L  M  ReportoftheSpecialRapporteurforFollowuponConcludingObservationsL  M  Ԁ(_CCPR_/C/99/2/_CRP_.1)   L  M  ... \ L  M  L  M  2.L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  Mr.Amor L  M  ,L  M  ԀSpecialRapporteurforFolloL  M  wuponConcludingObservations,L  M  Ԁsaidthat,whilehe 4 commendedtheexcellentworkofthesecretariat,itwasregrettablethattherelevantstaffdidnot $t havemoretimetodevotetofollowuponconcludingobservations.AttheCommitteeL  M  L  M  srequest,he ` hadundertakentosupplydetailsofthecontentsoftheletterssenttoStatespartiesconcerning L followupinwhichtheCommitteeaskedforfurtherinformation,urgedtheStatetoimplementa 8 recommendationorL  M  ,alternatively,L  M  Ԁnotedthatareplywassatisfactory. $ ...  USCE.,23.L  M  L  M  InresponsetotheinformationCostaRicahadsent,heproposedthattheCommitteeshouldL  M  reply  withL  M  alettertakingnoteoftheStatepartyL  M  L  M  scooperation,commendingitsimplementationofthe p recommendationsonmeasurestocombattraffickinginwomenandchildrenandsexualexploitation, \  andaskingforadditionalinformationonmeasureL  M  sL  M  Ԁtakentoimproveprisonconditionsandtoend H! oveL  M  rcrowdingindetention_centres_.L  M   4"  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  24. TheChairperson L  M  Ԁsaidthat,iftherewasnoobjection,hetookitthattheCommitteewishedto  $\" adopttheSpecialRapporteurL  M  L  M  srecommendations. $L # L  M  25.Itwassodecided. &$"% ...CE.,US.,&  (#' _ USCE.,CCPR,A/65/40vol.I(2010)  ... t ChapterVII:FollowuptoConcludingObservations  L  203.InchapterVIIofitsannualreportfor2003,L  M  16L  M  ԀtheCommitteedescribedtheframeworkthatit $ t hassetoutforprovidingformoreeffectivefollow-up,subsequenttotheadoptionoftheconcluding  ` observationsinrespectofStatespartiesreportssubmittedunderarticle40oftheCovenant.In  L  chapterVIIofitslastannualreport,L  M  17L  M  ԀanupdatedaccountoftheCommitteesexperienceinthis  8  regardoverthelastyearwasprovided.ThecurrentchapteragainupdatestheCommittees $  experienceto1August2010.   204.Overtheperiodcoveredbythepresentannualreport,Mr.AbdelfattahAmoractedasthe   CommitteesSpecialRapporteurforfollowuponconcludingobservations.AttheCommittees   ninetyseventh,ninetyeighthandninetyninthsessions,hepresentedprogressreportstothe p Committeeonintersessionaldevelopmentsandmaderecommendationswhichpromptedthe \ CommitteetotakeappropriatedecisionsStatebyState. H L  M  205.ForallL  M  reportsL  M  ԀofStatespartiesexaminedbytheCommitteeunderarticle40oftheCovenant  p overthelastyear,theCommitteehasidentified,accordingtoitsdevelopingpractice,alimited  \ numberofpriorityconcerns,withrespecttowhichitseekstheStatepartysresponse,withinaperiod H ofayear,onthemeasurestakentogiveeffecttoitsrecommendations.TheCommitteewelcomes 4 theextentanddepthofcooperationunderthisprocedurebyStatesparties,asmaybeobservedfrom   thefollowingcomprehensivetable.L  M  18L  M  ԀOverthereportingperiod,since1August2009,17L  M  ԀL  M  States   parties(BosniaandHerzegovina,Chile,CostaRica,CzechRepublic,Denmark,France,Georgia,  Japan,Monaco,Spain,theformerYugoslavRepublicofMacedonia,Sudan,Sweden,Tunisia,  Ukraine,UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandandZambia),aswellastheUnited  NationsInterimAdministrationMissioninKosovo(UNMIK),havesubmittedinformationtothe l Committeeunderthefollow-upprocedure.Sincethefollow-upprocedurewasinstitutedinMarch X  2001,12Statesparties(Australia,Botswana,CentralAfricanRepublic,DemocraticRepublicofthe D! Congo,EquatorialGuinea,Gambia,Namibia,Nicaragua,Panama,Rwanda,SanMarinoandYemen) 0"  havefailedtosupplyfollow-upinformationthathasfallendue.TheCommitteereiteratesthatit #l! viewsthisprocedureasaconstructivemechanismbywhichthedialogueinitiatedwiththe $X" examinationofareportcanbecontinued,andwhichservestosimplifythepreparationofthenext $D # periodicreportbytheStateparty.L  M  19L  M  Ԁ %0!$ L  M  L  M  L  M  206.ThetablebelowtakesaccountofsomeoftheWorkingGroupsrecommendationsanddetails '#& theexperienceoftheCommitteeoverthelastyear.Accordingly,thereportdoesnotcoverthose (#' StatespartieswithrespecttowhichtheCommitteehascompleteditsfollowupactivities,including )$( allStatespartieswhichwereconsideredfromtheseventyfirstsession(March2001)totheeighty |*%) fifthsession(October2005). h+&* L  M  207.TheCommitteeemphasizesthatcertainStatespartieshavefailedtocooperatewithitinthe @-(, performanceofitsfunctionsunderPartIVoftheCovenant,therebyviolatingtheirobligations  (EquatorialGuinea,Gambia).  ... t  Ninetyfirstsession(October2007) CE.,US.,0USCE., L  ... $ t CE.,US.,BL  M  L  M  L  M  UKCE.,L  M  Stateparty:CostaRica  L  Reportconsidered: L  M  Fifthperiodic(duesince30April2004),submittedon30May2006.L  M   $   Informationrequested:    L  M  Para.9:Measurestoputanendtoovercrowdingindetentioncentres(art.10).   Para.12:Measurestocombattraffickingofwomenandchildren(arts.2and24).L  M   `  Dateinformationdue: L  M  1November2008 8 L  M  Dateinformationreceived: d  L  M  17March2009L  M  ԀPartialreplyreceived(cooperativebutincompleteinformation).L  M   < L  M  17November2009L  M  ԀInformationreceived(para.9:responseincomplete;para.12:informationlargely  satisfactory).  L  M  Actiontaken:   L  M  16December2008L  M  ԀAreminderwassent.L  M   `  CE.,UK.,+CL  M  L  M  UKCE.,L  M  30July2009(sentlate)L  M  ԀAletterwassenttorequestadditionalandmorespecificinformation. 8"  L  M  Recommendedaction:WhiletakingnoteofthecooperativenessoftheStateparty,the $`" Committeeshouldsendaletterrequestingadditionalinformationoncertainquestions: $L # improvingconditionsindetentioncentresandmeasurestosolvetheproblemofprison %8!$ overcrowding(para.9).Thelettershouldalsohighlightthepointsconcerningwhichthe &$"% Committeeconsidersthatitsrecommendationshavebeenimplemented:measurestocombat '#& traffickingofwomenandchildrenandsexualexploitation(para.12).L  M   (#' Nextreportdue: L  M  Ԁ1November2012CE.,UK.,HHUSCE., *%) ... `,'+ __________ L-(, Ї16OfficialRecordsoftheGeneralAssembly,FiftyeighthSession,SupplementNo.40L  M  ,vol.I  (A/58/40(vol.I)).  17Ibid.,L  M  SixtyFourthSession,SupplementNo.40L  M  ,vol.I(A/64/40(vol.I)). t 18Thetableformatwasalteredattheninetiethsession. L  19AsthenextperiodicreporthasbecomeduewithrespecttothefollowingStatesparties,the $ t Committeehasterminatedthefollowupproceduredespitedeficientinformationortheabsenceof  ` afollowupreport:Austria,Brazil,CentralAfricanRepublic,DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo,  L  HongKong(China),Mali,Namibia,Paraguay,RepublicofKorea,SriLanka,SurinameandYemen.CE.,US.,K_    8  Follow-up-StateReporting  Ѐii)ActionbyStateParty    _ CCPR_ ,_ CCPR_ /C/CRI/CO/5/Add.1(2009)  t  InformationprovidedbytheGovernmentofCOSTARICAontheimplementationofthe L  concludingobservationsoftheHumanRightsCommittee(_ CCPR_ /C/CRI/CO/5)*  8  [1May2009]  `  Paragraph9.TheCommitteeisconcernedaboutovercrowdingandpoorconditionsinthe  8  detentioncentresoftheStateparty,includingthoseadministeredbythemigrationauthorities $  (article10oftheConvention).   TheStatepartyshouldtakestepstoendovercrowdingindetentioncentres,includingthose   administeredbythemigrationauthorities,andtoensurecompliancewiththerequirements   ofarticle10.Inparticular,theStatepartyshouldtakeintoconsiderationtheStandard p MinimumRulesfortheTreatmentofPrisoners. \  1.  In2008,theCostaRicanMigrationandAliensOffice,thebodyresponsibleformigration 4 affairs,draftedamanualofoperationalguidelinesandproceduresfortemporarydetentioncentres  p forforeignerswithoutlegalstatus.Thisdocumenthasthefollowingaims:  \   (a) ` Toestablishanorganizationalstructuretoensurefluidityofcommunicationsand 4 facilitateinter-andintra-institutionalcoordination;     (b) ` Toharmonizetheprocedures,activitiesandresponsibilitiesinvolvedintheoperation  oftemporarydetentioncentresforforeignerswithoutlegalstatus;    _ (c)_  ` Toestablishcontrolmechanismstoensuretransparencyofthedifferentactivitiesand l proceduresthatareinturndevelopedatthetemporarydetentioncentresforforeignerswithoutlegal X  status; D!   (d) ` Toidentifythepossiblerisksthatmayariseintheoperationofspecificcentresand #l! inthetreatmentofthedetainedpopulation; $X"   (e) ` Toestablishcoordinationandcommunicationmechanismstoensuretheprocessof %0!$ investigatingthemigratorysituationofdetainedforeignersandtheimplementationofdeportation &"% proceduresrunsmoothly,includinginjunctions,notificationsorrepatriation,asappropriate; '#&   (f) ` Toguaranteetherespectofthehumanrightsofthemigrantpopulationin )$( administrativedetention; |*%)   (g) ` Toensurevictimsareprotectedagainstoffencessuchastraffickinginpersonsand T,'+ smugglingofmigrantsandrefugeeclaimants; @-(, Ї  (h) ` Toestablishtheconditionsthatmustbeprevalentinthetemporarydetentioncentres  forforeignerswithoutlegalstatus.  2.  Themanualestablishesrulestoavoidsituationswheremorepersonsdetainedforbreaches t ofmigrationrulesarebeinghousedinanauthorizedcentreorcompoundthanthenumberofproperly ` equippedspacesshouldallow. L  3.  Themainguidingprinciplesoftheserulesincludetherighttoequalityandnon $ t discrimination;tolifeandprotectionofpersonalintegrity;tominimumdetentionperiods;todue  ` process;toinformationandcommunication;toindividualtreatmentforeverymigrant;torespectfor  L  thefamilyunitandtoprohibitionoftortureandothercruel,inhumananddegradingtreatment;to  8  seekrefugeestatus;andtoapplicationoftheprincipleofnon-_ refoulement_ . $   Paragraph12.WhileacknowledgingtheStateparty'seffortstocombattraffickinginwomen   andchildrenandsexualexploitation,suchassurveillancesystemsandallianceswith   private-sectoractors,includinghoteliersandtaxinetworks,theCommitteenoteswithconcern   thelackofpublicawarenessoftheunlawfulnatureofsuchphenomena.Italsoregretsthatit p hasnotreceivedclear-cutinformationregardingtheallegedtraffickingofchildrenfrom \ Ecuadorin2004.TheCommitteeisconcernedthatsuchactsmaygounpunished(arts.2and H 24). 4 TheStatepartyshouldreinforcemeasurestocombattraffickingofwomenandchildrenand,  \ inparticular: H   (a) ` Ensurethatpenaltiescommensuratewiththeseriousnessoftheactsareimposed   onanyoneengaginginsuchexploitation;     (b) ` Continueitseffortstogeneratepublicawarenessoftheunlawfulnatureofthe  sexualexploitationofwomenandchildren;    _ (c)_  ` Providetrainingcoursesforthecompetentauthorities; X    (d) ` Protectvictimssothattheymayfindrefugeandtestifyagainstthosecharged 0"  incriminalorcivilcases,andawardthemcompensation. #l!  4.  Thefirststepstowards_ combating_ Ԁtraffickinginpersonsweretakenin1998,whenaspecial $D # prosecutor'sofficeforsexualoffenceswascreated.Thereisnowalsoaspecializedunitfor %0!$ traffickingoffenceswithinthejudiciary. &"% 5.  InOctober2002,theProtocoltoPrevent,SuppressandPunishTraffickinginPersons, (#' EspeciallyWomenandChildren(Act8315)wasratified,supplementingtheUnitedNations )$( ConventionagainstTransitionalOrganizedCrime.InMarch2002,theProtocolagainstthe |*%) SmugglingofMigrantsbyLand,SeaandAir(Act8314)wasratified,alsosupplementingthe h+&* Convention. T,'+  @-(, 6.  InNovember2005,theNationalCoalitionAgainstSmugglingofMigrantsandTrafficking  inPersonswascreated.TheCoalitioncomprisestheMinistriesofEducation;theInterior,Policeand  PublicSecurity;JusticeandPardons;Health;LabourandSocialSecurity;andForeignAffairsand  Worship.ItalsocomprisestheCostaRicanSocialSecurityFund,theNationalInstituteforWomen, t theNationalChildren'sTrust,theOfficeoftheOmbudsman,andtheNationalCommissionforthe ` ImprovementoftheAdministrationoftheJudiciary.Otherpublicandprivateorganizationsmay L  contributetotheworkoftheCommissionintheirrespectiveareasofexpertise. 8  7.  Inearly2007,theStateofCostaRicaapprovedamendmentstoitsnationallegislation,or  ` morepreciselytoitsFamilyCode,whichstrictlyprohibitedthemarriageofpersonsundertheage  L  of15years.  8  8.  TheMigrationandAliensOfficehasimplementedanentryandexitsystemforminorsin   ordertocollectinformationonadultswhoaccompanyminors.Thisinstitutionalsomaintainsaclose   relationshipwithnationalandinternationalsecuritybodiesinordertoagreeactionson_ combating_    suchunlawfulacts.   9.  CostaRicaisexperiencingincreasedgrowthinitstouristsector,whichhastriggeredthe \ creationofaplanned,responsibleand,aboveall,sustainabletouristpolicy.TheCostaRican H TourismInstitutehasestablishedaseriesofclearstandardsinitsregulationsgoverningtourist 4 accommodationenterpriseswhichaimtopreventchildrenandadolescentsfrombecomingvictims  p ofanyformofexploitation.  \ 10.  TheMinistryoftheInterior,PoliceandPublicSecurity,togetherwiththeMigrationand 4 AliensOffice,haveestablishedprotocolsforhandlingthemasscasesofmigranttraffickinginorder   toprotectvictimsoftraffickingandsmuggling,providingthemwithtransfer,shelterandfood,in   accordancewiththeinternationalguidelineonhumanrights.  11.  CostaRicasignedtheProtocolfortheRepatriationofChildrenandAdolescentVictimsof  Traffickingand,withthesupportofUNICEF,theUnitedStatesDepartmentofStateBureauof l Population,RefugeesandMigration(_ PRM_ )and_ IOM_ ,respectiveprotocolshavebeendrawnupas X  partoftheregionalguidelinestopromotemultilateralcoordinationinpriorityareas. D! 12.  ThereisinplaceaStrategicPlanofActionthatincludesinitiativesofvariousgovernmental #l! andnon-governmentalorganizationstodealwithtraffickinginpersonsandsmugglingofmigrants. $X" Thisisafive-yearplanandhasthefollowingareasofintervention: $D #   (a) ` Promotionandprevention; &"%   (b) ` Careofvictims; (#'   _ (c)_  ` Defenceandpursuitofjustice. |*%) 13.  Theintentionistodeveloppromotionalandpreventativemeasuresthroughtraining, T,'+ awareness-raisinganddisseminationofinformationinordertobringthisissuetotheforeamong @-(, governmentalofficialsandthegeneralpublicandthusstrengthenprevention,protectionandthecare  ofvictimsinvolvedintraffickinginpersons.  14.  Aninter-institutionalcaremodelisbeingpromoted,developedincompliancewiththe t establishedguidelinetoensurethefullexerciseofhumanrightsbythevictimsandthepenalization ` oftraffickers. L  15.  Theaimistocreateapolicyframeworktoprevent,investigateandpenalizetraffickingin $ t personsandfullyprotectthevictimsandwitnessesofthisoffence.  ` 16.  Perhapsthemostsignificantachievementhasbeentoincludetheissueof_ combating_   8  traffickinginpersonsintheCostaRicanNationalDevelopmentPlan,makingtraffickingoneofthe $  Government'sprioritiesandcommitmentstoitscitizens.   17.  ThecurrentMigrationActprovidesforasentenceoftwotosixyearsforthelegalconcept   ofsmugglingofpersons.Thereisnocurrentprovisionfortheconceptoftraffickingbutthedraft   amendmentoftheMigrationActprovidesasentenceof10to16yearsofprison.Thisbillis p currentlybeforetheLegislativeAssemblyanditsapprovalisexpectedsoon.Themovewillensure \ thatthecountryfulfilsitscommitmentsvis--visinternationaltreatiesandconventionsbyproviding H adequatenationallegislation.UndertheCoalitionframeworkworkisunderwaytouniteeffortsand 4 coordinatemeasurestosecurethedetentionoforganizedcrimegroups.  p 18.  TheStateofCostaRicahastakenthefollowingmeasureswithregardtoawareness-raising H amongthegeneralpublicandthetrainingofthecompetentauthorities. 4 NationalCoalitionAgainstSmugglingofMigrantsandTraffickinginPersons,PursuitofJustice   Subcommittee  19.  Thefollowingproposalshavebeendraftedandchannelledtothecorrespondinglegislative  committees: l   (a) ` AproposedarticletoclassifytheoffenceofTraffickingofPersons,encompassing D! bothinternalandexternaltrafficking,tobeincludedinthetextofBill16973ontheComprehensive 0"  StrengtheningofPublicSecurity; #l!   (b) ` ProposaltobecontainedinBill16973ontheProtectionofVictimsandWitnesses $D # inconnectionwithtraffickinginpersons(approvedinfirstdebate); %0!$   _ (c)_  ` Proposalonthestatusofavictimoftraffickinginpersonsandaspecificarticleon '#& thesmugglingofmigrantstobeincludedinthetextoftheMigrationBill. (#' CareSubcommittee |*%) 20.  