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ÐÔUKCE.,ÔòòSeventy„sixth€session€(October€2002)ÔCE.,UK.," ÔÔCECE.,ÔóóÐ 0&H!˜" È   €€‚‚ƒÈƒ0ÐEgyptÐ 8. ü"L# …â@37928‰…â@‰8Ð4€November€2003Ð 7-+ü"L$ …â@37928 …â@ 7ÐÔCE.,CE.,u ÔÔUKCE.,Ô26€September€2003Ð ü"L% Ð(partial€reply)ÔCE.,UK.,W ÔÔCECE.,ÔÐ  è#8& ÐÔCE.,CE.,¸ ÔÔUKCE.,ÔA€complete€response€wasÐ ü"L' Ðrequested€to€supplement€theÐ è#8( Ðpartial€reply.ÔCE.,UK.,ù ÔÐ$Ô$$ ) È   $ÐÌÐ  t'Ä"* ÐÓ  Óò òÔ_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô,€A/60/40€vol.€I€(2005)ó óÐ ° ÐÌÌCHAPTER€VII.€€FOLLOW„UP€TO€CONCLUDING€OBSERVATIONSÐ tÄ ÐÌÓ  Ó...Ð L œ ÐÌÓ  Ó233.€€For€all€reports€of€States€parties€examined€by€the€Committee€under€article€40€of€the€CovenantÐ $ t Ðover€the€last€year,€the€Committee€has€identified,€according€to€its€developing€practice,€alimitedÐ  ` Ðnumber€of€priority€concerns,€with€respect€to€which€it€seeks€the€State€partyððs€response,€within€a€periodÐ ü L  Ðof€a€year,€on€the€measures€taken€to€give€effect€to€its€recommendations.€€The€Committee€welcomesÐ è 8  Ðthe€extent€and€depth€of€cooperation€under€this€procedure€by€States€parties,€as€may€be€observed€fromÐ Ô$  Ðthe€comprehensive€table€presented€below.€€Since€18€June€2004,€15€States€parties€(Egypt,€Germany,Ð À  ÐKenya,€Latvia,€Lithuania,€Morocco,€the€Netherlands,€the€Philippines,€Portugal,€the€RussianÐ ¬ü  ÐFederation,€Serbia€and€Montenegro,€Slovakia,€Sweden,€Togo€and€Venezuela)€have€submittedÐ ˜è  Ðinformation€to€the€Committee€under€the€follow„up€procedure.€€Since€the€follow„up€procedure€wasÐ „Ô  Ðinstituted€in€March€2001,€only€six€States€parties€(Colombia,€Israel,€Mali,€Republic€of€Moldova,€SriÐ pÀ ÐLanka€and€Suriname)€have€failed€to€supply€follow„up€information€that€had€fallen€due.€€TheÐ \¬ ÐCommittee€reiterates€that€it€views€this€procedure€as€a€constructive€mechanism€by€which€the€dialogueÐ H˜ Ðinitiated€with€the€examination€of€a€report€can€be€continued,€and€which€serves€to€simplify€the€processÐ 4„ Ðof€the€next€periodic€report€on€the€part€of€the€State€party.Ð  p ÐÌ224.€€The€table€below€details€the€experience€of€the€Committee€over€the€last€year.€€Accordingly,€itÐ øH Ðcontains€no€reference€to€those€States€parties€with€respect€to€which€the€Committee,€upon€assessmentÐ ä4 Ðof€the€follow„up€responses€provided€to€it,€decided€to€take€no€further€action€prior€to€the€periodÐ Ð  Ðcovered€by€this€report.Ð ¼  ÐÌÌÔ*¥ƒ/.:d‚dRRŸRRŸ†RR†™ RR™ ,-°(#°(#¥ÔÔ,½dd ÔÔ,dd ÔÔ,½dd ÔÔ,ö dd ÔÔ+  ÔÐ €Ð€Ð ‹‹ÐòòState€PartyóóÐ 'ä4 ‹‹'ÐòòDate€InformationÐ ä4 ÐDueóóÐ 'Ð  ‹‹'ÐòòDate€ReplyÐ ä4  ÐReceivedóóÐ 'Ð ! ‹‹'ÐòòFurther€ActionóóÐ +!ä4" ……‹‹+Ðòòóó...Ð P! # ÐòòÔUSCE.,ÔSeventy„sixth€session€óó(òòOctober€2002óó)ÔCE.,US.,õÔÔCECE.,ÔÐ * <"Œ$ ‹‹*ÐEgyptÐ J@¼# % …â@37928‰…â@‰‹‹JÐ4€November€2003Ð I?:¼# & …â@37928 …â@ ‹‹IÐÔCE.,CE.,NÔÔUSCE.,Ô26€SeptemberÐ ¼# ' Ð2003€(partialÐ ¨$ø( Ðreply)ÔCE.,US.,KÔÔCECE.,ÔÐ '”%ä ) ‹‹'ÐÔCE.,CE.,ÀÔÔUSCE.,ÔAt€its€eightieth€session,€theÐ ¼# * ÐCommittee€noted€the€StateÐ ¨$ø+ Ðpartyððs€partial€reply.€€AÐ ”%ä , Ðresponse€to€paragraph€16€Ô_Ô(cÔ_Ô)Ð €&Ð!- Ðwas€requested€by€the€SpecialÐ l'¼". ÐÔCE.,US.,ÔÔFRCE.,ÔRapporteur.ÔCE.,FR.,RÔÔCECE.,ÔÐ 'X(¨#/ ‹ ‹'ÐÐ 'Ø)(%0  ‹ ‹'ÐÐ 'Ø)(%1  ‹ ‹'ÐÔCE.,CE.,‰ÔÔUKCE.,Ô22€October€2004Ð Ø)(%2 Ð(further€replies)ÔCE.,UK.,*ÔÔCECE.,ÔÐ 'Ä*&3  ‹‹'ÐÔCE.,CE.,‹ÔÔUSCE.,ÔAt€its€eighty„fourth€session,Ð Ø)(%4 Ðthe€Committee€decided€toÐ Ä*&5 Ðtake€no€further€action.ÔCE.,US.,ÞÔÐ(°+'6   (ÐÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÐ  Ì,(6 Ðò òFollow-up€-€State€ReportingÐ ° Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€ii)€Ô_ÔActionÔ_Ô€by€State€Partyó óÐ œì ÐÌò òÔ_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô€€Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/CO/76/Ô_ÔEGYÔ_Ô/Add.1€(2003)ó óÐ tÄ ÐÓ  ÓÌòòComments€by€the€Government€of€Egypt€on€the€concluding€observations€of€the€Human€RightsÐ L œ ÐCommitteeóóÐ 8 ˆ ÐÓ* ÓÓÓÌ1.€€Following€its€consideration€of€Egyptððs€third€and€fourth€periodic€reports€(Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/Ô_ÔEGYÔ_Ô/2001/3)Ð  ` Ðin€October€2002,€the€distinguished€Human€Rights€Committee€asked€Egypt€to€supply€additionalÐ ü L  Ðinformation,€within€the€year,€in€response€to€the€recommendations€contained€in€paragraphs€6,€12,€16Ð è 8  Ðand€18€of€the€Committeeððs€concluding€observations€(Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/CO/76/Ô_ÔEGYÔ_Ô),€which€refer€to€the€stateÐ Ô$  Ðof€emergency,€the€death€penalty,€torture,€terrorism€and€anti„Semitic€articles.€Ð À  ÐÌ2.€€The€following€is€a€detailed€explanation€of€the€additional€information€we€have€been€asked€toÐ ˜è  Ðprovide.Ð „Ô  ÐÌÔb  ÔòòThe€State€party€should€consider€revising€the€need€to€maintain€the€state€of€emergencyÐ \¬ ÐóóÔb0$Ô(Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/CO/76/Ô_ÔEGYÔ_Ô,€para.€6)Ð H˜ ÐÌ3.€€The€right€of€a€State€to€declare€a€state€of€emergency€in€order€to€deal€with€threats€to€its€society€orÐ  p Ðwith€exceptional€circumstances€is€a€principle€recognized€in€every€legal€system.€€It€is€recognized€inÐ  \ Ðarticle€4€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€subject€to€the€conditionsÐ øH Ðstipulated€therein€and€within€the€framework€of€the€minimum€standards€from€which€no€derogationÐ ä4 Ðis€permissible€whenever€such€circumstances€arise.Ð Ð  ÐÓÖ ÓÌÓ  Ó4.€€The€Egyptian€legislature€has€adopted€a€system€of€pre„emergency€legislation.€€Act€No.162€of€1958Ð ¨ø Ðregulates€the€manner€in€which€a€state€of€emergency€may€be€declared,€proclaimed€and€extended,Ð ”ä Ðtogether€with€exceptional€measures,€their€scope€and€the€procedures€for€lodging€complaints€againstÐ €Ð Ðthem.€€There€are€no€provisions€in€the€Act€that€could€invalidate€the€Constitution,€undermineÐ l¼ Ðparliamentary€life€in€the€country€or€render€other€laws€inoperative.€Ð X ¨ ÐÌ5.€€Following€Egyptððs€accession€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€theÐ 0"€  ÐEmergency€Act€was€amended€by€Act€No.€50€of€1982,€which€reduced€the€period€for€filing€periodicÐ #l! Ðcomplaints€against€detention€to€30€days€and€vested€the€courts€with€competence€to€hear€suchÐ $X" Ðcomplaints,€thereby€bringing€the€provisions€of€the€Emergency€Act€into€line€with€article€4€of€theÐ ô$D # ÐCovenant.Ð à%0!$ ÐÓ^'ÓÓ  ÓÌ6.€€In€accordance€with€the€principle€that€a€state€of€emergency€is€an€exceptional€circumstance€that€isÐ ¸'#& Ðnot€expected€to€last,€since€its€very€existence€is€dependent€on€the€circumstances€that€necessitated€itsÐ ¤(ô#' Ðproclamation,€the€Act€stipulates€that€a€state€of€emergency€cannot€be€extended€unless€it€has€beenÐ )à$( Ðapproved€by€the€Peopleððs€Assembly€after€the€circumstances€and€reasons€for€granting€an€extensionÐ |*Ì%) Ðhave€been€verified.€€The€duration€of€any€such€extension€must€also€be€defined.Ð h+¸&* ÐÌ7.€€In€the€circumstances€that€faced€the€country€following€the€assassination€of€President€MohamedÐ @-(, ÐÔ_6ÔAnwar€al€Sadat,€Egypt€was€forced€to€declare€a€state€of€emergency,€which€was€subsequently€extendedÐ ° Ðin€order€to€deal€with€the€phenomenon€of€terrorism€and€to€protect€the€security€and€stability€of€society.€Ð œì ÐSecurity€efforts€have€largely€succeeded€in€eradicating€the€phenomenon€of€terrorism,€in€spite€of€itsÐ ˆØ Ðspread€throughout€all€other€parts€of€the€world.Ð tÄ ÐÌ8.€€It€follows€from€the€foregoing€that,€under€Egyptian€law,€any€revision€of€the€need€to€maintain€theÐ L œ Ðstate€of€emergency€depends€on€the€Peopleððs€Assembly€giving€its€approval€for€an€extension,€once€itÐ 8 ˆ Ðhas€been€determined€that€the€conditions€for€such€an€extension€have€been€met,€based€on€evidenceÐ $ t Ðresulting€from€discussions€by€the€elected€parliamentary€assembly€(the€Peopleððs€Assembly).Ð  ` ÐÓ+ÓÌòòThe€death€penaltyóó€(CCPR/CO/76/EGY,€para.€12)Ð è 8  ÐÓ  ÓÌ9.€€In€Egypt,€the€death€penalty€is€prescribed€for€serious€crimes€such€as€murder,€high€treason,€theÐ À  Ðleadership€and€financing€of€terrorist€organizations,€abduction€accompanied€by€rape,€and€drugÐ ¬ü  Ðtrafficking.€€The€death€penalty€is€subject€to€numerous€legal€regulations€and€procedural€conditions,Ð ˜è  Ðbeginning€before€its€pronouncement€and€ending€with€regulation€of€the€execution€of€the€sentence.€Ð „Ô  ÐThese€conditions€and€regulations€are€explained€in€detail€in€Egyptððs€reports€commenting€on€articleÐ pÀ Ð6€of€the€Covenant€and€in€its€oral€replies.€€The€statistical€information€requested€for€the€period€sinceÐ \¬ Ð2000€has€been€submitted€to€the€distinguished€Committee€in€two€tables.€€Table€1€shows€the€numberÐ H˜ Ðof€death€sentences€delivered€and€executed€in€the€period€from€1€January€2000€to€31€December€2002.€Ð 4„ ÐTable€2€shows€the€types€of€crimes€for€which€the€death€sentences€referred€to€in€Table€1€wereÐ  p Ðdelivered.