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 Óò òHUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEEÐ ° ÐÌòòÔ_ÔZbiÔ_Ô€v.€Cð=ðte€d'Ivoire€ó óóóÐ „Ô ÐÌò òCommunication€No.€940/2000Ð W§ ÐÌ9€July€2002Ð + { ÐÌÔ_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/75/D/940/2000Ð ÿ O Ðó óÌÌò òADMISSIBILITYÐ »  Ðó óÌÌòòòòSubmitted€byóóóó:€òòZbi€Aka€Bi€(represented€by€counsel,€Mað3ðtre€Joel€Bataille€and€Ô_ÔMað3ðtreÔ_Ô€Jean-ClaudeÐ wÇ  ÐRichard)Ð `°  ÐóóÌòòòòState€party€concerned:óó€Cð=ðte€d'Ivoire€óóÐ 0€ ÐÌÌòòThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,€established€under€article€28€of€the€International€Covenant€on€CivilÐ é9 Ðand€political€Rights,€Ð Ò" ÐÌòòMeetingóó€on€9€July€2002,€Ð ¤ô ÐÌòòAdoptsóó€the€following:€Ð vÆ ÐÌÌÓ=Óò òÓ  ÓDecision€on€admissibilityó óÐ 1 ÐÓÒÓÓÓÌ1.€€€€€€The€author€is€Mr.€Zbi€Aka€Bi,€born€in€Cð=ðte€d'Ivoire€and€residing€in€France.€He€alleges€to€beÐ  T Ða€victim€of€a€breach€by€Cð=ðte€d'Ivoire€of€article€25€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€andÐ í = ÐPolitical€Rights.€He€is€represented€by€counsel.€Ð Ö!&  ÐÌò òThe€facts€as€presented€by€the€author€ó óÐ ¨#ø" ÐÌ2.1€€€€€The€author€alleges€that€he€is€unable€to€participate€in€the€presidential€election€in€Cð=ðte€d'Ivoire,Ð {%Ë $ Ðin€this€case€the€election€scheduled€for€17€September€2000,€either€as€a€voter€or€as€a€candidate,€as€aÐ d&´!% Ðresult€of€the€new€provisions€of€article€35€of€the€Constitution€and€of€the€Electoral€Code.Ð M'"& ЀÌ2.2€€€€€The€author€explains€that,€by€Decree€No.€200-497€of€17€July€2000€amending€the€draftÐ )o$( ÐConstitution,€the€head€of€State,€General€Robert€Guei,€revised€article€35,€paragraph€3,€of€theÐ *X%) ÐConstitution€relating€to€conditions€for€election€to€the€post€of€President€of€the€Republic,€in€theÐ ñ*A&* Ðfollowing€terms:€"He€must€be€of€Ivorian€origin,€born€of€a€father€and€mother€who€themselves€are€ofÐ Ú+*'+ ÐIvorian€origin.€He€must€never€have€renounced€Ivorian€nationality."€These€eligibility€criteria€wereÐ Ã,(, Ðalso€included€in€articles€53€and€54€of€the€draft€Electoral€Code.€Finally,€they€were€approved€by€aÐ ¬-ü(- Ðreferendum€held€on€23€July€2000,€which€led€to€the€adoption€of€the€draft€amendment€to€theÐ ° ÐConstitution€and€draft€Electoral€Code.€Ð ™é ÐÌ2.3€€€€€The€author€states€that€the€Constitution€and€the€Electoral€Code€were€amended€in€the€contextÐ k» Ðof€the€political€situation€in€Cð=ðte€d'Ivoire,€namely€the€deposition€of€the€former€President€of€theÐ T¤ ÐRepublic€by€the€military€junta€currently€in€power€and€responsible€for€organizing€the€next€presidentialÐ =  Ðelection.€Ð & v ÐÌ2.4€€€€€Owing€to€the€new€provisions€of€the€Constitution€and€the€Electoral€Code,€the€author€claims€toÐ ø H Ðhave€been€deprived,€first€of€all,€of€his€right€to€vote€for€the€candidate€of€his€choice,€who€would€notÐ á 1  Ðbe€able€to€stand€in€the€presidential€election€because€he€did€not€meet€the€criteria€relating€to€nationalÐ Ê   Ðorigin€and€nationality.