Thefollowingmeasureshavebeentaken: T,'+  @-(, _   (a) ` Creationofacaremodelforvictimsoftrafficking:themodeltriestoclarifythe  optimalmechanismsforthecareofavictimoftrafficking,generatingcomprehensiveinter  institutionalprotocolsandprovidingforthegenderperspectiveinaccordancewiththemandateon  humanrights; t   (b) ` ImmediateResponseTeam:inparallelwiththeconstructionofthismodel,an L  ImmediateResponseTeamforSituationsofTraffickingofPersons(decreeunderconstruction)was 8  createdtosolve,tosomeextent,thelackofcareandprotectioninthesesituations. $ t 21.  Itshouldbenotedthatthecoalitioncarriesoutmassawareness-raisingcampaignsonthe  L  themeoftraffickingandsmugglingofpersons;thelastwascoordinatedbytheUnitedNations  8  InternationalChildren'sEmergencyFund(UNICEF). $  NationalCommissiontoCombattheCommercialSexualExploitationofChildrenandAdolescents   22.  TheNationalCommissiontoCombattheCommercialSexualExploitationofChildrenand   Adolescents(CONACOES)wascreatedin1996andhasbeenoperatingasaspecialcommission p since2000oftheNationalCouncilonChildrenandAdolescents(CNNA),abodythatcoordinates \ policiesaimedatthisagegroup. H 23.  TheimplementationandfollowupoftheActionPlanistheresponsibilityoftheinstitutions  p thatservetheNationalCommissionthroughintersectoral,inter-institutionalandinterdisciplinary  \ coordinationinordertocombatthecommercialsexualexploitationofchildrenandadolescentsin H acomprehensiveandcoherentmanner. 4 24.  The2008-2010NationalPlanforEliminatingtheCommercialExploitationofChildrenand   AdolescentsreflectstheconsensualapproachoftheCONACOEStowardstheactionsthattheState  ofCostaRicahastocarryoutinalimitedperiodinordertoincreaseitseffectivenessbothin  promoting,preventingandmonitoringtheproblemandinprotectinganddefendingtherightsofthe  victims. l 25.  ThestatedpurposeofthePlanistoestablishthenecessaryguidelinesonincreasingthe D! effectivenessofStateactioninthesphereofprevention,monitoringandcontrolofthecommercial 0"  exploitationofchildrenandadolescents,andinthedefenceandprotectionoftherightsofthe #l! victims. $X" 26.  ThiswasunanimouslyapprovedbytheGovernmentatitsfifty-fourthcabinetmeetingon18 %0!$ July2007,whichordereditsinclusionintheNationalDevelopmentPlan2006-2010,andbythe &"% NationalCouncilonChildrenandAdolescents(CNNA)throughaformalagreementadoptedin '#& plenaryon25October2007. (#' 27.  ItsactivitiesarefinancedbytheStateinstitutionsofCostaRica. |*%) 28.  Thereareguidelinesonprotectingtherightsofminorswhoarevictimsofcommercialsexual T,'+ exploitation,whichiscarriedoutthroughoperationalprogrammesandinter-institutional_ and @-(, _ intersectoral_ Ԁcoordinationandexecutedbythe_ CONACOES_ Ԁatnational,regionalandlocallevel.  29.  Thefollowingtraininghasbeenconductedintheborderareaof_ Pea_ Ԁ_ Blancas_ :    (a) ` InAugust2008,officialsoftheborder-crossingpostof_ Pea_ Ԁ_ Blancas_ Ԁparticipatedin ` traininggivenbytheInternationalOrganizationforMigration(_ IOM_ ); L    (b) ` On28and29January2009,theCostaRica-NicaraguaBi-nationalWorkshoptook $ t place,coordinatedbytheNationalCoalitionAgainstSmugglingofMigrantsandTraffickingin  ` Personstogetherwiththe_ Paniamor_ ԀFoundationandSavetheChildrenSweden,whichgenerateda  L  fourthstudyofthegeographicandsocialmappingoftraffickinginchildrenandadolescentsinCosta  8  Rica.Previousstudiesaimedtoimprovetheidentificationofcasesoftrafficking,theirgeographic $  location,thefactorsfacilitatingtheiroccurrenceandthemaininternalandexternaltraffickingroutes.   Thisinformationwilllaterbeusedtodeveloppreventionandcombatstrategiesfortheareaandto   permitoperationstobecarriedoutintheborderareablindspots;     _ (c)_  ` DuringFebruary,aWorkshopforofficialsoftheRegionalPoliceHeadquarters, p HeadsofRegionalOfficesandkeyofficialsoftheMigrationPolicewilltakeplacetopresentthe \ 2005-2007mappingmeta-analysiscarriedoutbythe_ Paniamor_ ԀFoundationandtodeterminethe H follow-upactionsaimedateliminatingthecommercialsexualexploitationofchildrenand 4 adolescents;  p   (d) ` In2008,15officialsoftheinternalservicesoftheMinistryofForeignAffairsand H WorshipreceivedtrainingontheissueoftraffickingandaworkshopviaInternetisbeingorganized 4 totraintheoverseasCostaRicanconsularbody.   30.  ItisalsoimportanttonotethattheDefenceSubcommitteeoftheNationalCommissionto  CombattheCommercialSexualExploitationofChildrenandAdolescentshasdevelopedthree  trainingprogrammeswhichwillbeheldduring2009andwillbeaimedattourismpoliceand  migrationofficials,withcoveragetoincludethe_ Peas_ ԀBl_ ancas_ Ԁarea. l 31.  Withregardtopoint(d),itshouldbeemphasizedthaton3February2009theLegislative D! AssemblyapprovedinfirstdebatetheBillontheProtectionofVictimsandWitnesses.Theinitiative 0"  hasthefundamentalaimsofstrengtheningthelegalpowersofvictimsandincreasingtheauthority #l! ofthejudgesinvolvedincriminalproceedingsagainstoffenders.Similarly,impunityisalsoreduced. $X" 32.  AdraftreformoftheCriminalCodewouldalsoraiseprisonsentencesforanyonecommitting %0!$ theoffenceoftraffickingofpersons. &"% _____________________ (#' *InaccordancewiththeinformationtransmittedtoStatespartiesregardingtheprocessingoftheir |*%) reports,thepresentdocumentwasnotformallyeditedbeforebeingsenttotheUnitedNations h+&* translationservices.  T,'+ _ USCE., CCPR,CCPRL  M  /C/CRI/CO/5/Add.2(2009)  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  InformationprovidedbytheGovernmentofCostaRicaontheimplementationofthe ` concludingobservationsoftheHumanRightsCommittee(CCPR/C/CRI/CO/5) L  M   L  [17November2009] $ t L  M  L  M  L  M  L  M  Paragraph9.L  M  TheCommitteeisconcernedaboutovercrowdingandpoorconditionsinthe  L  L  M  StatepartysL  M  detentioncentres,includingthoseadministeredbythemigrationauthorities  8  (article10oftheCovenaL  M  ntL  M  ).L  M   $  L  M  TheStatepartyshouldtakestepstoendovercrowdingindetentioncentres,includingthose   administeredbythemigrationauthorities,andtoensurecompliancewiththerequirements   ofarticle10.Inparticular,theStatepartyshouldtakeintoconsiderationtheStandard   MinimumRulesfortheTreatmentofPrisoners.  p L  M  1.L  M  OL  M  n20January2009themanualofoperationalguidelinesandproceduresfortemporarydetention H centresforforeignerswithoutlegalstatusstartedtobeL  M  ԀappliedL  M  .ThisinstrumentgovernsthecentresL  M  L  M   4 differentactivitiesandprocedures,L  M  alongwithL  M  therightsanddutiesofthedetaineesandtheofficials  p staffingthecentres.L  M  UnderL  M  theguidelinesissuedbytheCostaRicanMigrationandAliensOffice,  \ L  M  applicationL  M  ofthemanualismandatoryinrespectofdetainees,theirvisitors,thestaffwhoworkat H thecentres,andotherpublicadministrativeofficialsandpoliceofficers.L  M  Themanualmustalsobe 4 appliedtoL  M  representativesofembassies,consulatesandnongovernmentalorganizationswishingto   visitdetainees.   2.ThedocumenthighlightsthefundamentalhumanrightsandprinciplesL  M  applicabletoL  M  allpersons,  whoL  M  ԄL  M  ԀregardlessoftheirmigrationstatusL  M  ԄL  M  Ԁenjoyanumberofinherentrights.Themanualmustbe  consistentlyappliedwithinaframeworkofmigrationcontrolthatL  M  upholdsL  M  migrantsL  M  L  M  Ԁhumanrights l andfullyL  M  respectsandL  M  acknowledgestheintegrityofallpersons,withoutdiscriminationontheL  M  basis X  L  M  ofapersonL  M  L  M  ssocialorculturalstatus,genderorrace,ordiscriminationofanyotherkindthat D! L  M  devalueshimL  M  orherL  M  asaL  M  humanL  M  ԀbeingL  M  .TheMigrationandAliensOfficehasreportedonthecontents 0"  ofthemanualanditsapplicationtothePermanentForumfortheMigrantandRefugeePopulation. #l! 3.Thethirdchapterofthemanualreferstogeneralconditionsinthecentres,specifyingnotonly $D # whatareastheymustL  M  ԀcontainL  M  ,butalsohowthedetaineesmustbehousedinthecentres.Article61 %0!