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ÐÌÌÓ=Óò òÓ  ÓVIEWSó óÐ $à" ÐÓ=ÓÓÓÌ1.1€€€€€€The€complainant€is€F.F.Z.,€a€Libyan€citizen,€born€on€29€September€1968,€currently€residingÐ p&À!$ Ðin€Denmark,€where€he€seeks€asylum.€He€claims€that€his€return€to€Libya€after€dismissal€of€his€refugeeÐ `'°"% Ðclaim€would€constitute€a€violation€by€Denmark€of€article€3€of€the€Convention.€He€is€represented€byÐ P( #& Ðcounsel.Ð @)$' ÐÌ1.2€€€€€€In€accordance€with€article€22,€paragraph€3,€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€transmitted€theÐ  +p&) Ðcomplaint€to€the€State€party€on€11€April€2001.€Pursuant€to€rule€108€of€the€Committee's€rules€ofÐ ,`'* Ðprocedure,€the€State€party€was€requested€not€to€expel€the€complainant€to€Libya€pending€theÐ -P(+ Ðconsideration€of€his€case€by€the€Committee.€The€State€party€confirmed€in€their€submission€of€12€JuneÐ ð-@), Ð2001,€that€the€complainant€will€not€be€expelled€while€his€complaint€is€pending.€Ð ° ÐÌò òThe€facts€as€submittedó óÐ à ÐÌ2.1€€€€€€The€complainant€lived€in€the€city€of€Benghazi€in€Libya€since€he€was€born.€He€finished€hisÐ pÀ Ðdegree€in€economics€in€1992,€and€held€his€own€shop€from€1993€till€his€departure€from€Libya.€HisÐ ` ° Ðcousin€A.A.€was€a€member€of€the€Islamic€Movement€Al-Jama'a€al-Islamiya€al-Libya€(hereinafterÐ P   Ðcalled€Al€Jama'a).€The€complainant€spent€a€lot€of€time€with€his€cousin,€and€the€cousin€oftenÐ @  Ðborrowed€his€car,€which€drew€the€attention€of€the€Security€Service€to€the€complainant.€TheÐ 0 € Ðcomplainant€also€supported€Al€Jama'a,€and€he€frequently€attended€meetings€in€the€mosques.Ð  p  ÐÌ2.2€€€€€€In€1989,€Al€Jama'a€members€clashed€with€the€authorities,€whereupon€the€Security€ServiceÐ P  Ðarrested€all€persons€with€connections€to€the€Islamic€movement.€The€complainant€was€arrested,Ð ð@  Ðblindfolded,€and€taken€to€an€unknown€place,€where€he€underwent€interrogation€during€which€he€wasÐ à0  Ðsubjected€to€violence,€and€forced€to€confess€that€he€was€involved€in€the€Islamic€movement.€TheÐ Ð  Ðinterrogations€lasted€two€hours,€after€which€the€complainant€was€taken€to€a€cell.€Questioning€wasÐ À Ðrepeated€two€days€later.€After€nine€days€in€detention,€he€was€released€after€having€been€ordered€toÐ ° Ðcut€his€links€with€the€Islamic€movement.Ð  ð ÐÌ2.3€€€€€€From€May€1995€until€May€1996,€he€participated€in€the€collection€of€money€for€relatives€ofÐ €Ð Ðpolitical€prisoners,€on€the€initiative€of€Al€Jama'a.€Then,€in€July€1995,€the€Security€Service€came€toÐ pÀ Ðhis€shop€and€brought€him€to€a€plantation€area€outside€Benghazi,€where€he€was€interrogated€for€3-4Ð `° Ðhours€about€his€movements€and€contacts€since€his€arrest€in€1989,€and€then€released.Ð P  ÐÌ2.4€€€€€€On€21€May€1996,€the€Security€Service€executed€the€complainant's€cousin€A.A.€extrajudiciallyÐ 0€ Ðfor€his€participation€in€Al€Jama'a.€The€execution€of€A.A.€is€also€stated€in€Amnesty€International'sÐ  p Ðreport€on€Libya€for€1997.€The€night€to€22€May€1996,€the€complainant€was€dragged€out€of€his€bed€andÐ ` Ðhandcuffed€by€the€Security€Service.€He€was€then€brought€in€the€boot€of€a€car€to€a€police€stationÐ P Ðwhere€he€was€confined€to€a€cell,€whereupon€he€was€placed€facing€the€wall€and€exposed€to€threats€andÐ ð@ Ðverbal€abuse€from€two€persons.