€Moreover,€the€author€draws€attention€to€his€dual€nationality€-€Ivorian€andÐ ³  ÐFrench€-€and€alleges€that,€owing€to€the€eligibility€criteria€relating€to€non-renunciation€of€IvorianÐ œì  Ðnationality,€which€in€his€view€imply€that€no€other€nationality€has€been€claimed,€he€is€unable,Ð …Õ  Ðcontrary€to€his€wishes,€to€stand€in€the€presidential€election.€Ð n¾  ÐÌò òThe€complaint€ó óÐ @ ÐÌ3.1€€€€€The€author€challenges€the€criteria€for€standing€in€presidential€elections€insofar€as€theyÐ c Ðdiscriminate€against€him€and€are€contrary€to€article€25€of€the€Covenant.€Ð üL ÐÌ3.2€€€€€Referring€to€General€Comment€No.€25€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee€on€article€25€of€theÐ Î ÐCovenant,€the€author€contends€that€citizenship€alone€determines€the€granting€of€political€rights€andÐ · Ðthat€no€distinctions€are€permitted€between€citizens€in€the€enjoyment€of€those€rights€on€the€groundsÐ  ð Ðof€race,€colour,€birth€or€other€status.€Moreover,€he€points€out€that€only€restrictions€based€on€objectiveÐ ‰Ù Ðand€reasonable€criteria€are€justifiable.€Finally,€he€quotes€paragraph€15€of€General€Comment€No.€25,Ð r Ðwhich€reads€in€part:€"Persons€who€are€otherwise€eligible€to€stand€for€election€should€not€be€excludedÐ [« Ðby€unreasonable€or€discriminatory€requirements€such€as€[...]€descent€[...]."€Ð D” ÐÌ3.3€€€€€The€author€contends€that€the€requirement€of€exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies€should€beÐ f Ðconsidered€with€due€regard€for€efficiency€and€urgency.€He€argues€that,€owing€to€the€political€andÐ ÿO Ðlegal€legitimacy€of€the€new€Constitution€and€Electoral€Code€following€their€adoption€by€referendum,Ð è 8 Ðno€domestic€remedy€could€be€effectively€sought€against€the€eligibility€criteria.€He€adds€that€theÐ Ñ!!  Ðpolitical€situation€in€Cð=ðte€d'Ivoire€must€be€taken€into€account,€namely€that€presidential€electionsÐ º" ! Ðwere€organized€after€the€military's€seizure€of€power.€Finally,€since€the€Electoral€Code€provides€thatÐ £#ó" Ðthe€list€of€candidates€should€be€finalized€at€least€a€fortnight€before€the€election€date€of€17€SeptemberÐ Œ$Ü# Ð2000,€the€author,€who€brought€the€case€to€the€Human€Rights€Committee€on€27€July€2000,€stressesÐ u%Å $ Ðthe€urgency€of€his€communication.€Ð ^&®!% ÐÌ3.4€€€€€The€author€alleges€that€Cð=ðte€d'Ivoire€has€violated€article€25€of€the€Covenant.€Ð 0(€#' ÐÌ3.5€€€€€The€author€states€that€the€case€is€not€being€examined€under€another€procedure€of€internationalÐ *R%) Ðinvestigation€or€settlement.€Ð ë*;&* ÐÌÌò òThe€State€party's€observations€on€admissibility€ó óÐ ¦-ö(- Ї4.1€€€€€In€its€observations€of€7€October€2000,€the€State€party€disputes€the€admissibility€of€theÐ ° Ðcommunication.€Ð ™é ÐÌ4.2€€€€€In€the€first€place,€the€State€party€contends€that€the€author's€Ivorian€nationality€has€not€beenÐ k» Ðproven.€The€State€party€points€out€that€Act€No.€61-45€of€14€December€1961€on€the€IvorianÐ T¤ ÐNationality€Code,€amended€by€Act€No.€72-852€of€21€December€1972€provides,€in€article€1,Ð =  Ðparagraph€2,€that€"nationality€is€acquired€or€lost€after€birth€by€virtue€of€the€law€or€a€decision€of€theÐ & v Ðpublic€authorities€taken€in€accordance€with€the€provisions€of€the€law".