Ð  \ ÐÓC2ÓÌTable€1Ð ä4 ÐDeath€sentences€delivered€by€the€criminal€courtsÐ Ð  ÐÌÔ*¥ƒ01ûdd½dd ½dd ½dd ½ö dd ö /.:°(#°(#¥ÔÔ,\RÔÔ,« \RÔÔ,A \RÔÔ,Ü\\ÔÔ+  ÔÐ 3€..."¨ø¨ø ‚ ‚ƒ ƒ„„3ÐYearÐ =€...,!²"... „„=ÐDeath€sentences€deliveredÐ =€...,!²"... „„=ÐDeath€sentences€not€executedÐ ?€....,!²"... „„?ÐPeriodÐ k€.\'²" .... @Ÿ@2000‚‚ƒƒ„„‰@Ÿ@‰kÐ2000Ð |€.mB¨ø" @Ÿ@2000 @Ÿ@.  €S@78„„‰€S@‰|Ð78Ð z€.k@¨ø 3  €S@78 €S@.  4@20„„‰4@‰zÐ20Ð ^€..K@¨ø!3  4@20 4@. „„^ÐAs€of€end€2002Ð b€.S¨ø" .. DŸ@2001‚‚ƒƒ„„‰DŸ@‰bÐ2001Ð }€.nB”ä#" DŸ@2001 DŸ@. ÀY@103„„‰ÀY@‰}Ð103Ð {€.lA”ä$3 ÀY@103 ÀY@.  7@23„„‰7@‰{Ð23Ð ^€..K@”ä%3  7@23 7@. „„^ÐAs€of€end€2002Ð d€..S”ä& .. HŸ@2002‚‚ƒ ƒ„„‰HŸ@‰dÐ2002Ð €..nB€Ð'" HŸ@2002 HŸ@.. À\@115„„‰À\@‰Ð115Ð ]€..LA€Ð(3 À\@115 À\@.. „„]ЄР?€...,!€Ð)3.. „„?ÐÐ K€..:€Ð* ... €€‚‚ƒ ƒ„„……KÐDeath€sentences€delivered€in€2002€have€not€been€executed€owing€to€theÐ v Æ+ Ðnon„completion€of€the€judicial,€legal€and€constitutional€proceduresÐ b!², Ðrequired€for€the€execution€of€death€sentencesÐ 9€...&N"ž-.. „„9ÐÐ.$"v Æ.  ... .ÐÌTable€2Ð 0$€/ ÐCharges€for€which€(executed)€death€sentences€in€table€1€were€deliveredÐ %l 0 ÐÌÔ*¥ƒSTûdûd\R« \R« A \RA Ü\\Ü01°(#°(#¥ÔÔ,û\RÔÔ,ä \RÔÔ,\RÔÔ,\RÔÔ,Ï\\ÔÔ+  ÔÐ 8€...'ô&D"2ô&D" €€‚ ‚ƒ ƒ„„8ÐItemÐ =€...,!þ&N"3"... „„=ÐYearÐ _€...N!þ&N"4"... @Ÿ@2000„„‰@Ÿ@‰_Ð2000Ð €€...oBþ&N"5" @Ÿ@2000 @Ÿ@... DŸ@2001„„‰DŸ@‰€Ð2001Ð ‚€....oBþ&N"6" DŸ@2001 DŸ@... HŸ@2002„„‰HŸ@‰‚Ð2002Ð “€.„Mþ&N"7" HŸ@2002  HŸ@.... €€ ð?1‚‚ƒƒ„„‰ð?‰“Ð1Ð Y€.J?ô'D#8"  ð?1 ð?. „„YÐDrugsÐ 2€.#ô'D#9. „„2ÐÐ Z€.K!ô'D#:3.  ð?1„„‰ð?‰ZÐ1Ð ]€..J?ô'D#;3  ð?1 ð?. „„]ÐÐ r€.c,ô'D#<"  .. €€ @2‚‚ƒƒ„„‰@‰rÐ2Ð Y€.J?à(0$="  @2 @. „„YÐKidnap€and€rapeÐ Q€.Bà(0$>.  @3„„‰@‰QÐ3Ð x€.i?à(0$?3  @3 @.  ð?1„„‰ð?‰xÐ1Ð ]€..J?à(0$@3  ð?1 ð?. „„]ÐÐ r€.c,à(0$A"  .. €€ @3‚‚ƒƒ„„‰@‰rÐ3Ð Y€.J?Ì)%B"  @3 @. „„YÐPremeditated€murderÐ R€.CÌ)%C.  &@11„„‰&@‰RÐ11Ð z€.k@Ì)%D3  &@11 &@.  1@17„„‰1@‰zÐ17Ð ^€..K@Ì)%E3  1@17 1@. „„^ÐÐ r€.c,Ì)%F"  .. €€ @4‚‚ƒƒ„„‰@‰rÐ4Ð Y€.J?¸*&G"  @4 @. „„YÐMurder€accompanied€by€other€crimesÐ Q€.B¸*&H.  @6„„‰@‰QÐ6Ð x€.i?¸*&I3  @6 @.  @4„„‰@‰xЀ4Ð ]€..J?¸*&J3  @4 @. „„]ÐÐ U€..D,¸*&K"  .. €€‚‚ƒ ƒ„„UÐTotalÐ =€..,!¤+ô&L".. „„=ÐÐ T€..C¤+ô&M..  4@20„„‰4@‰TÐ20Ð |€..k@¤+ô&N3  4@20 4@..  7@23„„‰7@‰|Ð23Ð ^€...K@¤+ô&O3  7@23 7@.. „„^ÐÐ7-+¤+ô&P"  ... 7ÐÌÓ  Ó10.€€These€sentences€are€supplemented€by€legal€procedures,€such€as€referral€to€the€Court€ofÐ †-Ö(Q ÐCassation,€the€hearing€of€challenges€submitted€to€the€original€court,€or€referral€of€the€sentence€to€theÐ ° ÐPresident€of€the€Republic€for€the€purpose€of€exercising€the€right€to€a€constitutional€pardon.Ð œì ÐÌ11.€€The€courts€are€not€obliged€to€deliver€a€death€sentence.€€In€accordance€with€articles€17€and€88€bis,Ð tÄ Ðparagraph€(c),€of€the€Penal€Code€they€have€the€option€of€imposing€a€lesser€penalty.€€Moreover,€theÐ `° Ðinfliction€of€the€penalty€is€subject€to€numerous€conditions€and€legal€and€constitutional€procedures,Ð L œ Ðto€which€Egypt€has€already€referred€in€its€previous€reports,€namely:€Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌ(a)€€Criminal€cases€and€cases€involving€crimes€that€are€punishable€by€death€are€heard€by€the€criminalÐ  ` Ðcourts,€which€are€formed€by€appeal€court€judges€and€presided€over€by€the€president€of€the€court€ofÐ ü L  Ðappeal.€€They€are€the€highest€courts€of€appeal€in€the€judicial€system€(art.€366,€para.€(a));Ð è 8  ÐÌ(b)€€Since€the€crimes€that€carry€the€death€penalty€are€serious€crimes€that€are€designated€as€capitalÐ À  Ðoffences€under€Egyptian€law,€the€law€requires€that€the€accused€person€be€represented€by€defenceÐ ¬ü  Ðcounsel.€€If€the€accused€person€fails€to€engage€counsel,€the€court€must€appoint€a€lawyer€to€performÐ ˜è  Ðthis€function,€at€the€Stateððs€expense€(Code€of€Criminal€Procedures,€arts.€381);Ð „Ô  ÐÌ(c)€€A€death€sentence€can€be€pronounced€only€by€a€unanimous€decision€and€after€consultation€withÐ \¬ Ðthe€Mufti€of€the€Republic.€€The€sentence€can€be€appealed€by€means€of€a€legal€challenge€and€a€requestÐ H˜ Ðfor€a€retrial€(Code€of€Criminal€Procedures,€art.€381);Ð 4„ ÐÓ¤MÓÓ  ÓÌ(d)€€The€Department€of€Public€Prosecutions€must€refer€death€sentences€delivered€in€the€presence€ofÐ  \ Ðthe€parties€to€the€Court€of€Cassation€in€order€to€ensure€the€proper€application€of€the€law,€even€if€theÐ øH Ðcondemned€person€has€not€lodged€an€appeal€with€the€Court€(article€46€of€Act€No.€57€of€1959,Ð ä4 Ðconcerning€the€circumstances€and€procedures€for€lodging€an€appeal€with€the€Court€of€Cassation);Ð Ð  ÐÌ(e)€€The€file€pertaining€to€a€case€in€which€a€final€sentence€of€death€has€been€delivered€must€beÐ ¨ø Ðtransmitted€to€the€President€of€the€Republic€through€the€Minister€of€Justice€so€that€the€person€mayÐ ”ä Ðexercise€his€right€to€a€pardon€or€to€commutation€of€the€sentence€(Code€of€Criminal€Procedures,€art.Ð €Ð Ð470);Ð l¼ ÐÌ(f)€€The€penalty€may€not€be€executed€on€official€holidays€or€days€that€the€faith€of€the€condemnedÐ D!” Ðperson€regards€as€special€feast€days€(Code€of€Criminal€Procedures,€art.€475);Ð 0"€  ÐÌ(g)€€The€execution€of€a€penalty€of€death€imposed€on€a€pregnant€woman€shall€be€suspended€until€sheÐ $X" Ðhas€been€delivered€of€her€child€(Code€of€Criminal€Procedures,€art.€476);Ð ô$D # ÐÌ(h)€€The€death€penalty€shall€not€be€imposed€on€persons€under€the€age€of€18€(The€Childrenððs€Act€No.Ð Ì&"% Ð12€of€1998,€art.€112);Ð ¸'#& ÐÌ(i)€€The€relatives€of€a€condemned€person€may€meet€with€him€on€the€day€appointed€for€execution€ofÐ )à$( Ðthe€sentence€and€shall€be€provided€with€facilities€to€perform€the€religious€rites€required€by€the€faithÐ |*Ì%) Ðof€the€condemned€person€(The€Criminal€Code,€art.€472).Ð h+¸&* ÐÌ12.€€It€is€clear€from€the€above€that€Egyptian€law€fully€complies€with€all€the€provisions€of€article€6€ofÐ @-(, Ðthe€Covenant,€provisions€that€had€already€entered€into€force€in€Egypt€prior€to€the€promulgation€ofÐ ° Ðthe€Covenant.€€The€existence€of€a€public€emergency€is€not€regarded€as€a€justification€for€any€breachÐ œì Ðof€this€right.Ð ˆØ ÐÌ13.€€Egypt€acceded€to€the€Convention€on€the€Prevention€and€Punishment€of€Genocide€by€Act€No.€121Ð `° Ðof€1951.€€Accordingly,€its€provisions€have€the€same€force€in€Egypt€as€any€other€law€of€the€country.Ð L œ ÐÌòòTorture€and€the€Egyptian€legal€systemóó€(CCPR/CO/76/EGY,€para.€13)Ð $ t ÐÓQUÓÓ  ÓÌ14.€€In€its€periodic€reports€submitted€to€the€distinguished€Committee€and€to€the€Committee€againstÐ ü L  ÐTorture€in€its€capacity€as€a€State€party€to€the€relevant€treaties,€Egypt€has€given€detailed€explanationsÐ è 8  Ðof€the€legal€and€constitutional€status€of€the€crime€of€torture€in€the€Egyptian€legal€system€and€hasÐ Ô$  Ðdescribed€the€judicial€authorities€with€competence€for,€and€the€legal€procedures€which€must€beÐ À  Ðapplied€with€respect€to,€this€type€of€crime.€€Egypt€has€supplied€the€distinguished€Committee€withÐ ¬ü  Ðstatistics€on€the€sanctions€and€penalties€imposed€on€members€of€the€police€force,€whether€by€theÐ ˜è  Ðadministrative€authorities€or€in€court€sentences€providing€for€the€infliction€of€criminal€penalties.€Ð „Ô  ÐEgypt€has€also€submitted€statistics€on€court€judgements€awarding€compensation€to€the€victims.Ð pÀ ÐÌ15.€€These€measures€taken€against€persons€charged€with€committing€crimes€involving€tortureÐ H˜ Ðdemonstrate€Egyptððs€concern€to€punish€the€perpetrators€of€such€offences€and€to€take€all€legal,€penalÐ 4„ Ðand€administrative€proceedings€against€them.€€This€should€also€be€seen€in€the€context€of€EgyptððsÐ  p Ðcommitment€to€implementing€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant€and€the€Convention€against€Torture,Ð  \ Ðto€which€Egypt€acceded€without€reservations€and€which€are€regarded€as€part€of€Egyptian€law€inÐ øH Ðaccordance€with€the€provisions€of€the€Constitution.Ð ä4 ÐÌ16.€€We€should€like€to€refer€briefly€to€the€legal€status€of€the€crime€of€torture€and€of€the€ConventionÐ ¼  Ðagainst€Torture€in€Egypt.€€We€shall€then€refer€to€some€examples€of€how€this€has€been€applied€by€theÐ ¨ø Ðcourts€and€conclude€by€providing€some€statistics€on€the€action€taken€against€persons€found€guilty€ofÐ ”ä Ðthe€crimes€of€torture€and€with€respect€to€the€compensation€of€victims.Ð €Ð ÐÌòòThe€legal€status€of€the€crime€of€torture€in€EgyptóóÐ X ¨ ÐÌ17.€€The€legal€status€of€the€crime€of€torture€in€Egypt€is€based€on€the€two€essential€foundations€ofÐ 0"€  ÐEgyptððs€legal€system,€namely€the€provisions€of€the€Constitution€and€of€the€laws.€€The€EgyptianÐ #l! ÐConstitution€provides€guarantees€to€safeguard€the€rights€and€freedoms€of€individuals€and€protectÐ $X" Ðthem€against€subjection€to€physical€or€moral€harm.