€After€he€had€stood€upright€on€the€same€spot€for€several€hours,€theÐ à0 ÐSecurity€Service€started€inquiring€the€complainant€about€his€contacts€and€their€political€activities.Ð Ð  ÐHe€was€beaten€with€fists,€the€palm€of€the€hand,€rifle€butts,€and€kicked,€all€while€he€was€verballyÐ À! Ðharassed.€After€the€inquiry,€the€complainant€was€brought€back€to€his€cell,€where€he€was€placed€facingÐ °"  Ðthe€wall,€blindfolded€and€handcuffed.Ð  #ð! ÐÌ2.5€€€€€€Still€blindfolded,€the€complainant€was€brought€in€for€a€new€interrogation,€this€time€about€hisÐ €%Ð # Ðcontact€with€his€cousin.€At€this€time,€he€was€not€aware€that€his€cousin€had€been€executed.€He€wasÐ p&À!$ Ðtold€that€his€cousin€had€reported€to€the€Security€Service€that€he€was€involved€in€the€armed€part€ofÐ `'°"% Ðthe€Islamic€movement,€which€he€denied.€Consequently,€he€was€kicked€and€hit€with€a€stick€while€theÐ P( #& Ðpeople€present€were€laughing€at€him.€After€this€inquiry,€the€complainant€was€brought€back€to€hisÐ @)$' Ðcell,€were€he€was€detained€for€eight€days,€during€which€he€was€blindfolded€and€handcuffed€for€twoÐ 0*€%( Ðdays.€He€was€then€brought€in€the€boot€of€a€car€to€another€place,€where€interrogations€started€all€overÐ  +p&) Ðagain.€During€11€hours€of€interrogations€which€aimed€at€making€the€complainant€admit€hisÐ ,`'* Ðinvolvement€with€the€Islamic€movement,€he€was€beaten€and€kicked,€and€then€placed€on€the€floorÐ -P(+ Ðwith€his€feet€tied€to€an€upright€stick,€beaten€underneath€his€feet,€and€subjected€to€electric€shocks.Ð ð-@), ÐFinally,€he€was€given€a€piece€of€paper,€which€he€was€told€was€his€explanation,€and€he€signed,Ð ° Ðwithout€knowing€the€contents€of€it.€He€was€then€returned€to€his€cell.Ð  ð ÐÌ2.6€€€€€€After€7-8€days€of€further€detention,€the€complainant€was€brought€to€an€office,€where€two€menÐ €Ð Ðquestioned€him€whether€he€had€been€well€treated€in€prison,€which€he€answered€in€the€affirmative.Ð pÀ ÐHe€was€faced€with€two€alternatives;€either€to€serve€lifetime€imprisonment,€or€to€spy€on€people€whoÐ ` ° Ðmet€at€the€mosque.€In€order€to€escape€prison,€the€complainant€agreed€to€spy€on€people€at€the€mosque,Ð P   Ðand€was€released€on€15€July€1996,€under€orders€to€report€to€Security€Service€every€Thursday.Ð @  ÐÌ2.7€€€€€€The€complainant€appeared€before€the€Security€Service€every€Thursday€until€he€left€for€TripoliÐ  p  Ðon€21€or€22€August€1996.€During€his€detention,€the€complainant€had€decided€to€leave€Libya,€but€alsoÐ `  Ðthat€he€would€wait€a€while€before€leaving,€so€as€not€to€risk€harming€his€family.€However,€anotherÐ P  Ðperson€from€the€complainant's€neighbourhood€participating€in€the€same€group€as€he,€F.E.,€and€whoÐ ð@  Ðhad€been€arrested€and€released€on€the€same€day€as€he,€was€again€arrested€in€August€1996.€This€eventÐ à0  Ðmade€the€complainant€leave€immediately€for€Tripoli.€Later€on,€he€learnt€that€his€brother€had€beenÐ Ð  Ðarrested€and€detained€for€almost€a€month€because€the€complainant€had€left.€Towards€the€end€of€1997Ð À Ðor€early€1998,€the€complainant€was€also€informed€that€his€friend€F.E.€had€died€in€prison.€Ð ° ÐÌ2.8€€€€€€In€Tripoli,€the€complainant€stayed€with€a€relative€while€waiting€for€a€visa€for€Denmark€thatÐ à Ðhe€had€applied€for€before€his€arrest,€in€order€to€go€and€visit€his€brother.