’WPC  ‹Q„—ās¾?¶9æ?§9V>żŁ_®ė±¹NÆÆž£Ō†šS”Š-Jjn;|Ućq|ńP>d”‰ĀMĒ”äjĢߗ1Ø6M1*ć–Čzó>˜ŒKųšÜCÖ ekłöļ‹Ąē&w÷'E“ž -@”‰TR† =·yN9Ąs&Ó1Ć\S[ü‡jĖiĢŻæeõXĪ!ßk®ģß9&ättsėeGn¹ĒÕ6’ģŚYŽģŃ!ątĻ/ŽąÖZ»f—ī”'·5¾ĮAGƒ¹¬ “Vķ.Ä”ž6…0jŲø#įՓ £ŽĢY‰ĀCUt$ć֙‹ģ…ČģĢ•+źƒmy-(æ0rŻ żŌ§?]ŲĶŃŌ$Ø{@D{UW­p æŽ > ?isĄ ŻDUĮåęČö†9mēiī†Ņ…5aėfr)Z€Ø\9½¦“1².§oœ­ģĒš ņf0•ȝ„r0!œ(ČzZžŅ²ł; [Ą‹–HupŸņ²H¦B…Ęķ˜5Ž]hÉ:ĒDļ(ō ­¹ų šÅ]K@–'\p+4V‰z…Y®*aZ ÷aū@ųˆt4Ŗ —įągR ,Sļ”aĪś^sCF|GŖ‹‚—źÉąĆō`&#ÉUNŻ %+ 0:1^ kww4{ž m f·N 1u 72”””””””””””””””””””””” 0ęĘ 1e¬ ˜\\YORK_UNIVERSITY\q_hrts_hp4000tnŅV,,,,ŅV0&Öd9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(üœ$””ŌUSUS.,Ō7Æz/— ½”u/ź:i¢Ų+003|x’U‹’ĄĄĄ pCblicodefensorInstitutoLingG1stico3#37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a) i)<A+> ’’:Outline001_1Ó  ÓÓ5+Ū Ū4Œ ä <”ģDœōL¤5ÓŌ2ŌŌ3  Ōą..ąÓ  ÓÓ2(Ü Ü4Œ ä <”ģDœōL¤2Ó$$$$$$$$(’’35;AGMSY_11.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.Ż ƒüœ!ŻŌUSUS.,ŌŻ  ŻŌ_ŌÓ  ÓŌ‡¼nč»XXŌņ ņECUADORó óŌ#†X3X»¼nčI#ŌŠ ° ŠĢÓ  Óņ ņĢŌUKUS.,ŌÓ  ÓŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€26ņņthóó€No.€18€(A/8418)€(1971)ó ó€Š ”ä ŠĢĢ28.€€From€its€56ņņthóó€to€its€58ņņthóó€meetings,€the€Committee€proceeded€to€determine€formally€its€view€asŠ R ¢ Ša€Committee€(as€distinct€from€the€views€expressed€at€previous€meetings,€which€were€those€of€theŠ ; ‹ Šindividual€members)€as€to€which€reports€were€š šsatisfactoryšš,€in€the€sense€that€they€furnished€all€orŠ $ t Šmost€of€the€required€information,€and€which€reports€were€š šunsatisfactoryšš€or€š šincompletešš€andŠ  ]  Štherefore€needed€to€be€supplemented€by€further€information.€€The€initial€report€(and€supplementaryŠ ö F  Šreport,€if€any)€of€each€State€Party€was€put€before€the€Committee€separately€by€the€Chairman.€€WhereŠ ß/  Šthere€was€no€consensus,€the€question€whether€a€State€Partyššs€report€(or€reports)€was€š šsatisfactoryššŠ Č  Šor€whether,€failing€that,€the€Committee€wished€to€request€additional€information€from€that€StateŠ ±  ŠParty,€was€decided€by€vote.Š šź  ŠĢ.€.€.€Š l¼ ŠĢ30.€€On€the€other€hand,€the€reports€submitted€by€the€following€17€States€Parties€were€considered€byŠ >Ž Šthe€Committee€š šincompletešš€or€š šunsatisfactoryšš,€in€the€sense€that€significant€categories€ofŠ 'w Šinformation€were€either€totally€lacking€or€insufficiently€provided€in€them:€.€.€.€Ecuador€.€.€.€At€its€58ņņthóóŠ ` Šmeeting,€held€on€23€April€1971,€the€Committee€adopted€the€text€of€a€communication€which€itŠ łI Šdecided€to€request€€the€Secretary„General€to€submit€to€the€aforementioned€States€Parties,€inŠ ā2 Šaccordance€with€rule€65€of€its€provisional€rules€of€procedure.€€(The€text€of€this€communication€isŠ Ė Šreproduced€in€annex€V.)Š “ ŠĢĢĢÓŠÓŌUS.,UK.,¾Ōņ ņŠ  XØ ŠŌ_ŌŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€28ņņTHóó€No.€18€(A/9018)€(1973)ó óŠ ° ŠĢĢÓ  Ó104.€€The€initial€report€of€Ecuador,€submitted€on€17€June€1970,€was€considered€by€the€CommitteeŠ l¼ Šat€its€third€session.€€It€was€deemed€unsatisfactory€and€additional€information€was€requested.€€No€suchŠ U„ Šinformation€was€received€by€the€Committee.€€The€second€periodic€report,€submitted€on€26€JanuaryŠ > Ž Š1972,€was€considered€at€the€seventh€session€(128ņņthóó€and€129ņņthóó€meetings).Š ' w ŠĢ105.€€Some€members€expressed€the€view€that€the€report€under€consideration€was€comprehensive€andŠ ł I Šthat€it€complied€with€the€guidelines€laid€down€by€the€Committee.€€It€was€also€pointed€out€that€theŠ ā 2  Šreport€included€the€texts€of€provisions€of€the€Constitution,€various€codes€and€other€enactments;€thatŠ Ė   Šit€provided€information€not€only€on€legislative€measures€but€also€on€other€measures,€such€asŠ “  ŠŌ_ŌprogrammesŌ_Ō€in€the€field€of€education;€and€that€it€furnished€useful€information€on€the€demographicŠ ķ  Šcomposition€of€society.€€It€was€noted€that€the€Constitution€contained€provisions€which€were€absentŠ †Ö  Šfrom€the€constitutions€of€other€countries.€€Specially€noted€was€the€Act€Concerning€the€Abolition€ofŠ oæ  ŠPrecarious€Ō_ŌLabourŌ_Ō€in€Agriculture€of€1970,€designed€to€provide€special€assistance€to€the€IndianŠ XØ  Špopulation.Š A‘ ŠĢ106.€€Several€members,€however,€expressed€disagreement€with€the€assertion,€that,€š šsince€there€is€noŠ c Šracial€discrimination€of€any€kind€in€Ecuador,€it€is€unnecessary€for€its€legislature€to€adopt€anyŠ üL Šlegislative,€judicial€or€administrative€measures€relating€to€the€condemnation€of€racial€discriminationŠ å5 Šand€ņņapartheidóó;€nor€is€there€any€need€for€measures€condemning€or€prohibiting€discrimination,Š Ī Šinasmuch€as€discrimination€is€not€Ō_ŌpractisedŌ_Ō€even€ņņde€factoóóšš.€€The€requirements€for€positive€action€toŠ · Šgive€effect€to€certain€provisions€of€the€Convention,€such€as€article€4,€were€mandatory,€in€the€opinionŠ  š Šof€those€members,€unless€legislation€already€existed€which€fully€met€those€requirements.Š ‰Ł ŠĢ107.€€Questions€were€raised€about€the€status€of€the€relations€of€Ecuador€with€the€racist€Ō_ŌrgimesŌ_Ō€inŠ [« Šsouthern€Africa;€the€penalties€for€violation€of€anti„discrimination€provisions€of€the€Constitution€andŠ D” Šof€such€legislation€as€the€Agrarian€Reform€Act;€the€scope,€and€the€relevance€to€racial€discrimination,Š -} Šof€articles€133€and€135€of€the€Penal€Code;€the€meaning€of€the€terms€š šnativešš€and€indigenousšš,€in€theŠ f Šlight€of€the€demographic€information€contained€in€the€report;€and€the€manner€in€which€the€legalŠ ’O Šinstruments€referred€to€in€the€report€were€interpreted€and€applied€and€the€extent€to€which€theirŠ č 8 Šapplication€made€them€effective€tools€in€the€fight€against€racial€discrimination.€€It€was€felt€that€itŠ Ń!!  Šwould€be€useful€to€receive€some€information€that€would€illustrate€the€statement:€š šThe€GovernmentŠ ŗ" ! Šis€giving€full€effect€to€its€undertaking€ššto€encourage,€where€appropriate,€Ō_ŌintegrationistŌ_Ō€multiracialŠ £#ó" Šorganizations€and€movements...šš.šš.Š Œ$Ü# ŠĢ108.€€The€representative€of€Ecuador€informed€the€Committee€that,€since€the€report€underŠ ^&®!% Šconsideration€was€submitted,€the€political€and€social€situation€in€Ecuador€had€evolved;€that€theŠ G'—"& Špresent€Constitution€contained€new€provisions€relating€to€racial€discrimination€which€wouldŠ 0(€#' Šnecessarily€have€repercussions€on€criminal€law;€and€that€the€new€educational€Ō_ŌprogrammeŌ_Ō€includedŠ )i$( Šcourses€relating€to€human€rights€and€racial€discrimination.€€He€also€informed€the€Committee€thatŠ *R%) Štrade,€tourist€and€other€exchanges€with€South€Africa€were€prohibited€by€law.€€And€he€commentedŠ ė*;&* Šon€the€meaning€of€the€demographic€terms€and€on€the€scope€and€relevance€of€the€articles€of€the€PenalŠ Ō+$'+ ŠCode€concerning€which€some€questions€had€been€raised.Š ½, (, ŠŠ ¦-ö(- Š109.€€While€deeming€the€report€satisfactory,€the€Committee€nevertheless€hoped€that,€in€its€nextŠ ° Šreport,€the€Government€of€Ecuador€would€provide€information€relative€to€the€questions€raised€duringŠ ™é Šthe€consideration€of€the€present€report.Š ‚Ņ ŠŠ  k» Šņ ņŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€29ņņTHóó€No.€18€(A/9618)€(1974)ó óŠ ° ŠĢĢ127.€€The€third€periodic€report€of€Ecuador€maintained€and€carried€forward€a€dialogue€with€theŠ l¼ ŠCommittee€which€was€initiated€in€the€second€periodic€report,€and€which€the€Committee€welcomed.€Š U„ ŠObservations€made€by€individual€members€of€the€Committee€at€previous€sessions€were€commentedŠ > Ž Šupon.€€The€texts€of€the€instructions€sent€by€the€Government€of€Ecuador€to€its€delegation€to€theŠ ' w Štwenty„seventh€session€of€General€Assembly,€with€reference€to€items€of€its€agenda€relating€to€theŠ  ` Šracist€Ō_ŌrgimesŌ_Ō€of€southern€Africa,€were€embodied€in€the€report.€Moreover,€the€Committee€wasŠ ł I Šinformed€that€the€Government€of€Ecuador€had€decided€„€in€the€light€of€certain€observations€madeŠ ā 2  Šduring€the€Committeeššs€consideration€of€that€Governmentššs€previous€report€„€to€incorporate€into€itsŠ Ė   Šnew€Penal€Code€a€number€of€provisions€penalizing€offences€against€racial€discrimination,Š “  Šparticularly€those€described€in€article€4€of€the€Convention;€and€the€texts€of€articles€211„215€of€theŠ ķ  Špreliminary€draft€of€the€proposed€Code€were€embodied€in€an€addendum€to€the€third€periodic€report.Š †Ö  ŠĢ128.€€It€was€noted€that€the€draft€articles€of€the€Penal€Code€mentioned€in€the€preceding€paragraphŠ XØ  Šsatisfied€the€requirements€of€article€4€of€the€Convention€in€all€but€two€respects:€the€financing€ofŠ A‘ Šracist€activities,€prohibited€under€paragraph€(a)€of€article€4,€and€the€outlawing€and€prohibition€ofŠ *z Šracist€organizations,€required€under€paragraph€(b)€of€that€article,€were€not€included€among€theŠ c Šoffences€described€in€the€draft€articles€of€the€Penal€Code.€€Some€members€wondered€whether€thatŠ üL Šomission€was€attributed€to€the€presence€in€Ecuadorian€law€of€some€general€provisions€which€madeŠ å5 Šit€unnecessary€for€those€two€items€to€be€added€to€the€draft.Š Ī ŠĢ129.€€The€representative€of€the€Government€of€Ecuador€replied€to€several€specific€questions€put€toŠ  š Šhim€in€the€course€of€the€discussion.Š ‰Ł ŠŠ  rĀ Šņ ņŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€A/31/18€+€Corr.1€(1976)ó óŠ ° ŠĢĢ222.€The€fourth€periodic€report€of€Ecuador,€submitted€in€two€successive€documents,€was€consideredŠ l¼ Šby€the€Committee€together€with€the€introductory€statement€made€by€the€representative€of€theŠ U„ ŠGovernment€of€Ecuador.