€€We€shall€first€describe€the€constitutional€preceptsÐ ô$D # Ðthat€deal€with€this€matter€and€then€the€legal€provisions€concerned€with€torture€in€Egypt.Ð à%0!$ ÐÌòòTorture€and€the€Egyptian€ConstitutionóóÐ ¸'#& ÐÌ18.€€The€Egyptian€Constitution,€the€basic€law€by€which€the€national€legislature€is€bound,€deals€withÐ )à$( Ðthis€subject€in€the€following€terms:Ð |*Ì%) ÐÌ19.€€Any€person€who€is€arrested€or€imprisoned€or€whose€freedom€is€in€any€way€restricted€must€beÐ T,¤'+ Ðtreated€in€a€manner€conducive€to€the€preservation€of€his€human€dignity€and€no€physical€or€mentalÐ @-(, Ðharm€must€be€inflicted€on€him€(art.€42).Ð ° ÐÌ20.€€Any€statement€which€is€proved€to€have€been€made€under€torture€is€deemed€null€and€void€(art.Ð ˆØ Ð42).Ð tÄ ÐÌ21.€€Criminal€or€civil€proceedings€in€connection€with€offences€of€encroachment€on€the€rights€andÐ L œ Ðfreedoms€guaranteed€by€the€Constitution,€including€the€offence€of€torture,€are€not€subject€to€anyÐ 8 ˆ Ðstatute€of€limitations€(art.€57).Ð $ t ÐÌ22.€€The€State€guarantees€fair€compensation€to€any€person€who€is€a€victim€of€such€an€offence€(art.Ð ü L  Ð57).€Ð è 8  ÐÌ23.€€These€constitutional€principles€and€precepts€enjoy€judicial€protection€in€that€the€constitutionalityÐ À  Ðof€laws€is€subject€to€judicial€control.€€Under€the€Constitution,€the€Supreme€Constitutional€Court€isÐ ¬ü  Ðvested€with€that€task,€thus€ensuring€that€the€national€legislator€abides€by€those€principles€andÐ ˜è  Ðprecepts,€which€may€not€be€breached.€€Any€promulgated€law€which€gives€rise€to€a€breach€of€thatÐ „Ô  Ðnature€is€unconstitutional€and€therefore€defective.Ð pÀ ÐÓ0_ÓÌòòTorture€and€the€Egyptian€Penal€CodeóóÐ H˜ ÐÓ  ÓÌ24.€€Torture€has€been€an€offence€under€the€provisions€of€the€Egyptian€Penal€Code€since€the€end€ofÐ  p Ðthe€last€century.€€In€volume€II€of€the€current€Penal€Code€No.€57€of€1937,€a€special€chapter€is€devotedÐ  \ Ðto€coercion€and€ill„treatment€of€individuals€by€public€officials,€while€acts€relating€to€torture€areÐ øH Ðdesignated€as€offences€under€articles€126€and€282€of€the€Code,€as€follows.Ð ä4 ÐÌòòArticle€126€of€the€Penal€CodeóóÐ ¼  ÐÌ25.€€Any€public€servant€or€official€who€orders,€or€participates€in,€the€torture€of€an€accused€personÐ ”ä Ðwith€a€view€to€inducing€him€to€make€a€confession€shall€be€punished€by€imprisonment€at€hard€labourÐ €Ð Ðor€a€term€of€3€to€10€years€in€prison.€€If€the€victim€dies,€the€penalty€shall€be€that€prescribed€forÐ l¼ Ðpremeditated€murder.Ð X ¨ ÐÌòòArticle€282,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Penal€CodeóóÐ 0"€  ÐÌ26.€In€all€cases,€anyone€who€unlawfully€arrests€a€person€and€threatens€to€kill€him€or€subjects€him€toÐ $X" Ðphysical€torture€shall€be€sentenced€to€imprisonment€at€hard€labour.Ð ô$D # ÐÌ27.€€These€crimes€are€covered€in€the€general€provisions€of€the€Penal€Code€relating€to€the€attempt€toÐ Ì&"% Ðcommit€a€crime,€which€is€punishable€under€articles€45€and€46€of€the€Code.€€The€same€provisionsÐ ¸'#& Ðapply€to€the€forms€of€participation€specified€in€article€40€of€the€Penal€Code,€namely€incitement,Ð ¤(ô#' Ðcollusion€or€aiding€and€abetting.€€According€to€article€41€of€the€Code,€an€accomplice€to€a€crime€isÐ )à$( Ðliable€to€the€same€penalty€as€the€actual€perpetrator€of€the€crime.€€Acquiescence€in€torture€attracts€theÐ |*Ì%) Ðsame€penalty€as€the€giving€of€an€order€to€carry€out€torture.€Ð h+¸&* ÐÌ28.€€In€the€same€way,€an€order€given€by€a€superior€officer€cannot€be€used€as€an€excuse€to€legitimizeÐ @-(, Ðtorture.€€According€to€article€63€of€the€Penal€Code,€an€order€cannot€be€invoked€as€a€justification€ofÐ ° Ðtorture,€since€the€act€to€which€the€order€gave€rise,€namely€torture,€is€a€criminal€offence.Ð œì ÐÌ29.€€The€judicial€application€of€the€aforementioned€penal€provisions€has€produced€a€number€of€legalÐ tÄ Ðprinciples,€which€have€become€established€practice€in€accordance€with€the€jurisprudence€of€theÐ `° ÐSupreme€Court.Ð L œ ÐÓ»pÓÌÓ  Ó30.€€According€to€article€2,€paragraphs€(2)€and€(3),€of€the€Convention€against€Torture,€exceptionalÐ $ t Ðcircumstances€and€other€public€emergencies€cannot€be€invoked€as€a€justification€of€torture,€nor€canÐ  ` Ðan€order€from€a€superior€officer€or€a€public€authority.€€Moreover,€according€to€article€15€of€theÐ ü L  ÐConvention,€any€statement€which€is€established€to€have€been€made€as€a€result€of€torture€shall€not€beÐ è 8  Ðinvoked€as€evidence.€€We€shall€now€discuss€these€three€subjects€and€the€position€taken€by€theÐ Ô$  ÐEgyptian€legislature€thereon.Ð À  ÐÌòòTorture,€exceptional€circumstances€and€public€emergenciesóóÐ ˜è  ÐÌ31.€The€question€of€exceptional€circumstances€and€public€emergencies€is€covered€in€article€148€ofÐ pÀ ÐEgyptððs€Permanent€Constitution,€which€was€promulgated€in€1971.€€The€Egyptian€legislature€adoptedÐ \¬ Ða€theory€of€pre„emergency€legislation€to€deal€with€public€emergencies,€since€the€Constitution€requiresÐ H˜ Ðthat€the€declaration€of€a€state€of€emergency€be€made€by€a€decree€of€the€President€of€the€Republic.Ð 4„ ÐÌ32.€€The€Emergency€Act€No.€162€of€1958€regulates€the€conditions€and€procedures€pertaining€toÐ  \ Ðpublic€emergencies.€€There€is€nothing€in€the€Act€that€could€serve€to€nullify€the€provisions€of€theÐ øH ÐPenal€Code€relating€to€the€offences€of€torture,€wrongful€imprisonment€or€the€use€of€cruelty,€to€grantÐ ä4 Ðany€party€the€right€to€derogate€from€the€provisions€of€the€Penal€Code€or€to€authorize€acts€designatedÐ Ð  Ðas€criminal€offences€under€the€Code.€€Hence,€the€crime€of€torture€and€other€crimes€continue€to€obtain,Ð ¼  Ðeven€when€a€public€emergency€has€been€declared€in€the€country.€€Thus,€a€state€of€emergency€cannotÐ ¨ø Ðbe€invoked€as€a€pretext€for€committing€acts€of€torture.Ð ”ä ÐÌ33.€€Anyone€arrested€in€accordance€with€the€provisions€of€the€Emergency€Act€must€be€detained€inÐ l¼ Ða€legally€approved€prison.€€Arrested€persons€are€accorded€the€same€treatment€as€persons€being€heldÐ X ¨ Ðin€preventive€custody€and€enjoy€all€the€rights€granted€to€detainees€in€prison.€They€may€not€be€harmedÐ D!” Ðby€any€party€and€their€detention€is€subject€to€regular€review€every€30€days€by€means€of€theÐ 0"€  Ðsubmission€of€a€complaint€to€the€courts€from€the€person€concerned.€€It€follows€that€the€law€regardsÐ #l! Ðacts€involving€the€torture€of,€infliction€of€harm€on,€or€detention€of€persons€in€places€other€thanÐ $X" Ðlegally€approved€prisons€as€crimes€that€are€punishable€by€law.Ð ô$D # ÐÌ34.€€It€is€worth€mentioning€in€this€connection€that€the€provisions€of€the€Convention€which€refer€toÐ Ì&"% Ðthese€matters€have€acquired€the€force€of€law€in€Egypt,€since,€according€to€article€151€of€theÐ ¸'#& ÐConstitution,€the€entire€Convention€became€law€after€it€had€been€promulgated.€€Anyone€can€invokeÐ ¤(ô#' Ðthe€provisions€of€the€Convention€before€any€type€of€court,€while€the€failure€of€a€court€ruling€to€applyÐ )à$( Ðthe€provisions€of€the€law€can€be€invoked€as€a€justification€to€challenge€the€ruling€on€the€grounds€thatÐ |*Ì%) Ðit€is€in€breach€of€the€law€and€has€failed€to€apply€the€provisions€thereof.Ð h+¸&* ÐÌòòInvocation€of€orders€from€a€superior€as€justification€of€tortureóóÐ @-(, Ї35.€€According€to€article€2,€paragraph€(3),€of€the€Convention,€orders€from€a€superior€cannot€beÐ ° Ðinvoked€as€a€justification€of€torture.€€Article€63€of€the€Code€of€Criminal€Procedures€stipulates€thatÐ œì Ða€crime€shall€not€have€been€committed,€if€the€act€was€carried€out€by€a€public€official€executing€anÐ ˆØ Ðorder€issued€by€a€superior€officer€whom€he€was€duty„bound€to€obey€or€if,€acting€in€good€faith,€heÐ tÄ Ðcommitted€an€act€in€execution€of€an€order€directed€by€laws€or€in€the€belief€that€the€act€was€withinÐ `° Ðhis€competence.€€Pursuant€to€that€article,€a€public€official€is€required€in€all€cases€to€prove€that€heÐ L œ Ðcommitted€the€act€only€after€scrutiny€and€questioning,€that€he€believed€it€to€be€legitimate€and€thatÐ 8 ˆ Ðsuch€belief€was€based€on€reasonable€grounds.€Ð $ t ÐÌ36.€€In€accordance€with€the€foregoing,€since€torture€is€a€punishable€offence€under€Egyptian€law,€andÐ ü L  Ðsince€ignorance€of€the€law€is€no€excuse,€an€order€from€a€superior€officer€cannot€be€invoked€underÐ è 8  Ðany€circumstances€as€a€justification€for€committing€acts€of€torture,€using€cruelty€or€perpetrating€otherÐ Ô$  Ðacts€designated€as€criminal€offences.€Ð À  ÐÌ37.€€In€article€126€of€the€Penal€Code,€the€Egyptian€legislator€deals€specifically€with€the€offence€ofÐ ˜è  Ðtorture,€which€is€designated€as€a€criminal€offence€whether€it€is€committed€on€the€orders€of,€or€directlyÐ „Ô  Ðby,€a€public€official.€€Acquiescence€in€torture€is€regarded€as€the€same€as€committing€torture.