€Since€the€issuance€of€a€visaÐ €Ð Ðtook€longer€than€expected,€the€complainant€requested€that€the€visa€should€be€sent€to€Malta.€On€26Ð pÀ ÐAugust€1996,€the€complainant€sailed€illegally€to€Malta,€having€had€an€acquaintance€provide€an€exitÐ `° Ðstamp€for€his€passport.Ð P  ÐÌ2.9€€€€€€On€27€August,€the€complainant€arrived€in€Malta,€where€he€obtained€the€requested€visa,€andÐ 0€ Ðhe€continued€to€Denmark€on€the€same€day.€He€entered€Denmark€with€a€passport€that€expired€on€24Ð  p ÐFebruary€2000€which€was€last€prolonged€on€25€October€1995.€It€contained€a€visa€issued€by€theÐ ` ÐDanish€consulate€in€Valetta,€Malta.€He€went€first€to€visit€his€brother.€After€some€time,€he€met€aÐ P Ðwoman€whom€he€married€in€October€1996,€and€on€6€January€1997,€he€was€granted€a€residenceÐ ð@ Ðpermit€because€of€his€marriage.€The€couple€separated€in€April€1998,€moved€back€together€in€MarchÐ à0 Ð1999,€but€finally€divorced€in€December€2000.€On€24€April€1997,€the€complainant€applied€for€asylum.€Ð Ð  ÐÌ2.10€€€€€€On€2€November€1998,€the€Immigration€Service€rejected€the€complainant's€application€forÐ °"  Ðasylum.€The€reasons€for€rejection€related€to€his€explanations€about€the€three€arrests€he€had€described.Ð  #ð! ÐRegarding€the€arrest€in€1989,€the€Immigration€Service€attached€importance€to€the€fact€that€theÐ $à" Ðcomplainant€was€not€a€member€of€a€political€party€nor€had€he€participated€in€any€political€activities,Ð €%Ð # Ðthat€the€Security€Service€arrested€everybody€at€the€mosque,€and€this€was€the€reason€why€theÐ p&À!$ Ðcomplainant€was€arrested,€that€the€fact€that€he€was€beaten€is€not€by€itself€a€foundation€for€asylum,Ð `'°"% Ðand€that€the€complainant€was€released€after€nine€days.€Ð P( #& ÐÌ2.11€€€€€€With€regard€to€the€arrest€in€July€1995,€the€Immigration€Service€deemed€important€that€theÐ 0*€%( Ðarrest€was€caused€by€a€riot€in€May€between€members€of€Islamic€Al€Jama'a€and€the€Security€Service,Ð  +p&) Ðwhere€the€complainant€was€not€involved,€that€there€were€general€arrests€of€many€people€and€not€anÐ ,`'* Ðindividual€persecution€of€the€complainant,€and€that€he€was€released€after€3-4€hours€only.€In€relationÐ -P(+ Ðto€the€arrest€in€May€1996,€the€Immigration€Service€attaches€importance€to€that€the€complainant€wasÐ ð-@), Ðarrested€because€his€cousin€was€connected€with€the€Islamic€movement€and€because€the€SecurityÐ ° ÐService€unjustifiably€suspected€him€of€the€same,€that€he€was€subjected€to€heavy-handed€treatmentÐ  ð Ðis€not€by€itself€a€foundation€for€asylum,€and€that€he€was€released€after€about€three€weeks.€TheÐ à ÐImmigration€Service€did€not€consider€it€as€a€reason€for€asylum€that€the€complainant€was€ordered€toÐ €Ð Ðprovide€information€about€his€friends€and€report€to€the€Security€Service€every€Thursday,€nor€the€factÐ pÀ Ðthat€his€brother€was€arrested€after€his€departure,€bearing€in€mind€that€he€was€released€after€oneÐ ` ° Ðmonth.€Also€the€fact€that€the€complainant€collected€money€for€political€prisoners€was€not€consideredÐ P   Ða€reason€for€asylum,€since€he€did€not€have€conflicts€with€the€authorities€because€of€this.