€€The€Committee€noted€with€satisfaction€that€a€preliminary€draft€of€severalŠ > Ž Šarticles€of€the€Penal€Code,€currently€in€the€course€of€amendment,€was€provided;€that€information€onŠ ' w Šadministrative€and€other€measures€was€supplied;€that€no€cases€of€alleged€racial€discrimination€hadŠ  ` Šbeen€brought€before€the€courts;€and€that€the€comments€made€during€the€Committeeššs€considerationŠ ł I Šof€past€reports€of€Ecuador€had€been€taken€into€account,€both€in€the€preparation€of€the€report€and€inŠ ā 2  Šthe€drafting€of€the€proposed€amendments€to€the€Penal€Code.Š Ė   ŠĢ223.€€Members€of€the€Committee€took€note€with€appreciation€of€the€information€on€theŠ ķ  Šadministrative€and€other€measures,€particularly€in€the€fields€of€education€and€agrarian€reform.€€SomeŠ †Ö  Šmembers€of€the€Committee€welcomed€those€measures€as€manifestations€of€a€general€Ō_ŌprogrammeŌ_ŌŠ oæ  Šaimed€at€raising€the€standard€of€living€of€all€population€groups€in€the€country,€and€therebyŠ XØ  Šestablishing€an€economic€an€social€infrastructure€conducive€to€the€application€of€the€Convention€byŠ A‘ Šimproving€the€conditions€of€the€population;€other€members€emphasized,€in€addition,€the€direct€effectŠ *z Šof€those€measures€upon€the€disadvantaged€segments€of€the€population€in€particular,€and€consideredŠ c Šthem€to€be€in€keeping€with€the€provisions€of€article€2,€paragraph2,€of€the€Convention.€€It€was€in€theŠ üL Šlatter€context€also€that€they€viewed€the€steps€taken€to€strengthen€the€teaching€of€Ō_ŌQuechuaŌ_Ō€„€whichŠ å5 Šwas€considered€part€of€the€national€heritage€„€but€in€the€framework€of€a€bilingual€system€ofŠ Ī Šeducation€conducive€to€the€establishment€of€a€dialogue€between€all€sectors€of€the€population.Š · ŠĢ224.€€Members€of€the€Committee€took€note€of€the€fact€that,€taking€into€account€comments€madeŠ ‰Ł Šduring€the€Committeeššs€consideration€of€the€previous€reports€of€Ecuador,€the€Standing€LegislativeŠ rĀ ŠCommittee€was€planning€to€consider€amending€the€wording€of€paragraph€3€of€article€211€of€theŠ [« Špreliminary€draft€of€the€Penal€Code,€which€provides€for€punishment€to€any€person€who€š šparticipatesŠ D” Šin€racist€activities€or€belongs€to€organizations€whose€purpose€is€to€propagate€or€promote€racialŠ -} Šdiscriminationšš.€€Although€some€members€thought€that,€under€existing€domestic€law€and€inŠ f Šapplication€of€article€141€of€the€Constitution,€the€police€could€at€present€take€action€with€regard€toŠ ’O Šracist€groups€and€organizations,€if€any€were€formed;€and€although€other€members€were€of€the€viewŠ č 8 Šthat,€since€the€provisions€of€the€Convention€had€become€part€of€internal€law,€the€provisions€of€articleŠ Ń!!  Š4€of€the€Convention€were€already€binding€„€all€members€who€participated€in€the€discussion€of€thatŠ ŗ" ! Šquestion€welcomed€a€change€in€the€wording€of€paragraph€3€of€article€211€of€the€preliminary€draftŠ £#ó" Šof€the€Penal€Code€that€would€result€in€avoiding€any€ambiguity€and€bringing€the€text€into€fullerŠ Œ$Ü# Šconformity€with€the€wording€of€article€4,€paragraph€(b),€of€the€Convention.€€Moreover,€it€wasŠ u%Å $ Šobserved€that€an€organization€might€surreptitiously€engage€in€propagating€or€promoting€racialŠ ^&®!% Šdiscrimination€without€declaring€as€its€š špurposešš€the€performance€of€such€acts;€article€4,€paragraphŠ G'—"& Š(b),€of€the€Convention,€however,€laid€down€the€obligation€to€š šdeclare€illegal€and€prohibitŠ 0(€#' Šorganizations€...€which€promote€and€incite€racial€discriminationšš,€and€not€merely€those€whoseŠ )i$( Šš špurposešš€was€to€promote€and€incite€racial€discrimination.Š *R%) ŠĢ225.€€The€hope€was€expressed€by€several€members€that€the€text€of€the€provisions€of€the€projectedŠ Ō+$'+ Šamendments€to€the€Penal€Code€would€be€transmitted€to€the€Committee€after€their€adoption;€and€thatŠ ½, (, Šfurther€information€on€measures€giving€effect€to€the€provision€of€article€7€of€the€Convention,Š ¦-ö(- Šinformation€on€measures€taken€in€accordance€with€the€provisions€of€article€2€(para.€1,€Ō_ŌsubparaŌ_Ō.€(e))Š ° Šof€the€Convention,€and€the€information€envisaged€in€general€recommendations€III€and€IV€would€alsoŠ ™é Šbe€supplied€in€the€next€report.Š ‚Ņ ŠĢ226.€€The€following€questions€were€asked€by€members€of€the€Committee:€(a)€With€reference€toŠ T¤ Šarticle€178€Ō_Ō(cŌ_Ō)€of€the€Constitution,€which€called€for€the€promotion€of€the€cultural€development€ofŠ =  Šš šnatives€and€peasantsšš,€and€article€189€(o)€of€that€instrument,€which€dealt€with€agricultural€Ō_ŌlabourŌ_Ō,Š & v Šparticularly€that€performed€š šby€nativesšš:€Were€all€Ecuadorian€peasants€natives?€€Or€was€there€aŠ  _ Šdifference€between€Ecuadorian€peasants€and€Ecuadorian€natives?€€And€if€so,€what€difference?€€(b)Š ų H ŠWhat€was€the€proportion€of€natives€to€the€total€Ecuadorian€population?€€Ō_Ō(cŌ_Ō)€With€reference€to€theŠ į 1  Šinformation€that€some€10€per€cent€of€the€Ecuadorian€population€had€been€affected€by€the€agrarianŠ Ź   Šreform:€What€proportion€of€Ecuadorian€Indians€had€Ō_ŌbenefitedŌ_Ō€from€the€redistribution€of€land?€€(d)Š ³  ŠIf€an€act€described€in€article€4€of€the€Convention€were€committed€before€the€new€Penal€Code€enteredŠ œģ  Šinto€force,€could€it€be€penalized€under€existing€Ecuadorian€legislation?€€(e)€Did€the€provisions€ofŠ …Õ  Šarticle€141,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Ecuadorian€Constitution€„€which€stipulated€that€any€discriminationŠ n¾  Šbased€on€race€and€constituting€an€affront€to€human€dignity€was€an€offence€punishable€by€law€„€applyŠ W§  Što€employment€in€the€private€sector?€€(f)€What€remedies€were€available,€in€accordance€with€articleŠ @ Š6€of€the€Convention,€to€the€victims€of€such€offences?Š )y ŠĢ227.€€The€representative€of€the€Government€of€Ecuador€referred€to€the€discussion€„€summarized€inŠ ūK Šparagraph€224€above€„€of€the€relationship€between€the€provisions€of€article€4€of€the€Convention€andŠ ä4 Šthose€article€211€of€the€preliminary€draft€of€the€Penal€Code€and€reaffirmed€that€the€plans€to€considerŠ Ķ Šrewording€paragraph€3€of€the€latter€article€had€been€prompted€by€the€discussions€in€the€CommitteeŠ ¶ Šat€previous€sessions€of€past€Ecuadorian€reports.€€With€reference€to€the€rŌ_ŌequestsŌ_Ō€enumerated€inŠ Ÿļ Šparagraph€225€above,€he€provided€additional€information€on€measures€taken€in€accordance€with€theŠ ˆŲ Šprovisions€of€article€7€of€the€Convention€and€referred€to€information€already€submitted€to€theŠ qĮ ŠCommittee€on€the€composition€of€the€population.€€He€gave€the€following€replies€to€the€questionsŠ ZŖ Šenumerated€in€paragraph€226,€above:€With€regard€to€the€second€question,€he€said€that€50€per€centŠ C“ Šof€the€Ecuadorian€population€consisted€of€members€of€the€indigenous€population.€€With€regard€toŠ ,| Šthe€fourth€question,€he€stated€that,€prior€to€the€entry€into€force€of€the€Convention,€the€EcuadorianŠ e ŠConstitution€had€stipulated€that€racial€discrimination€was€an€offence€punishable€by€law;€when€theŠ žN ŠGovernment€had€ratified€the€Convention,€its€provision€had€automatically€been€incorporated€into€theŠ ē 7 ŠConstitution.€€With€respect€to€the€fifth€question,€he€said€that€article€141€of€the€Constitution€made€noŠ Š!   Šdistinction€between€the€public€sector€and€the€private€sector€and€that€any€act€of€discrimination€wasŠ ¹" ! Špunishable€by€law.€€And,€with€reference€to€the€sixth€question,€he€stated€that€any€person€who€was€theŠ ¢#ņ" Švictim€of€discriminatory€practices€could€bring€the€matter€before€the€courts.€€Finally,€he€assured€theŠ ‹$Ū# ŠCommittee€that€information€would€be€supplied€concerning€questions€which€had€not€been€answered.Š t%Ä $ ŠŠ  ]&­!% Šņ ņŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€A/34/18€(1979)ó óŠ ° ŠĢĢ357.€€The€fifth€periodic€report€of€Ecuador€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/20/Add.35€and€36)€was€considered€togetherŠ l¼ Šwith€the€introductory€statement€made€by€the€representative€of€the€reporting€State,€who€informed€theŠ U„ ŠCommittee€of€the€new€developments€in€Ecuador€since€the€submission€of€the€previous€report,€theŠ > Ž Šmost€significant€of€which€were€the€adoption€of€a€new€Constitution,€the€changes€made€in€the€PenalŠ ' w ŠCode€pursuant€to€the€provisions€of€the€Convention€and€the€measures€taken€to€give€effect€to€theŠ  ` Šagrarian€reform€of€the€country,€from€which€90,000€peasant€families€had€so€far€benefitted.Š ł I ŠĢ358.€€The€Committee€welcomed€in€particular€the€new€legislative€measures€adopted€by€Ecuador€inŠ Ė   Šaccordance€with€the€provisions€of€the€Convention.€€It€was€asked€in€this€regard€when€the€newŠ “  ŠConstitution€would€enter€into€force,€whether€it€would€supersede€the€1945€Constitution€and€whetherŠ ķ  ŠDecree€No.€3194€of€29€January€1979€putting€into€operation€the€provisions€of€the€Convention,€andŠ †Ö  Šincorporating€practically€verbatim€the€provisions€of€article€4€(a),€(b)€and€Ō_Ō(cŌ_Ō)€in€the€Penal€Code,€hadŠ oæ  Šentered€into€force.Š XØ  ŠĢ359.€€In€connection€with€the€agrarian€reform,€it€was€observed€that€it€would€be€useful€to€have,€in€theŠ *z Šnext€periodic€report,€more€detailed€statistics€which€would€give€a€clearer€picture€of€the€progress€madeŠ c Šin€that€regard.