$ states: &"% L  M  Aliensmustbehousedingeneraldormitories,allowingforseparationbetweenwomen,menand (#' families,L  M  withaneffortbeingmadetoL  M  groupthembynationality,saveinexceptionalcases.Inno )$( caseshallthenumberofpeoplehousedL  M  insuchcentresL  M  exceedthecapacityL  M  ,L  M  Ԁandthenecessary |*%) measuresshallbetakentoavoidovercrowding. h+&* L  M  4.TheStateiscontinuingitseffortstostrengthenandentrenchrespectforhumanrightsinthe @-(, executionofcriminalpenalties.EffortshavebeenmadetoredefinethetechnicalL  M  ԀapproachtakentoL  M    thisgroup.Thisledtotheadoptionin2007ofnewtechnicalregulationsthatpromoteskill  developmentandanunderstandingofthefactorscontributingtocriminalconductsoastomakeit  easierforprisonersservingtheirsentencestohaveacrimefreefuture.L  M  1L  M   t 5.Asaresult,approximately30percentoftheprisonpopulationarenowengagedinsomelevel L  offormaleducation,thankstocooperationagreementsbetweentheMinistryofJustice,theState 8  DistanceLearningUniversity(UNED)andtheMinistryofPublicEducation.Participationin $ t cultural,recreationalandsportseventsisencouragedaswell;lastyear1,975sucheventswereheld.  ` Similarly,civilsocietyorganizationsareencouragedtoL  M  conductL  M  projectsinprisons,anddetainees  L  L  M  areprovidedwiththemeansL  M  tokeepintouchwiththeirfamilymembersandfriends.L  M  2L  M    8  6.L  M  ThecoverageofhealthservicesL  M  hasL  M  beenL  M  improvedandextendedbystrengtheningL  M  prisonL  M  health   programmesandbymeansofagreementswiththeCostaRicanSocialSecurityFund(CCSS).L  M  Asa   result,tL  M  hereisonedoctorforevery37prisoners,whilethelegislationonnationalcomprehensive   carecallsforonedoctorforevery4,500inhabitants.Atthesametime,apolicyL  M  fortheL  M  improvement   andL  M  expansionL  M  ofprisoninfrastructurehasbeenmaintainedinordertoprovidedecentconditionsfor p prisoners. \ 7.Withregardtocategoriesofprisonersbelongingtovulnerablegroups,L  M  stepsL  M  havebeentakento 4 L  M  meetL  M  theneedsofolderpersons,includingthemaintenanceofspecializedfacilities.Also,the  p establishmentofgendersensitiveprojectsforwomenprisonershasbeenencouraged.Lastly,  \ mentionshouldbemadeoftheagreementconcludedinApril2009betweentheMinistryofJustice H andthehealthauthoritiesL  M  forL  M  theconstructionofaprisonpsychiatrichospital,whichwillprovide 4 treatmentformentallydisabledpersonsservingsentences.   L  M  Paragraph12.WhileacknowledgingtheStatepartyL  M  L  M  seffortstocombattraffickinginwomen  andchildrenandsexualexploitation,suchassurveillancesystemsandallianceswithprivate  sectoractors,includinghoteliersandtaxinetworks,theCommitteeL  M  isconcernedatL  M  thelackof  publicawarenessoftheunlawfulnatureofsuchphenomena.Italsoregretsthatithasnot l receivedclearcutinformationregardingtheallegedtraffickingofchildrenfromEcuadorin X  2004.TheCommitteeisconcernedthatsuchactsmaygounpunished(arts.2and24). D! TheStatepartyshouldreinforcemeasurestocombattraffickingofwomenandchildrenand, #l! inparticular: $X" (a)Ensurethatpenaltiescommensuratewiththeseriousnessoftheactsareimposedon %0!$ anyoneengaginginsuchexploitation; &"% (b)Continueitseffortstogeneratepublicawarenessoftheunlawfulnatureofthesexual '#& exploitationofwomenandchildren; (#' (c)Providetrainingcoursesforthecompetentauthorities; )$( (d)Protectvictimssothattheymayfindrefugeandtestifyagainstthosechargedincriminal |*%) orcivilcases,andawardthemcompensation. L  M   h+&* 8.TraffickinginpersonsinCostaRicaisnotamatterfortheexecutiveL  M  branchofpoweralone @-(, (centralgL  M  overnmentministriesandinstitutions),sinceagreatdealofresponsibilityforthe  prosecutionandpunishmentoftraffickinglieswiththejudiciary(PublicProsecutorL  M  L  M  sOffice,Judicial  InvestigationDepartmentandjudges).  9.Nevertheless,inlinewiththecommitmentL  M  sundertakenL  M  ԀbyCostaRicaL  M  ԀwhenitbecameapartytoL  M   ` theUnitedNationsConventionagainstTransnationalOrganizedCrimeandtheProtocoltoPrevent, L  SuppressandPunishTraffickinginPersons,EspeciallyWomenandChildren,supplementingthe 8  Convention,L  M  ithasproceededtoestablishL  M  theNationalCoalitionAgainstSmugglingofMigrantsand $ t TraffickinginPersons(CNCTIMTP)L  M  .L  M  ԀTheCoalitioniscoordinatedbytheMinistryofInternal  ` AffairsL  M  ,L  M  ԀPoliceL  M  ԀandPublicSecurityL  M  ԀandL  M  seeksL  M  tostrengthenstrategicalliancesbetweengovernment  L  institutions,internationalcooperationagencies,foundationsandnongovernmentalorganizations  8  workingtogethertocombatthisL  M  crime.Itsobjectives,whichareorientedtowardstheultimateaim $  ofguaranteeingthefullenjoymentofhumanrights,aretoL  M  :maximizeresourcesandresultsinthe   areasofprevention,information,L  M  andthedetectionofL  M  victimsandnetworks;L  M  toL  M  providecareto   victimsoftrafficking;andL  M  toensurethatL  M  traffickersL  M  Ԁarepunished.L  M     10.ByExecutiveDecreeNo.34199of3January2008,theStateofCostaRicamadechangesL  M  inL  M  the p Coalition,assigningL  M  arangeoffunctionsL  M  toitstechnicalsecretariat(coordinatedbytheL  M  ViceMinistry \ L  M  ofInternalAffairsL  M  ,L  M  ԀL  M  PoliceandPublicSecurityL  M  )L  M  .TheCoalitionwasalsogiventheopportunityto H introduceL  M  Ԁmechanismsformonitoringinformationcompiledattrainingactivities,including:general 4 dataonparticipants;methodologyused;agendaofwork;anddocumentsshowingagreements  p reachedand/orcommitmentsenteredinto.ThisinformationisL  M  storedL  M  inphysicalanddigitalform.  \ 11.TraffickingworldwideL  M  ԄL  M  Ԁwhetherbyair,L  M  landorL  M  seaL  M  ԄL  M  Ԁisontheincrease.Thegeographical 4 L  M  positionL  M  oftheCentralAmericanregionlendsitselftotheuseofallthreeL  M  ԀmodesoftransportL  M  ,and   CostaRicaisnoexception;itisL  M  thusL  M  acountryoforigin,destinationandtransitfortraffickingin   personsforlabourorsexualpurposes.  12.For2008,theCoalitionwasinformedofvictimsoftraffickingL  M  senttoL  M  Mexico,Nicaraguaand  Japan.Nicaragua,theDominicanRepublicL  M  ,L  M  ԀColombiaandL  M  thenationsofL  M  EastAsiawereidentified l ascountriesL  M  oforiginofL  M  allegedvictimsoftraffickingL  M  arrivinginCostaRicaL  M  . X  13.Accordingtodataprovidedinthe2008reportonL  M  theL  M  geographicmappingoftrafficking,San 0"  JosisthemaindestinationandL  M  L  M  redistributionL  M  L  M  Ԁcityforinternalandtransnationaltrafficking.L  M  ԀItis #l! followedbyL  M  ԀtheprovincesofGuanacasteandPuntarenasandtheborderzonesofPeasBlancasand $X" PasoCanoas,L  M  whichL  M  areconsideredtobeextremelyvulnerableareas.Thetrendcontinuestobefrom $D # southtonorthL  M  ;L  M  ԀitisL  M  knownL  M  thattraffickingiL  M  slinkedtomigrationandthatbyroadL  M  Ԁthenorthern %0!$ zoneofthecountryisthemostvulnerable,sincetherearealsonorthsouthflows. &"% 14.L  M  Since2008tL  M  heCoalition,throughoneofitssubcommissions,hasstudiedL  M  ԀL  M  around30L  M  instances (#' L  M  ofapparenttraffickingL  M  ,L  M  ԀonlytwoofL  M  whichL  M  involvepossiblevictimswhoarenationalsofCostaRica. )$( TheL  M  othersL  M  involveGuatemalaL  M  nL  M  ,NicaraguaL  M  nL  M  ԀandColombiaL  M  nnationalsL  M  .L  M  AllofthesecaseshaveL  M  been |*%) broughtbeforetherelevantjudicialauthorities. h+&* 15.Inoneofthecasesstudied,aftercarryingoutacomprehensiveinterinstitutionalassessment, @-(, theStateofCostaRica,asaprotectivemeasure,decidedtograntspecialrefugeestatustoL  M  aL  M  person  fromtheCentralAmericanregionwhoL  M  wastheL  M  victimofcommercialsexualexploitation.The  CoalitionfocusesonguaranteeingtheprotectionandduecareofvictimsandhassetupamodelL  M  for  careandprotectionL  M  whichisL  M  nowL  M  intheprocessofbeingimplemented. t 16.MostallegedvictimsoftraffickingidentifiedintheL  M  casesstudiedL  M  ԀbytheCoalitionareL  M  Ԁmigrants L  withirregularstatus.L  M  ԀL  M  AL  M  ԀL  M  majorityofthemexhibitaL  M  rangeofphysicalandpsychologicalsignsof 8  trafficking,suchasmalnutrition,symptomsofanxietyandphysicallesions. $ t 17.ThepossiblecasesoftraffickingL  M  mainlyconcernfemalesL  M  rangingfrom11to19yearsofage,  L  whoareeithernationalsofCostaRica(fromruralL  M  orL  M  urbanzones)orforeigners(including  8  Nicaraguans,ColombiansandDominicans)L  M  .L  M  ԀManyofthesesituationsinvolvesexualexploitation, $  domesticwork,theconstructionsectorinthecaseofmen,andagriculturalactivities,amongothers.   