€TheÐ @  Ðcomplainant€had€also€stated€that€it€is€prohibited€to€stay€outside€Libya€for€more€than€six€months.Ð 0 € ÐHowever,€the€Ministry€of€Foreign€Affairs€confirmed€in€a€letter€dated€30€January€1998,€that€LibyanÐ  p  Ðcitizens,€who€return€to€Libya€more€than€a€year€after€their€legal€or€illegal€departure,€would€be€detainedÐ `  Ðand€questioned,€and€then€released€after€some€hours.€Finally,€the€Immigration€Service€attachedÐ P  Ðimportance€to€the€fact€that€the€complainant's€passport€carried€an€exit€stamp€dated€27€August€1996,Ð ð@  Ðbut€that€he€only€applied€for€asylum€on€24€April€1997.Ð à0  ÐÌ2.12€€€€€€On€13€January€1999,€the€complainant€was€examined€by€the€Amnesty€International's€MedicalÐ À ÐGroup,€Danish€Section,€which€concluded€that€the€symptoms€identified€in€him€are€often€seen€inÐ ° Ðpeople€who€have€been€subjected€to€extreme€strains€such€as€acts€of€war,€detention€or€torture,€and€thatÐ  ð Ðthese€symptoms€are€consistent€with€consequences€of€the€alleged€torture.€Furthermore,€the€MedicalÐ à ÐGroup€while€not€identifying€any€physical€symptoms€of€torture,€considered€that€the€complainantÐ €Ð Ðneeded€treatment€because€of€his€serious€psychological€symptoms.€The€report€was€sent€to€the€DanishÐ pÀ Ðauthorities€on€4€February€1999.Ð `° ÐÌ2.13€€€€€€The€complainant€appealed€the€Immigration€Service€decision€to€the€Refugee€Board,€whichÐ @ Ðconfirmed€the€decision€of€the€Immigration€Service€on€2€March€1999.€Referring€to€the€letter€from€theÐ 0€ ÐMinistry€of€Foreign€Affairs,€the€Refugee€Board€considered€it€unlikely€that€the€complainant€wouldÐ  p Ðrisk€persecution€upon€return€to€Libya.€In€addition€to€repeating€some€of€the€argumentation€by€theÐ ` ÐImmigration€Service,€the€Refugee€Board€attached€importance€to€the€fact€that€the€complainant€leftÐ P ÐLibya€legally€on€26€August€1996,€where€his€passport€was€stamped€on€his€departure,€and€hadÐ ð@ Ðtherefore€no€reason€to€believe€that€he€was€exposed€to€such€persecution€as€envisaged€by€the€law€onÐ à0 Ðasylum.€Furthermore,€the€Refugee€Board€did€not€give€importance€to€the€Amnesty€InternationalÐ Ð  Ðmedical€report€regarding€the€complainant,€since€it€provided€no€objective€indications€that€he€wasÐ À! Ðsubjected€to€torture.€The€complainant's€date€of€deportation€was€set€for€17€March€1999.Ð °"  ÐÌ2.14€€€€€€With€regard€to€the€Danish€authorities'€rejection€of€the€complainant's€applications€for€asylum,Ð $à" Ðcounsel€states€that€the€medical€report€supports€the€complainant's€submissions€concerning€torture,€andÐ €%Ð # Ðif€any€doubt€remained€with€the€Danish€authorities,€he€should€have€been€given€the€benefit€of€theÐ p&À!$ Ðdoubt.€Furthermore,€the€complainant€applied€for€asylum€only€eight€months€after€his€arrival€inÐ `'°"% ÐDenmark,€because,€not€knowing€about€the€asylum€procedure€when€arriving,€he€met€a€woman,€andÐ P( #& Ðdeemed€it€a€better€solution€to€get€married.€Counsel€further€states€that€the€Immigration€Service€shouldÐ @)$' Ðhave€looked€at€the€cumulative€effects€of€the€complainant's€arrests,€instead€of€splitting€them€up.€InÐ 0*€%( Ðthis€connection,€counsel€quotes€UNHCR€Handbook€that€"Taking€isolated€incidents€out€of€the€contextÐ  +p&) Ðmay€be€misleading.€The€cumulative€effect€of€the€applicant's€experiences€must€be€taken€into€account".