’WPCc ¤M{Ŧjq±k`±Ē\×½ęĖŚļĄ–CQ¤_6{ß=Õ`æ|yWĻ · €JÕlķŖ”—^šaIM‘ž¶ČP Ćjēi(TpüˆRūܕ6D¹7ŅRhõ ņˆŒeQK<Ū*CʇT¼yų7R¶ŠKĻÅ®‘J²™…dlĮ—¹žO hj½š,ƒi¤™×:ł-ć©"U¬ū¤ŌŖft¦Ųcå"~ŀŠ]ĪL›+­a¼$æ>ŽĪ˜“E’,éĶĮ¦G•3.Bż)Ŗ¶·qIaĒŌvąXųWÕĻXb— ?g#Y¦Ń1Շ|‚błT­97–æLŖ -’blšmZĶĖ7ĮĖĶžŚo÷9vąxH&6¤Ÿt™j™›ßy¢ M{锢Ėéa£Öūņ»±£źžSWü ¶ t^”X!ĢŌ”Ö.Ó7ōFģ}•švÅĖ@čÆ+WG²å…øE2l£ ž’jÄ/“×q˜jńĒ«»ńĢ–å£ēu¹Ķn«J×O…ózmsE¦Ž Šreports€by€States€parties,€and,€in€particular,€did€not€contain€information€on€the€application€of€eachŠ ' w Šof€the€articles€of€the€Convention.Š !` ŠĢ128.€€It€was€noted€that€the€definition€of€torture€of€article€126€of€the€Egyptian€Penal€Code,€mentionedŠ ā"2! Šin€the€report,€was€more€restrictive€than€the€definition€of€torture€in€article€1€of€the€Convention.€€In€thatŠ Ė#" Šrespect,€it€was€asked€whether,€since€the€Convention€was€now€an€integral€part€of€the€law€of€Egypt,Š “$ # Šthat€definition€in€the€Egyptian€Penal€law€had€been€amended.€€It€was€also€asked€whether€theŠ %ķ $ Šprovisions€of€the€Convention€could€be€directly€invoked€before€tribunals€in€Egypt.Š †&Ö!% ŠĢ129.€€The€Committee€commended€the€reporting€State€for€having€provided€in€its€report€figuresŠ X(Ø#' Šrelating€to€complaints€of€torture€which€had€been€received€in€the€last€five€years€by€the€Office€ofŠ A)‘$( ŠPublic€Prosecutions.€€It€wished€to€know€how€many€of€the€450€complaints€of€torture€given€in€theŠ **z%) Šreport€had€been€investigated€and€how€many€offenders€had€been€found€guilty€and€what€was€the€natureŠ +c&* Šof€penalties€imposed.Š ü+L'+ ŠĢ130.€€The€Committee€requested€further€information€on€the€Egyptian€judicial€system:€in€particular,Š Ī-)- Šwho€had€the€power€to€detain€a€person€and€for€how€long€could€a€person€be€detained€before€beingŠ ° Šbrought€before€the€court,€and€whether€the€detainee€could€communicate€with€his€family€and€hadŠ ™é Šaccess€to€legal€Ō_ŌdefenceŌ_Ō.€€Members€of€the€Committee€wished€to€know€what€were€the€different€casesŠ ‚Ņ Šof€flagrante€delicto€recognized€under€Egyptian€law€and€whether€the€principle€of€habeas€corpus€wasŠ k» Šapplicable€under€the€Egyptian€legal€system.€€The€members€wanted€to€know€what€effects€would€aŠ T¤ Šstate€of€emergency€have€on€the€provisions€of€the€Convention.Š =  ŠĢ131.€€Information€was€also€sought€as€to€whether€evidence€obtained€by€torture€was€completelyŠ  _ Šexcluded.€€It€was€also€asked€whether€the€Egyptian€penal€law€recognized€extraterritorial€jurisdictionŠ ų H Šin€cases€involving€offences€of€torture€and€whether€extradition€would€be€permitted€under€theŠ į 1  ŠEgyptian€law€even€if€the€alleged€offender€would€risk€being€tortured€if€he€was€returned.Š Ź   ŠĢ132.€€Members€of€the€Committee€asked€for€further€information€on€the€nature€and€modalities€of€fairŠ œģ  Šcompensation€to€torture€victims,€whether€that€was€limited€only€to€monetary€compensation€orŠ …Õ  Šwhether€social€and€medical€assistance€was€also€made€available€to€torture€victims€for€theirŠ n¾  Šrehabilitation,€and€whether€medical€Ō_ŌcentresŌ_Ō€of€rehabilitation€for€torture€victims€existed€in€Egypt.Š W§  ŠĢ133.€€The€Committee€wished€to€know€how€the€education€of€public€officials€mentioned€in€article€10,Š )y Šparagraph€1,€of€the€Convention€was€organized,€whether€information€concerning€prohibition€ofŠ b Štorture€was€made€available€to€the€general€public,€and€whether€the€Egyptian€Government€hadŠ ūK Šencountered€problems€in€its€implementation€of€the€Convention.