€€Thus,Ð pÀ Ðaccording€to€Egyptian€law,€both€a€person€who€orders€torture€and€a€person€who€carries€it€out€actingÐ \¬ Ðon€orders€shall€be€regarded€as€having€committed€the€crime€of€torture€under€the€terms€of€the€PenalÐ H˜ ÐCode€and€shall€be€liable€to€the€same€penalties€as€were€referred€to€here€above.Ð 4„ ÐÓ£zÓÌ38.€€In€this€matter,€the€Court€of€Cassation€has€ruled€as€follows:€Ð  \ ÐÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÌ(a)€€It€is€an€established€principle€that€a€subordinate€should€not€obey€an€order€given€by€his€superiorÐ ä4 Ðofficer€to€commit€an€act€which€he€knows€to€be€punishable€by€law.€€Under€no€circumstances€shouldÐ Ð  Ðobedience€to€a€superior€officer€extend€to€the€perpetration€of€offences€(Appeal€No.€936€of€judicialÐ ¼  Ðyear€16,€hearing€of€13€May€1946;€Appeal€No.€1913€of€judicial€year€38,€hearing€of€6€January€1969,Ð ¨ø Ðrecord€20,€section€6,€page€24;€and€Appeal€No.€869€of€judicial€year€44,€hearing€of€4€November€1974,Ð ”ä Ðrecord€25,€section€163,€page€756);€Ð €Ð ÐÌ(b)€€A€person€who€does€not€have€the€capacity€of€a€public€official€is€not€served€by€the€provisionsÐ X ¨ Ðcontained€in€article€63€of€the€Penal€Code€concerning€public€officials,€even€if€the€relationship€betweenÐ D!” Ðhim€and€the€person€giving€the€order€requires€his€obedience€to€the€latter€(Appeal€No.€13€of€judicialÐ 0"€  Ðyear€32,€hearing€of€21€January€1973,€record€24,€section€18,€page€78€and€Appeal€No.€742€of€judicialÐ #l! Ðyear€49,€hearing€of€22€November€1979,€record€30,€section€176,€page€821).Ð $X" ÐÌòòInadmissibility€of€statements€made€under€tortureóóÐ à%0!$ ÐÌ39.€€The€principle€of€the€inadmissibility€of€statements€made€under€torture€is€enunciated€in€article€15Ð ¸'#& Ðof€the€Convention€and€in€article€42€of€the€Egyptian€Constitution.€€Likewise,€the€Supreme€Court€hasÐ ¤(ô#' Ðestablished€that€confessions€obtained€under€torture€or€duress€must€be€regarded€as€null€and€void,€evenÐ )à$( Ðif€they€were€genuine.Ð |*Ì%) ÐÌ40.€€Following€the€important€discussions€held€with€the€Committee€against€Torture€on€EgyptððsÐ T,¤'+ Ðperiodic€reports€submitted€to€that€Committee€and€after€we€had€explained€the€legal€status€of€tortureÐ @-(, Ðin€Egypt€and€the€extent€to€which€the€provisions€of€Egyptian€law€are€consistent€with€those€of€theÐ ° ÐConvention,€the€Committee€praised€Egypt€for€the€legal€and€judicial€stance€the€country€has€taken€onÐ œì Ðthis€matter.Ð ˆØ ÐÌòòSome€rulings€and€principles€established€by€the€Court€of€Cassation€in€connection€with€the€crime€ofÐ `° ÐtortureóóÐ L œ ÐÌ41.€€In€this€section€we€shall€refer€to€a€number€of€principles€established€by€the€Court€of€Cassation€inÐ $ t Ðconnection€with€the€crime€of€torture€and€which€the€courts€at€various€levels€are€bound€to€apply€whenÐ  ` Ðadjudicating€offences€of€torture.Ð ü L  ÐÌòòThe€crime€of€torture€under€article€126€of€the€Penal€CodeóóÐ Ô$  ÐÌ42.€€The€law€does€not€define€the€meaning€of€physical€torture€and€lays€down€no€specific€degree€ofÐ ¬ü  Ðgravity€as€a€prerequisite;€that€is€a€matter€left€for€the€trial€court€to€infer€at€its€discretion€from€the€Ð ˜è  Ðcircumstances€of€the€case€(Appeal€No.€1314€of€judicial€year€96,€hearing€of€28€January€1966,€recordÐ „Ô  Ð17,€page€1161).Ð pÀ ÐÌ43.€€Under€the€provisions€of€article€126,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Penal€Code,€an€accused€person€is€anyoneÐ H˜ Ðwho€is€charged€with€committing€a€specific€offence,€even€if€he€is€charged€while€the€investigationÐ 4„ Ðofficers€are€still€conducting€inquiries€into€offences€and€those€responsible€for€them€and€are€gatheringÐ  p Ðthe€evidence€essential€to€the€investigation€and€proceedings€pursuant€to€articles€21€and€19€of€the€CodeÐ  \ Ðof€Criminal€Procedures,€provided€that€he€is€suspected€of€having€played€a€part€in€perpetrating€theÐ øH Ðoffence€in€connection€with€which€the€officers€are€gathering€evidence.€€There€is€nothing€to€preventÐ ä4 Ðany€such€officer€from€being€prosecuted€under€article€126€of€the€Penal€Code€for€torturing€the€accusedÐ Ð  Ðperson€with€a€view€to€extracting€a€confession€from€him,€regardless€of€the€motive€for€doing€so.€€ThereÐ ¼  Ðis€no€reason€to€differentiate€between€the€statements€of€the€accused€person€as€contained€in€the€reportÐ ¨ø Ðof€the€investigation€conducted€by€the€investigating€authority€and€his€statements€as€contained€in€theÐ ”ä Ðevidence€report,€since€the€criminal€judge€is€in€no€way€bound€by€a€specific€type€of€evidence€and€isÐ €Ð Ðperfectly€at€liberty€to€draw€evidence€from€any€source€in€the€proceedings,€if€he€believes€it€to€beÐ l¼ Ðauthoritative.€€It€is€also€inadmissible€to€state€that€the€legislator€intended€to€protect€a€certain€type€ofÐ X ¨ Ðconfession,€since€nothing€is€singled€out€and€it€would€be€inconsistent€with€the€provision€(Appeal€No.Ð D!” Ð1314€of€judicial€year€96,€hearing€of€28€January€1996,€record€17,€page€1161).Ð 0"€  ÐÌ44.€€If€torture€has€actually€occurred,€the€statements€made€by€the€witnesses€and€interviewees€subjectedÐ $X" Ðto€such€torture€must€be€dismissed.€€No€reliance€can€properly€be€placed€in€such€statements,€even€ifÐ ô$D # Ðtrue€and€consistent€with€the€facts,€if€they€were€obtained€by€torture€or€coercion,€however€slight€inÐ à%0!$ Ðdegree.€€If€torture€did€not€occur,€reliance€may€rightly€be€placed€in€such€statements€(Appeal€No.€1275Ð Ì&"% Ðof€judicial€year€39,€hearing€of€13€October€1969,€record€20,€page€1056).Ð ¸'#& ÐÌ45.€€It€is€established€that€under€no€circumstances€does€obedience€to€a€superior€officer€extend€to€theÐ )à$( Ðperpetration€of€offences€and€that€a€subordinate€must€not€obey€an€order€from€his€superior€officer€toÐ |*Ì%) Ðcommit€an€act€which€he€knows€to€be€punishable€by€law.€€Accordingly,€if€the€appellantððs€defence€isÐ h+¸&* Ðbased€on€force€of€circumstances,€in€that€he€perpetrated€the€act€on€the€order€of€his€superior€officer,Ð T,¤'+ Ðthe€appealed€judgement€cannot€be€regarded€as€defective€in€its€application€of€the€law€(Appeal€No.Ð @-(, Ð6533,€judicial€year€25,€hearing€of€24€March€1983,€record€34,€page€432).Ð ° ÐÌ46.€€Since,€in€order€for€any€confession€to€be€taken€into€account,€it€must€have€been€made€freely€andÐ ˆØ Ðvoluntarily,€no€reliance€can€be€placed€in€a€confession,€even€if€genuine,€when€it€is€the€result€of€anyÐ tÄ Ðdegree€of€coercion€or€threat.€€A€promise€or€inducement€is€comparable€to€coercion€and€a€threatÐ `° Ðinasmuch€as€it€affects€the€freedom€of€the€suspect€to€choose€between€making€a€denial€or€a€confessionÐ L œ Ðand€leads€him€to€believe€that,€by€confessing,€he€will€reap€some€benefit€or€avoid€harm.€€Accordingly,Ð 8 ˆ Ðwhen€the€plea€was€made€in€court€that€the€confessions€of€the€first€and€fifth€guilty€defendants€were€theÐ $ t Ðresult€of€physical€coercion€to€which€the€fifth€guilty€defendant€had€been€subjected€in€the€form€ofÐ  ` Ðtorture€and€of€the€moral€coercion€to€which€they€had€both€been€subjected€in€the€form€of€threats,Ð ü L  Ðpromises€and€inducements,€the€court€should€have€undertaken€an€investigation€into€that€defence,Ð è 8  Ðexploring€the€link€between€the€coercion,€the€reasons€for€it€and€its€bearing€on€the€statements€made€byÐ Ô$  Ðthe€two€persons.€€However,€the€court€failed€to€do€this,€limiting€itself€to€stating€that,€since€theÐ À  Ðprosecution€attorney€had€seen€no€marks€of€torture€on€either€defendant,€they€could€not€have€beenÐ ¬ü  Ðsubjected€to€coercion.€€However,€the€fact€that€the€prosecutor€failed€to€see€any€marks€on€the€twoÐ ˜è  Ðdefendants€does€not€in€itself€rule€out€the€possibility€that€the€fifth€guilty€defendant€did€bear€marks€of€Ð „Ô  Ðhaving€been€subjected€to€torture,€beating€or€physical€coercion.€€Nevertheless,€no€definitive€link€wasÐ pÀ Ðmade€between€the€threat,€promise€and€inducement€and€their€confessions€in€which€the€court€placedÐ \¬ Ðreliance.€€The€courtððs€judgement€was€therefore€defective€because€of€the€flaws€in€the€evidence€as€wellÐ H˜ Ðas€negligence€(Appeal€No.€951€of€judicial€year€35,€hearing€of€2€June€1983,€record€34,€page€730).Ð 4„ ÐÌ47.€€In€order€for€the€offence€of€torture€to€have€been€committed,€Egyptian€law€does€not€stipulate€thatÐ  \ Ða€specific€degree€of€serious€pain€or€suffering€should€result€from€the€torture€or€that€the€torture€shouldÐ øH Ðleave€marks.€€Consequently,€the€offence€of€torture€obtains€however€negligible€the€pain€and€regardlessÐ ä4 Ðof€whether€or€not€it€leaves€marks€(ruling€of€the€Court€of€Cassation,€hearing€of€5€November€1986).Ð Ð  ÐÌ48.€€Similarly,€a€confession€is€not€required€in€order€for€the€provisions€of€article€126€of€the€PenalÐ ¨ø ÐCode€to€apply.€€On€the€contrary,€it€is€enough€that€the€accused€person€should€have€engaged€in€tortureÐ ”ä Ðwith€a€view€to€inducing€a€confession€(ruling€of€the€Court€of€Cassation,€hearing€of€28€NovemberÐ €Ð Ð1966).Ð l¼ ÐÌ49.