Ð ,`'* ÐRegarding€the€Refugee€Board's€consideration€of€the€medical€report,€counsel€stresses€that€the€DanishÐ -P(+ Ðauthorities€should€have€ensured€a€medical€examination€of€the€complainant€when€he€applied€forÐ ð-@), Ðasylum€in€1997,€instead€he€was€not€examined€until€1999,€upon€request€from€his€lawyer.Ð ° ÐÌò òThe€complaint€ó óÐ à ÐÌ3.€€€€€€The€complainant€claims€that€there€are€substantial€grounds€to€believe€that€he€will€once€again€beÐ pÀ Ðsubjected€to€torture€if€returned€to€Libya.€He€further€claims€that€there€exists€a€consistent€pattern€ofÐ ` ° Ðgross€and€massive€violations€of€human€rights€in€Libya,€which€according€to€article€3,€paragraph€2€ofÐ P   Ðthe€Convention€against€Torture,€are€circumstances€which€a€State€party€should€take€into€account€whenÐ @  Ðdeciding€on€expulsion.Ð 0 € ÐÌò òObservations€by€the€State€party€ó óÐ `  ÐÌ4.1€€€€€€The€State€party€submitted€its€observations€to€the€Committee€on€12€June€2001.€The€State€partyÐ ð@  Ðcontests€the€admissibility€of€the€case,€and€argues€that€the€removal€of€the€complainant€to€Libya€wouldÐ à0  Ðnot€entail€any€violation€of€article€3€of€the€Convention.€Ð Ð  ÐÌ4.2€€€€€€The€State€party€reiterates€the€rationale€of€the€decisions€of€the€Immigration€Service€and€theÐ ° ÐRefugee€Appeals€Board.€It€further€adds€to€the€facts€in€the€case,€that€on€14€November€1997,€theÐ  ð Ðcomplainant€was€interviewed€by€an€official€from€the€Danish€Immigration€Service€concerning€hisÐ à Ðapplication€for€asylum,€and€was€assisted€by€an€interpreter€whom€he€stated€that€he€understood.€Ð €Ð ÐÌ4.3€€€€€€Furthermore,€on€22€June€1998,€the€Danish€Immigration€Service€revoked€the€complainant'sÐ `° Ðresidence€permit,€since€he€had€discontinued€his€cohabitation€with€his€Danish€spouse€and€theÐ P  Ðconditions€for€a€residence€permit€were€no€longer€fulfilled.€The€Ministry€of€the€Interior€upheld€theÐ @ Ðdecision€on€9€November€1998.Ð 0€ ÐÌ4.4€€€€€€On€16€March€1999,€the€Ministry€of€the€Interior€rejected€the€complainant's€application€for€aÐ ` Ðresidence€permit€on€humanitarian€grounds.€However,€on€25€March€1999,€the€Danish€ImmigrationÐ P ÐService€reissued€a€residence€permit€to€the€complainant€upon€resumption€of€cohabitation€with€hisÐ ð@ ÐDanish€spouse.€On€4€April€2001,€the€Danish€Immigration€Service€again€refused€to€extend€theÐ à0 Ðcomplainant's€residence€permit,€as€he€no€longer€cohabited€with€his€spouse.€The€Ministry€of€theÐ Ð  ÐInterior€fixed€the€time€limit€for€departure€from€Denmark€on€9€May€2001.Ð À! ÐÌ4.5€€€€€€The€State€party€submits€that€the€Refugee€Board's€decision€to€reject€the€complainant'sÐ  #ð! Ðapplication€for€asylum€was€based€on€a€concrete€and€individual€assessment,€and€reiterates€that€thereÐ $à" Ðare€no€substantial€grounds€for€believing€that€returning€the€complainant€to€Libya€will€mean€that€heÐ €%Ð # Ðwould€be€in€danger€of€being€subjected€to€torture.€In€this€connection,€the€State€party€refers€to€theÐ p&À!$ Ðdecision€of€the€Refugee€Board,€and€emphasizes€that€the€Ministry€of€Foreign€Affairs€has€investigatedÐ `'°"% Ðthe€matter€and€reported€that€many€Libyan€nationals,€who€had€left€Libya€illegally,€had€returnedÐ P( #& Ðwithout€major€problems.