Š ä4 ŠĢ134.€€With€regard€to€article€11€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€sought€further€information€on€theŠ ¶ Šmechanism€for€inspection€of€prisons,€and€wanted€to€know€which€authority€received€complaints€fromŠ Ÿļ Šinmates€of€prisons.Š ˆŲ ŠĢ135.€€In€response€to€the€questions€raised€by€the€members€of€the€Committee,€the€representative€of€theŠ ZŖ Šreporting€State€emphasized€that€the€Convention€had€become€an€integral€part€of€the€EgŌ_ŌyptianŌ_Ō€legalŠ C“ Šsystem.€€It€had€been€possible€for€the€courts€to€consider€directly€the€provisions€of€the€Convention€everŠ ,| Šsince€its€entry€into€force.€€With€reference€to€the€450€cases€of€complaints€of€torture€mentioned€in€theŠ e Šreport,€he€said€that€any€complaint€submitted€to€the€Office€of€Public€Prosecutions€was€investigated,Š žN Šand,€like€all€other€crimes,€needed€to€be€proved.€€He€stated€that€44€officers€had€already€beenŠ ē 7 Šprosecuted€before€the€criminal€courts;€other€complaints€were€still€under€investigation,€and€evidenceŠ Š!   Šmight€not€have€been€found€to€support€them.€€He€assured€the€Committee€that€the€Office€of€PublicŠ ¹" ! ŠProsecutions€had€investigated€those€cases€and€that€the€results€would€be€incorporated€in€the€writtenŠ ¢#ņ" Šreport€which€he€had€promised€to€supply€to€the€Committee.Š ‹$Ū# ŠĢ136.€€The€representative€of€the€reporting€State€said€that€the€Egyptian€judicial€system€was€highlyŠ ]&­!% Šcomplex,€but€its€main€feature€was€entirely€independent.€€Officials€of€the€Office€of€PublicŠ F'–"& ŠProsecutions€obeyed€no€authority€other€than€that€of€their€conscience€and€had€the€right€to€dismissŠ /(#' Šmembers€of€other€authorities€or€judicial€bodies.€€He€explained€that€the€guarantee€that€the€accusedŠ )h$( Šshould€be€afforded€protection€was€independent€of€the€prosecuting€authorities.Š *Q%) ŠĢ137.€€He€stated€that€any€person€detained€even€under€the€state€of€emergency€must€immediately€beŠ Ó+#'+ Šinformed€of€the€reason€in€writing€and€be€allowed€to€contact€any€person€of€his€choice.€€He€should€beŠ ¼, (, Štreated€as€a€detainee,€and€not€as€a€prisoner€who€was€awaiting€trial€or€had€already€been€sentenced.€Š „-õ(- ŠŌ_ŌDetainees€were€not€detained€in€locations€other€than€recognized€prisons.€€To€detain€a€personŠ ° Šelsewhere€than€in€prison€was€an€offence€under€article€91€Ō_ŌbisŌ_Ō€of€the€Prison€Act.€He€said€that€theŠ ™é ŠEgyptian€Penal€Code€and€case€law€clearly€stated€that€it€was€not€permissible€to€prevent€the€accusedŠ ‚Ņ Šfrom€meeting€his€Ō_ŌdefenceŌ_Ō€counsel€and€that€detainees€also€enjoyed€the€same€right.Š k» ŠĢ138.€€In€response€to€the€question€regarding€suspension€of€application€of€article€2€of€the€ConventionŠ =  Šin€exceptional€circumstances,€he€said€that€not€even€in€a€state€of€emergency€could€the€law€governingŠ & v Šsuch€a€situation€authorize€the€crime€of€torture.€€Furthermore,€the€law€governing€the€state€ofŠ  _ Šemergency€set€forth€procedures€whereby€victims€might€apply€for€redress€before€the€courts€if€theyŠ ų H Šhad€a€grievance.Š į 1  ŠĢ139.