€€It€would€be€particularly€interesting€to€know,€on€the€basis€of€demographic€data,€howŠ üL Šmuch€land€still€had€to€be€redistributed€and€among€how€many€families.€€It€was€also€asked€what€effortsŠ å5 Šwere€under€way€to€eliminate€the€traditional€exploitation€of€ņņŌ_ŌhuasipunguerosŌ_Ōóó€(tenant€farmers).Š Ī ŠĢ360.€€With€regard€to€the€implementation€of€article€6€of€the€Convention,€it€was€noted€that€EcuadorŠ  š Šhad€established€specialized€courts€of€justice€for€the€purpose€of€ensuring€restoration€of€the€rights€ofŠ ‰Ł Šany€citizen€impaired€by€the€administrative€authorities.€An€explanation€was€requested€as€to€theŠ rĀ Šmeaning€of€the€words€š šspecialized€courtsšš.€Š [« ŠĢ361.€€With€regard€to€the€implementation€of€article€7,€members€of€the€Committee€expressed€the€hopeŠ -} Šthat€the€neŌ_ŌxtŌ_Ō€periodic€report€of€Ecuador€would€furnish€additional€information€about€activities€in€theŠ f Šeducational€and€cultural€fields.Š ’O ŠĢ362.€€The€representative€of€Ecuador,€replying€to€questions€by€members€of€the€Committee,€informedŠ Ń!!  Šthem€that€the€new€Constitution€would€enter€into€force€on€10€August€1979:€the€1945€Constitution€hadŠ ŗ" ! Šbeen€mentioned€in€the€report€because€that€was€the€one€in€force€in€the€meantime.€€He€confirmed€thatŠ £#ó" ŠDecree€No.€3194,€amending€the€Penal€Code,€had€already€become€law.€€He€also€stated€that€it€wasŠ Œ$Ü# Šdifficult€to€give€precise€percentages€for€the€demographic€composition€of€his€country;€the€races€ofŠ u%Å $ Šwhich€the€population€was€composed€were€fully€intermingled.€€The€agrarian€reform€was€proceedingŠ ^&®!% Šslowly€because€of€technological,€economic€and€social€problems,€but€the€system€by€whichŠ G'—"& ŠņņŌ_ŌhuasipunguerosŌ_Ōóó€worked€the€land€had€been€totally€abolished€by€the€1964€agrarian€reform.€€As€regardsŠ 0(€#' Šthe€meaning€of€š šspecialized€courtsšš€he€stated€that€they€were€administrative€courts.€€Š )i$( ŠŠ  *R%) Šņ ņŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€A/37/18€(1982)ó ó€Š ° ŠĢĢ204.€€The€seventh€periodic€report€of€Ecuador€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/91/Add.2)€was€introduced€by€theŠ n¾ Šrepresentative€of€the€reporting€State€who€pointed€out,€in€particular,€that€the€decision€to€incorporateŠ W§ Šthe€provisions€of€article€4€of€the€Convention€into€the€Penal€Code€was€a€consequence€of€the€dialogueŠ @  Šinitiated€between€the€Committee€and€Ecuador€with€the€submission€of€its€first€periodic€report.€Š ) y ŠEcuador€had€acceded€to€all€the€international€conventions€on€the€protection€of€human€rights€and€itŠ  b Šwas€one€of€the€few€countries€that€had€made€the€declaration€provided€for€in€article€14€of€theŠ ū K ŠConvention.€€He€also€pointed€out€that€within€the€framework€of€the€National€Development€Plan,€theŠ ä 4  ŠGovernment€was€Ō_ŌendeavouringŌ_Ō€to€improve€the€living€conditions€of€the€agricultural€population€andŠ Ķ   Šhad€decided€to€devote€one€third€of€State€budget€to€education€of€its€population.Š ¶  ŠĢ205.€€The€Committee€congratulated€Ecuador€on€the€quality€of€its€report,€which€contained€the€textsŠ ˆŲ  Šof€the€legislative€provisions€enacted€to€give€effect€to€the€Convention.€€Several€members€emphasizedŠ qĮ  Šthat€Ecuador€had€made€the€declaration€according€to€article€14€of€the€Convention.Š ZŖ  ŠĢ206.€€With€reference€to€article€2€of€the€Convention€and€in€order€to€appreciate€better€theŠ ,| Šimplementation€of€the€provisions€of€the€Convention€in€Ecuador,€further€information€was€requestedŠ e Šconcerning€the€ethnic€composition€of€the€population,€since€it€was€known€only€that€the€indigenousŠ žN Špopulation€amounted€to€50€per€cent.€€It€was€asked€what€was€done€to€ensure€that€the€indigenousŠ ē7 Špopulation€enjoyed€human€rights€and€fundamental€freedoms€under€the€same€conditions€as€others€andŠ Š  Šhow€it€was€protected€in€the€courts;€whether€the€various€ethnic€groups€could€receive€instruction€inŠ ¹  Štheir€own€language€and€whether€the€new€Constitution€of€1978€had€introduced€changes€in€that€area.€Š ¢ņ ŠMembers€of€the€Committee€requested€more€details€on€the€teaching€of€Ō_ŌquechuaŌ_Ō€and€on€the€use€ofŠ ‹Ū ŠŌ_ŌquechuaŌ_Ō€and€other€languages€in€administrative,€judicial€and€other€matters.€€In€so€far€as€EcuadorŠ tÄ Šguaranteed€the€rights€set€forth€in€the€international€instruments,€it€was€asked€whether€it€transformedŠ ]­ Šthem€into€individual€guarantees€of€which€a€person€could€avail€himself€directly€against€the€StateŠ F– Šauthorities;€and€whether€the€benefits€of€those€guarantees€were€being€extended€to€foreigners.€Š / ŠReferring€to€the€implementation€of€the€Governmentššs€agrarian€reform€mentioned€in€the€report,€theŠ h Šmembers€of€the€Committee€raised€several€questions,€in€particular,€whether€the€land€was€first€boughtŠ  Q Šfrom€the€rich€landowners€before€being€redistributed;€whether€only€arable€land€was€involved;€whatŠ ź : Šthe€proportion€was€of€people€who€had€no€land€and€to€which€group€they€belonged;€how€manyŠ Ó!#  Šindigenous€families€had€benefitted€from€an€allocation€of€land€and€whether€they€could€emigrate€toŠ ¼" ! Šthe€city€in€cases€where€they€had€settled€on€land€allocated€to€them€which€did€not€suit€them;€whetherŠ „#õ" Šthe€budget€provided€sufficient€funds€for€water,€irrigation€and€improvement€of€the€quality€of€life€ofŠ Ž$Ž# Šthe€rural€population€as€well€as€what€measures€concerning€infrastructure€and€agricultural€equipmentŠ w%Ē $ Šhad€been€adopted€in€Ecuador€in€order€to€ensure€the€success€of€the€agrarian€reform.€€AdditionalŠ `&°!% Šinformation€was€also€requested€on€priorities€of€the€National€Development€Plan€and€on€measuresŠ I'™"& Štaken€under€article€2,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Convention€in€Ō_ŌfavourŌ_Ō€of€the€most€disadvantaged€groupsŠ 2(‚#' Šof€the€population€to€ensure€their€adequate€development.Š )k$( ŠĢ207.€€With€reference€to€article€4€of€the€Convention,€some€members€of€the€Committee€took€note€ofŠ ķ*=&* ŠDecree€No.€3194,€which€amended€the€Ecuadorian€Penal€Code€with€a€view€to€giving€effect€to€theŠ Ö+&'+ Šprovisions€of€this€article.€€More€details€were€asked€for€on€the€judicial€guarantees€surroundingŠ æ,(, Šprotection€against€racial€discrimination,€and€the€protection€of€the€basic€rights€of€the€citizen,€sinceŠ Ø-ų(- Šthey€were€not€specified€in€the€report.Š ° ŠĢ208.€€As€regards€article€5€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€drew€attention€to€theŠ ‚Ņ Šprovisions€of€the€Constitution€of€1978,€which€provided€for€the€right€of€ņņhabeas€corpusóó€before€theŠ k» Šmagistrate€or€President€of€the€Council,€who€verified€the€legality€of€the€order€for€the€deprivation€ofŠ T¤ Šfreedom.€€It€was€asked€whether€the€magistrate€or€the€President€of€the€Council,€who€were€agents€ofŠ =  Šthe€executive€power,€also€exercise€judicial€functions,€whether€their€decision€was€subject€to€judicialŠ & v Šcontrol€and€whether€an€administrative€authority€in€Ecuador€could€ensure€a€decision€taken€by€theŠ  _ Šjudicial€power.Š ų H ŠĢ209.€€With€regard€to€article€6€of€the€Convention,€several€members€of€the€Committee€asked€forŠ Ź   Šclarification€on€how€Ecuadorššs€judicial€organization€was€set€up,€how€the€rights€of€the€Ō_ŌdefenceŌ_Ō€wereŠ ³  Šensured,€whether€Ō_ŌquechuaŌ_Ō€could€be€used€in€the€courts€and€what€were€the€rules€of€penal,€civil€andŠ œģ  Šadministrative€procedure.Š …Õ  ŠĢ210.€€Turning€to€article€7€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€commended€the€EcuadorianŠ W§  ŠGovernment€for€allocating€one€third€of€its€national€budget€to€education.€€However,€more€details€wereŠ @ Šrequested€on€the€specific€measures€taken€in€the€area€of€teaching,€education,€culture€and€information,Š )y Šin€particular,€on€the€role€of€the€information€media€in€the€dissemination€of€other€cultures€and€theŠ b Šprinciples€of€human€rights€and€the€way€in€which€the€population€was€informed€of€its€rights,€on€whatŠ ūK Šwas€being€done€to€promote€indigenous€languages€and€studies€and€whether€Ecuador€was€developingŠ ä4 Šits€exchanges€with€other€Latin€American€countries.€€With€regard€to€the€indication€in€the€report€thatŠ Ķ Šeducation€was€aimed€at€instilling€a€spirit€of€tolerance€in€pupils,€more€information€was€requested€onŠ ¶ Šwhat€was€meant€by€š šspirit€of€tolerancešš€and€on€the€way€in€which€it€could€be€instilled.Š Ÿļ ŠĢ211.€€Replying€to€questions€raised€by€members€of€the€Committee,€the€representative€of€EcuadorŠ qĮ Šstated€that€in€the€economic€area€a€new€experiment€was€undertaken€at€the€initiative€of€the€CentralŠ ZŖ ŠBank€of€Ecuador,€wŌ_ŌhichŌ_Ō€had€decided€to€grant€loans€to€indigenous€farmers€and€had€set€up€mobileŠ C“ Šunits€for€the€most€remote€regions.€€The€National€Development€Bank€also€granted€loans€toŠ ,| Šdisadvantaged€farmers.Š e ŠĢ212.€€With€reference€to€questions€concerning€articles€5€and€6€of€the€Convention,€the€representativeŠ ē 7 Šstated€that€his€Government,€anxious€to€avoid€abuses€of€power€with€respect€to€private€individuals,Š Š!   Šhad€taken€steps€to€make€the€person€in€charge€of€implementing€the€right€of€ņņhabeas€corpusóóŠ ¹" ! Šindependent€of€all€three€powers,€legislative,€executive€and€judicial.€€That€was€why€application€forŠ ¢#ņ" Šthe€remedy€of€ņņhabeas€corpusóó€was€made€to€an€elected€official,€either€by€the€victim€or€his€lawyer.