18.ThecasesstudiedbytheCoalitionintheL  M  reportingL  M  periodL  M  indicateL  M  thatthetraffickersbelongto   internationalorganizedcriminalgroupswhichofferwellpaidjobs;evenwhenlegaldocumentseL  M  xist   ЄasisusuallythecaseL  M  ԀtL  M  hetraffickersholdontothem.L  M   p 19.Detailedinformationontraffickerswillbeprovidedbytherelevantjudicialauthorities,thework H oftheCoalitionbeingmainlyfocusedonprevention,immediateinterventionandtheprovisionof 4 caretovictims.TheinvestigationphaseisdealtwithbythePublicProsecutorL  M  L  M  sOfficeandthe  p courts.  \ 20.ThestructureoftheCoalitionL  M  ԀfacilitatestheL  M  ԀcoordinationandL  M  convergenceL  M  ofactivitiesand 4 projectsonthisL  M  ԀtopicL  M  ,andaseriesoftrainingsessionsonpreventionofthecrimeoftraffickinghave   beenheldL  M  ԀforL  M  ԀkeypublicofficialsoftheMinistryofLabour,MinistryofForeignAffairs,various   policeforces,representativesofnongovernmentalorganizationsandpopulationgroupsthatare  vulnerabletotrafficking.AcomprehensivemodelhasbeendrawnupL  M  ԀwhichL  M  ԀconsistL  M  sL  M  Ԁofabodyof  rules,proceduresandprovisionsthatlaydownguidelinesforthecareandprotectionofthis  populationgroupL  M  .ThismodelL  M  givesconcreteexpressiontotheStateL  M  L  M  sobligationsL  M  intermsL  M  ofL  M  the l L  M  provisionofL  M  comprehensiveL  M  careandprotectionL  M  usinganL  M  ԀinterinstitutionalL  M  ,L  M  ԀintersectoralL  M  ԀandL  M  Ԁflexible X  L  M  approachL  M  aimedatensuringprotection,recoveryandreintegration. D! 21.ForthefirsttimeinCostaRicaL  M  L  M  shistory,budgetfundshavebeenallocatedsince2008L  M  toL  M  the #l! MinistryofInternalAffairsandPolicetocarryoutantitraffickingactivities.Suchisthelevelof $X" commitmentthatL  M  ,L  M  ԀinFebruaryoftheyearinquestion,strategicactivitiesrelatedtotraffickingwere $D # incorporatedintotheJorgeManuelDengoObreg;nNationalDevelopmentPlanL  M  Ԁ2006L  M  2010;this %0!$ reflectsCostaRicaL  M  L  M  scommitment,andthatofitsinstitutions,tocombatingthisscourge. &"% 22.OneofthemajorstrengthsoftheCoalitionisthatitscoordinationandtechnicalsecretariatL  M  are (#' L  M  providedbytheMinistryofL  M  ԀInternalAffairsL  M  ,PoliceandPublicSecurityL  M  .L  M  ԀL  M  ThisfreesupL  M  Ԁtheexisting )$( capacityofthepoliceforcesassignedtothisbranchL  M  ԀsothatitcanL  M  Ԁbeputtouseincarryingoutwork |*%) topreventandidentifypossiblecasesoftrafficking,oneoftheinstitutionL  M  L  M  spublicpoliciesinthearea h+&* ofpreventionbeingtoguaranteethatformal,validatedproceduresforpoliceandadministrative T,'+ officersareincludedinthegeneraltrainingcurriculaoftheNationalPoliceSchool.L  M  ԀL  M  Bridgingcourses @-(, L  M  areofferedthroughoutCostaRicaL  M  ԀL  M  forL  M  Ԁpoliceofficerswhograduatedpriorto2008.  23.Inadditiontoformaltraining,theCoalitionhascarriedouttrainingandawarenessraising  activitiesaimedatpublicofficials(mainlyofficialsoftheMinistryofL  M  InternalAffairs,Policeand t L  M  PublicSecurity,ImmigrationPoliceandJudicialInvestigationDepartment),representativesofnon ` governmentalorganizationsandvulnerablepopulationgroups.L  M  ԀAttentionhasalsofocusedonthe L  improvementofL  M  policeproceduresforL  M  theL  M  identifL  M  icationofL  M  victimsoftraffickingandL  M  fordirect 8  L  M  intervenL  M  tions.L  M  AwarenessraisingactivitiesL  M  havebeenL  M  Ԁeffective,L  M  inthatL  M  thereareclearsignsthatthe $ t differentpoliceforcesarecommittedto,andidentifywith,effortstocombattraffickingasaresult  ` oftheirL  M  attentionL  M  beingL  M  drawntosuchL  M  aspectsL  M  ԀasL  M  ԀthefocusonhumanrightsL  M  ,L  M  Ԁthedistinctionbetween  L  L  M  thedifferentformsofL  M  smugglingandtrafficking,andL  M  theissueofL  M  consensualprostitution.Thisis  8  reflectedintheduediligenceshownbypublicofficialsintheirworkinthisfieldL  M  .L  M  ԀL  M  Theapproach $  beingtakeninthisareaL  M  demonstratL  M  esL  M  Ԁthecountryscommitmenttocombatingthisnationaland   internationalcrimeL  M  ,L  M  ԀL  M  whichL  M  Ԁpreventsinhabitantsfromfullyexercisingtheirrights.   24.However,theL  M  factthattheL  M  establishmentoftheCoalitionstechnicalsecretariatL  M  Ԁissucharecent   developmentL  M  ԀandthelackofanexecutivestructurewithintheMinistryofInternalAffairsL  M  ,L  M  ԀPoliceL  M  Ԁand p PublicSecurityhaveL  M  ԀlimitL  M  edL  M  ԀtheimpactoftheworkprovidedforunderthePlantocombatthis \ crime.ItisforthisreasonthatdraftlegislationL  M  istobesubmittedL  M  totheLegislativeAssemblyL  M  this H yearL  M  inordertoestablishtheCoalitionbymeansofaL  M  nationallaw,whichwouldtaketheplaceofthe 4 existingeL  M  xecutiveL  M  dL  M  ecree.  p 25.TheL  M  definitionoftheL  M  criminaloffenceoftraffickinginpersonshasundergonevarious H transformationsinthehistoryofCostaRicancriminallaw.The1924CriminalCodeprovidedfor 4 penalties,underarticle318,fortheoffenceof whiteslavetraffic.L  M  SinceL  M  1941L  M  ,otherchangeshave   beenmade.L  M  ԀL  M  IL  M  n1949thearticleinquestionwasrepealedbyarticle218oftheHealthCodeL  M  ;L  M  Ԁ1970saw   afurtheramendmenttothecriminaloffenceoftraffickinginpersonsL  M  ,L  M  ԀwithL  M  thecategoryofL  M  minors  beingintroducedintothesectiononvictims,andtheL  M  wordingofL  M  theL  M  provisionbeingL  M  changed.  AggravatingcircumstanceswereL  M  alsoL  M  establishedinrespectoftheoffence,L  M  therebydefiningL  M  the  offenceofaggravatedprocuring.In1998,theActtoPreventtheExploitationofMinorsamended l article172oftheCriminalCode,L  M  andafurtherL  M  amendmentL  M  wasmadeL  M  inAugust1999. X  26.L  M  Whenapplyingthearticle,tL  M  heoffenceoftraffickinginpersonsL  M  hassometimesbeenL  M  confused 0"  withtheoffenceofpeoplesmugglingandaggravatedL  M  ԀprocuringL  M  .L  M   #l! L  M  ThepreviousCriminalCodereadasfollows: $D #  L  M  Article172 &"% L  M  Anyonewhopromotes,facilitates,oraidsandabetstheentryintoordeparturefromthecountryof (#' personsofeithersexforthepurposeofengaginginprostitutionorofkeepingtheminsexual )$( L  M  servitudeL  M  orslavelabourshallbepunishedwithL  M  from3L  M  toL  M  6L  M  Ԁyearsimprisonment.Thepenaltyshall |*%) bebetween4and10yearsimprisonmentifanyofthecircumstancesenumeratedwithrespectto h+&* aggravatedprocuringapplyL  M  .L  M  (AmendedbyActNo.7899of3August1999,publishedinL  M  theoL  M  fficial T,'+ L  M  gL  M  azetteL  M  Ԁ(L  M  LaGacetaL  M  ),L  M  ԀNo.159of17August1999L  M  .L  M  ) @-(, ЇL  M  27.TheCoalition,afteranalysingtheL  M  definitionL  M  oftheoffenceoftraffickingL  M  inL  M  ԀpersonsL  M  assetforth  inL  M  thecurrentCriminalCode,decidedtobringthewordingintolinewiththerequirementsforthe  effectiveprosecutionoftheoffence,andthereforedrewupaL  M  billL  M  thatwassubmittedbytheMinistry  ofInternalAffairstotheLegislativeAssembly.InL  M  itsL  M  Ԁproposal,thewordingL  M  ismodifiedand,L  M  forthe t firsttimeL  M  ,L  M  ԀinternaltraffickingandtheaggravatingcircumstancesconstitutingthisoffenceL  M  Ԁare ` introducedL  M  ,aswellasamaximum16L  M  ԄL  M  yearprisonsentence.L  M  TL  M  heproposedwordingremovesany L  possibilityofconfusionL  M  ԀL  M  ԀwhenthearticleisappliedbyprosecutorsandjudgesL  M  ԀL  M  ԀwiththeoffenceL  M  sL  M   8  ofsmugglingofmigrantsandprocurL  M  ingL  M  .ActNo.8720ontheprotectionofvictims,witnessesand $ t otherpartiesinvolvedincriminalproceedingsandamendmentstotheCriminalCodeL  M  Ԁwaspublished  ` intheoL  M  fficialL  M  gL  M  azetteL  M  (L  M  LaGacetaL  M  ),L  M  No.77of22April2009L  M  .L  M    L  Article172 $   Offenceoftraffickinginpersons.   