€€He€said€that€the€definition€of€ņņflagrante€delictoóó€was€given€in€article€30€of€the€Egyptian€Code€ofŠ ³  ŠCriminal€Procedure,€which€stated€that€an€act€was€regarded€as€being€committed€in€ņņflagrante€delictoóóŠ œģ  Šif€the€victim€pursued€the€perpetrator€or€if€the€perpetrator€was€pursued€by€the€public€or€was€found€toŠ …Õ  Šbe€carrying€incriminating€instruments,€weapons,€papers€or€other€evidence,€or€if€he€bore€marks€onŠ n¾  Šhis€person€linking€him€with€the€crime.Š W§  ŠĢ140.€€The€representative€of€the€reporting€State€stated€that€the€ill„treatment€referred€to€in€the€reportŠ )y Šwas€a€legal€term€defined€in€the€Penal€Code.€A€separate€section€of€the€Code€listed€all€forms€of€ill„Š b Štreatment€which€were€punishable€if€inflicted€by€public€officials.€Article€126€of€the€Penal€CodeŠ ūK Šprovided€that€€any€person€who€ill„treated€another€would€be€punished€in€the€same€way€as€the€officialŠ ä4 Šwho€perpetrated€the€ill„treatment.€€He€stated€that€there€had€been€various€well„known€judgements€inŠ Ķ Šwhich€accused€persons€had€been€acquitted€because€they€had€claimed€that€their€confessions€had€beenŠ ¶ Šobtained€by€torture.Š Ÿļ ŠĢ141.€€He€stated€with€regard€to€compensation,€that€both€criminal€and€civil€proceedings€couldŠ qĮ Šcontinue,€with€a€view€to€enforcing€a€penalty€and€to€obtain€compensation.€€The€State€guaranteed€fairŠ ZŖ Šcompensation,€but€did€not€specify€the€amount€of€such€compensation,€which€was€determined€by€theŠ C“ Šjudicial€authority€upon€submission€of€the€case.€€He€further€pointed€out€that,€with€regard€to€the€victimŠ ,| Šof€torture,€in€addition€to€its€obligation€to€provide€fair€compensation,€the€State€tried€to€eradicate€theŠ e Šconsequences€of€such€ill„treatment€by€providing,€and€paying€for,€medical€treatment.€A€number€ofŠ žN Špsychiatric€treatment€Ō_ŌcentresŌ_Ō€had€been€established€for€victims€who€were€referred€there€forŠ ē 7 Šrehabilitation.Š Š!   ŠĢ142.€€In€response€to€questions€regarding€education€and€information,€he€said€that€Egypt€was€currentlyŠ ¢#ņ" Šundergoing€a€sort€of€scientific€renaissance.€€Police€were€trained€in€a€large€academy,€containingŠ ‹$Ū# Šfaculties€specializing€in€various€aspects€of€police€work,€social€sciences,€psychiatry€and€the€law.€Š t%Ä $ ŠSince€the€convention€was€now€regarded€as€an€integral€part€of€domestic€law,€it€was€of€course€on€theŠ ]&­!% Šcurriculum€of€those€training€institutions.€€He€stated€that€the€crime€of€torture€was€receiving€a€goodŠ F'–"& Šdeal€of€attention€in€the€media.Š /(#' ŠĢ143.€€The€representative€of€the€reporting€State€said€that€Egyptian€prisons€and€their€supervision€wereŠ *Q%) Šregulated€by€the€Prison€Act€(No.€396)€of€1956.€€The€Public€Prosecutor€was€the€person€primarilyŠ ź*:&* Šresponsible€for€prison€supervision,€since€he€arranged€periodic€inspections.€€If€complaints€wereŠ Ó+#'+ Šreceived€from€prisoners,€families€or€legal€counsels,€prisons€were€also€visited€without€warning€toŠ ¼, (, Šascertain€whether€the€law€was€being€applied.Š „-õ(- Š‡144.€€In€concluding€consideration€of€the€report,€members€of€the€Committee€requested€theŠ ° ŠGovernment€of€Egypt€to€provide€copies€of€judgements€delivered€in€Egyptian€courts€in€cases€whereŠ ™é Štorture€had€been€proved,€as€well€as€those€judgements€defining€ill„treatment,€so€that€the€CommitteeŠ ‚Ņ Šcould€see€how€much€concepts€were€understood€by€Egyptian€courts.