€€The€offence€of€torture€referred€to€in€article€126€of€the€Penal€Code€does€not€imply€that€the€personÐ D!” Ðcarrying€out€the€torture€must€be€competent€to€seek€evidence€or€to€conduct€an€investigation€inÐ 0"€  Ðconnection€with€the€offence€perpetrated€by€the€accused€person.€€Instead,€it€is€sufficient€that€the€publicÐ #l! Ðofficial€should,€by€virtue€of€his€office,€have€the€authority€that€places€him€in€a€position€to€torture€theÐ $X" Ðaccused€person€with€a€view€to€extracting€a€confession€from€him€(ruling€of€the€Court€of€Cassation,Ð ô$D # Ðhearing€of€8€March€1995).Ð à%0!$ ÐÌ50.€€In€torture€offences,€criminal€intent€is€present€whenever€a€public€official€deliberately€tortures€aÐ ¸'#& Ðsuspect€in€order€to€induce€him€to€make€a€confession,€regardless€of€his€motive€for€doing€so€(rulingÐ ¤(ô#' Ðof€the€Court€of€Cassation,€hearing€of€8€March€1995).Ð )à$( ÐÌòòThe€crime€of€the€use€of€cruelty€under€article€129€of€the€Penal€CodeóóÐ h+¸&* ÐÌ51.€€The€crime€of€the€use€of€cruelty€referred€to€in€article€129€of€the€Penal€Code€shall€have€beenÐ @-(, Ðcommitted€when€a€public€official€or€servant€uses€his€position€to€inflict€cruelty€in€a€manner€which€isÐ ° Ðdetrimental€to€an€individualððs€dignity€or€causes€him€bodily€pain.€€It€is€not€a€prerequisite€that€theÐ œì Ðaccused€person€should€be€performing€his€job€at€the€time€of€committing€the€assault€or€that€the€assaultÐ ˆØ Ðshould€attain€a€specific€degree€of€severity,€if€it€is€established€in€the€ruling€that€the€accused€person€wasÐ tÄ Ða€member€of€the€police€who€used€his€position€to€assault€and€wound€the€victim.€€The€fact€that€theÐ `° Ðjudgement€fails€to€mention€whether€the€accused€person€was€performing€his€functions€at€the€time€ofÐ L œ Ðthe€assault,€omits€the€name€of€the€victim€or€provides€no€details€about€the€assault€is€insufficient€toÐ 8 ˆ Ðjustify€reversal€of€the€judgement€(hearing€of€20€March€1944,€Appeal€No.€374,€judicial€year€14).Ð $ t ÐÌ52.€€It€is€an€offence€punishable€under€article€129€of€the€Penal€Code€for€public€officials€to€use€theirÐ ü L  Ðposition€to€inflict€cruelty€on€others.€€If€battery€is€involved,€it€is€also€an€offence€under€article€242€ofÐ è 8  Ðthe€Penal€Code€and€the€other€articles€which€prohibit€battery€or€deliberate€injury.€€According€to€articleÐ Ô$  Ð32,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Penal€Code,€if€both€offences€are€committed€in€a€single€criminal€act€only€oneÐ À  Ðpenalty€may€be€imposed€on€the€accused€person,€namely€that€prescribed€for€the€more€serious€offence.€Ð ¬ü  ÐThe€penalty€prescribed€in€article€241€of€the€Penal€Code€for€battery€which€renders€a€person€incapableÐ ˜è  Ðof€leading€a€normal€life€for€a€period€of€more€than€20€days€is€more€severe€than€that€prescribed€inÐ „Ô  Ðarticle€129€of€the€Penal€Code.€€It€is€therefore€not€wrong€to€punish€the€accused€(who€is€a€villageÐ pÀ Ðheadman)€under€article€242,€if€it€is€established€that€his€battery€of€the€victim€attained€that€degree€ofÐ \¬ Ðseverity€(hearing€of€12€November€1945,€Appeal€No.€1466,€judicial€year€15).Ð H˜ ÐÌ53.€€The€chief€element€of€cruelty€in€the€offence€referred€to€in€article€129€of€the€Penal€Code€is€derivedÐ  p Ðfrom€any€material€act€that€is€likely€to€cause€the€victim€bodily€pain,€however€slight,€even€if€the€actÐ  \ Ðcauses€no€apparent€injuries.€€It€therefore€includes€battery€and€minor€trauma€(hearing€of€14€AprilÐ øH Ð1952,€Appeal€No.€264,€judicial€year€22).Ð ä4 ÐÌ54.€€The€chief€elements€of€the€use€of€cruelty€referred€to€in€article€129€of€the€Penal€Code€are€presentÐ ¼  Ðwhere€it€is€shown€that€the€accused€person€assaulted€the€victim€relying€on€the€authority€of€hisÐ ¨ø Ðposition.€€It€is€not€necessary€to€mention€the€injuries€incurred€by€the€victim€as€a€result€of€the€assaultÐ ”ä Ð(hearing€of€16€November€1954,€Appeal€No.€1022,€judicial€year€24).Ð €Ð ÐÌ55.€€The€Court€of€Cassation€has€ruled€that€the€provisions€of€article€129€of€the€Penal€Code€refer€onlyÐ X ¨ Ðto€those€methods€of€violence€which€do€not€involve€arresting€individuals€and€placing€them€inÐ D!” Ðconfinement.€€This€article€is€grouped€together€with€those€that€deal€with€the€offences€of€coercion€andÐ 0"€  Ðill„treatment€of€individuals€by€public€officials€under€volume€II,€chapter€VI,€of€the€Code€concerningÐ #l! Ðfelonies€and€misdemeanours€prejudicial€to€the€public€interest.€€Articles€280€and€282€of€the€PenalÐ $X" ÐCode€are€grouped€together€with€articles€dealing€with€the€offences€of€the€unlawful€arrest€and€detentionÐ ô$D # Ðof€individuals€under€volume€III,€chapter€V,€of€the€Code,€concerning€felonies€and€misdemeanoursÐ à%0!$ Ðaffecting€individuals.€€This€distinction€between€the€headings€under€which€these€articles€appearÐ Ì&"% Ðreflects€the€thinking€of€the€Egyptian€legislature,€insofar€as€encroachment€on€individual€freedom€byÐ ¸'#& Ðmeans€of€arrest,€imprisonment€or€detention€is€an€offence€that€is€committed€by€a€public€official€orÐ ¤(ô#' Ðother€public€servant€(Appeal€No.€1286€of€judicial€year€34,€hearing€of€8€December€1964,€record€15,Ð )à$( Ðpage€805).Ð |*Ì%) ÐÌ56.€€The€offence€of€torture€referred€to€in€article€126€of€the€Penal€Code€does€not€imply€that€the€personÐ T,¤'+ Ðcarrying€out€the€torture€should€be€competent€to€seek€evidence€or€to€conduct€an€investigation€inÐ @-(, Ðconnection€with€the€offence€committed€by€the€accused€person.€€It€is€sufficient€that€the€public€officialÐ ° Ðhas€the€power,€by€virtue€of€his€public€duties,€to€torture€the€accused€person€with€a€view€to€extractingÐ œì Ða€confession€from€him.€€With€regard€to€the€crime€of€torture€referred€to€in€article€126€of€the€PenalÐ ˆØ ÐCode,€criminal€intent€is€present€if€the€public€official€or€public€servant€deliberately€tortures€theÐ tÄ Ðaccused€person€in€order€to€induce€him€to€make€a€confession,€regardless€of€his€motive€for€doing€so.Ð `° ÐÌ57.€€If€it€is€proven€that€there€was€collusion€between€the€accused€persons,€in€light€of€the€connectionÐ 8 ˆ Ðbetween€them,€the€fact€that€the€crime€was€perpetrated€for€the€same€motive,€the€fact€that€they€agreedÐ $ t Ðon€the€manner€of€its€commission€and€that€each€of€them€intended€that€the€other€should€carry€it€out€andÐ  ` Ðthe€right€of€the€victim€that€was€violated€was€the€same€specific€right,€they€shall€both€be€regarded€asÐ ü L  Ðthe€actual€perpetrators€of€the€crime€of€torturing€the€victim€with€a€view€to€extracting€a€confessionÐ è 8  Ðfrom€him€and€shall€bear€equal€responsibility€for€it,€regardless€of€whether€or€not€it€has€beenÐ Ô$  Ðdetermined€which€of€them€delivered€the€blows€that€led€to€the€death€(Appeal€No.€5732,€judicial€yearÐ À  Ð63).Ð ¬ü  ÐÌ58.€€From€our€description€of€the€Egyptian€legal€system€and€the€application€of€the€law€on€the€crimeÐ „Ô  Ðof€torture,€it€should€be€clear€to€the€distinguished€Committee€that€Egypt€is€committed€to€the€effectiveÐ pÀ Ðimplementation€of€the€treaties€to€which€it€is€a€party€and€that€it€makes€ceaseless€endeavours€to€honourÐ \¬ Ðits€obligations€under€those€treaties,€pursuing€constructive€dialogue€with€the€mechanisms€overseeingÐ H˜ Ðtreaties€concerned€with€human€rights€and€fundamental€freedoms.Ð 4„ ÐÌòòStatistics€on€sanctions€and€penalties€imposed€on€members€of€the€police€found€guilty€of€crimes€ofÐ  \ Ðtorture€and€on€rulings€awarding€compensation€to€victimsóóÐ øH ÐÌ59.€€The€statistics€below€show€the€legal€proceedings€that€have€been€taken€and€the€cases€that€haveÐ Ð  Ðbeen€proved€against€persons€charged€with€torture€and€the€use€of€cruelty.€€Table€A€shows€the€casesÐ ¼  Ðin€which€investigations€led€to€the€imposition€of€administrative€sanctions,€the€issuance€of€courtÐ ¨ø Ðjudgements€or€the€taking€of€disciplinary€action.€€Table€B€shows€the€cases€referred€to€the€DepartmentÐ ”ä Ðof€Public€Prosecutions€and€those€in€which€no€final€court€ruling€has€been€delivered.€€Table€C€showsÐ €Ð Ðthe€final€court€rulings€in€which€victims€of€torture€were€awarded€civil€compensation.Ð l¼ ÐÓ‘ÓÌTable€AÐ D!” ÐTorture€and€ill„treatment,€1998„2002Ð 0"€  ÐÌÔ*©ƒˆ‰ •dûdû\Rûä \Rä \R\RÏ\\ÏST°(#°(#©ÔÔ,f\RÔÔ,Ê\RÔÔ,4\RÔÔ,S\RÔÔ,G\\ÔÔ+  ÔÐ 8€...'$X"$X €€‚ ‚ƒ ƒ„„8ÐYearÐ =€...,!$b#"... „„=ÐNo.€of€officers€referredÐ $b$ Ðfor€Ð þ$N % Ðcriminal€prosecutionÐ =€...,!ê%:!&"... „„=ÐNo.€of€officers€referredÐ $b' Ðto€disciplinary€tribunalÐ =€...,!þ$N ("... „„=ÐNo.€of€officers€givenÐ $b) ÐadministrativeÐ þ$N * ÐsanctionÐ ?€....,!ê%:!+"... „„?ÐTotalÐ $b, ÐNo.€ofÐ þ$N - ÐofficersÐ u€.f,ê%:!."  .... €€8Ÿ@1998‚‚ƒƒ„„‰8Ÿ@‰uÐ1998Ð \€.MBà&0"/" 8Ÿ@1998 8Ÿ@. „„\Ð2€exonerationsÐ ;€.,!à&0"0". „„;Ð2€demotionsÐ ;€.,!à&0"1". „„;Ð12€demotionsÐ _€..L!à&0"2".  0@16„„‰0@‰_Ð16Ð ”€.…Kà&0"3"  0@16  0@.. €€<Ÿ@1999‚‚ƒƒ„„‰<Ÿ@‰”Ð1999Ð \€.MBÌ'#4" <Ÿ@1999 <Ÿ@. „„\Ð3€prison€sentencesÐ Ì'#5 Ð5€suspended€prisonÐ ¸($6 Ѐ€€sentencesÐ ¤)ô$7 Ð2€exonerationsÐ ;€.,!