€€TheŠ ‹$Ū# Šmagistrate€or€President€of€the€Council€examined€the€legality€of€the€order€for€the€deprivation€ofŠ t%Ä $ Šfreedom€and€heard€the€two€parties,€after€which€he€could€order€the€release€of€the€detained€person.€Š ]&­!% ŠWith€regard€to€legal€protection,€the€representative€said€that€under€article€107€of€the€Constitution€aŠ F'–"& Šperson€who€did€not€have€the€means€of€paying€a€lawyer€was€entitled€to€the€services€of€a€publicŠ /(#' ŠŌ_ŌdefenceŌ_Ō€counsel€(ņņŌ_ŌdefensorŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌpblicoŌ_Ōóó).€Š )h$( ŠĢ213.€€With€reference€to€article€7€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€stated€that€the€educationalŠ ź*:&* ŠŌ_ŌprogrammesŌ_Ō€directed€by€teachers€were€broadcast€by€radio€to€isolated€rural€zones€which€did€not€haveŠ Ó+#'+ Šaccess€to€newspapers€or€television.€€Questionnaires€made€it€possible€to€verify€whether€the€subjectsŠ ¼, (, Štaught€had€been€properly€assimilated€by€the€listeners.€€He€assured€the€Committee€that€all€otherŠ „-õ(- Šquestions€would€be€dealt€with€in€the€next€report€of€Ecuador.Š  ° Šņ ņŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€A/40/18€(1985)Š ° ŠĢĢó ó84.€€The€eighth€periodic€report€of€Ecuador€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/118/Add.4)€was€considered€by€the€CommitteeŠ n¾ Šat€its€701ņņstóó€and€702ņņndóó€meetings,€on€5€and€6€March€1985€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/SR.701€and€SR.702).Š W§ ŠĢ85.€€The€report€was€introduced€by€the€representative€of€Ecuador€who€referred€to€the€relevant€articlesŠ ) y Šof€the€Constitution€and€Penal€Code€which€guaranteed€the€rights€set€forth€in€the€Convention.€€HeŠ  b Špointed€out€that€the€revision€of€the€Constitution€which€had€been€taking€place€since€submission€ofŠ ū K Šthe€report€had€further€strengthened€the€remedy€of€€ņņhabeas€corpusóó.€€The€Governmentņ ņ€ó ówasŠ ä 4  ŠŌ_ŌendeavouringŌ_Ō€to€raise€the€level€of€literacy€and€to€extend€free€education€among€the€less€privilegedņ ņŠ Š  Šó ósectors€of€the€populationņ ņ€ó óand€had€embarked€upon€a€large€scale€Ō_ŌprogrammeŌ_Ō€of€economicŠ ¹  Šreconstruction€designed€to€eliminate€poverty.Š „õ  ŠĢ86.€€The€Committee€commended€the€Ecuadorian€Government€for€its€thorough€report.€€It€hadŠ wĒ  Šfollowed€the€Committeeššs€general€guidelines€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/70/Rev.1)€and€provided€a€wealth€ofŠ `°  Šinformation€answering€the€many€questions€which€had€been€raised€during€the€consideration€ofŠ I™ ŠEcuadorššs€previous€report.€€The€current€report€was€an€excellent€example€of€how€to€present€theŠ 2‚ ŠGovernmentššs€efforts€to€implement€the€Convention.€€Ecuador€was€a€party€to€all€the€human€rightsŠ k Šconventions€containing€reporting€obligations,€had€made€the€declaration€under€article€14€of€theŠ T ŠConvention€and€had€ratified€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.€Š ķ= ŠThe€current€report€was€an€encouraging€sign€of€political€will€to€remove€the€vestiges€of€discriminationŠ Ö& Šand€to€rectify€existing€inequalities,€especially€in€the€area€of€education,€which€was€a€prerequisite€forŠ æ Šthe€elimination€of€discrimination.€€Detailed€information€could€be€provided€in€the€next€reportŠ Øų Šconcerning€the€long€established€institution€of€ņņhabeas€corpusóó€in€Ecuadorian€legislation.€€ClarificationsŠ ‘į Šwere€sought€regarding€the€percentage€of€Indians€in€the€population,€since€there€seemed€to€be€aŠ zŹ Šdiscrepancy€between€the€50€per€cent€figure€indicated€in€previous€reports€and€the€figure€of€18.5€perŠ c³ Šcent€given€in€the€present€report.Š Lœ ŠĢ87.€€With€regard€to€the€implementation€of€article€2€in€conjunction€with€article€5€of€the€Convention,Š n Šthe€Committee€wished€to€have€more€information€on€the€kind€of€economic€activities€performed€byŠ  W Šthe€various€ethnic€groups,€particularly:€how€the€increase€in€gross€national€product€was€distributedŠ š @ Šin€terms€of€ethnic€groups;€how€the€indigenous€tribes€leading€a€nomadic€and€primitive€existence€couldŠ Ł!)  Šeffectively€exercise€their€rights€under€such€conditions€despite€the€fact€that€everyone€was€equal€underŠ Ā"! Šthe€law;€whether,€under€the€agricultural€conditions€prevailing€in€Ecuador,€the€land€reform€was€viableŠ «#ū" Šand€could€support€the€needs€of€peasant€families€to€who€individual€plots€of€land€of€nine€hectares€hadŠ ”$ä# Šbeen€allocated,€(in€that€connection€a€breakdown€of€the€population€affected€by€the€agrarian€reformŠ }%Ķ $ Šwas€requested€in€the€next€report)€and€what€assistance€was€being€given€to€indigenous€communitiesŠ f&¶!% Što€enable€them€to€effect€the€transition€from€a€subsistence€economy€to€a€cash€economy.€€TheŠ O'Ÿ"& ŠCommittee€would€also€welcome€further€information€concerning€the€special€measures€theŠ 8(ˆ#' ŠGovernment€might€be€taking€to€bridge€the€wide€differences€in€income€levels€and€to€deal€withŠ !)q$( Šunemployment.€€Additional€data€were€requested€on€the€improvements€in€health€care€in€the€variousŠ  *Z%) Šethnic€communities.Š ó*C&* ŠĢ88.€€The€Committee€asked€what€measures€were€being€planned€to€preserve€the€culture€and€way€of€lifeŠ Å,(, Šof€the€countryššs€ethnic€groups€which€would€not€jeopardize€the€countryššs€modernization.€Š ®-ž(- ŠClarification€was€sought€concerning€the€constitutional€provision€under€which€Ō_ŌQuechuaŌ_Ō€or€theŠ ° Šappropriate€indigenous€language€could€be€used€in€addition€to€Spanish€in€schools€situated€in€areasŠ ™é Šwhere€the€population€was€predominantly€indigenous€and€it€was€asked€whether€that€was€consistentŠ ‚Ņ Šwith€the€statement€in€the€report€to€the€effect€that€the€Constitution€established€the€right€of€theŠ k» Šindigenous€population€to€be€taught€in€their€own€language,€particularly€in€cases€where€the€indigenousŠ T¤ Špopulation€was€not€predominant.€€Members€of€the€Committee€requested€information€regarding€theŠ =  Šmeasures€being€taken€to€enable€indigenous€populations€living€in€such€areas€as€the€Amazon€toŠ & v Šimplement€their€right€to€use€their€own€language€and€receive€bilingual€education.€€They€also€askedŠ  _ Šabout€intermarriage€between€different€ethnic€groups€and€whether€it€was€subject€to€any€restrictions;Š ų H Šwhether€the€target€for€the€illiteracy€rate€of€5.9€per€cent€mentioned€in€the€report€had€been€achievedŠ į 1  Šby€August€1984;€what€percentage€of€Ecuadorššs€budget€was€allocated€to€education;€what€percentageŠ Ź   Šof€the€secondary„school€leavers€belonged€to€each€indigenous€group;€what€percentage€of€theŠ ³  Šindigenous€population€did€not€speak€Spanish;€whether€interpretation€was€automatically€provided€forŠ œģ  Šsuch€people€whenever€necessary,€for€example,€when€taking€part€in€court€proceedings,€and€whetherŠ …Õ  Šit€was€free€of€charge.Š n¾  ŠĢ89.€€Members€of€the€Committee€sought€clarification€regarding€the€provision€of€article€33€of€theŠ @ ŠConstitution€under€which€suffrage€was€compulsory€for€those€who€could€read€and€write€and€optionalŠ )y Šfor€illiterates.€€In€that€connection,€it€was€pointed€out€that,€though€the€right€not€to€vote€was€not€denied,Š b Šthe€differentiation€between€the€duty€to€vote€or€the€right€to€vote€based€on€the€voterššs€level€ofŠ ūK Šeducation€was€not€easy€to€understand.€€Practical€difficulties€resulting€from€illiteracy€could€hardlyŠ ä4 Šjustify€making€such€a€differentiation.€€In€that€context,€it€was€asked€what€proportion€of€indigenousŠ Ķ Špeople€had€thus€far€been€left€out€of€the€countryššs€political€life.€€The€ComŌ_ŌmitteeŌ_Ō€would€welcomeŠ ¶ Šfurther€information€on€the€degree€of€political€representation€of€the€indigenous€groups€and€the€kindŠ Ÿļ Šof€self„management€systems€followed€in€those€communities€to€allow€them€to€improve€their€situationŠ ˆŲ Šwithout€loss€of€cultural€identity.€€Further€information€would€also€be€welcomed€on€the€social€statusŠ qĮ Šof€the€š šmestizosšš€and€š šmulattosšš.Š ZŖ ŠĢ90.€€In€relation€to€article€4€of€the€Convention,€members€stated€that€it€would€be€helpful€for€theŠ ,| ŠCommittee,€and€also€as€an€example€for€other€States€parties,€to€have€the€exact€reference€to,€and€theŠ e Štext€of,€the€relevant€section€of€the€Penal€Code€which€incorporated€the€provisions€of€that€article€ofŠ žN Šthe€Convention.€€In€that€context€it€was€pointed€out€that€the€fact€that€the€Penal€Code€had€not€beenŠ ē 7 Šapplied€did€not€imply€that€there€were€no€cases€of€racial€discrimination;€clarifications€were€requestedŠ Š!   Šin€that€respect.Š ¹" ! ŠĢ91.€€As€far€as€article€7€of€the€Convention€was€concerned,€members€requested€information€on€howŠ ‹$Ū# Šthe€public€at€large€was€being€informed€about€the€provisions€of€the€Convention€and€the€ways€in€whichŠ t%Ä $ Šthey€were€applied.Š ]&­!% ŠĢ92.€€In€reply€to€questions€raised€and€observations€made€by€members€of€the€Committee,€theŠ /(#' Šrepresentative€of€Ecuador€explained€that€the€process€of€interbreeding€was€still€going€on€in€hisŠ )h$( Šcountry€and€that€by€some€reckonings,€50€per€cent€of€the€population€was€indigenous,€by€others€onlyŠ *Q%) Š18€per€cent.€€The€next€report€would€furnish€fuller€information€on€the€various€ethnic€groups€andŠ ź*:&* Šcultures€in€Ecuador.Š Ó+#'+ ŠĢ93.€€With€regard€to€the€question€of€land€reform,€the€main€problem€was€not€the€distribution€of€arableŠ „-õ(- Šland,€which€was€plentiful,€but€rather€that€of€increasing€its€productivity.€€Although€productivity€wasŠ ° Šcurrently€growing€at€the€rate€of€only€2.5€per€cent€per€annum,€it€was€hoped€that€it€would€increase€byŠ ™é Š50€per€cent€in€the€next€10€years.