€The€Committee€also€wished€toŠ k» Šreceive€the€legislative€texts€that€had€been€referred€to€by€the€representative€of€the€reporting€State.€Š T¤ ŠFinally,€members€of€the€Committee€requested€that€they€be€supplied€with€written€replies€to€some€ofŠ =  Šthe€questions€raised€by€the€Committee€that€had€remained€unanswered.Š & v ŠŠ   _ Šņ ņCAT€A/49/44€(1994)ó óŠ ° ŠĢĢ74.€€The€Committee€considered€the€second€periodic€report€of€Egypt€(CAT/C/17/Add.11)€at€its€162ņņndóó,Š l¼ Š163ņņrdóó€and€170ņņthóó€meetings,€held€on€12€and€18€November€1993€(see€CAT/C/SR.162,€163/Add.1€andŠ U„ Š170),€and€adopted€the€following€conclusions€and€recommendations:Š > Ž ŠĢA.€ņņIntroductionóóŠ  ` ŠĢ75.€€The€Committee€thanks€Egypt€for€its€report€and€the€written€replies€to€the€questions€raised€by€theŠ ā 2  Šmembers€of€the€Committee€during€its€consideration€of€the€State€party's€initial€reportŠ Ė   Š(CAT/C/5/Add.23).Š “  ŠĢ76.€€It€welcomes€the€willingness€of€the€Government€of€Egypt€to€continue€the€dialogue€with€theŠ †Ö  ŠCommittee,€as€shown€by€the€presence€of€a€large,€high-level€delegation,€which€it€thanks€for€theŠ oæ  Šreplies€given€to€its€questions.Š XØ  ŠĢ77.€€It€nevertheless€deplores€the€fact€that€the€report€was€not€prepared€in€accordance€with€theŠ *z ŠCommittee's€general€guidelines€and€that€the€information€does€not€follow€the€sequence€of€articles€2Š c Što€16€of€the€Convention.€Although€the€report€contains€a€wealth€of€information€on€legislation,€withŠ üL Šan€accompanying€annex€in€which€the€articles€of€the€Convention€are€compared€with€some€articles€ofŠ å5 Šthe€Constitution€and€those€of€other€legislative€provisions,€it€provides€very€little€information€on€theŠ Ī Šapplication€of€the€Convention€in€practice,€even€though€the€representative€of€the€State€gave€otherŠ · Šadditional€information€in€his€oral€introduction.Š  š ŠĢ78.€€It€also€deplores€the€fact€that€the€replies€given€by€the€Egyptian€delegation€were€often€moreŠ rĀ Šgeneral€than€specific.Š [« ŠĢ79.€€The€Committee€considers€that€it€would€have€been€particularly€useful€for€additional€informationŠ -} Što€have€been€made€available,€including€statistics€on€investigations€into€allegations€of€torture,€legalŠ f Šproceedings€and€sentences€handed€down€against€persons€responsible€for€acts€of€torture€andŠ ’O Šill-treatment.Š č 8 ŠĢ80.€€The€Committee€thanks€the€State€party€for€the€core€document€(Ō_ŌHRIŌ_Ō/CORE/1/Add.19),€which€wasŠ ŗ" ! Šprepared€in€accordance€with€the€consolidated€guidelines€for€the€initial€part€of€reports€of€StatesŠ £#ó" Šparties€to€be€submitted€under€the€various€international€human€rights€instruments.Š Œ$Ü# ŠĢ81.€€The€Committee€regrets€that€some€documents€and€information€on€statistical€data€needed€for€aŠ ^&®!% Špractical€understanding€of€the€report€were€not€annexed€to€the€report€at€the€time€of€its€submission€andŠ G'—"& Šwere€not€distributed€to€the€members€of€the€Committee€until€during€the€162nd€meeting.Š 0(€#' ŠĢB.€ņņPositive€aspectsóóŠ *R%) ŠĢ82.