*à%8". „„;Ð3€demotionsÐ Ì'#9 Ð1€dismissalÐ ;€.,!¸($:". „„;Ð6€demotionsÐ Ì'#; Ð6€cautionsÐ _€..L!¸($<".  :@26„„‰:@‰_Ð26Ð ”€.…KÌ'#="  :@26  :@.. €€@Ÿ@2000‚‚ƒƒ„„‰@Ÿ@‰”Ð2000Ð \€.MB|+Ì&>" @Ÿ@2000 @Ÿ@. „„\Ð2€prison€sentencesÐ |+Ì&? Ð1€suspended€prisonÐ h,¸'@ Ѐ€€sentenceÐ T-¤(A Ð4€exonerationsÐ ° Ð2€trials€in€progressÐ ;€.,!œì". „„;Ð6€demotionsÐ |+Ì& Ð6€dismissalsÐ h,¸' Ð6€trials€in€progressÐ T-¤( ÐÐ ;€.,!°". „„;Ð19€demotionsÐ |+Ì& Ð7€cautionsÐ h,¸' ÐÐ _€..L!°".  €J@53„„‰€J@‰_Ð53Ð |+Ì& ÐÐ ”€.…K°"  €J@53  €J@.. €€DŸ@2001‚‚ƒƒ„„‰DŸ@‰”Ð2001Ð \€.MBˆØ" DŸ@2001 DŸ@. „„\Ð1€prison€sentenceÐ ˆØ Ð1€exonerationÐ tÄ Ð5€trials€in€progressÐ `° Ð1€suspended€prisonÐ L œ Ѐ€€sentenceÐ ;€.,!8 ˆ". „„;Ð20€demotionsÐ ˆØ Ð1€dismissalÐ tÄ  Ð20€trials€in€progressÐ `°  Ð15€exonerationsÐ ;€.,!L œ ". „„;Ð89€demotionsÐ ˆØ  Ð27€cautionsÐ `€..M!tÄ ". €f@180„„‰€f@‰`Ð180Ð —€..†LˆØ" €f@180  €f@.. €€HŸ@2002‚‚ƒ ƒ„„‰HŸ@‰—Ð2002Ð ^€..MB$ t" HŸ@2002 HŸ@.. „„^Ð4€prison€sentencesÐ $ t Ð1€exonerationÐ  ` Ð4€trials€in€progressÐ =€..,!ü L".. „„=Ð43€trials€in€progressÐ =€..,!$ t".. „„=Ð59€demotionsÐ $ t Ð15€cautionsÐ `€...M! `".. €_@126„„‰€_@‰`Ð126Ð\RP$ t" €_@126   €_@... \ÐÌTable€BÐ Þ.  ÐOfficers€referred€to€the€Department€of€Public€Prosecutions€for€criminal€prosecution€in€casesÐ Ê  Ðinvolving€torture,€cruelty€or€ill„treatment,€1€September€1999€to€31€January€2003Ð ¶  Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àÌÔ*¸ƒ½¾ûd•df\RfÊ\RÊ4\R4S\RSG\\Gˆ‰°(#°(#¸ÔÔ,£\RÔÔ,¸ \RÔÔ,é\RÔÔ,ž\\ÔÔ+  ÔÐ 8€...'ŽÞ ŽÞ  €€‚ ‚ƒ ƒ„„8ÐItemÐ =€...,!˜è "... „„=ÐCase€No.Ð =€...,!˜è "... „„=ÐIncidentÐ ?€....,!˜è "... „„?ÐDecisionÐ r€.c,˜è "  .... €€ ð?1‚‚ƒƒ„„‰ð?‰rÐ1Ð Y€.J?ŽÞ "  ð?1 ð?. „„YÐQanatir€al„Khayriya€CentreÐ ŽÞ! ÐFelony€Case€No.€26026/2001Ð ;€.,!zÊ"". „„;ÐBattery€and€unlawfulÐ ŽÞ# ÐdetentionÐ ?€..,!zÊ$". „„?ÐOfficer€given€3„yearÐ ŽÞ% Ðprison€sentence€andÐ zÊ& Ðordered€to€payÐ f¶' ÐcompensationÐ R¢( Ð(session€16/12/2002)Ð r€.c,>Ž)"  .. €€ @2‚‚ƒƒ„„‰@‰rÐ2Ð Y€.J?*z*"  @2 @. „„YÐTanta€II€Misdemeanours€Case€No.Ð *z+ Ð8738/2003Ð ;€.,!f,". „„;ÐBatteryÐ ?€..,!*z-". „„?ÐTrial€in€progressÐ r€.c,*z."  .. €€ @3‚‚ƒƒ„„‰@‰rÐ3Ð Y€.J?R/"  @3 @. „„YÐKhanika€Misdemeanours€Case€No.Ð R0 Ð18767/2001Ð ;€.,!î>1". „„;ÐUse€of€force€by€aÐ R2 Ðpublic€officialÐ ?€..,!î>3". „„?ÐTrial€in€progressÐ r€.c,R4"  .. €€ @4‚‚ƒƒ„„‰@‰rÐ4Ð Y€.J?Ú*5"  @4 @. „„YÐDasuq€Centre€Administrative€CaseÐ Ú*6 ÐNo.€18755/2001Ð ;€.,!Æ7". „„;ÐBatteryÐ ?€..,!Ú*8". „„?ÐReferred€to€criminalÐ Ú*9 ÐcourtÐ r€.c,Æ:"  .. €€ @5‚‚ƒƒ„„‰@‰rÐ5Ð Y€.J?²;"  @5 @. „„YÐTanta€Section€I€MisdemeanoursÐ ²< ÐCase€No.€10875/2002Ð ;€.,!žî=". „„;ÐBatteryÐ ?€..,!²>". „„?ÐStill€underÐ ²? ÐinvestigationÐ r€.c,žî@"  .. €€ @6‚‚ƒƒ„„‰@‰rÐ6Ð Y€.J?ŠÚA"  @6 @. „„YÐAwsim€Misdemeanours€Case€No.Ð ŠÚB Ð3991/2001Ð ;€.,!v ÆC". „„;ÐBatteryÐ ?€..,!ŠÚD". „„?ÐUnder€investigationÐ r€.c,ŠÚE"  .. €€ @7‚‚ƒƒ„„‰@‰rÐ7Ð Y€.J?b!²F"  @7 @. „„YÐMinya€Section€AdministrativeÐ b!²G ÐCase€No.€1021/2003Ð ;€.,!N"žH". „„;ÐBatteryÐ ?€..,!b!²I". „„?ÐUnder€investigationÐ r€.c,b!²J"  .. €€  @8‚‚ƒƒ„„‰ @‰rÐ8Ð Y€.J?:#ŠK"   @8  @. „„YÐQuwainsa€Misdemeanours€CaseÐ :#ŠL ÐNo.€15343/2002Ð ;€.,!&$vM". „„;ÐBatteryÐ ?€..,!:#ŠN". „„?ÐUnder€investigationÐ r€.c,:#ŠO"  .. €€ "@9‚‚ƒƒ„„‰"@‰rÐ9Ð Y€.J?%b P"  "@9 "@. „„YÐSanwars€Centre€AdministrativeÐ %b Q ÐCase€No.€5036/2002Ð ;€.,!þ%N!R". „„;ÐUse€of€forceÐ ?€..,!%b S". „„?ÐStill€underÐ %b T ÐinvestigationÐ s€.d,þ%N!U"  .. €€ $@10‚‚ƒƒ„„‰$@‰sÐ10Ð Z€.K@ê&:"V"  $@10 $@. „„ZÐAthmun€Administrative€Case€No.Ð ê&:"W Ð9749/2002Ð ;€.,!Ö'&#X". „„;ÐUse€of€forceÐ ?€..,!ê&:"Y". „„?ÐUnder€investigationÐ s€.d,ê&:"Z"  .. €€ &@11‚‚ƒƒ„„‰&@‰sÐ11Ð Z€.K@Â($["  &@11 &@. „„ZÐKafar€al„Dawar€Case€No.Ð Â($\ Ð5054/2003Ð ;€.,!®)þ$]". „„;ÐBattery€and€unlawfulÐ Â($^ ÐdetentionÐ ?€..,!®)þ$_". „„?ÐUnder€investigationÐ s€.d,Â($`"  .. €€ (@12‚‚ƒƒ„„‰(@‰sÐ12Ð Z€.K@š*ê%a"  (@12 (@. „„ZÐWasta€Centre€Administrative€CaseÐ š*ê%b ÐNo.€4346/2003Ð ;€.,!†+Ö&c". „„;ÐBatteryÐ ?€..,!š*ê%d". „„?ÐStill€underÐ š*ê%e ÐinvestigationÐ s€.d,†+Ö&f"  .. €€ *@13‚‚ƒƒ„„‰*@‰sÐ13Ð Z€.K@r,Â'g"  *@13 *@. „„ZÐFayum€Centre€MisdemeanoursÐ r,Â'h ÐCase€No.€9200/2002Ð ;€.,!^-®(i". „„;ÐBatteryÐ ?€..,!r,Â'j". „„?Ðâ âNo€decisionÐ s€.d,r,Â'k"  .. €€ ,@14‚‚ƒƒ„„‰,@‰sÐ14Ð Z€.K@°"  ,@14 ,@. „„ZÐâ âBani€Abid€Police€Station€Case€No.Ð ° Ð340/2003Ð ;€.,!œì". „„;ÐBatteryÐ ?€..,!°". „„?ÐNo€decisionÐ s€.d,°"  .. €€ .@15‚‚ƒƒ„„‰.@‰sÐ15Ð Z€.K@ˆØ"  .@15 .@. „„ZÐAbin€Case€No.€470/2003Ð ;€.,!ˆØ". „„;ÐBatteryÐ ?€..,!ˆØ". „„?ÐNo€decisionÐ s€.d,ˆØ "  .. €€ 0@16‚‚ƒƒ„„‰0@‰sÐ16Ð Z€.K@tÄ "  0@16 0@. „„ZÐBab€al„Sha`bah€AdministrativeÐ tÄ  ÐCase€No.€1359/2001Ð ;€.,!`° ". „„;ÐBatteryÐ ?€..,!tÄ ". „„?ÐStill€underÐ tÄ ÐinvestigationÐ s€.d,`°"  .. €€ 1@17‚‚ƒƒ„„‰1@‰sÐ17Ð Z€.K@L œ"  1@17 1@. „„ZÐIsma`iliya€III€Administrative€Case€Ð L œ ÐNo.€1725/2002Ð ;€.,!8 ˆ". „„;ÐBattery€leading€toÐ L œ Ðpermanent€disabilityÐ ?€..,!8 ˆ". „„?ÐNo€decisionÐ u€..d,L œ"  .. €€ 2@18‚‚ƒ ƒ„„‰2@‰uÐ18Ð \€..K@$ t"  2@18 2@.. „„\ÐAduwah€Centre€MisdemeanoursÐ $ t ÐCase€No.€4302/2001Ð =€..,! `".. „„=ÐTortureÐ ?€...,!$ t".. „„?ÐUnder€investigationÐ<20$ t"   ... <ÐÌTable€CÐ ò B  ÐFinal€judgements€awarding€compensation€for€victims€1998„2002Ð Þ.  ÐÌÔ*–ƒ*+ ïdûd£\R£¸ \R¸ é\Réž\\ž½¾°(#°(#–ÔÔ,'\RÔÔ,u\\ÔÔ+  ÔÐ 8€...'¶ ¶  €€‚ ‚ƒ ƒ„„8ÐYearÐ ?€....,!À "... „„?ÐNo.€of€compensation€awards€handed€downÐ À  Ðto€citizens€and€enforcedÐ u€.f,¬ü !"  .... €€4Ÿ@1997‚‚ƒƒ„„‰4Ÿ@‰uÐ1997Ð €..lB¢ò "" 4Ÿ@1997 4Ÿ@.  @2„„‰@‰Ð2Ð “€.„J¢ò #"  @2  @.. €€8Ÿ@1998‚‚ƒƒ„„‰8Ÿ@‰“Ð1998Ð €..lBŽÞ$" 8Ÿ@1998 8Ÿ@.  @4„„‰@‰Ð4Ð “€.„JŽÞ%"  @4  @.. €€<Ÿ@1999‚‚ƒƒ„„‰<Ÿ@‰“Ð1999Ð €..lBzÊ&" <Ÿ@1999 <Ÿ@.   @8„„‰ @‰Ð8Ð “€.„JzÊ'"   @8   @.. €€@Ÿ@2000‚‚ƒƒ„„‰@Ÿ@‰“Ð2000Ð €..lBf¶(" @Ÿ@2000 @Ÿ@.  @3„„‰@‰Ð3Ð s€..bJf¶)"  @3  @.. €€‚‚ƒ ƒ„„sÐ2002Ð R¢* Ð1/9/2002„Ð >Ž+ Ð31/1/2003Ð ^€...K!*z,"..  @2„„‰@‰^Ð2Ð R¢- ÐÐ y€...fJ>Ž."  @2  @... €€‚‚ƒ ƒ„„……yÐ6€cases€in€2001€yet€to€be€decidedÐ Y€...F* p/" ... €€‚‚ƒ ƒ„„……YÐ3€cases€in€2002€yet€to€be€decidedÐ:0.f0"  ... :ÐÓ  ÓÐ Ð60.€€From€the€above,€it€will€be€clear€to€the€distinguished€Committee€that,€in€the€light€of€EgyptððsÐ øH1 Ðconstitutional€and€legal€systems€as€regards€the€crime€of€torture,€and€within€the€framework€of€theÐ ä42 Ðjudicial€principles€relating€to€this€crime€that€have€been€established€by€Egyptððs€judicial€system,€theÐ Ð 3 Ðnational€legislature€provides€fundamental€guarantees€to€protect€individuals€against€the€crime€ofÐ ¼ 4 Ðtorture.€€It€is€committed€to€guaranteeing€victims€the€right€to€demand€that€the€perpetrators€of€theseÐ ¨ø5 Ðcrimes€are€punished€and€to€claim€compensation€for€the€damage€they€have€suffered.€€This€isÐ ” ä6 Ðguaranteed€by€the€State€in€accordance€with€the€Constitution,€regardless€of€how€much€time€hasÐ €!Ð7 Ðelapsed€since€the€crime€was€committed.Ð l"¼8 ÐÌ61.€€The€above€statistics€confirm€the€sanctions€and€penalties€that€have€been€imposed€against€theÐ D$”: Ðperpetrators€of€this€crime,€together€with€the€compensation€awarded€to€victims€under€the€terms€ofÐ 0%€ ; Ðcourt€judgements.€€These€offences€are€merely€individual€excesses€by€particular€members€of€theÐ &l!< Ðpolice,€a€phenomenon€from€which€no€society€is€exempt.€€It€is€not€possible€to€characterize€theseÐ 'X"= Ðviolations€by€a€minority€of€policemen€as€part€of€a€systematic€pattern€of€behaviour,€given€theÐ ô'D#> Ðexistence€of€this€comprehensive€legal€system,€which€offers€fair€and€independent€means€for€seekingÐ à(0$? Ðredress,€bringing€guilty€persons€to€justice€and€claiming€compensation.€€Such€a€description€cannot€beÐ Ì)%@ Ðreconciled€with€the€wide€range€of€legal€and€procedural€safeguards€that€have€been€put€in€place€andÐ ¸*&A Ðthat€are€applied€by€the€judicial€authority,€which€enjoys€every€constitutional€and€legal€guarantee€ofÐ ¤+ô&B Ðits€independence€and€impartiality€in€the€exercise€of€its€functions€and€whose€decisions€and€rulings€areÐ ,à'C Ðbinding€on€all€authorities.Ð |-Ì(D Ї62.€€Egypt€is€furthermore€cooperating€with€the€United€Nations€Development€Programme€in€aÐ ° Ðcapacity„building€programme€aimed€at€providing€human€rights€training€to€members€of€the€judiciary,Ð œì Ðthe€Department€of€Public€Prosecutions,€the€police,€prison€staff€and€members€of€the€press€andÐ ˆØ Ðpublishing€sectors€with€a€view€to€raising€awareness€of€international€human€rights€treaties,€theÐ tÄ Ðcountryððs€obligations€thereunder€and€the€standards€that€must€be€applied€at€the€practical€level.€€ThisÐ `° Ðreflects€the€Stateððs€concern€to€provide€human€rights€education€to€persons€involved€in€theÐ L œ Ðadministration€of€criminal€justice€in€order€to€ensure€full€conformity€between€actual€practice€and€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðprovisions€of€the€countryððs€Constitution€and€laws€and€to€prevent€any€potential€abuses€by€individuals.