€€He€indicated€that€the€total€number€of€recipient€peasant€familiesŠ ‚Ņ Šunder€the€agrarian€reform€referred€to€in€the€report€should€not€be€interpreted€as€the€total€number€ofŠ k» Šfamilies€owning€land.€€Many€other€families€had€acquired€land€through€inheritance€or€purchase.€Š T¤ ŠSome€indigenous€communities€had€passed€from€a€subsistence€economy€to€a€cash€economy€and€hadŠ =  Ševen€developed€the€advanced€use€of€credit,€maintaining€accounts€in€foreign€banks€and€exportingŠ & v Štheir€products€to€other€countries.Š  _ ŠĢ94.€€He€informed€the€Committee€that€indigenous€cultures€were€being€preserved€by€the€indigenousŠ į 1  Šgroups€themselves€and€by€other€Ecuadorians€proud€of€their€historic€heritage.€€A€nationalŠ Ź   Šorganization€„€Ō_ŌFODERUMAŌ_Ō€„€had€been€founded€to€help€indigenous€cultures€to€flourish€while€at€theŠ ³  Šsame€time€modernizing€the€living€conditions€of€the€indigenous€people.€€No€single€language€unifiedŠ œģ  Šthe€various€indigenous€groups.€€The€original€inhabitants€had€spoken€many€different€tongues.€€In€theŠ …Õ  Štwelfth€century,€Ō_ŌQuechuaŌ_Ō€had€been€imposed€by€the€invading€Incas€as€a€ņņlingua€francaóó,€and€it€had€beenŠ n¾  Šadopted€by€the€Christian€missionaries,€who€had€spread€it€to€other€tribes.€€However,€the€originalŠ W§  Šlanguages€had€subsisted.€€Currently,€only€about€50€per€cent€of€Indians€spoke€Spanish€in€addition€toŠ @ Štheir€own€vernacular.€€Interracial€marriages€were€not€restricted,€but€indigenous€customs€Ō_ŌfavouredŌ_ŌŠ )y Šexcessive€inbreeding€which€was€leading€to€the€extinction€of€certain€tribes€like€the€Ō_ŌColoradosŌ_Ō€and€theŠ b ŠŌ_ŌJibarosŌ_Ō.Š ūK ŠĢ95.€€Education€received€33€per€cent€of€the€national€budget,€which€was€higher€than€the€30€per€centŠ Ķ Šminimum€mandated€by€article€71€of€the€Constitution.€€Illiteracy€had€now€been€reduced€to€some€12Š ¶ Šper€cent€of€the€population,€with€pockets€of€illiteracy€mainly€in€rural€areas.Š Ÿļ ŠĢ96.€€With€regard€to€the€right€to€vote,€all€citizens€over€18€cŌ_ŌouldŌ_Ō€now€vote€even€if€they€were€illiterate.€Š qĮ ŠThe€new€Constitution€had€given€illiterate€citizens€the€vote€as€an€interim€solution€to€provide€themŠ ZŖ Šwith€some€measure€of€compensation€for€their€vulnerable€position€in€society,€until€such€time€asŠ C“ Šilliteracy€was€eradicated.€€At€the€same€time,€the€law€established€stringent€rules€making€it€difficultŠ ,| Šfor€any€literate€citizens€who€did€not€vote€in€one€election€to€vote€subsequently.€€As€a€result,€a€veryŠ e Šhigh€percentage€had€participated€in€the€latest€elections.Š žN ŠĢ97.€€Finally,€the€representative€of€Ecuador€said€that,€in€its€next€report,€his€country€would€provideŠ Š!   Šmore€detailed€information€on€all€the€points€raised€and€would€also€include€the€texts€of€the€relevantŠ ¹" ! Šsections€of€the€Penal€Code€incorporating€the€provisions€of€article€4€of€the€Convention.Š ¢#ņ" ŠŠ  ‹$Ū# Šņ ņŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€A/45/18€(1990)ó óŠ ° ŠĢĢ100.€€The€ninth€and€tenth€periodic€reports€of€Ecuador,€combined€in€a€single€documentŠ l¼ Š(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/172/Add.4),€were€considered€by€the€Committee€at€its€868ņņthóó€meeting,€on€9€August€1990Š U„ Š(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/SR.868).Š > Ž ŠĢ101.€€The€reports€were€introduced€by€the€representative€of€the€State€party,€who€said€that€his€country,Š  ` Ša€melting€pot€of€races€and€cultures,€guaranteed€for€all€its€citizens€the€free€exercise€of€the€humanŠ ł I Šrights€set€forth€in€the€international€instruments€in€force.€€In€order€to€ensure€full€enjoyment€of€thoseŠ ā 2  Šrights,€his€country,€despite€its€obvious€lack€of€resources,€was€striving€by€all€possible€means€toŠ Ė   Šovercome€underdevelopment,€to€improve€the€living€conditions€of€its€population€and€to€maintainŠ “  Šsocial€peace,€while€fully€respecting€the€environment.€€In€addition€to€the€efforts€being€made€toŠ ķ  Šimprove€the€situation€of€children€and€the€status€of€women,€the€participation€and€integration€of€theŠ †Ö  Šindigenous€populations,€who€accounted€for€18.5€per€cent€of€the€total€population,€was€one€of€theŠ oæ  ŠGovernmentššs€priority€fields€of€action.€€Emphasis€was€being€placed€on€the€literacy€campaign,€as€wasŠ XØ  Šshown€by€the€existence€of€1,750€bilingual€teaching€Ō_ŌcentresŌ_Ō€with€an€enrolment€of€34,000€pupils.€€TheŠ A‘ Šextreme€mobility€of€and€the€miscegenation€in€the€population€were€contributing€to€the€integration€ofŠ *z Šminority€groups€and€were€discouraging€discrimination€in€all€its€forms.Š c ŠĢ102.€€Members€of€the€Committee€noted€with€satisfaction€the€reports€submitted€by€the€GovernmentŠ å5 Šof€Ecuador€and€thanked€the€representative€of€the€State€party€for€his€introductory€statement.€€TheyŠ Ī Šalso€welcomed€the€fact€that€Ecuador€had€made€the€declaration€provided€for€in€article€14,€paragraphŠ · Š1,€of€the€Convention.€€It€was€regretted,€however,€that€the€reports€had€not€been€prepared€inŠ  š Šaccordance€with€the€revised€general€guidelines€adopted€by€the€Committee€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/70/Rev.1)€andŠ ‰Ł Šthat€they€had€not€provided€sufficient€information€concerning€the€practical€implementation€ofŠ rĀ Šconstitutional€or€legislative€provisions€providing€for€action€against€discrimination.€€In€that€respect,Š [« Šmembers€wished€to€know€whether€the€Convention€was€being€directly€invoked€in€Ecuador;€theyŠ D” Šexpressed€surprise€that€apparently€the€Conventionššs€provisions€had€never€been€invoked€before€theŠ -} Šcourts.€€Even€if€its€provisions€had€not€been€invoked,€this€did€not€suffice€as€evidence€that€there€wasŠ f Šno€racial€discrimination€in€Ecuador.Š ’O ŠĢ103.€€Members€of€the€Committee€indicated€their€desire€for€further€information€on€the€ethnicŠ Ń!!  Šcomposition€of€the€population;€on€protection€of€the€natural€environment,€with€which€the€indigenousŠ ŗ" ! Špopulations€lived€in€close€symbiosis;€on€the€measures€taken€by€the€Government€to€protect€theŠ £#ó" Šcountryššs€heritage€and€to€preserve€the€cultural€identity€of€minority€groups;€on€the€languages€whichŠ Œ$Ü# Šcould€be€used€in€the€courts€or€in€the€administration;€on€the€implementation€of€article€2,€paragraphŠ u%Å $ Š1€(d),€of€the€Convention;€on€the€measures€taken€to€reduce€unemployment€and€to€narrow€the€incomeŠ ^&®!% Šgap;€and€on€the€enforcement€of€Law€No.€256€concerning€equality€of€men€and€women.€€InformationŠ G'—"& Šwas€also€requested€concerning€the€measures€taken€in€Ō_ŌfavourŌ_Ō€of€certain€Indian€tribes€„€such€as€theŠ 0(€#' ŠņņŌ_ŌcoloradosŌ_Ōó󀄀which€were€said€to€be€disappearing;€on€the€methods€used€by€certain€oil€companies€toŠ )i$( Šestablish€themselves€in€various€areas€of€the€country€where€indigenous€populations€resided;€and€onŠ *R%) Šthe€activities€of€the€Ō_ŌInstitutoŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌLingsticoŌ_Ō€de€Ō_ŌVeranoŌ_Ō.€€Questions€were€also€raised€about€theŠ ė*;&* Špersistence€of€a€certain€form€of€social€Ō_ŌmarginalizationŌ_Ō,€and€the€views€expressed€in€a€document€ofŠ Ō+$'+ Š1€August€1990€from€the€Confederation€of€Indigenous€Nationalities€of€Ecuador,€which€referred€toŠ ½, (, Šcertain€difficulties€encountered€by€the€indigenous€populations.Š ¦-ö(- Ї104.€€Regarding€the€implementation€of€article€5€of€the€Convention,€members€noted€with€interest€thatŠ ° ŠEcuador€devoted€30€per€cent€of€the€State€budget€to€education.€€In€that€connection,€they€wished€toŠ ™é Šhave€more€information€concerning€the€progress€made€in€the€field€of€education€and€the€literacy€rateŠ ‚Ņ Šof€the€indigenous€populations.€€They€asked€whether€the€aim€was€to€make€those€people€literate€inŠ k» ŠSpanish€or€in€their€own€language€and€what€proportion€of€them€attained€the€higher€educational€level.€Š T¤ ŠRegarding€agrarian€reform€and€the€problems€the€Government€had€encountered€in€connection€withŠ =  Šland€belonging€to€the€indigenous€populations,€it€was€asked€what€percentage€of€the€national€territoryŠ & v Šwas€occupied€by€the€latter;€what€had€been€the€result€of€the€reforms€introduced€in€1973;€how€manyŠ  _ Šland€titles€had€been€granted€to€indigenous€populations;€and€whether€the€latter€were€really€succeedingŠ ų H Šin€progressing€from€a€subsistence€economy€to€a€production€economy.€€Information€was€alsoŠ į 1  Šrequested€concerning€the€budget€and€concerning€the€membership€and€the€activities€of€the€NationalŠ Ź   ŠOffice€of€Indigenous€Affairs.€€Members€also€asked€whether€minority€groups€were€guaranteedŠ ³  Šequality€in€access€to€work,€whether€collective€organization€was€possible€for€them€and€what€healthŠ œģ  Šservices€they€enjoyed.€€With€reference€to€the€political€rights€available€to€members€of€minorityŠ …Õ  Šgroups,€members€asked€whether€the€legislative€and€administrative€measures€mentioned€in€the€reportsŠ n¾  Šhad€yielded€any€results€as€far€as€the€participation€of€the€indigenous€populations€in€public€life€wasŠ W§  Šconcerned;€to€what€extent€they€participated€in€elections;€what€was€their€representation€in€theŠ @ ŠParliament€and€in€the€senior€levels€of€Government;€and€what€were€the€aims€and€activities€of€theŠ )y Šbodies€mentioned€in€paragraph€26€of€the€report.Š b ŠĢ105.