€Furthermore€it€was€stated€that€Libyan€nationals€returning€to€Libya€afterÐ @)$' Ðmore€than€one€year's€stay€abroad,€are€detained€and€questioned€by€the€authorities€and€then€released.Ð 0*€%( ÐMoreover,€it€is€argued€that€since€it€is€practically€impossible€for€a€Libyan€national€to€have€his€passportÐ  +p&) Ðextended€if€he€is€an€object€of€interest€to€the€authorities,€the€issuance€of€a€passport€to€the€complainantÐ ,`'* Ðindicates€that€he€is€not€a€priori€a€person€at€risk.€In€this€connection,€the€State€party€points€out,€withÐ -P(+ Ðreference€to€I.O.A.€Ô_Ôv.Ô_Ô€Ô_ÔSwedenòò1Ô_Ôóó€that€a€risk€of€being€detained€as€such€is€not€sufficient€to€bring€a€caseÐ ð-@), Ðwithin€the€scope€of€article€3€of€the€Convention.Ð ° ÐÌ4.6€€€€€€Furthermore,€when€assessing€the€complainant's€credibility,€the€State€party€points€out€that€theÐ à ÐRefugee€Board€was€unable€to€find€that€the€complainant€had€been€subjected€to€the€treatment€alleged,Ð €Ð Ðsince€his€statement€was€not€supported€by€the€medical€report€available,€and€since€no€detailedÐ pÀ Ðpsychological€examination€nor€a€diagnosis€have€been€submitted.€Even€if€it€is€assumed€that€theÐ ` ° Ðcomplainant€had€been€subjected€to€the€alleged€outrages,€the€State€party€refers€to€the€Committee'sÐ P   Ðjurisprudence€(A.L.N.€v.€Switzerland€and€X,€Y€and€Z€v.€Ô_ÔSwedenòò2Ô_Ôóó€)€that€past€torture€is€only€one€ofÐ @  Ðthe€elements€to€be€taken€into€account€when€examining€a€claim€under€article€3€of€the€Convention,€andÐ 0 € Ðthe€object€of€considering€the€case€is€to€decide€whether,€if€returned€to€the€country€of€origin,€theÐ  p  Ðcomplainant€would€risk€being€tortured.Ð `  ÐÌ4.7€€€€€€The€State€party€further€submits€that€the€events,€which,€according€to€the€complainant,Ð ð@  Ðmotivated€his€departure€from€Libya,€date€relatively€far€back€in€time,€and€that€his€family€has€not€beenÐ à0  Ðsought€or€harassed€on€account€of€the€complainant€since€his€brother's€arrest€and€release€in€1996.Ð Ð  ÐÌ4.8€€€€€€Reference€is€made€to€the€case€Tahir€Hussain€Khan€v.€Ô_ÔCanadaòò3Ô_Ôóó)€,€where€the€Committee€foundÐ ° Ðthat€the€complainant,€if€returned€to€his€country€of€origin€which€was€not€a€State€party€to€theÐ  ð ÐConvention,€would€no€longer€have€the€possibility€of€applying€to€the€Committee€for€protection,€unlikeÐ à Ðthe€present€case€where€the€complainant€only€risks€being€returned€to€a€country€that€has€acceded€to€theÐ €Ð ÐConvention.òò4óó€Ð pÀ ÐÌò òThe€complainant's€comments€to€State€party's€observations€ó óÐ P  ÐÌ5.1€€€€€In€a€letter€dated€1€August€2001,€the€complainant€states€that€the€State€party's€references€to€theÐ 0€ Ðletter€from€the€Ministry€of€Foreign€Affairs€dated€30€January€1998,€are€not€relevant€to€the€case,€sinceÐ  p Ðthe€letter€allegedly€only€is€about€whether€Libyan€nationals€who€had€left€Libya€illegally€will€haveÐ ` Ðproblems€if€returned,€and€whether€it€is€possible€for€a€Libyan€national€to€have€his€passport€extendedÐ P Ðif€he€is€an€object€of€interest€to€the€authorities.€However,€he€concedes€the€statement€in€the€letter€thatÐ ð@ Ð"it€is€practically€impossible€for€a€Libyan€national€to€have€his€passport€extended€if€he€is€an€object€ofÐ à0 Ðinterest€to€the€authorities",€but€stresses€that€this€is€not€the€complainant's€situation,€since€he€had€hisÐ Ð  Ðpassport€extended€on€25€October€1995,€before€his€problems€with€the€authorities€began.