€€The€Committee€notes€with€satisfaction€that€the€renewed€dialogue€with€the€State€party€hasŠ Ō+$'+ Šenabled€it€to€assess€the€extent€to€which€domestic€legislation€is€in€keeping€with€the€provisions€of€theŠ ½, (, ŠConvention,€as€well€as€the€factors€and€difficulties€impeding€their€application.Š ¦-ö(- Š‡83.€€It€also€notes€that,€in€general,€the€legal€situation€is€satisfactory,€in€so€far€as€litigants€and€theŠ ° ŠEgyptian€people€seem€to€have€confidence€in€the€ordinary€law€courts.Š ™é ŠĢ84.€€It€welcomes€the€fact€that€non-governmental€organizations€active€in€the€field€of€human€rightsŠ k» Šhave€the€opportunity€to€express€themselves€freely€and€to€visit€certain€places€of€detention.Š T¤ ŠĢC.€ņņFactors€and€difficulties€impeding€the€application€of€the€provisions€of€the€Convention€óóŠ & v ŠĢ85.€€The€Committee€notes€that€the€state€of€emergency€proclaimed€in€Egypt€without€interruption€sinceŠ ų H Š1981€is€one€of€the€main€obstacles€to€the€full€application€of€the€provisions€of€the€Convention.Š į 1  ŠĢD.€ņņSubjects€of€concernóóŠ ³  ŠĢ86.€€In€the€light€of€a€good€deal€of€concordant€and€specific€information€received€from€a€number€ofŠ …Õ  Šreliable€non-governmental€organizations€and€from€the€Special€Rapporteur€of€the€United€NationsŠ n¾  ŠCommission€on€Human€Rights€to€examine€questions€relevant€to€torture,€the€Committee€is€concernedŠ W§  Šabout€the€fact€that€torture€is€apparently€still€widespread€in€Egypt.Š @ ŠĢ87.€€The€Committee€is€also€concerned€about€shortcomings€in€suitable€preventive€measures€to€combatŠ b Štorture,€including€the€length€and€conditions€of€police€custody€and€administrative€detention€and€theŠ ūK Šslow€pace€of€trials€of€persons€responsible€for€acts€of€torture€or€ill-treatment.Š ä4 ŠĢ88.€€It€is€also€concerned€about€the€existence€in€Egypt€of€many€special€courts,€such€as€the€militaryŠ ¶ Šcourts€whose€functioning€would€suggest€that€they€are€subordinate€to€the€head€of€the€executiveŠ Ÿļ Šbranch,€since€some€provisions€of€the€Act€on€the€State€of€Emergency€authorize€the€President€of€theŠ ˆŲ ŠRepublic€to€refer€cases€to€the€State€security€courts€and€to€approve€the€decisions€handed€down.Š qĮ ŠĢ89.€€Aware€that,€in€recent€years,€terrorism€has€created€a€disturbing€and€alarming€situation€in€EgyptŠ C“ Šand€mindful€of€the€fact€that€it€is€the€Government's€responsibility€to€combat€terrorism€in€order€toŠ ,| Šmaintain€law€and€order,€the€Committee€nevertheless€notes€that€the€different€measures€taken€or€to€beŠ e Štaken€for€that€purpose€must€never€result€in€non-compliance€with€the€Convention€by€the€State€partyŠ žN Šor€in€any€case€justify€torture.€It€should€be€recalled€in€that€respect€that,€under€article€2€of€theŠ ē 7 ŠConvention,€no€exceptional€circumstances€whatsoever,€whether€a€state€of€war€or€a€threat€of€war,Š Š!   Šinternal€political€stability,€an€order€from€a€superior€officer€or€a€public€authority€or€any€other€publicŠ ¹" ! Šemergency,€may€be€invoked€as€a€justification€of€torture.Š ¢#ņ" ŠĢ€E.€ņņRecommendationsóóŠ t%Ä $ ŠĢ90.€€The€Committee€suggests€that€the€State€party€should€provide€in€its€penal€legislation€for€all€formsŠ F'–"& Šof€torture,€fully€incorporating€all€elements€of€the€definition€contained€in€article€1€of€the€Convention.Š /(#' ŠĢ91.