€€With€reference€to€article€7€of€the€Convention,€members€asked€whether€the€Government€ofŠ ä4 ŠEcuador€had€taken€immediate€and€effective€measures€in€the€fields€of€education,€culture€andŠ Ķ Šinformation€to€overcome€prejudice€linked€to€racial€discrimination€and€intolerance€and,€in€particular,Š ¶ Šwhether€the€indigenous€populations€were€informed€of€the€relevant€provisions€of€the€internationalŠ Ÿļ Šinstruments€concerning€human€rights.Š ˆŲ ŠĢ106.€€Replying€to€the€questions€asked€by€members€of€the€Committee,€the€representative€of€the€StateŠ ZŖ Šparty€said€that€his€Governmentššs€basic€aim€was€to€ensure€the€development€of€the€countryššs€economicŠ C“ Šand€social€structures.€€Despite€the€considerable€burden€of€its€foreign€debt,€which€amounted€to€$11Š ,| Šbillion€for€a€population€of€10€million€inhabitants,€Ecuador€had€set€up€in€1954€a€National€Council€forŠ e ŠEconomic€and€Social€Planning.€€Particular€efforts€were€also€being€made€to€ensure€the€advancementŠ žN Šof€women€and,€on€18€August€1989,€the€National€Congress€had€adopted€81€pieces€of€legislationŠ ē 7 Šguaranteeing€the€absolute€equality€of€spouses.Š Š!   ŠĢ107.€€Replying€to€the€many€questions€that€had€been€asked€concerning€the€indigenous€populations,Š ¢#ņ" Šthe€representative€of€the€State€party€stressed€the€vital€support€given€by€the€Indian€element€to€theŠ ‹$Ū# Šdevelopment€of€Ecuadorian€culture.€€Both€the€1964€Agrarian€Reform€Act€and€the€subsequentŠ t%Ä $ Šmigration€had€contributed€to€the€blending€of€the€populations,€although€the€countryššs€low€populationŠ ]&­!% Šdensity€had€delayed€the€integration€of€isolated€groups€and€raised€certain€problems.€€Wishing€to€avoidŠ F'–"& Ša€return€to€the€paternalism€of€the€colonial€period,€the€Government€had€made€the€strengthening€ofŠ /(#' Šlocal€autonomy€one€of€its€priorities.€€It€was€thus€Ō_ŌendeavouringŌ_Ō,€through€the€work€of€the€NationalŠ )h$( ŠOffice€of€Indigenous€Affairs,€to€help€the€indigenous€populations€to€develop€within€their€ownŠ *Q%) Šenvironment.€€Those€groups€accounted€for€18.5€per€cent€of€the€total€population€and€a€census€plannedŠ ź*:&* Šfor€1990€should€provide€data€relating€to€each€of€the€ethnic€groups.Š Ó+#'+ ŠĢ108.€€The€Governmentššs€literacy€campaign€aimed€to€contribute€to€the€development€of€the€indigenousŠ „-õ(- Špopulations€and€only€10€per€cent€of€the€population€were€now€illiterate.€€Regarding€land€policy,€theŠ ° Šrepresentative€said€that€the€Government€had€sought€to€establish€a€wide„ranging€dialogue€with€theŠ ™é Šindigenous€population€in€order€to€reach€agreements€on€vital€matters,€such€as€access€to€land,€theŠ ‚Ņ Šš šņņŌ_ŌminifundiosŌ_Ōó󚚀and€the€regulations€of€water€use.€€Regarding€the€participation€of€indigenous€groupsŠ k» Šin€the€public€life€of€the€country,€he€said€that€all€citizens,€whatever€their€origin,€had€access€to€theŠ T¤ Šhighest€positions€in€the€State€and€that€several€persons€of€indigenous€origin€had€played€a€major€roleŠ =  Šin€politics.Š & v ŠĢ109.€€With€reference€to€article€7€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€of€the€State€party€said€thatŠ ų H Šmany€documents€relating€to€human€rights,€including€those€of€the€National€Association€for€HumanŠ į 1  ŠRights,€had€been€translated€into€Ō_ŌQuechuaŌ_Ō.€€That€had€made€the€Ō_ŌQuechuasŌ_Ō€better€acquainted€with€theirŠ Ź   Šrights€and€obligations€and€had€thus€enabled€them€to€take€a€more€active€role€in€society.Š ³  ŠĢ110.€€In€conclusion,€the€representative€of€the€State€party€thanked€the€members€of€the€Committee€forŠ …Õ  Šthe€interest€they€had€shown€in€the€situation€in€his€country€and€said€that€Ecuador€would€provideŠ n¾  Šadditional€information€in€its€future€reports.Š W§  ŠŠ  @ Šņ ņŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€A/48/18€(1993)ó óŠ ° ŠĢĢ128.€€The€Committee€considered€the€eleventh€and€twelfth€periodic€reports€of€EcuadorŠ l¼ Š(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/197/Add.9€and€Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/226/Add.1)€at€its€971ņņstóó,€972ņņndóó€and€983ņņrdóó€meetings,€held€on€10,€11Š U„ Šand€18€March€1993€(see€Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/SR.971,€972€and€983).Š > Ž ŠĢ129.€€Introducing€the€report,€the€representative€of€the€State€party€said€that€there€was€no€systematicŠ  ` Šracial€discrimination€in€Ecuador€and€that€the€inequalities€that€did€exist€were€the€result€of€the€social,Š ł I Šeconomic€and€structural€problems€encountered€by€all€developing€countries.€The€Government€wasŠ ā 2  Šconstantly€trying€to€improve€its€legislation€to€promote€equality€and€would€receive€the€advice€andŠ Ė   Šcomments€of€the€Committee€in€the€best€possible€spirit.Š “  ŠĢ130.€€The€representative€pointed€out€that€the€1989-1992€National€Development€Plan€referred€to€inŠ †Ö  Šthe€report€was€a€particularly€important€instrument,€since€more€emphasis€had€been€placed€on€planningŠ oæ  Šthan€in€the€past.€The€Plan€came€under€the€authority€of€the€Vice-President€and€was€binding€on€theŠ XØ  Špublic€sector.€One€of€the€main€obstacles€to€its€implementation€was€the€influence€of€external€factorsŠ A‘ Šon€the€economy.€In€that€connection,€approximately€30€per€cent€of€the€State€budget€went€to€pay€offŠ *z ŠEcuador's€foreign€debts.Š c ŠĢ131.€€Members€of€the€Committee€expressed€their€appreciation€for€the€high€quality€of€the€reportsŠ å5 Šsubmitted€by€Ecuador.€It€was€noted€that€the€reports€emphasized€that€Ecuador€was€a€multiethnic€andŠ Ī ŠŌ_ŌmulticulturalŌ_Ō€society€and€that€the€State€was€Ō_ŌendeavouringŌ_Ō,€through€the€National€Development€Plan,Š · Što€promote€the€groups€and€cultures€that€were€contributing€to€the€creation€of€a€national€identity.Š  š ŠHowever,€it€was€pointed€out€that€the€reports€did€not€contain€demographic€information€on€the€ethnicŠ ‰Ł Šcomposition€of€Ecuadorian€society.€In€particular,€members€of€the€Committee€requested€specific€dataŠ rĀ Šon€the€birth,€death€and€life€expectancy€rates€of€indigenous€populations€as€compared€with€theŠ [« Špopulation€as€a€whole.€Members€also€pointed€out€that€the€reports€did€not€contain€enough€concreteŠ D” Šexamples€of€how€victims€of€racial€discrimination€were€protected€by€the€legal€system.€Š -} ŠĢ132.€€It€was€noted€that€the€report€placed€considerable€emphasis€on€the€exploitation€of€naturalŠ ’O Šresources€and€environmental€protection.€In€that€regard,€more€detailed€information€was€needed€onŠ č 8 Šthe€effect€of€such€Ō_ŌprogrammesŌ_Ō€on€the€cultural€and€social€life€of€indigenous€populations,€especiallyŠ Ń!!  Šthose€living€in€the€Amazon€region.€Such€Ō_ŌprogrammesŌ_Ō€did€not€appear€to€be€of€direct€benefit€to€theŠ ŗ" ! Špopulations€whose€lands€were€being€used€and€no€mention€of€their€views€on€the€subject€had€beenŠ £#ó" Šincluded€in€the€report.Š Œ$Ü# ŠĢ133.€€In€relation€to€article€2€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€wished€to€know€whichŠ ^&®!% Šgroups€were€considered€as€"indigenous€nationalities";€how€an€individual€was€identified€as€belongingŠ G'—"& Što€a€given€nationality€or€minority;€what€was€meant€by€"popular€cultural€characteristics"€as€referredŠ 0(€#' Što€in€paragraph€13€of€the€eleventh€periodic€report;€and€whether€there€were€any€distinctions€amongŠ )i$( Šaliens€as€to€the€extent€of€the€rights€that€were€guaranteed.Š *R%) ŠĢ134.€€With€respect€to€article€4€of€the€Convention,€members€wished€to€know€what€the€actual€practiceŠ Ō+$'+ Šof€the€courts€was€with€regard€to€penalties€for€participation€in€racist€organizations€or€activities;Š ½, (, Šwhether€there€had€been€any€rulings€in€that€regard€under€the€relevant€law;€and€whether€theŠ ¦-ö(- ŠGovernment€envisaged€any€revisions€to€the€relevant€sections€of€the€Penal€Code.Š ° ŠĢ135.€€Concerning€article€5€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€wished€to€know€what€theŠ ‚Ņ Šexact€criteria€were€that€were€used€by€the€authorities€in€deciding€when€instruction€would€be€providedŠ k» Šin€indigenous€languages;€to€what€extent€children€who€received€instruction€in€an€indigenous€languageŠ T¤ Šalso€received€training€in€Spanish;€why€the€right€to€vote€was€denied€to€illiterates,€who€tended€to€comeŠ =  Šfrom€indigenous€communities;€how€funding€for€the€rural€educational€system€compared€with€fundsŠ & v Šallocated€for€white€or€white-mestizo€students;€whether€the€budget€for€the€bilingual€education€systemŠ  _ Šfor€indigenous€peoples€had€been€significantly€reduced€in€1991;€and€what€measures€were€being€takenŠ ų H Šin€response€to€an€increase€in€health€problems€among€indigenous€communities,€particularly€thoseŠ į 1  Šlinked€to€environmental€degradation€resulting€from€oil€exploration.Š Ź   ŠĢ136.