€Since€8Ð À! ÐMarch€2000,€the€complainant€has€unsuccessfully€tried€to€have€his€passport€extended€from€the€LibyanÐ °"  ÐEmbassy€in€Copenhagen.Ð  #ð! ÐÌ5.2€€€€€€With€regard€to€the€State€party's€observations€on€the€Amnesty€International€medical€report,Ð €%Ð # Ðcounsel€states€that€it€cannot€in€all€cases€be€expected€to€find€physical€signs€of€torture€three€years€afterÐ p&À!$ Ðthe€torture€took€place,€for€instance€in€the€case€that€the€victim€was€subjected€to€electrical€shocks,Ð `'°"% Ð"position€torture",€blows€or€kicks€to€the€body,€and€threats€of€continued€torture€and€rape.€Counsel€alsoÐ P( #& Ðpoints€out€that€there€is€a€physical€finding€in€the€medical€report,€regarding€the€complainant's€swollenÐ @)$' Ðleft€foot,€which€according€to€the€complainant€is€due€to€beatings€on€the€soles€of€his€feet.€CounselÐ 0*€%( Ðfurther€refers€to€an€article€in€TORTURE,€volume€11,€where€it€is€criticized€that€psychologicalÐ  +p&) Ðsymptoms€do€not€receive€the€same€recognition€by€authorities€as€physical€symptoms.Ð ,`'* ÐÌÐ ð-@), Ðò òDecision€concerning€admissibility€and€examination€of€the€merits€ó óÐ ° ÐÌ6.€€€€€€Before€considering€any€claim€contained€in€a€complaint,€the€Committee€against€Torture€mustÐ à Ðdecide€whether€or€not€it€is€admissible€under€article€22€of€the€Convention.€The€Committee€hasÐ €Ð Ðascertained,€as€it€is€required€to€do€under€article€22,€paragraph€5€(a)€of€the€Convention€that€the€sameÐ pÀ Ðmatter€has€not€been,€and€is€not€being€examined€under€another€international€procedure€ofÐ ` ° Ðinvestigation€or€settlement.€The€Committee€notes€that€the€State€party€has€raised€objections€to€theÐ P   Ðadmissibility€of€the€petition,€and€the€Committee€therefore€has€to€consider€the€admissibility€of€theÐ @  Ðcase.€Ð 0 € ÐÌ7.€€€€€€In€view€of€the€State€party's€allegations€that€the€complainant€has€failed€to€establish€a€prima€facieÐ `  Ðcase€for€the€purpose€of€admissibility,€the€Committee€considers€that€he€has€sufficiently€substantiatedÐ P  Ðfor€purpose€of€admissibility,€his€claim€that,€if€returned€to€Libya€he€risks€being€subjected€to€torture.€Ð ð@  ÐÌ8.€€€€€€In€accordance€with€article€3,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€has€to€determineÐ Ð  Ðwhether€there€are€substantial€grounds€for€believing€that€the€complainant€would€be€in€danger€of€beingÐ À Ðsubjected€to€torture€if€he€returned€to€Libya.€In€order€to€do€this,€the€Committee€must,€in€accordanceÐ ° Ðwith€article€3,€paragraph€2,€take€into€account€all€relevant€considerations,€including€the€existence€ofÐ  ð Ða€consistent€pattern€of€gross,€flagrant€or€mass€violations€of€human€rights.€In€other€words,€theÐ à Ðexistence€of€a€consistent€pattern€of€violations€of€human€rights€within€the€meaning€of€article€3,Ð €Ð Ðparagraph€2,€lends€force€to€the€Committee's€belief€that€substantial€grounds€exist€within€the€meaningÐ pÀ Ðof€the€paragraph.€Ð `° ÐÌ9.€€€€€€However,€the€Committee€has€to€determine€whether€the€person€concerned€would€be€personallyÐ @ Ðat€risk€of€being€subjected€to€torture€in€the€country€to€which€he€would€be€expelled.