Ð $ t ÐÌòòDefinition€of€terrorismóó€(CCPR/CO/76/EGY,€para.€16)Ð ü L  ÐÌòòDefinitionóóÐ Ô$  ÐÌ63.€In€the€light€of€the€numerous€acts€of€terrorism€to€which€Egypt€was€subjected€following€theÐ ¬ü  Ðassassination€of€former€President€Anwar€al„Sadat€at€the€hands€of€terrorist€groupings€targeting€StateÐ ˜è  Ðsymbols€and€leaders,€as€well€as€civilians€and€foreign€tourists,€and€faced€with€the€spread€of€thisÐ „Ô  Ðphenomenon€and€the€need€to€step€up€efforts€to€deal€with€it€in€a€manner€that€respected€the€legitimacyÐ pÀ Ðof€the€Constitution€and€its€laws,€Egypt€declared€a€state€of€public€emergency.€This€was€followed€byÐ \¬ Ðthe€introduction€of€constitutional€and€legal€measures€designed€to€combat€the€phenomenon.€€ForÐ H˜ Ðexample,€the€national€legislature€adopted€Act€No.€97€of€1992,€amending€the€Penal€Code€byÐ 4„ Ðintroducing€stiffer€penalties€for€certain€crimes,€if€committed€for€terrorist€ends.€€This€amendment€wasÐ  p Ðintended€bring€a€halt€to€the€perpetration€of€arbitrary€criminal€acts€of€this€kind€against€innocentÐ  \ Ðvictims,€including€children,€women€and€older€persons.€€To€that€end,€the€legislature€had€to€establishÐ øH Ða€definition€of€terrorism€as€a€basis€for€defining€the€criminal€scope€of€acts€for€which€higher€penaltiesÐ ä4 Ðwould€be€applied.€€The€above„mentioned€Act€inserted€an€additional€article€86€into€the€Penal€Code,Ð Ð  Ðwhich€reads€as€follows:Ð ¼  ÐÌà0  àð ðFor€the€purposes€of€the€application€of€the€provisions€of€this€Code,€terrorism€means€any€useÐ ”ä Ðof€force,€violence,€threats€or€intimidation€to€which€an€offender€resorts€in€order€to€put€intoÐ €Ð Ðeffect€an€individual€or€collective€criminal€plan€designed€to€disrupt€public€order€or€endangerÐ l¼ Ðpublic€safety€and€security€by€harming€or€terrorizing€persons,€jeopardizing€their€lives,Ð X ¨ Ðfreedoms€or€security,€damaging€the€environment,€damaging€or€seizing€control€of€public€orÐ D!” Ðprivate€communications,€transport,€assets,€buildings€or€property,€preventing€or€obstructingÐ 0"€  Ðthe€functioning€of€public€authorities,€places€of€worship€or€academic€institutions€or€renderingÐ #l! Ðthe€Constitution,€the€laws€or€regulations€inoperative.ððÐ$X"(#(# ÐÌ64.€€The€legislative€texts€concerned€with€definitions€are€written€in€a€manner€consistent€with€legalÐ à%0!$ Ðformulae,€but€they€do€not€go€into€the€subjective€details€which€it€is€difficult€for€the€legislature€toÐ Ì&"% Ðenumerate€fully€when€drafting€legal€texts.€€This€is€left€to€the€discretion€of€those€who€take€theÐ ¸'#& Ðrequisite€decisions€during€criminal€proceedings€and€the€subsequent€stage€of€judicial€application,€ifÐ ¤(ô#' Ðthe€matter€is€referred€to€a€court€which€deals€with€the€application€and€interpretation€of€theseÐ )à$( Ðprovisions€in€the€context€of€the€facts€presented€in€each€individual€case.Ð |*Ì%) ÐÌ65.€€The€definition€given€above€was€adopted€for€the€purpose€of€increasing€the€penalties€prescribedÐ T,¤'+ Ðin€the€Penal€Code€for€a€number€of€crimes.€€The€legislature€has€raised€the€penalties€for€certain€crimes,Ð @-(, Ðif€they€are€committed€for€the€purposes€of€terrorism€or€if€terrorism€is€the€means€used€to€achieve€theÐ ° Ðobjectives€of€the€crime.Ð œì ÐÌ66.€In€this€regard,€in€article€86€bis€of€the€Penal€Code,€the€legislator€prescribes€the€penalty€ofÐ tÄ Ðimprisonment€for€anyone€who€establishes,€founds,€organizes€or€manages€an€association,€body,Ð `° Ðorganization,€group€or€band€with€a€view€to€infringing€the€provisions€of€the€Constitution€or€preventingÐ L œ Ðthe€functioning€of€State€institutions€or€public€authorities€or€encroaching€upon€the€personal€freedomÐ 8 ˆ Ðof€citizens€or€other€public€rights€and€freedoms€guaranteed€in€the€Constitution€or€underminingÐ $ t Ðnational€unity€and€social€peace.€The€legislature€increases€the€penalty€for€this€offence€in€article€86€bis,Ð  ` Ðif€terrorism€is€one€of€the€methods€used€to€achieve€or€to€realize€the€objectives€of€the€group.Ð ü L  ÐÌ67.€€It€is€clear€from€the€foregoing€that€the€provisions€of€article€86€of€the€Penal€Code€do€not€pertainÐ Ô$  Ðto€a€criminal€act,€but€rather€to€the€definition€of€terrorism€as€an€aggravating€factor€in€the€infliction€ofÐ À  Ða€penalty.€€The€penalties€applied€to€terrorist€organizations€are€reproduced€in€article€86€bis€of€theÐ ¬ü  ÐPenal€Code.Ð ˜è  ÐÌ68.€€The€constitutionality€of€article€86€bis€of€the€Penal€Code€was€challenged€before€an€administrativeÐ pÀ Ðcourt€in€Case€No.€10458€of€judicial€year€55.€€The€court€referred€it€to€the€Constitutional€Court€for€aÐ \¬ Ðdecision.€€The€case€file€is€registered€as€Constitutional€Court€Case€No.€330,€constitutional€judicialÐ H˜ Ðyear€24.€€The€case€has€been€deferred€pending€completion€of€the€report€of€the€panel€of€commissionersÐ 4„ Ðto€the€Court.€€No€decision€has€yet€been€taken€in€this€matter.Ð  p ÐÌ69.€€With€a€view€to€increasing€the€penalties€for€terrorist€crimes,€the€legislature€introduced€the€penaltyÐ øH Ðof€death€or€life€imprisonment€for€the€most€serious€terrorist€crimes,€such€as€leading€and€financingÐ ä4 Ðterrorist€bands€or€groupings€(article€86€bis,€paragraph€(a),€of€the€Penal€Code).€€The€same€penalty€isÐ Ð  Ðprescribed€for€other€terrorist€crimes€that€cause€the€victimððs€death€(article€86€bis,€paragraph€(b),€of€theÐ ¼  ÐPenal€Code).€€In€such€cases,€the€penalty€is€the€same€as€that€prescribed€in€the€Egyptian€Penal€CodeÐ ¨ø Ðfor€premeditated€murder.€€Nothing€new€is€added€to€the€existing€penalty.Ð ”ä ÐÌ70.€€This€being€so,€and€in€view€of€the€fact€that€the€crimes€punishable€by€death€are€doubtless€the€mostÐ l¼ Ðserious€and€heinous€crimes,€which€cause€suffering€to€the€whole€world€and€inflict€enormous€andÐ X ¨ Ðindiscriminate€damage€on€society€and€to€innocent€victims,€including€women€and€children,€theÐ D!” Ðinfliction€of€this€penalty€is€not€incompatible€with€the€purposes€of€article€6€of€the€Covenant.Ð 0"€  ÐÌòòState€security€(emergency)€courtsóóÐ $X" ÐÌ71.€€In€view€of€the€exceptional€circumstances€that€made€it€necessary€to€declare€a€state€of€emergencyÐ à%0!$ Ðand€of€the€temporary€nature€of€the€emergency€as€recognized€by€the€Constitution€and€the€law,€whichÐ Ì&"% Ðrequire€that€special€measures€be€taken€to€achieve€the€prompt€resolution€of€the€circumstances€thatÐ ¸'#& Ðgave€rise€to€the€state€of€emergency€and€to€restore€society€to€a€state€of€normality,€the€EgyptianÐ ¤(ô#' ÐEmergency€Act€No.€126€of€1958€provides€for€the€establishment€of€State€security€(emergency)€courtsÐ )à$( Ðto€try€particular€crimes€under€the€Penal€Code,€including€terrorist€crimes.€€These€courts€enjoy€all€theÐ |*Ì%) Ðbasic€guarantees€provided€with€respect€to€the€right€to€bring€proceedings€before€the€courts.€€The€courtsÐ h+¸&* Ðare€€comprised€of€ordinary€judges€and€apply€the€terms€of€the€Code€of€Criminal€Procedures€whenÐ T,¤'+ Ðconducting€proceedings,€delivering€rulings€and€enforcing€penalties.Ð @-(, Ї72.€€The€Egyptian€legislature€has€made€two€exceptions€to€the€general€rules€in€force,€taking€intoÐ ° Ðaccount€the€exceptional€circumstances€that€made€it€necessary€to€establish€these€courts.€€Firstly,€it€hasÐ œì Ðruled€that€military€judges€may€be€included€among€the€members€of€an€emergency€court,€althoughÐ ˆØ Ðordinary€magistrates€must€still€be€in€the€majority.€€Secondly,€proceedings€are€held€at€one€level€ofÐ tÄ Ðjurisdiction€only.€€The€appeals€system€has€been€replaced€with€a€system€of€ratification€of€rulings,€inÐ `° Ðwhich€all€the€substantive€and€procedural€aspects€of€rulings€are€reviewed€by€ordinary€judges€at€theÐ L œ Ðmost€senior€rank€in€the€judiciary,€without€the€need€for€the€accused€person€to€file€an€appeal.Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌ73.€€In€its€previous€reports,€Egypt€has€provided€detailed€explanations€of€the€legal€provisions€relatingÐ  ` Ðto€these€courts,€which,€since€the€proclamation€of€the€state€of€emergency€to€the€present€day,€haveÐ ü L  Ðnever€included€military€judges.€€The€Supreme€Constitutional€Court€has€ruled€that€the€EmergencyÐ è 8  ÐHigher€State€Security€Court€is€the€natural€court€to€hear€complaints€against€detention€orders€issuedÐ Ô$  Ðunder€the€terms€of€the€Emergency€Act€and€that€the€attribution€to€State€security€courts€of€the€powerÐ À  Ðto€adjudicate€such€complaints€does€not€breach€the€provisions€of€article€68€of€the€Constitution,Ð ¬ü  Ðconcerning€the€right€to€have€recourse€to€the€courts€(Supreme€Constitutional€Court€ruling,€Case€No.Ð ˜è  Ð50,€Constitutional€Court€judicial€year€5,€session€of€2€March€1985).Ð „Ô  ÐÌ74.