Anyonewhopromotes,facilitatesL  M  ԀorL  M  ԀaidsandabetstheentryintoordeparturefromL  M  ԀthecountryL  M  ,or   travelwithinL  M  ԀthecountryL  M  ,ofpersonsofeithersexforthepurposeofengaginginoneormoreacts p ofprostitution,exploitingthemorsubjectingthemtosexualL  M  servitudeL  M  orslavelabour,slaveryor \ practicessimilartoslavery,forcedlabourorservice,forcedmarriage,begging,illegalremovalof H organs,orunlawfuladoptionshallbepunishedwithL  M  fromL  M  6to10yearsL  M  L  M  Ԁimprisonment. 4 Thepenaltyshallbefrom8to16yearsimprisonmentiftheoffenceinvolvesanyofthefollowing  \ circumstances: H L  M  (a)L  M  ԀL  M  Thevictimisunder18yearsofage,isinavulnerablesituationorisdisabled;   L  M  (b)L  M  ԀL  M  Deceit,violenceoranyothermeansofintimidationorcoercionL  M  ԀisusedL  M  ;  L  M  (c)L  M  ԀL  M  Theperpetratoristhespouseorpartnerofthevictim,orarelativeuptothethirddegreebyblood  orbymarriage; l L  M  (d)L  M  ԀL  M  Theperpetratortakesadvantageofarelationshipofauthorityortrustwiththevictimorthe D! victimsfamily,L  M  whetherbasedonL  M  tiesofkinshiporotherwise; 0"  L  M  (e)L  M  ԀL  M  TheL  M  perpetratorL  M  takesadvantageoftheexerciseofhisL  M  orherL  M  professionorthefunctionheorshe $X" performs; $D # L  M  (f)L  M  ԀL  M  Thevictimsuffersseriousdamagetohisorherhealth; &"% L  M  (g)L  M  ԀL  M  ThepunishableoffenceL  M  isL  M  ԀcommittedbyacriminalL  M  groupL  M  Ԁconsistingoftwoormoremembers. (#' L  M  28.Inordertocombatsexualexploitation,therehasbeenamajoroverhauloflegislationinCosta |*%) Rica,inparticularthroughActNo.8590onstrengtheningeffortstocombatthesexualexploitation h+&* ofminorsthroughamendmentsandadditionofarticlestotheCriminalCode(ActNo.4573)and T,'+ amendmentstotheCodeofCriminalProcedure(ActNo.7594)concerningtheoffencesofL  M  :L  M  rape; @-(, sexualrelationswithminors;paidsexualactswithminors;sexualabuseofminorsanddisabled  persons;sexualabuseofadults;corruption;procurL  M  ingL  M  ;pimping;andthemanufacture,production  orreproductionofpornography.  29.In2008,intheareaofprevention,thebodiesbelongingtotheCoalitionsuccessfullyintroduced ` L  M  aL  M  trainingL  M  moduleL  M  forthecommunitypoliceandlaunchedanationalinformationcampaignon L  preventingandL  M  reportingL  M  traffickinginpersons.Intheareaofvictimprotection,theCoalition,in 8  conjunctionwithotherbodies,L  M  gaveL  M  trainingonitsprotocolfortherepatriationofchildand $ t adolescentvictimsoftrafficking,L  M  toL  M  Ԁofficialsworkingatconsulatesabroad;inaddition,training  ` sessionswereheldforofficialsresponsiblefortheprotocolsimplementation.Also,theCoalition  L  hasdevelopedamodelforL  M  theL  M  careandproteL  M  ctionofvictimsoftraffickingL  M  andhassetuparapid  8  responseteamforcasesoftraffickingwhichL  M  wasscheduledtoL  M  becomeoperationalwiththeentryinto $  forceofExecutiveDecreeNo.35144MGMTSSinthesecondquarterof2009.Inaddition,with   thesupportoftheUnitedNationsChildrensFund(UNICEF),localprotectionsystemsarebeing   establishedL  M  inordertoimproveL  M  interagencycoordinationL  M  andthushelpL  M  ԀcommunL  M  itiesL  M  Ԁtoprovidean   effectiveresponseinL  M  theeventofL  M  violationsofthehumanrightsofchildrenandadolescents,such   astraffickinginpersons. p 30.L  M  ThetermL  M  trainingL  M  ԀisusedheretoL  M  meananytrainingactivitieslastingmorethan16hours.L  M  As H partofL  M  thisnationaleffort,theMinistryoftheInterior,PoliceandPublicSecurity,theCoalitionand 4 UNICEFtrained50membersofthecommunitypoliceandpoliceinstructorstoidentifypossible  p situationsoftraffickingandtotrainstudentsandmembersoftherelevantcommunitiesinthe  \ preventionoftrafficking.Inaddition,thetopicL  M  hL  M  asalsoL  M  beenL  M  includedinthecurriculaoftheNational H PoliceSchoolL  M  withaviewtocreatinganL  M  awarenessoftheissueL  M  onthepartofL  M  Ԁpoliceatalllevelsby 4 2009.   31.L  M  ThetermL  M  awarenessL  M  ԄraisingL  M  L  M  isusedtorefertoL  M  activitieslastingforuptoeighthoursL  M  thatare  L  M  aimedatL  M  providinganopportunityforL  M  informationL  M  exchangeL  M  anddiscussionL  M  .L  M  ԀL  M  ML  M  embersofthe  communitypolicewereinchargeoftheL  M  seL  M  Ԁinformationactivities,whichinvolvedtellingpeopleabout  traffickingandaboutwhattodoinsuspiciouscases.Pamphletsontraffickingwerealsodistributed. l 32.Withregardtocooperationwithinternationalorganizations,thereL  M  hasbeenL  M  Ԁintensecollaboration D! withtheOfficeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforRefugees(UNHCR),UNICEF,the 0"  InternationalLabourOrganization(ILO),L  M  theL  M  InternationalOrganizationforMigration(IOM),Save #l! theChildrenL  M  ԀandL  M  theSpanishInternationalCooperationAgencyforDevelopment(AECID)L  M  ,L  M  Ԁin $X" additiontonongovernmentalorganizationssuchasthePaniamorFoundation,theInternational $D # CentrefortheHumanRightsofMigrants(CIDEHUM),L  M  theL  M  RahabFoundation,DefenceforChildren %0!$ InternationalL  M  Ԁ(DNI)L  M  Ԁandothers. &"% 33.Asiswellknown,traffickinginpersonsisgenerallyatransnationalcrime.Forthatreason, (#' purelynationalstrategiesareinsufficient:effortstocombattraffickingmustbemadeinajoint, )$( organizedmanneratsubregionallevel.ThiswasdemonstratedatthefirstMeetingofNational |*%) CoalitionsagainstTraffickinginPersonsintheCentralAmericanL  M  RL  M  egion,Mexicoandthe h+&* DominicanRepublic(SanJos,10L  M  ԄL  M  12November2008)L  M  ,L  M  arecentCostaRicaninitiative(theCosta T,'+ RicanGovernmentalsohelpedwithallthehumanresourcesrelatedlogistics)orL  M  ganizedin @-(, conjunctionwithL  M  IOM,ILO,UNICEF,SavetheChildrenandAECIDL  M  .L  M  ԀAttheevent,publicofficials  fromthevariouscountriesL  M  enteredintoL  M  broaddiscussionL  M  sL  M  Ԁontheurgentneedtoestablishformaland  informalmechanismsforhorizontalcooperation,victimcareandprotection,L  M  theL  M  exchangeofgood  practicesandspecializedresearch,whileL  M  alsoL  M  linkL  M  ingL  M  ԀandcoordinatL  M  ingL  M  Ԁthevariousnational,bilateral t andmultilateralefforts.L  M  TL  M  heL  M  GovernmentL  M  ofCostaRicaL  M  alsoreportsL  M  tovariousinternationalbodiesL  M  ,L  M   ` suchastheRegionalConferenceonMigrationL  M  ,L  M  ԀtheCentralAmericanIntegrationSystem(SICA)and L  thenetworkofCentralAmericanorganizationsworkingtocombattrafficking. 8  34.CostaRicahasarangeofinstrumentsforthecareandprotectionofvictims,L  M  includingaL  M  protocol  ` fortherepatriationofchildandadolescentvictimsoftrafficking,L  M  aL  M  Ԁprotocolforminorsdrawnupby  L  theNationalChildWelfareAgency(PANI),L  M  aresponseL  M  mechanismL  M  whichisintegratedintoL  M  the911  8  emergencycallsystemandthecareandprotectionL  M  modelL  M  developedbytheCoalitionL  M  .L  M  ԀL  M  TL  M  he $  implementationofL  M  thismodelL  M  willstrengthenexistingmechanismsandtailortheworkofthe   institutionsinvolvedinordertoprovideanappropriateresponseatnationallevelL  M  Ԁtotaketheplace   oftheL  M  isolated,ineffectiveresponseL  M  sL  M  ԀL  M  seeninthepast.L  M     35.ThesetoolshavebeenL  M  madeavailableL  M  topublicofficialsworkingforinstitutionsL  M  belongingto p L  M  theCoalitionwiththeaimofprovidingacomprehensiveresponsetotraffickinginpersons.In \ additiontotheformaltraininggiventopoliceofficers(alreadydescribedinthisreport),thetechnical H secretariathasfundL  M  edL  M  ԀtrainL  M  ingL  M  ԀL  M  forL  M  theofficialsofvariousconsulates,theL  M  ԀMinistryofForeignAffairsL  M  , 4 andofficialsoftheMigrationandAliensOffice.  p 36.OneoftheareasoftheCoalitionsworkbeingthecareandprotectionofvictimsoftrafficking, H aspecialsubcommissionwassetuptodevelopamodelforcareandprotectionL  M  .L  M  ԀL  M  ThisinitiativeL  M  has 4 beenincludedintheNationalDevelopmentPlan.   