€Consequently,€theÐ 0€ Ðexistence€of€a€consistent€pattern€of€gross,€flagrant€or€mass€violations€of€human€rights€in€a€particularÐ  p Ðcountry€does€not€in€itself€constitute€a€sufficient€ground€for€concluding€that€a€given€person€would€beÐ ` Ðin€danger€of€being€subjected€to€torture€after€returning€to€his€country;€additional€grounds€must€existÐ P Ðin€order€to€conclude€that€the€person€concerned€is€personally€at€risk.€Similarly,€the€absence€of€aÐ ð@ Ðconsistent€pattern€of€flagrant€violations€of€human€rights€does€not€mean€that€a€person€cannot€beÐ à0 Ðconsidered€to€be€at€risk€of€being€subjected€to€torture€in€his€specific€circumstances.Ð Ð  ÐÌ10.€€€€€€In€the€present€case,€therefore,€the€Committee€has€to€determine€whether€the€expulsion€of€theÐ °"  Ðcomplainant€to€Libya€would€have€the€foreseeable€consequence€of€exposing€him€to€a€real€andÐ  #ð! Ðpersonal€risk€of€being€arrested€and€tortured.Ð $à" ÐÌ11.€€€€€€The€State€party€has€pointed€out€that€none€of€the€three€arrests€to€which€the€complainant€wasÐ p&À!$ Ðsubjected,€were€related€to€his€political€activities.€It€also€submits€that€the€complainant€would€not€haveÐ `'°"% Ðbeen€able€to€have€his€passport€stamped€on€his€departure€from€Libya€if€he€had€been€exposed€toÐ P( #& Ðpersecution€at€that€time,€and€that€the€Amnesty€International€medical€report€provides€no€objectiveÐ @)$' Ðindication€that€he€was€subjected€to€gross€outrages.€Furthermore,€the€events€that€motivated€theÐ 0*€%( Ðauthor's€departure€date€far€back€in€time,€and€his€family€has€not€been€sought€or€harassed€on€accountÐ  +p&) Ðof€the€complainant€since€his€brother's€release€in€1996.€The€Committee€considers,€on€the€basis€of€theÐ ,`'* Ðinformation€provided,€that€the€political€activities€that€the€complainant€claims€to€have€carried€out,€areÐ -P(+ Ðnot€of€such€a€nature€as€to€conclude€that€he€runs€a€real€risk€of€being€tortured€upon€his€return.€Indeed,Ð ð-@), Ðhe€does€not€seem€to€be€particularly€exposed€to€persecution€by€the€Libyan€authorities.€The€DanishÐ ° ÐMinistry€of€Foreign€Affairs€has€stated€that€Libyan€citizens€who€return€to€Libya€more€than€a€year€afterÐ  ð Ðtheir€legal€or€illegal€departure€are€frequently€detained€and€questioned,€but€then€released€after€someÐ à Ðhours.€Ð €Ð ÐÌ12.€€€€€€On€the€basis€of€the€above€considerations,€the€Committee€considers€that€the€complainant€hasÐ ` ° Ðnot€proved€his€claim€that€there€are€substantial€grounds€to€support€his€claim€that€he€would€risk€tortureÐ P   Ðif€returned€to€Libya.Ð @  ÐÌ13.€€€€€€The€Committee€against€Torture,€acting€under€article€22,€paragraph€7,€of€the€ConventionÐ  p  Ðagainst€Torture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment,€concludes€thatÐ `  Ðthe€removal€of€the€complainant€to€Libya€would€not€constitute€a€breach€of€article€3€of€the€Convention.Ð P  ÐÌ__________________________Ð à0  ÐÌ**€Pursuant€to€rule€103,€paragraph€1€(c),€Mr.€Ole€Ô_ÔVedelÔ_Ô€Rasmussen€did€not€participate€in€theÐ À Ðconsideration€of€the€complaint.Ð ° ÐÌò òNotes€ó óÐ à ÐÌòò1óó€€Case€No.€65/1997.Ð pÀ ÐÌòò2óó€€Case€No.€90/1997€of€19€May€1998,€and€Case€No.€61/1996€of€6€May€1998.Ð P  ÐÌòò3óó€€Case€No.€15/1994€of€18€November€1994.4.€The€Convention€against€Torture€entered€into€force€forÐ 0€ ÐLibya€on€15€June€1989,€but€Libya€has€not€recognized€the€competence€of€the€Committee€under€articleÐ  p Ð22€of€the€Convention.Ð ` ÐÌÓvÓ