€€The€Committee€also€suggests€that€the€State€party€should€include€in€its€next€periodic€report,Š *Q%) Šwhich€is€due€in€1996,€all€the€details€and€information€relating€to€the€many€questions€and€inquiriesŠ ź*:&* Šwhich€were€not€answered€during€the€discussion.Š Ó+#'+ ŠĢ92.€€The€Committee€also€suggests€that€the€State€party€should€establish€machinery€for€a€systematicŠ „-õ(- Šreview€of€interrogation€rules,€methods€and€practices,€particularly€in€police€premises,€in€order€toŠ ° ŠŌ_ŌhonourŌ_Ō€its€commitments€under€article€11€of€the€Convention.Š ™é ŠĢ93.€€It€recommends€that€the€Government€of€Egypt€should€continue€its€efforts€to€introduce€otherŠ k» Šreforms€to€penal€legislation,€particularly€with€regard€to€the€reduction€of€the€excessive€powersŠ T¤ Šgranted€to€the€executive€by€certain€legislative€provisions€and€the€length€and€conditions€of€policeŠ =  Šcustody€and€administrative€detention.Š & v ŠĢ94.€€The€Committee€recommends€that,€while€paying€particular€attention€to€the€protection€of€theŠ ų H Šrights€of€persons€arrested€and€detained,€the€State€party€should€intensify€the€educational,€training€andŠ į 1  Šinformation€Ō_ŌprogrammesŌ_Ō€provided€for€in€article€10€of€the€Convention,€for€all€the€officials€concerned.Š Ź   ŠĢ95.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€Egyptian€authorities€should€undertake€and€expedite€seriousŠ œģ  Šinvestigations€into€the€conduct€of€the€police€forces€in€order€to€establish€the€truth€of€the€manyŠ …Õ  Šallegations€of€acts€of€torture€and,€if€the€results€of€the€investigations€are€positive,€bring€the€personsŠ n¾  Šresponsible€before€the€courts€and€issue€and€transmit€to€the€police€specific€and€clear€instructionsŠ W§  Šdesigned€to€prohibit€any€act€of€torture.Š @ ŠĢ96.€€The€Committee,€which€appreciates€the€ratification€by€Egypt€of€most€human€rights€CovenantsŠ b Šand€Conventions,€hopes€that€the€Egyptian€Government€will€respond€Ō_ŌfavourablyŌ_Ō€to€these€suggestionsŠ ūK Šand€recommendations€and€that€it€will€spare€no€effort€to€put€them€into€practice.Š ä4 ŠĢĢÓ·ÓĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢŠ „-õ(- Š‡ņ ņŌUKUS.,ŌCAT€A/54/44€(1999)ó óŠ ° ŠĢĢÓ  Ó197.€The€Committee€considered€the€third€periodic€report€of€Egypt€(CAT/C/34/Add.11)€at€its€382nd,Š l¼ Š385th€and€389th€meetings,€held€on€7,€10€and€12€May€1999€(CAT/C/SR.382,€385€and€389)€and€hasŠ U„ Šadopted€the€following€conclusions€and€recommendations.€Š > Ž ŠĢ1.€Introduction€Š  ` ŠĢ198.€The€Committee€welcomes€the€third€periodic€report€of€Egypt,€submitted€some€two€and€a€halfŠ ā 2  Šyears€late,€but€generally€in€accordance€with€the€requirements€for€such€a€report.€The€Committee€alsoŠ Ė   Šwelcomes€the€verbal€introduction€to€the€report€by€the€Egyptian€representatives.€Š “  ŠĢ2.€Positive€aspects€Š †Ö  ŠĢ199.€The€release€of€large€numbers€of€persons€held€under€the€Emergency€Act,€1958.€Š XØ  ŠĢ200.€The€reduction€of€complaints€of€maltreatment€by€persons€detained€under€the€Emergency€Act,Š *z Š1958.€Š c ŠĢ201.€The€broad€literacy€and€educational€programme€undertaken€by€the€Egyptian€Government.€Š å5 ŠĢ202.€The€creation€of€the€Office€of€Human€Rights€in€the€Public€Prosecutor's€Department€toŠ · Šinvestigate€complaints€of,€inter€alia,€torture.€Š  š ŠĢ203.