€€Thus,€in€spite€of€the€circumstances€and€the€exceptional€nature€of€these€courts,€all€the€necessaryÐ \¬ Ðsafeguards€have€been€put€in€place€to€ensure€their€independence€and€provide€an€alternative€to€theÐ H˜ Ðsystem€of€appeal€that€substantially€affords€the€same€fundamental€guarantees€as€are€provided€byÐ 4„ Ðcourts€at€other€levels.€€All€of€this€confirms€that€Egypt€does€not€breach€the€basic€guaranteesÐ  p Ðconcerning€the€right€to€have€recourse€to€the€courts€as€recognized€in€articles€4,€9€and€14€of€theÐ  \ ÐInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.Ð øH ÐÌòòViolent€articles€against€Jewsóó€(CCPR/CO/76/EGY,€para.€18)Ð Ð  ÐÌ75.€€The€Committee€commented€on€the€Stateððs€failure€to€take€action€in€response€to€violent€articlesÐ ¨ø Ðagainst€Jews€in€the€Egyptian€press,€which€constitute€advocacy€of€religious€and€racial€hatred€andÐ ”ä Ðincitement€to€discrimination,€violence€and€hostility.Ð €Ð ÐÌ76.€€Egypt€explained€this€matter€in€its€oral€reply€to€the€distinguished€Committee,€in€which€it€pointedÐ X ¨ Ðout€that€Egyptian€media€policy€is€based€on€respect€for€creative€freedom€and€freedom€of€expression,Ð D!” Ðwhich€are€human€rights€recognized€in€the€Egyptian€Constitution€and€the€international€human€rightsÐ 0"€  Ðtreaties€to€which€Egypt€has€acceded.Ð #l! ÐÌ77.€€The€Egyptian€Constitution€regards€the€press€as€the€fourth€authority€in€Egypt.€€Its€work€isÐ ô$D # Ðregulated€by€the€Press€Act€No.€96€of€1996,€which€ensures€the€freedom€and€independence€of€the€pressÐ à%0!$ Ðso€that€it€can€play€its€role€in€the€democratic€system€and€in€the€comprehensive€development€plans€ofÐ Ì&"% Ðthe€State.Ð ¸'#& ÐÌ78.€€The€articles€in€question€were€written€for€the€purpose€of€analysing€the€complex€political€situationÐ )à$( Ðin€the€Middle€East€and€were€basically€directed€against€government€policies.€€They€do€not€reflect€aÐ |*Ì%) Ðstance€taken€against€a€religion€or€a€creed.€€In€Egypt,€divinely€revealed€religions,€including€the€JewishÐ h+¸&* Ðfaith,€enjoy€full€legal€protection€on€the€same€basis€as€other€religions€and€in€accordance€with€theÐ T,¤'+ ÐEgyptian€Penal€Code.€€They€cannot€be€denigrated,€nor€can€their€sacred€monuments€or€symbols€beÐ @-(, Ðdefiled.Ð ° ÐÌ79.€€The€articles€in€question€were€written€in€the€context€of€freedom€of€the€press€as€guaranteed€underÐ ˆØ Ðthe€Constitution.€€They€were€a€response€to€laws,€writings,€statements€and€descriptions€that€had€beenÐ tÄ Ðmade€by€public€figures€against€Islam,€the€prophets€and€the€Arabs€and€verified€by€United€NationsÐ `° Ðcommittees,€which€called€for€those€responsible€for€them€to€be€punished,€since€they€constituteÐ L œ Ðencouragement€of€racial€discrimination.Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌÌÌòòConclusionóóÐ è 8  ÐÌ80.€Egypt€is€submitting€its€supplementary€report€in€accordance€with€the€request€from€theÐ À  Ðdistinguished€Committee€and€as€a€token€of€Egyptððs€unwavering€commitment€to€the€sovereignty€ofÐ ¬ü  Ðthe€law€and€democracy,€which€underlies€its€concern€to€pursue€constructive€dialogue€with€UnitedÐ ˜è  ÐNations€mechanisms€and€the€distinguished€Committee€in€order€to€strengthen€joint€efforts€to€supportÐ „Ô  Ðthe€consolidation€of€human€rights€principles€and€fundamental€freedoms.Ð pÀ ÐÌ81.€€In€concluding€this€report,€Egypt€should€like€to€refer€in€particular€to€the€steps€it€has€taken€in€thisÐ H˜ Ðdomain,€in€pursuit€of€its€firm€commitment€to€the€principles€of€the€sovereignty€of€the€law€andÐ 4„ Ðdemocracy.€€It€has€promulgated€the€following€two€Acts:Ð  p ÐÌ(a)€Act€No.€94€of€2003,€abolishing€High€State€Security€courts€and€the€penalties€of€perpetual€andÐ øH Ðshort„term€hard€labour,€which€will€be€replaced€with€the€penalty€of€life€in€prison€and€imprisonmentÐ ä4 Ðwithout€parole.Ð Ð  ÐÌ(b)€Act€No.€95€of€2003,€establishing€the€National€Human€Rights€Council€in€accordance€with€theÐ ¨ø ÐParis€Principles€relating€to€the€status€and€functioning€of€national€human€rights€institutions.Ð ”ä ÐÓ_ÓÌÐ  l¼ Ðò òÓ  ÓCCPR€€CCPR/CO/76/EGY/Add.2€(2004)ó óÐ ° ÐÌòòComments€by€the€Government€of€Egypt€on€the€concluding€observations€of€the€Human€RightsÐ ˆØ ÐCommitteeóóÐ tÄ ÐÌÌARAB€REPUBLIC€OF€EGYPTÐ 8 ˆ ÐÌNational€Council€for€Human€RightsÐ  ` ÐÌPRESS€RELEASEÐ è 8  ÐÌà  àA€delegation€from€the€National€Council€for€Human€Rights€headed€by€Mr.€Ahmed€Kamal€AbuÐ À  ÐMagd€and€with€the€participation€of€Mr.€Mohammed€Fayek,€Mr.€Osama€al-Ghazaly€Harb€and€Mr.Ð ¬ü  ÐHafez€Abu€Seeda,€members€of€the€Council,€has€paid€a€visit€to€Tura€Prison,€where€it€was€received€byÐ ˜è  ÐMajor€General€Mahmud€Magdi,€Assistant€to€the€Minister€for€Internal€Affairs€for€the€Prisons€Sector.Ð „Ô  ÐÌà  àThe€members€of€the€delegation€made€an€extensive€tour€of€the€prison€wards,€of€the€variousÐ \¬ Ðservice€areas€set€aside€for€prisoners,€of€the€production€workshops€in€which€the€prisoners€work,€andÐ H˜ Ðof€the€many€dispensaries€that€dispense€medical€treatment.Ð 4„ ÐÌà  àThey€met€in€private€with€a€number€of€prisoners€and€asked€them€if€they€had€any€complaintsÐ  \ Ðto€make€about€their€treatment.€€Prisoners€on€remand€were€also€interviewed€and€various€matters€wereÐ øH Ðdiscussed.Ð ä4 ÐÌà  àA€large€number€noted€that€there€had€been€a€marked€improvement€in€the€treatment€ofÐ ¼  Ðprisoners.€€Ð ¨ø ÐÌà  àThere€were€some€complaints€about€the€remand€system,€the€length€of€time€prisoners€are€keptÐ €Ð Ðon€remand,€and€other€issues€pertaining€to€criminal€procedures€which€the€Council€and€its€committeesÐ l¼ Ðwill€review.Ð X ¨ ÐÌà  àThe€Council€will€continue€to€pay€unannounced€visits€to€prisons€and€will€include€the€resultsÐ 0"€  Ðof€this€and€other€visits€in€its€annual€report.Ð #l! ÐÌ€Ì[Newspaper€article]Ð à%0!$ ÐÌCommittee€for€the€improvement€of€prison€conditions€and€the€safeguarding€of€prisoners'€rightsÐ ¸'#& ÐÌà  àThe€National€Council€for€Human€Rights,€Major€General€Habib€`Adali,€the€Minister€forÐ )à$( ÐInternal€Affairs,€and€Mr.€Maher€Abd€al-Wahid,€the€Prosecutor€General,€have€agreed€to€form€a€jointÐ |*Ì%) Ðcommittee€to€review€prison€conditions€and€prison€legislation€with€a€view€to€improving€the€treatmentÐ h+¸&* Ðwhich€prisoners€and€detainees€receive.Ð T,¤'+ ÐÐ @-(, Ðà  àUnder€the€agreement,€two€or€three€members€of€the€Council€were€appointed€to€sit€on€theÐ ° Ðcommittee,€which€has€come€up€with€recommendations€for€reforms€that€will€be€announced€by€theÐ œì ÐMinistry,€the€Prosecutor€General€and€the€Council,€in€accordance€with€their€respective€areas€ofÐ ˆØ Ðcompetence,€and€will€be€implemented€in€a€timely€manner.Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àIn€a€memorandum€to€the€Council€on€the€guidelines€to€be€followed€by€the€Council€in€the€nearÐ L œ Ðfuture,€Mr.€Kamal€al-Magd,€Vice-President€of€the€Council,€explained€that€the€comments€andÐ 8 ˆ Ðrecommendations€which€the€Council€will€adopt€on€prison€reform€and€improving€prison€conditionsÐ $ t Ðwill€form€the€basis€of€his€annual€report€to€be€published€at€the€end€of€this€year€and€to€be€submittedÐ  ` Ðto€the€People's€Assembly€and€the€Advisory€Council.€€He€added€that€work€on€improving€prisonÐ ü L  Ðconditions€offers€hope€that€the€human€rights€situation€of€Egyptians€will€improve€to€the€level€requiredÐ è 8  Ðby€the€Constitution€and€the€international€covenants€and€conventions€by€which€Egypt€is€bound.Ð Ô$  ÐÌà  àHe€said€that€the€Council€would€focus€in€its€recommendations€on€prison€reform€on€ways€ofÐ ¬ü  Ðimproving€prisoners'€rights€and€making€sure€that€the€prison€authorities€uphold€those€rights,€safeguardÐ ˜è  Ðthe€dignity€of€prisoners€and€refrain€from€subjecting€them€to€any€form€of€mental€or€physical€torture.€Ð „Ô  ÐThe€Council€would€also€focus€on€producing€practical€recommendations€that€take€account€of€theÐ pÀ Ðpublic€interest,€without€influence€from€any€quarter,€in€order€to€improve€prison€conditions€and€theÐ \¬ Ðtreatment€of€prisoners.Ð H˜ ÐÌÐ   p Ðò òCCPR€€CCPR/CO/76/EGY/Add.3€(2004)ó óÐ ° ÐÌò òComments€by€the€Government€of€Egypt€on€the€Concluding€Observations€of€the€Human€RightsÐ ˆØ ÐCommitteeó óÐ tÄ ÐÌ[21€October€2004]Ð L œ ÐÌPermanent€Mission€of€Egypt€to€the€United€NationsÐ $ t ÐGenevaÐ  ` ÐÌSubject:€€The€treatment€of€Egyptians€suspected€of€terrorism€abroad€and€expelled€to€Egypt€Ð è 8  Ðà  à€€€(paragraph€16€(c)€of€the€Committee's€concluding€observations)Ð Ô$  ÐÌThe€competent€authorities€have€provided€the€following€information:Ð ¬ü  ÐÌ1.€€The€Egyptians€expelled€to€Egypt€were€treated€in€accordance€with€the€due€process€of€law,€havingÐ „Ô  Ðbeen€presented€to€the€prosecuting€authorities€directly€upon€their€arrival€in€the€country.Ð pÀ ÐÌ2.€€None€of€the€persons€concerned€has€filed€a€complaint€about€ill-treatment,€even€though€EgyptianÐ H˜ Ðlaw€allows€such€persons€to€lodge€complaints€with€the€prison€authorities€or€the€Department€of€PublicÐ 4„ ÐProsecutions.Ð  p ÐÌÓ¦VÓ