37.Themodelisbuiltaroundanumberofapproaches:  L  M  (a)L  M  ԀL  M  Humanrightsapproach.ThisisbasedonthefactthattheStatemustL  M  upholdL  M  humanrights,  withoutdiscriminationofanykind,andthathumanrightsareunwaivable,indivisibleand l inalienable; X  L  M  (b)L  M  ԀL  M  Genderbasedapproach.Thisacknowledgesandtakesintoaccount,withtheaimofL  M  finetuning 0"  theL  M  careL  M  ԀtobeprovidedL  M  ,allthesocialinfluencesL  M  whichL  M  Ԁhaveresultedinmenandwomenbeing, #l! thinkingandactingdifferentlyandwhichhistoricallyhaveL  M  ledtoL  M  theestablishmentandperpetuation $X" ofarelationshipofL  M  dominanceL  M  andcontrol; $D # L  M  (c)L  M  ԀL  M  Generationalapproach.Thisinvolvestailoringallaspectsofinstitutionalpolicies,practicesand &"% provisionstomatchthestageofdevelopmentofchildrenandadolescents.L  M  ItL  M  ԀalsoL  M  entailsL  M  conceiving '#& newL  M  typesofL  M  relationshipsbetweenadultsandminorsbasedontheacknowledgementandrespect (#' ofchildrensandadolescentsrights; )$( L  M  (d)L  M  ԀL  M  Contextualapproach.Thismeansthatanyworkdonebyaninstitutionmusttakeintoaccount h+&* thehistoricalconditionsofaparticularsociety,aswellasthefamily,community,institutional, T,'+ economicL  M  ,L  M  ԀpoliticalandsocioculturalcontextL  M  ofL  M  theminorsL  M  ԀinquestionL  M  . @-(, Ї38.ThemodelL  M  forL  M  careandprotectionalsoincludestherules,procedures,guidelinesandprovisions  thatgoverntheL  M  deliveryofL  M  careL  M  infulfilmentoftheStatesL  M  obligations.Withintheframeworkofthe  model,careisperceivedasacomprehensiveprocessincorporatingmultipleinterinstitutionaland  intersectoralresponses. t 39.Themodelhasclearlyconsolidatedtheguidingprinciplesdescribedearlier,inthatitfacilitates L  theprovisionofL  M  properL  M  Ԁcaretovictims,regardlessoftheirstatus,nationality,ageoranyotherfactor. 8  40.Atapracticallevel,thankstotheinvolvementoftheinstitutionsbelongingtotheCoalition,  ` L  M  sheltersL  M  andotherformsofaccommodationL  M  areprovidedL  M  forvictimsL  M  ԀbyL  M  ԀtheNationalInstitutefor  L  Women,theNationalCouncilforRehabilitationandSpecialEducationL  M  ,L  M  ԀandtheNationalChild  8  WelfareAgency.TheseinstitutionsL  M  furnishL  M  arangeofspecializedservicesadaptedtovictimsneeds $  (includingmedicalandpsychologicalcare,andlegaladvice).Becauseofthedangersinvolvedin   L  M  housingL  M  victimsoftraffickingintheseL  M  ԀsheltersL  M  ,protocolshavebeendrawnupforpoliceinterventionL  M     toprotectthemL  M  .   41.L  M  InaccordancewithL  M  Act.No.8764onmigrationandaliens,L  M  whichwasL  M  publishedinL  M  LaGacetaL  M   p L  M  No.170of1L  M  ԀL  M  September2009,L  M  tL  M  heMigrationandAliensOfficeL  M  recognizesmigrantsasL  M  aspecial \ categoryoftraffickingL  M  Ԁvictims.L  M  ԀL  M  TL  M  heaimL  M  istoaddresstheL  M  situationL  M  ofmigrantswho,L  M  becauseoftheir H L  M  migrantstatus,needL  M  tobetreateddifferently(art.94)L  M  ԀandrequiredifferentservicesL  M  . 4 42.Thejudiciaryhasavictimsupportbureauwhichhasthemechanismsrequiredtoprovide  \ protectiontobothvictimsandkeywitnesses.ActL  M  ԀNo.8720L  M  Ԁontheprotectionofvictimsand H witnessescontainsspecificarticlesfortheprotectionofvictimsoftraffickingandlaysdown 4 penaltiesforL  M  anyoneL  M  whogivesinformationthatcouldendangerthosevictims.   L  M  43.Practicalactivitiesarealsocoordinatedwiththevariousagenciesforinternationalcooperation  andwithnongovernmentalorganizations.L  M  ԀTheseincludeL  M  theworkcarriedoutjointlyL  M  withL  M  the  PaniamorFoundationandSavetheChildreninL  M  preparingL  M  the2008reportonL  M  theL  M  geographicand  socialmappingoftrafficking. l 44.AgenciesandorganizationssuchasUNHCR,IOMandUNICEFL  M  havebeenL  M  involvedL  M  in D! conductingstudiesinthisarea.L  M   0"  45.L  M  TheL  M  Coalitionstechnicalsecretariat,workinginconjunctionwithUNICEF,hassubmitteda $X" proposaltotheUnitedStatesembassyinCostaRicaforthecreationofaspecialL  M  shelterforvictims $D # L  M  oftrafficking. %0!$ 46.TheMinistryofL  M  InternalAffairs,L  M  PoliceandPublicSecurity,viaitspoliceforces,carriesouta '#& rangeofongoingcontrolandpreventionoperationstocombattraffickinginpersonsL  M  .Thishasbeen (#' madepossiblebyL  M  thetrainingcarriedoutbytheCoalitionstechnicalsecretariat.MostoftheL  M  cases )$( L  M  studiedbythesubcommissionL  M  responsiblefordevelopingamodelL  M  forcareandprotection,L  M  aswell |*%) asthoseL  M  broughtbeforethePublicProsecutorsOfficeandinvestigatedbytheJudicialInvestigation h+&* Department,L  M  havebeendetectedasaresultofL  M  thepreventiveworkcarriedoutbytheadministrative T,'+ police. @-(, ЇL  M  47.L  M  Initspreventionwork,theCostaRicanpoliceL  M  forceL  M  hasacommunitysecuritydivisionL  M  Ԁwhose  staffL  M  hasalreadybeentrainedandcoachedinfacilitatingtheprevenL  M  tionoftraffickinginpersons.  ThisinitiativehasbeenL  M  accompaniedbyanationalmassmediacampaign.  48.TheL  M  divisionoftheMinistryofInternalAffairsthatisresponsibleforregulatingadvertisingL  M  also ` carriesoutactivepreventionwork,inconjunctionwiththeMinistryofPublicEducation,inschools L  andcollegeslocatedinL  M  vulnerablezones.L  M   8  49.AnotherexampleofinstitutionalcapacitL  M  yL  M  buildingisthecreationofa platformforpreventionL  M  .  ` Thisinitiative,whichisL  M  managedbytheViceMinistryofL  M  InternalAffairsL  M  ,PoliceandPublic  L  Security,incorporatesaseriesofrelatedthemes,includingcommercialsexualexploitationof  8  childrenandadolescentsL  M  ԀL  M  andgenderrelatedviolence.Theissueoftraffickinghasalsobeen $  addressedinthecontextofL  M  thisL  M  platform.TheplatformL  M  sworkL  M  Ԁhasbeenstrengthenedasaresultof   thetechnicalsupportL  M  providedL  M  bytheUnitedNationsPopulationFund(UNFPA)L  M  forthecreationof   aL  M  formalstructurewithintheinstitution.   50.TheMinistryofL  M  ԀInternalAffairs,PoliceL  M  ԀandPublicSecurity,theNationalChildWelfareAgency p (PANI),theCoalition,UNICEFandL  M  IOML  M  haveconductedinformationcampaignsonthissubjectin \ thelasttwoyears. H 51.Thecampaignentitled Dontbefooled,designedtowarnteenagers,familiesandcommunities  p abouttherisksandconsequencesoftraffickinginpersons,wasL  M  designedL  M  withthehelpofyoung  \ peopleandadults.L  M  ItfeaturesL  M  televisionadvertisements,radioslots,posters,cartoonsandarangeof H teachingmaterialsforL  M  useinL  M  trainingcommunitypoliceofficers,adolescentsandadultswhoL  M  then 4 L  M  organizeseminarsandotheractivitiesforthepreventionoftraffickingintheircommunities.   L  M  52.TheMinistryofInternalAffairsL  M  ,PoliceandPublicSecurity,astheCoalitionsgoverningbody,  hasbeencarryingoutarangeofstrategicactivitiesinordertoputtheissueoftraffickingonthe  nationalagenda.Theseincludethecampaigns Dontbefooledand Nomoretraffickingin  persons,duringwhichtrainedpoliceofficersworkedinthecommunities,informingpeopleand l warningthemaboutthiscrime. X  53.The NomoretraffickinginpersonscampaignseekstohighlighttheL  M  outcomesL  M  ofexploitation 0"  andtraffickingofpersons,whichincludenotonlyforcedsexualrelations,butalsoL  M  forcedlabour.L  M  ԀThe #l! campaignaimstoshowL  M  whathappenstoL  M  thepopulationgroupswhofallvictimtotrafficking. $X" 54.Similarly,withthesupportoftheUnitedStatesembassy,awarenessraisingactivitiesL  M  havebeen %0!