€Moreover,€under€article€89Ð  _ Ðof€that€Act,€proof€of€Ivorian€nationality€must€be€adduced€by€the€person€who€claims€to€have€suchÐ ø H Ðnationality.€Ð á 1  ÐÌ4.3€€€€€The€State€party€alleges€that€the€author€never€produced€any€evidence€to€support€his€claim€thatÐ ³  Ðhe€is€Ivorian,€especially€since€birth€on€Ivorian€soil€is€not€a€condition€for€the€acquisition€of€IvorianÐ œì  Ðnationality.€Ð …Õ  ÐÌ4.4€€€€€The€State€party€adds€that€article€48€of€the€aforementioned€Nationality€Code€provides€thatÐ W§  Ð"Ivorian€adults€who€voluntarily€acquire€a€foreign€nationality€or€who€claim€another€nationality€shallÐ @ Ðlose€their€Ivorian€nationality."€Ð )y ÐÌ4.5€€€€€According€to€the€State€party,€even€if€the€author€produced€evidence€that€he€was€Ivorian,€Mr.Ð ûK ÐAka€Bi€Zbi,€having€acquired€French€nationality€on€24€August€1983€(pursuant€to€article€135€of€theÐ ä4 ÐFrench€Nationality€Code),€lost€his€Ivorian€nationality€beginning€on€that€date,€that€is,€17€years€ago.€Ð Í ÐÌ4.6€€€€€The€State€party€concludes€that€the€author€is€not€under€the€jurisdiction€of€Cð=ðte€d'Ivoire€and€that,Ð Ÿï Ðin€accordance€with€article€1€of€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€andÐ ˆØ ÐPolitical€Rights,€the€Committee€should€declare€itself€incompetent€in€the€case.€Ð qÁ ÐÌ4.7€€€€€Secondly,€the€State€party€alleges€that€the€author€has€not€exhausted€domestic€remedies.€Ð C“ ÐÌ4.8€€€€€The€State€party€indicates€that€the€author€has€never€adduced€any€evidence€that€he€brought€hisÐ e Ðcase€before€Ivorian€courts€and€has€exhausted€domestic€remedies.€In€addition,€the€State€partyÐ þN Ðemphasizes€that€the€date€of€17€September€2000€set€for€the€presidential€election€is€not€correct€and,Ð ç 7 Ðmoreover,€was€used€by€the€author€as€a€pretext€for€circumventing€domestic€remedies.€The€State€partyÐ Ð!   Ðindicates€that€the€date€of€the€presidential€election€has€been€postponed€to€22€October€2000.€AccordingÐ ¹" ! Ðto€the€State€party,€the€author€does€not€adduce€any€evidence€that€he€has€initiated€any€proceedings€inÐ ¢#ò" Ðan€Ivorian€court€since€the€postponement€of€that€date.€The€State€party€explains€that€the€author€couldÐ ‹$Û# Ðhave€brought€his€case€to€the€Constitutional€Council€established€by€the€new€Constitution€and€whoseÐ t%Ä $ Ðfunctions€are€temporarily€being€carried€out€by€the€Constitutional€Chamber€of€the€Supreme€Ô_ÔCourtòò1Ô_Ôóó.Ð ]&­!% ÐMoreover,€the€State€party€contends€that€the€author€could,€through€a€simple€request,€apply€to€theÐ F'–"& ÐPresident€of€the€Supreme€Court€for€a€summary€ruling€-€a€provision€applied€in€urgent€cases€by€virtueÐ /(#' Ðof€article€79òò2óó€of€Act€No.€94-440€of€16€August€1994€establishing€the€composition,€organization,Ð )h$( Ðfunctions€and€operation€of€the€Supreme€Court.€Ð *Q%) ÐÌÌ4.9€€€€€Finally,€the€State€party€stresses€that€the€author€did€not€register€as€a€presidential€candidate,Ð ¼, (, Ðwhich€constitutes€an€abuse€of€his€right€to€submit€a€communication€to€the€Committee.€Ð ¥-õ(- Їò òThe€author's€comments€on€the€State€party's€submissions€ó óÐ ° ÐÌ5.1€€€€€In€his€letter€of€10€January€2002,€the€author€stated€that€he€did€"not€intend€to€respond€to€theÐ ƒÓ ÐState€party's€submissions".