€The€Committee€was€pleased€to€learn€of€improvements€in€the€quality€of€some€of€the€EgyptianŠ rĀ Šprisons.€Š [« ŠĢ204.€The€Committee€was€also€pleased€to€learn€that€"hundreds"€of€torture€victims€have€beenŠ -} Šcompensated€by€the€Egyptian€civil€courts.€Š f ŠĢ205.€The€Committee€is€encouraged€by€the€extensive€dialogue€in€which€it€engaged€with€the€EgyptianŠ č 8 Šdelegation.€Š Ń!!  ŠĢ3.€Factors€and€difficulties€impeding€the€application€of€the€provisions€of€the€Convention€Š £#ó" ŠĢ206.€The€ongoing€state€of€emergency€in€response€to€the€persistent€terrorist€threat.€This€seems€to€haveŠ u%Å $ Šcreated€a€culture€of€violence€among€certain€elements€of€the€police€and€security€forces.€Such€terroristŠ ^&®!% Šthreat,€of€course,€may€not€be€invoked€as€justification€for€breaches€of€the€provisions€of€theŠ G'—"& ŠConvention,€especially€articles€1,€2€and€16.€Š 0(€#' ŠĢ4.€Subjects€of€concern€Š *R%) ŠĢ207.€The€large€number€of€allegations€of€torture€and€even€of€death€relating€to€detainees€made€againstŠ Ō+$'+ Šboth€the€police€and€the€State€Security€Intelligence.€Š ½, (, ŠŠ ¦-ö(- Š208.€Despite€the€improvements€made€by€the€Government,€the€conditions€of€some€prisons€in€Egypt.€Š ° ŠĢ209.€The€allegation€from€the€World€Organization€against€Torture€of€treatment€of€female€detainees,Š ‚Ņ Šby€both€the€police€and€the€State€Security€Intelligence,€which€sometimes€involves€sexual€abuse€orŠ k» Šthreat€of€such€abuse€in€order€to€obtain€information€relating€to€husbands€or€other€family€members.€Š T¤ ŠĢ210.€The€Committee€is€seriously€concerned€at€allegations€that€persons€have€been€held€in€police€orŠ & v ŠState€Security€Intelligence€custody€in€defiance€of€court€orders€to€release€them.€Š  _ ŠĢ5.€Recommendations€Š į 1  ŠĢ211.€The€Committee€recommends€that€Egypt€take€effective€measures€to€prevent€torture€in€police€andŠ ³  ŠState€Security€Intelligence€custody€and€that€all€perpetrators€be€vigorously€prosecuted.€Š œģ  ŠĢ212.€It€also€recommends€that€effective€steps€be€taken€to€protect€women€from€threats€of€sexual€abuseŠ n¾  Šby€police€and€officers€of€the€State€Security€Intelligence€as€a€means€of€obtaining€information€fromŠ W§  Šthem.€Š @ ŠĢ213.€It€further€recommends€that€a€proper€registry€of€detainees,€both€police€and€State€SecurityŠ b ŠIntelligence,€which€is€accessible€to€members€of€the€public,€be€established€and€maintained.€Š ūK ŠĢ214.€The€Committee€encourages€the€Egyptian€Government€to€continue€with€its€policy€of€upgradingŠ Ķ Šits€prison€facilities.€Š ¶ ŠĢ215.€The€Government€of€Egypt€should€provide€the€Committee€with€information€in€writingŠ ˆŲ Šconcerning€the€number€and€circumstances€of€deaths€in€custody€over€the€past€five€years.€Š qĮ ŠĢ216.€The€Committee€urges€Egypt€to€consider€making€a€declaration€in€favour€of€articles€21€and€22Š C“ Šof€the€Convention.€Š ,| ŠŌUS.,UK.,XŌĢĢĢĢĢĢÓ\XÓŠ  ‹$Ū# ŠÓ  ÓÓOjÓŌCEUS.,ŌĢņ ņCAT€€A/58/44€(2003)ó óŠ ™é ŠĢÓ  Ó37.ą  ąThe€Committee€considered€the€fourth€periodic€report€of€Egypt€(CAT/C/55/Add.6)€atŠ l¼ Šits532nd€and€535th€meetings,€held€on€13€and€14€November€2002€(CAT/C/SR.532€and€535),€andŠ U„ Šadopted€the€following€conclusions€and€recommendations.Š > Ž ŠĢA.€€ņņIntroductionóóŠ  ` ŠĢ38.