$ L  M  organizedforradio,televisionandnewspaperjournalistswhodealwiththeissueoftraffickingand &"% thereforeneedtoknowmoreaboutthisproblem. '#& 55.BinationalworkshopswithPanamaandNicaraguawereheldonthesubjectoftheroutes,and )$( potentialroutes,usedfortrafficking,duringwhichkeyinformantssetoutdataonmapsthatcould |*%) beinterconnectedinsuchawaythattheycouldbeanalysedinanoverallmanner,andL  M  theL  M  relevant h+&* findingsandrecommendationsL  M  ԀdeducedL  M  . T,'+  @-(, 56.ThisinformationfacilitatesL  M  theuseofL  M  acoordinated,effectiveapproachL  M  byL  M  countriesindealing  with,preventingandpunishingthesecrimes,aswellasinupdatinginformationonL  M  nationaland  internationalroadL  M  ,airandsearoutesandunauthorizedentrypoints.Inadditiontothiswork,the  Coalitionstechnicalsecretariat,withthehelpoftheMinistryofL  M  ԀInternalAffairs,L  M  thePaniamor t FoundationandSavetheChildrenL  M  SwedenL  M  Ԁ(technicalandlogisticalsupport),tookupthechallenge ` inOctober2008ofincorporatingtheL  M  reportongL  M  eographicandL  M  sL  M  ocialL  M  mappingL  M  intoitsworkL  M  asaL  M  tool L  L  M  ofanalysisL  M  basedontheresearchworkL  M  doneinconnectionwithaL  M  studyontraffickingL  M  inL  M  personsfor 8  thepurposesofcommercialsexualexploitationofchildrenandadolescents.TheaimistoL  M  obtain $ t L  M  synergeticresultsL  M  basedonL  M  relevantinformationorfindingsthatcanbegeneralizedinorderto  ` perfecttheL  M  datacompilation,L  M  researchanddecisionmakingprocessesL  M  .Thisapproachisintendedto  L  remedytheL  M  lackofreliableinformationthatexistsinL  M  anycountrythatdoesnothaveinstitutionalor  8  organizationalL  M  Ԁdatabasesontrafficking. $  57.TherelevantinformationobtainedL  M  todateincludesdataontheL  M  followingL  M  ԀsubjectsL  M  :   L  M  (a)L  M  ԀL  M  Internaltraffickingroutes;   L  M  (b)L  M  ԀAreasthatarevL  M  ulnerabletothecommercialsexualexploitationofchildrenandadolescentsand \ totrafficking,byprovince; H L  M  (c)L  M  ԀL  M  CoolingL  M  ԄoffL  M  areas(placesinwhichtraffickerskeeptheirvictimsforaperiodoftimebefore  p movingthemtootherareas,insideoroutsidethecountry);  \ L  M  (d)L  M  ԀL  M  Blindspots(placesunauthorizedforlegalentryto,orexitfrom,acountry); 4 L  M  (e)L  M  ԀL  M  Sextourism;   L  M  (f)L  M  ԀL  M  ProfileL  M  sL  M  Ԁofexploiters;  L  M  (g)L  M  ԀL  M  Victims(riskfactors;mechanismsforprotectingtheirrights); l L  M  (h)L  M  ԀL  M  IntermediariesinvolvedinthecommercialsexualexploitatiL  M  onofchildrenandadolescentsand D! inL  M  trafficking; 0"  L  M  (i)L  M  ԀEstimatesofthescaleL  M  ԀoftheprobleminCostaRica; $X" L  M  (j)L  M  ԀAnaL  M  nalysisofthegeneraltrendsobserved. %0!$ 58.ThemappingL  M  ofL  M  landborderzoneswascarriedoutinbinationalworkshopswithborderpolice, '#& migrationofficials,andinvestigatingandprosecutingofficialsfromL  M  thetwoL  M  countries(Panamaon (#' 27and28November2008andNicaraguaon28and29January2009)involvedineachzone. )$( Nationalmapping(L  M  cL  M  entralL  M  PL  M  acificL  M  cL  M  oast)wascarriedoutinOctoberwithL  M  thehelpofL  M  keyCostaRican |*%) informantsinthehealthandeducationsector. h+&* 59.Anothersourceofinformationisthe911emergencytelephoneL  M  ԀserviceL  M  ,whichregisterspossible @-(, casesoftraffickinginpersonsandtransmitsthemtotherelevantauthorities,includingtheNational  ChildWelfareAgency(PANI),theMinistryofL  M  InternalAffairs,PoliceandPublicL  M  Security,the  NationalInstituteforWomen(INAMU)andtheJudicialInvestigationDepartment.Tothisend,each  callL  M  thatisL  M  loggedisassignedaspecificcode. t 60.L  M  BothL  M  theJudicialInvestigationDepartmentandthePublicProsecutorsOfficehavetheirown L  sourcesforobtainingandverifyinginformationL  M  foruseinL  M  Ԁongoinginvestigations. 8  61.TheissueofhandlingandcompilinginformationontraffickingisoneofthechallengesthatL  M  will  ` beL  M  addressedbyeveryrelevantgovernmentinstitutionL  M  simplementationofL  M  themodelforcareand  L  protectiondrawnupin2008.ThiswillL  M  allowL  M  informationtobehandledefficiently.  8  62.RecentstudiesbyinternationalbodieshaveL  M  demonstratedL  M  theexistenceofnetworksofcriminals   specializinginthetraffickingofpersonsintheCentralAmericanregionL  M  .L  M  3L  M  ԀNumerouscaseshavebeen   submittedtojudicialbodiesandprotectioninstitutionsL  M  ԀalongwithrequestsforL  M  assistanceorlegal   action.Analysisofparadigmaticcasesshowsthecomplexleveloforganizationofthesenetworks,   L  M  aswellastheextremelyL  M  harmfulconsequencesforvictimsofthiscrime. p 63.Intheknowledgethateffortstocombatorganizedcrimemustthemselvesbeofanorganized H nature,thecountriesintheregionhavecreatedplatformsforinterinstitutionalcoordinationinthe 4 areasofprevention,victimcareandcrimeprosecution.Mostcountriesalreadyhaveanationalaction  p plan,bringingtogetherthedifferentskillsandresponsibilitiesofkeyactorsatnationallevel.Inthe  \ courseofdrawingupandimplementingtheseactionplans,theseplatformsL  M  ԄL  M  Ԁalsocalledcoalitions, H panelsorgroupsL  M  ԄL  M  Ԁhaveacquiredawealthofexperienceintacklingtheissueathand,takingonboard 4 lessonslearned,andworkingtogether.   64.SincetraffickingnetworksnowL  M  operateL  M  atbothnationalandinternationallevelL  M  sL  M  ,bilateraland  multilateralcoordinationmust,inturn,beL  M  ԀstrengthenedL  M  Ԁinordertoachievegreatereffectivenessin  dealingwithcases,preventL  M  ingL  M  Ԁtrafficking,andprosecutingandpunishingtraffickers.  65.L  M  WorkL  M  tocombattraffickinginpersonshasbeencarriedoutjointlythroughpermanentforums X  L  M  suchastheL  M  CentralAmericanIntegrationSystem(SICA)andtheRegionalConferenceonMigration, D! L  M  butL  M  greatercoordinationL  M  amongthesenationalplatformsisL  M  requiredatoperationallevelL  M  Ԁindealing 0"  withL  M  specificcasesL  M  .L  M   #l! 66.Forthistohappen,however,aforumwherepublicofficialscanmeetL  M  ԀandcanL  M  Ԁexchangetheir $D # ideasandthelessonstheyhavelearnedL  M  ԀmustbeestablishedasamatterofurgencywithaviewL  M  tothe %0!$ creationofmechanismsforcoordinationandfollowupofspecifictransnationalcases. &"% 67.Theworkcarriedoutbyinternationalbodieshasbeenfundamentalintheprogressmadeby (#' countriesincombatingtraffickinginpersons.Thetechnicalandfinancialsupportprovidedbythese )$( agencies,togetherwiththeclearcommitmentonthepartofL  M  GL  M  overnmentstocombatingthisproblem, |*%) L  M  hasL  M  proventobekeyfactorsintheachievementsmadeintheregioninthisarea. h+&* 68.Inthelasttwoyears,CostaRicahaspioneeredinteragencycoordinationtoL  M  optimizetheuse_ of @-(, L  M  internationalaidandavoidduplicationofwork.Tothisend,between11and13November2008,  CostaRicaheldthefirstMeetingofNationalCoalitionsL  M  againstL  M  TraffickinginPL  M  ersonsintheCentral  AmericanRL  M  egionL  M  ,MexicoandtheDominicanRepublic.L  M  RepresentativesfromNicaragua,Honduras,  ElSalvador,Guatemala,Panama,theDominicanRepublicandMexicoattended,withtheaimof t L  M  fosteringanincreasedexchangeL  M  ofexperienceL  M  sL  M  ԀandcrossbordercoordinationL  M  amongL  M  thenational ` platformsestablishedinCentralAmericancountriestocombatthiscrime. L  69.TheL  M  objectiveL  M  istocreateaframeworkL  M  forL  M  regionalactivitiestocombatandpreventtrafficking $ t inpersonsL  M  ԄL  M  ԀparticularlytraffickingforthepurposesofsexualexploitationL  M  ԄL  M  Ԁandtocareforvictims  ` inCentralAmerica(theregionalL  M  publicL  M  good).ThefiveCentralAmericancountriesparticipatingin  L  thisproject(CostaRica,ElSalvador,Guatemala,HondurasandNicaragua)identifiedtheneedto  8  worktogethertodefineregionalstandards,policiesandprocedurestocombatandpreventtrafficking $  inpersonsandimprovetheprovisionofcaretovictimsofthiscrime,particularlywomenandminors   ofbothsexes.   L  M  __________   1󀀀Thecountryhasaprisonpopulationofapproximately9,000peoplehousedinclosedprisons,more \ than700housedinopen_ centres_ ԀundertheSemiInstitutional_ Programme_ Ԁandapproximately4,500 H peoplewhobelongtotheCareintheCommunity_ Programme_ ,whichmonitorspeoplewhoareon 4 conditionalreleaseandoverseestheimplementationofnoncustodialsentences.  p 2TL  M  hepolicyoftransferringpersonsfromtheInstL  M  itutional_ Programme_ ԀtotheSemiL  M  Institutional H _ Programme_ Ԁhasbeensteppedup,enablingprisonerstocarryouttheirsentenceinfamilyand 4 communitysettings,whilereceivingcareandfollowup.   3UnitedNationsOfficeonDrugsandCrimeL  M  ,L  M  ԀInternational_ Labour_ ԀOrganizationL  M  ,L  M  ԀInternational  OrganizationforMigrationL  M  ,L  M  ԀOrganizationofAmericanStates,amongothers.  CE.,US.,=