€€Members€of€the€Committee€also€wished€to€know€what€percentage€of€members€of€ParliamentŠ œģ  Šwere€members€of€indigenous€communities;€how€indigenous€people€were€represented€in€localŠ …Õ  Šgovernment;€to€what€extent€indigenous€communities€were€involved€in€decision-making€on€questionsŠ n¾  Šof€direct€concern€to€them,€such€as€land€allocation€and€delimitation;€whether€title€to€indigenous€landsŠ W§  Šwas€held€by€individuals,€families€or€communities;€how€"Ō_ŌethnobiologicalŌ_Ō€reserves"€were€designated;Š @ Šhow€respect€for€the€cultural€values€of€native€populations€was€ensured€in€practice€regardingŠ )y Šdevelopment€projects,€including€exploration€for€hydrocarbons;€what€role€was€played€by€indigenousŠ b Šorganizations€in€monitoring€the€implementation€of€laws€governing€the€exploration€and€exploitationŠ ūK Šof€natural€resources€in€indigenous€areas;€whether€indigenous€communities€and€organizations€wereŠ ä4 Šconsulted€in€decisions€concerning€the€exploitation€of€resources;€whether€compensation€was€madeŠ Ķ Što€indigenous€persons€whose€livelihood€was€jeopardized€by€new€industries;€to€what€extentŠ ¶ Šindigenous€communities€profited€from€the€exploitation€of€hydrocarbons€in€the€Amazon€region;Š Ÿļ Šwhether€the€Government€had€investigated€the€illegal€acts€of€paramilitary€groups€in€indigenousŠ ˆŲ Šcommunities€and€what€measures€had€been€taken€to€better€protect€those€communities€from€furtherŠ qĮ Šacts€of€intimidation€and€coercion;€who€had€set€up€the€various€Ō_ŌQuechuaŌ_Ō€organizations€referred€to€inŠ ZŖ Šparagraph€21€of€the€eleventh€report;€whether€the€large€number€of€imprisoned€indigenous€leaders€hadŠ C“ Šbeen€released;€whether€indigenous€groups€were€precluded€from€forming€their€own€political€parties;Š ,| Šthe€extent€to€which€article€48€of€the€Constitution€applied€to€large€landowners;€whether€indigenousŠ e Špeoples€were€provided€with€tools,€loans,€technical€assistance€or€any€other€infrastructure€when€theyŠ žN Šwere€allocated€land;€and€what€protection€was€afforded€indigenous€communities€in€order€toŠ ē 7 Šdiscourage€attacks€by€larger€landowners.Š Š!   ŠĢ137.€€With€respect€to€article€6€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€wished€to€have€moreŠ ¢#ņ" Šinformation€on€the€Commission€on€Human€Rights,€in€particular€how€it€was€established€and€what€itsŠ ‹$Ū# Šcurrent€activities€were;€on€statistical€data€relating€to€remedies€available€for€acts€of€racism;€onŠ t%Ä $ Šsentences€handed€down€in€connection€with€racist€acts€and€on€whether€complaints€about€such€actsŠ ]&­!% Šhad€been€brought€before€the€Inter-American€Commission€on€Human€Rights;€and€whether€violationŠ F'–"& Šof€the€environmental€regulations€issued€by€the€National€Environmental€Department€gave€rise€to€anyŠ /(#' Šsort€of€civil€liability€or€criminal€responsibility.Š )h$( ŠĢ138.€€With€reference€to€the€indigenous€uprisings€in€1990€and€the€dialogue€subsequently€establishedŠ ź*:&* Šwith€the€leaders€of€the€indigenous€communities,€members€asked€what€demands€the€indigenousŠ Ó+#'+ Šgroups€had€made,€particularly€in€regard€to€land,€and€what€was€the€outcome€of€that€dialogue.Š ¼, (, ŠMembers€of€the€Committee€also€asked€the€representative€to€comment€on€allegations€that€paramilitaryŠ „-õ(- Šgroups€in€the€province€of€Ō_ŌImamburaŌ_Ō€were€operating€against€indigenous€communities€with€theŠ ° Šacquiescence€of€the€Government;€and€on€allegations€that€an€indigenous€community€leader€hadŠ ™é Šsuffered€ill-treatment€in€prison.Š ‚Ņ ŠĢ139.€€Replying€to€the€questions€and€comments€of€the€members€of€the€Committee,€the€representativeŠ T¤ Šof€the€State€party€stated€that€he€had€transmitted€to€his€Government€the€requests€for€furtherŠ =  Šinformation€made€by€members€of€the€Committee.€Precise€responses€to€those€questions€would€beŠ & v Šcommunicated€to€the€Committee€in€the€next€report.Š  _ ŠĢ140.€€Concerning€the€general€framework€for€the€protection€of€human€rights,€he€explained€thatŠ į 1  Šconstitutional€reform€was€currently€being€considered,€including€the€possibility€of€creating€the€postŠ Ź   Šof€Ombudsman€under€the€judicial€branch.€At€present,€the€Procurer€General€of€the€Justice€MinistryŠ ³  Šwas€responsible€for€reviewing€and€investigating€human€rights€complaints.Š œģ  ŠĢ141.€€With€respect€to€representation€of€indigenous€communities€in€government,€the€stated€that€theŠ n¾  Špresent€Constitution€did€not€provide€for€an€indigenous€representative€in€Congress.€€AllŠ W§  Šrepresentatives€were€elected€by€the€people€without€regard€to€Ō_ŌcolourŌ_Ō€or€race.€Since€the€indigenousŠ @ Šuprisings€in€1990,€representatives€of€the€Ecuadorian€Government€had€been€participating€in€ongoingŠ )y Šdialogue€with€leaders€of€the€various€indigenous€communities.€A€list€of€16€points€had€been€putŠ b Šforward€by€those€communities,€which€included€demands€for€better€access€to€the€means€to€exploitŠ ūK Štheir€lands.Š ä4 ŠĢ142.€€With€regard€to€the€exploitation€of€resources€on€indigenous€lands,€the€President€of€Ecuador€hadŠ ¶ Špersonally€studied€the€problem€of€petroleum€exploitation€in€the€Amazon€with€a€view€to€ensuring€theŠ Ÿļ Šprotection€of€the€environment€and€the€interests€of€the€indigenous€communities€who€lived€there.Š ˆŲ ŠAccording€to€Ecuadorian€law,€rights€to€resources€below€the€surface€belonged€to€the€Government€butŠ qĮ Šexploration€was€carried€out€with€due€regard€to€providing€appropriate€compensation€to€the€indigenousŠ ZŖ Šcommunities.€That€had€been€the€case€particularly€with€the€Ō_ŌHuaoranisŌ_Ō,€a€stone-age€tribe€numberingŠ C“ Šonly€about€2,715€individuals€which€was€not€at€all€integrated€into€Western€civilization.Š ,| ŠĢņņConcluding€observationsóóŠ žN ŠĢ143.€€The€Committee€commended€the€regularity€with€which€the€Government€of€Ecuador€hadŠ Š!   Šreported€on€the€implementation€of€the€Convention€in€that€country.Š ¹" ! ŠĢ144.€€The€Committee€noted€that€one€of€the€objectives€of€the€National€Development€Plan€was€toŠ ‹$Ū# Šensure€the€recognition€of€Ecuador's€multiethnic€and€Ō_ŌmulticulturalŌ_Ō€character.€The€CommitteeŠ t%Ä $ Šexpected€that€indigenous€communities€would€benefit€from€the€implementation€of€the€Plan€as€far€asŠ ]&­!% Štheir€economic,€social€and€cultural€status€was€concerned.Š F'–"& ŠĢ145.€€The€Committee€encouraged€the€Government,€in€its€next€report,€to€provide€detailed€informationŠ )h$( Šon€the€implementation€of€the€National€Development€Plan€so€that€the€Committee€could€fully€assessŠ *Q%) Šthe€conditions€in€which€the€indigenous€communities€lived.€The€Committee€expressed€particularŠ ź*:&* Šconcern€that€economic€exploitation€of€the€Amazon€region€should€be€undertaken€only€after€fullŠ Ó+#'+ Šconsideration€of€the€interests€of€the€indigenous€communities€in€the€preservation€of€their€identity.€TheŠ ¼, (, ŠCommittee€trusted€that€the€Government€would€take€effective€steps€to€achieve€that€end.€Š „-õ(- Ї146.€€The€Government€of€Ecuador€was€called€upon€to€report€on€the€functioning€of€the€judiciary€inŠ ° Šconnection€with€the€Convention€and€especially€upon€the€status€and€functions€of€the€ad€hocŠ ™é ŠCommission€on€Human€Rights€established€by€the€Ecuadorian€National€Congress.Š ‚Ņ ŠĢŠ  T¤ ŠŌCEUS.,ŌĢņ ņŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€€A/58/18€(2003)ó óŠ ™é ŠÓ‡ %$$$$$$$$$(’’83 ÓĢ47.€€The€Committee€considered€the€thirteenth€to€sixteenth€periodic€reports€of€Ecuador,€due€from€4Š l¼ ŠJanuary€1994€to€4€January€2000,€respectively,€and€submitted€as€one€document€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/384/Add.8),Š U„ Šat€its€1556th€and€1557th€meetings€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/SR.1556€and€Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/SR.1557),€held€on€4€and€5Š > Ž ŠMarch€2003.€€At€its€1580th€meeting€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/SR.1580),€held€on20€March€2003,€it€adopted€theŠ ' w Šfollowing€concluding€observations.Š  ` ŠĢA.€€ņņIntroductionóóŠ ā 2  ŠĢ48.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€detailed€reports€submitted€by€the€State€party€and€appreciates€theŠ “  Šupdated€information€provided€orally€by€the€delegation,€as€well€as€its€frank€and€straightforwardŠ ķ  Šanswers€to€the€questions€and€comments€formulated€by€members€of€the€Committee.€€However,€theŠ †Ö  ŠCommittee€notes€that€the€constructive€dialogue€it€was€thus€able€to€resume€with€the€State€party€afterŠ oæ  Š10€years€of€interruption€could€have€been€further€enhanced€if€it€had€taken€place€earlier.Š XØ  ŠĢB.€ņņPositive€aspectsóóŠ *z ŠĢ49.€€The€Committee€notes€with€satisfaction€that€the€1998€Constitution,€as€well€as€other€legalŠ üL Šprovisions,€guarantee€special€measures€of€protection€for€indigenous€and€Afro„Ecuadorian€people€andŠ å5 Šcriminalize€racial€discrimination€against€these€and€other€ethnic€minorities.€€It€also€notes€that€the€StateŠ Ī Šparty€has€adopted€legislation€which€criminalizes€the€illegal€smuggling€of€people€across€the€countryššsŠ · Šborders€under€often€inhumane€conditions€(š šņņŌ_ŌcoyoterismoŌ_Ōóóšš).Š  š ŠĢ50.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€adoption€of€several€action€plans€within€the€framework€of€the€StateŠ rĀ Špartyššs€National€Human€Rights€Plan,€in€particular€those€on€the€rights€of€black€persons€and€on€theŠ [« Šrights€of€foreigners,€migrants,€refugees€and€stateless€and€displaced€persons,€as€well€as€the€StateŠ D” Špartyššs€efforts€to€promote€the€adoption€of€other€action€plans,€in€particular€on€the€rights€of€indigenousŠ -} Špeoples.Š f ŠĢ51.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€creation€by€the€State€party€of€an€Ombudsmanššs€Office€withŠ č 8 Šspecial€units€for€indigenous€and€Afro„Ecuadorian€affairs,€and€of€a€Commission€for€PublicŠ Ń!!  ŠCoordination€of€Human€Rights.Š ŗ" ! ŠĢ52.€€The€Committee€wŌ_ŌelcomesŌ_Ō€the€introduction€of€a€bilingual€education€system€in€Ecuador€forŠ Œ$Ü# Šteaching€some€94,000€indigenous€children€in€both€Spanish€and€their€own€languages.Š u%Å $ ŠĢ53.