€Ð l¼ ÐÌò òIssues€and€proceedings€before€the€Committee€ó óÐ > Ž ÐÌ6.1€€€€€Before€considering€any€claim€contained€in€a€communication,€the€Human€Rights€CommitteeÐ  a Ðmust€decide,€in€accordance€with€rule€87€of€its€rules€of€procedure,€whether€the€claim€is€admissibleÐ ú J Ðunder€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€Covenant.€Ð ã 3  ÐÌ6.2€€€€€As€required€under€article€5,€paragraph€2€(a),€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€the€Committee€hasÐ µ  Ðascertained€that€the€same€matter€is€not€being€examined€under€another€procedure€of€internationalÐ žî  Ðinvestigation€or€settlement.€Ð ‡×  ÐÌ6.3€€€€€The€Committee€notes€that€the€author€has€produced€no€arguments€relating€to€any€efforts€he€hasÐ Y©  Ðmade€to€claim€his€rights,€either€as€a€voter€or€as€a€candidate€in€the€presidential€election.€Under€theÐ B’ Ðcircumstances,€the€Committee€considers€that€the€author€has€not€demonstrated€that€he€is€a€victim€ofÐ +{ Ða€violation€of€the€Covenant€and€that€the€communication€is€therefore€inadmissible€under€article€1€ofÐ d Ðthe€Optional€Protocol.€Ð ýM ÐÌ6.4€€€€€In€the€circumstances,€it€is€unnecessary€for€the€Committee€to€consider€the€other€arguments€putÐ Ï Ðforward€by€the€State€party€concerning€admissibility.€Ð ¸ ÐÌ7.€€€€€The€Committee€therefore€decides:€Ð ŠÚ ÐÌà0  à(a)€That€the€communication€is€inadmissible€under€article€1€of€the€Optional€Protocol;€Ð\¬(#(# ÐÌà0  à(b)€That€this€decision€shall€be€communicated€to€the€State€party€and€to€the€author.€Ð.~(#(# ÐÌ_______________€Ð  P ÐÌ*€The€following€members€of€the€Committee€participated€in€the€examination€of€the€presentÐ Ò!"  Ðcommunication:€Mr.€Nisuke€Ando,€Mr.€Prafullachandra€Natwarlal€Bhagwati,€Ms.€Christine€Chanet,Ð »" ! ÐMr.€Louis€Ô_ÔHenkinÔ_Ô,€Mr.€Ahmed€Tawfik€Khalil,€Mr.€Eckart€Klein,€Mr.€David€Kretzmer,€Mr.Ð ¤#ô" ÐRajsoomer€Lallah,€Mr.€Martin€Scheinin,€Mr.€Ivan€Shearer,€Mr.€Hipð;ðlito€Solari€Yrigoyen,€Mr.€PatrickÐ $Ý# ÐVella€and€Mr.€Maxwell€Yalden.€Ð v%Æ $ ÐÌò òNotesÐ H'˜"& Ðó óÌòò1óó€€Order€No.€2000-428€of€9€June€2000€establishing€the€Constitutional€Chamber.€Article€1:€"A€specialÐ )k$( Ðchamber,€called€the€'Constitutional€Chamber',€responsible€for€monitoring€and€verifying€the€legalityÐ *T%) Ðof€the€referendum€and€presidential€and€legislative€elections€in€the€year€2000,€is€hereby€establishedÐ í*=&* Ðas€a€body€of€the€Supreme€Court";€article€6:€"The€Constitutional€Chamber€shall€rule,€in€accordanceÐ Ö+&'+ Ðwith€the€provisions€currently€in€force,€on€the€eligibility€of€candidates€for€the€presidential€andÐ ¿,(, Ðlegislative€elections€..."€Ð ¨-ø(- Їòò2óó€€Article€79:€"In€all€urgent€cases,€the€President€of€the€Administrative€Chamber€may,€on€the€basis€ofÐ ° Ða€simple€request:€(a)€appoint€an€expert€to€establish€without€delay€whether€or€not€there€are€groundsÐ ™é Ðfor€proceedings€to€be€brought€before€the€Administrative€Chamber:€counsel€for€the€defence,€if€any,Ð ‚Ò Ðshall€be€notified€immediately;€and€(b)€order€any€other€useful€measures,€without€prejudice€to€theÐ k» Ðsubstance€of€the€case€and€without€hindering€the€execution€of€any€administrative€decision."€Ð T¤ ÐÓÓ