€€The€Committee€notes€with€satisfaction€that€the€State€party€has€ratified€ILO€ConventionŠ G'—"& Š(No.169)€concerning€Indigenous€and€Tribal€Peoples€in€Independent€Countries€of€1989€and€theŠ 0(€#' ŠInternational€Convention€on€the€Protection€of€the€Rights€of€All€Migrant€Workers€and€Members€ofŠ )i$( ŠTheir€Families€of€1990.€Š *R%) ŠĢ54.€€The€Committee€also€welcomes€the€State€partyššs€expressed€intention€to€ratify€the€amendment€toŠ Ō+$'+ Šarticle€8,€paragraph€6,€of€the€International€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€RacialŠ ½, (, ŠDiscrimination.€€In€this€connection€the€Committee€refers€to€General€Assembly€resolution€57/194€ofŠ ¦-ö(- Š18€December€2002€in€which€the€Assembly€strongly€urged€States€parties€to€accelerate€their€domesticŠ ° Šratification€procedures€with€regard€to€the€amendment€and€to€notify€the€Secretary„GeneralŠ ™é Šexpeditiously€in€writing€of€their€agreement€to€the€amendment.€Š ‚Ņ ŠĢC.€€ņņConcerns€and€recommendationsóóŠ T¤ ŠĢ55.€€The€Committee€expresses€its€concern€about€the€lack€of€consistent€statistical€data€on€the€ethnicŠ & v Šcomposition€of€the€Ecuadorian€population.€€While€it€recognizes€the€difficulties€in€establishingŠ  _ Šcriteria€for€defining€the€different€ethnic€groups,€the€Committee€emphasizes€that€such€data€areŠ ų H Šnecessary€to€ensure€the€application€of€special€legislation€in€favour€of€these€groups.€€Š į 1  ŠĢ56.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€national€institutions€responsible€for€the€advancement€ofŠ ³  Šthe€rights€of€indigenous€and€Afro„Ecuadorian€people,€in€particular€the€Council€for€the€DevelopmentŠ œģ  Šof€Ecuadorian€Nationalities€and€Peoples€(Ō_ŌCODENPEŌ_Ō),€the€Council€for€Afro„EcuadorianŠ …Õ  ŠDevelopment€(Ō_ŌCODAEŌ_Ō)€and€the€Ombudsmanššs€Office,€be€further€strengthened.€€The€Ō_ŌinterlinkagesŌ_ŌŠ n¾  Šand€delimitation€of€responsibilities€between€the€numerous€institutions€working€in€this€field€shouldŠ W§  Šbe€explained€in€the€State€partyššs€next€report.€€The€Committee€also€recommends€that€the€State€partyŠ @ Šstrengthen,€through€adequate€funding€and€other€appropriate€means,€the€recently€establishedŠ )y ŠCommission€for€Public€Coordination€of€Human€Rights.Š b ŠĢ57.€€The€Committee€notes€that,€despite€constitutional€and€legal€guarantees,€indigenous€and€Afro„Š ä4 ŠEcuadorian€people,€as€well€as€members€of€other€ethnic€minorities€are,€de€facto,€still€discriminatedŠ Ķ Šagainst.€€It€urges€the€State€party€to€ensure€the€practical€application€of€the€constitutional€and€legalŠ ¶ Šprovisions€which€outlaw€racial€discrimination€and€to€guarantee€special€protection€measures€in€favourŠ Ÿļ Šof€indigenous€and€Afro„Ecuadorian€people,€as€well€as€members€of€other€ethnic€minorities,€inŠ ˆŲ Šparticular€through€the€national€courts€and€other€competent€bodies€such€as€the€Ombudsman.Š qĮ ŠĢ58.€€Serious€concern€is€expressed€about€reported€instances€of€excessive€use€of€force€by€the€policeŠ C“ Šand€armed€forces€against€indigenous€people,€particularly€in€the€context€of€political€demonstrationsŠ ,| Šand€civil€unrest.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€ensure€that€such€acts€are€avoidedŠ e Šand,€in€this€connection,€recommends€that€the€State€party€include€human€rights€education€in€theŠ žN Šprofessional€training€of€police€and€armed€forces,€as€well€as€prison€staff,€and€requests€it€to€report€onŠ ē 7 Šany€measures€taken€in€this€regard.Š Š!   ŠĢ59.€€While€welcoming€the€sincerity€with€which€the€State€party€recognizes€the€existence€of€defactoņņŠ ¢#ņ" Šóódiscrimination€against€indigenous€people,€Afro„Ecuadorians€and€members€of€other€minorities,€theŠ ‹$Ū# ŠCommittee€is€concerned€that€a€disproportionately€high€percentage€of€persons€belonging€to€ethnicŠ t%Ä $ Šminority€groups€often€do€not€enjoy€equal€access€to€the€labour€market,€land€and€means€of€agriculturalŠ ]&­!% Šproduction,€health€services,€education€and€other€facilities€and,€accordingly,€a€disproportionately€highŠ F'–"& Špercentage€of€members€of€these€groups€live€in€poverty.€€The€Committee€urges€the€State€party€toŠ /(#' Šintensify€its€efforts€to€raise€the€living€standards€of€these€groups,€with€a€view€to€ensuring€their€fullŠ )h$( Šenjoyment€of€the€economic,€social€and€cultural€rights€enumerated€in€article€5€of€the€Convention.€Š *Q%) ŠThe€State€party€is€requested€to€include€in€its€next€report€precise€figures€as€well€as€some€keyŠ ź*:&* Šindicators€relating€to€the€enjoyment€of€economic,€social€and€cultural€rights€by€the€different€ethnicŠ Ó+#'+ Šgroups,€Ō_ŌdisaggregatedŌ_Ō€by€urban/rural€population,€age€and€gender.Š ¼, (, ŠŠ „-õ(- Š60.€€With€regard€to€the€important€problem€of€illiteracy€among€indigenous€and€Afro-EcuadorianŠ ° Špeople,€the€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€take€measures€to€increase€the€number€ofŠ ™é Šbilingual€teaching€personnel,€in€particular€from€among€these€communities.€€The€State€partyššs€nextŠ ‚Ņ Šreport€should€contain€precise€data€as€to€the€percentage€of€the€indigenous,€Afro„Ecuadorian€and€otherŠ k» Šminority€populations€having€access€to€primary,€secondary€and€university€education,€as€well€as€onŠ T¤ Šaccess€by€these€groups€to€programmes€in€their€language€on€the€radio,€on€television€and€in€other€massŠ =  Šmedia.Š & v ŠĢ61.€€The€Committee€notes€that€women€belonging€to€ethnic€minorities€are€subject€to€doubleŠ ų H Šdiscrimination,€based€on€their€ethnic€origin€as€well€as€their€gender.€€Information€relating€to€gender„Š į 1  Šrelated€discrimination€against€indigenous€and€Afro„Ecuadorian€women€and€on€action€taken€by€theŠ Ź   ŠState€party€in€this€regard€should€be€included€in€the€next€periodic€report.ņ ņ€€ó óIn€formulating€the€actionŠ ³  Šplan€on€the€rights€of€women,€the€State€party€should€address€the€problem€of€double€discriminationŠ Ÿļ  Šagainst€women€belonging€to€ethnic€minorities€as€well€as€their€lack€of€political€representation€inŠ ˆŲ  ŠEcuador,€in€line€with€the€Committeeššs€General€Recommendation€XXV€on€gender„related€dimensionsŠ qĮ  Šof€racial€discrimination.Š ZŖ  ŠĢ62.€€As€to€the€exploitation€of€the€subsoil€resources€of€the€traditional€lands€of€indigenousŠ ,| Šcommunities,€the€Committee€observes€that€merely€consulting€these€communities€prior€to€exploitingŠ e Šthe€resources€falls€short€of€meeting€the€requirements€set€out€in€the€Committeeššs€generalŠ žN Šrecommendation€XXIII€on€the€rights€of€indigenous€peoples.€€The€Committee€therefore€recommendsŠ ē7 Šthat€the€prior€informed€consent€of€these€communities€be€sought,€and€that€the€equitable€sharing€ofŠ Š  Šbenefits€to€be€derived€from€such€exploitation€be€ensured.€€Detailed€information€on€land€titles€ofŠ ¹  Šindigenous€communities,€as€well€as€on€remedies€available€to€indigenous€people€claimingŠ ¢ņ Šcompensation€for€the€environmental€depletion€of€their€traditional€lands,€should€be€included€in€theŠ ‹Ū ŠState€partyššs€next€periodic€report.Š tÄ ŠĢ63.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€about€the€lack€of€confidence€on€the€part€of€members€of€ethnicŠ F– Šminorities€in€the€Ecuadorian€judicial€system.€€The€State€party€is€requested€to€report€on€the€causesŠ / Šof€this€lack€of€confidence,€and€on€whether€the€current€reform€of€the€judicial€system€has€made€it€moreŠ h Šefficient€and€more€easily€accessible€for€the€poor.Š  Q ŠĢ64.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€disseminate€widely€information€on€theŠ Ó!#  Šavailable€domestic€remedies€for€acts€of€racial€discrimination,€on€the€legal€avenues€for€obtainingŠ ¼" ! Šcompensation€in€cases€of€discrimination€and€on€the€individual€complaint€procedure€under€article14Š „#õ" Šof€the€Convention.Š Ž$Ž# ŠĢ65.€€The€Committee€notes€the€lack€of€information€in€the€State€partyššs€report€on€the€functioning€ofŠ `&°!% Šthe€indigenous€judicial€systems€and€recommends€that€such€information€be€provided€in€its€nextŠ I'™"& Šperiodic€report.Š 2(‚#' ŠĢ66.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€at€the€reports€on€discrimination€and€hostility€suffered€by€migrantsŠ *T%) Šand€calls€on€the€State€party€to€intensify€its€efforts€in€designing€and€implementing€educationalŠ ķ*=&* Šcampaigns€to€combat€racial€discrimination€within€all€sectors€of€society.Š Ö+&'+ ŠĢ67.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€take€into€account€the€relevant€parts€of€theŠ Ø-ų(- ŠDurban€Declaration€and€Programme€of€Action€when€implementing€the€Convention€in€the€domesticŠ ° Šlegal€order,€in€particular€in€respect€of€articles€2€to€7€of€the€Convention,€and€that€it€include€in€its€nextŠ ™é Šperiodic€report€information€on€theņ ņ€ó ómeasuresņņ€óótaken€to€implement€the€Durban€Declaration€andŠ ‚Ņ ŠProgramme€of€Action€at€theņ ņ€ó ónational€level.Š n¾ ŠĢ68.€€The€Committee€encourages€the€State€party€to€consult€with€organizations€of€civil€society€workingŠ C “ Šfor€the€promotion€of€human€rights€during€the€preparation€of€the€next€periodic€report,€andŠ , | Šrecommends€that€the€periodic€reports€be€made€readily€available€to€the€public€from€the€time€they€areŠ  e Šsubmitted€and€that€the€observations€of€the€Committee€on€these€reports€be€similarly€publicized.Š ž N ŠĢ69.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€submit€its€seventeenth€periodic€report€jointlyŠ Š  Šwith€its€eighteenth€and€nineteenth€periodic€reports,€due€on€4€January€2006,€and€that€it€address€allŠ ¹  Špoints€raised€in€the€present€concluding€observations.Š ¢ņ  ŠÓ…† (#38%$$$$$$$$$Ž…ÓŌUS.,CE.,,Ō