ą  ąThe€Committee€welcomes€the€submission€of€the€fourth€periodic€report€of€Egypt,€which€wasŠ ā 2  Šsubmitted€on€time€and€in€full€conformity€with€the€Committeeššs€guidelines€for€the€preparation€ofŠ Ė   Šperiodic€reports.€€The€Committee€also€welcomes€the€open€dialogue€with€the€representatives€of€theŠ “  ŠState€party€during€the€oral€examination€of€the€report€and€the€additional€information€submitted€byŠ ķ  Šthem.€€The€Committee€notes€that€the€report€contains€very€useful€information€regarding€the€adoptionŠ †Ö  Šof€new€legislation€aiming€at€the€implementation€and€dissemination€of€the€Convention.Š oæ  ŠĢB.€€ņņPositive€aspectsóóŠ A‘ ŠĢ39.ą  ąThe€Committee€welcomes€the€following:Š c ŠĢ(a)ą  ąThe€enactment€of€legislation€banning€flogging€as€a€disciplinary€penalty€for€prisoners;Š å5 ŠĢ(b)ą  ąCircular€letter€No.€11€of€1999€regulating€the€procedures€for€the€unannounced€inspectionsŠ · Šwhich€the€Department€of€Public€Prosecutions€has€an€obligation€to€conduct€in€places€of€detention,Š  š Šparticularly€if€it€receives€written€or€verbal€reports€or€notifications€indicating€that€a€person€is€beingŠ ‰Ł Šheld€illegally€at€a€police€station€or€other€place€of€detention;Š rĀ ŠĢŌ_Ō(cŌ_Ō)ą  ąDecisions€taken€by€the€Egyptian€courts€to€refuse€any€confession€made€under€duress€asŠ D” Ševidence;Š -} ŠĢ(d)ą  ąThe€efforts€of€the€State€party€to€give€greater€emphasis€to€human€rights€training€of€lawŠ ’O Šenforcement€officials€and€public€servants;Š č 8 ŠĢ(e)ą  ąThe€establishment€of€a€Human€Rights€Committee€in€1999€with€the€mandate€to€study€andŠ ŗ" ! Špropose€ways€and€means€of€ensuring€a€more€effective€protection€of€human€rights;Š £#ó" ŠĢ(f)ą  ąThe€establishment€in€2000€of€the€Directorate-General€for€HumanRightsAffairs€at€theŠ u%Å $ ŠMinistry€of€Justice,€whose€functions€are€to€assume€responsibility€for€the€fulfilment€of€the€legalŠ ^&®!% Šaspects€of€international€obligations€arising€from€human€rights€instruments,€including€the€preparationŠ G'—"& Šof€replies€to€international€bodies,€promote€greater€public€awareness€and€provide€training€on€theseŠ 0(€#' Šmatters€for€members€of€the€judiciary€and€the€Department€of€Public€Prosecutions;Š )i$( ŠĢ(g)ą  ąThe€State€partyššs€efforts€to€set€up€a€national€human€rights€commission.Š ė*;&* ŠĢĢŠ ¦-ö(- ŠC.€€ņņFactors€and€difficulties€impeding€the€implementation€of€the€ConventionóóŠ ° ŠĢ40.ą  ąThe€Committee€is€aware€of€the€difficulties€that€the€State€party€faces€in€its€prolonged€fightŠ ‚Ņ Šagainst€terrorism,€but€recalls€that€no€exceptional€circumstances€whatsoever€can€be€invoked€as€aŠ k» Šjustification€for€torture,€and€expresses€concern€at€the€possible€restrictions€of€human€rights€which€mayŠ T¤ Šresult€from€measures€taken€for€that€purpose.Š =  ŠĢD.€€ņņSubjects€of€concernóóŠ  _ ŠĢ41.ą  ąThe€Committee€is€concerned€about€the€following:Š į 1  ŠĢ(a)ą  ąThe€fact€that€a€state€of€emergency€has€been€in€force€since€1981,€hindering€the€fullŠ ³  Šconsolidation€of€the€rule€of€law€in€Egypt;Š œģ  ŠĢ(b)ą  ąThe€many€consistent€reports€received€concerning€the€persistence€of€the€phenomenon€ofŠ n¾  Štorture€and€ill„treatment€of€detainees€by€law€enforcement€officials,€and€the€absence€of€measures€toŠ W§  Šensure€effective€protection€and€prompt€and€impartial€investigations.€€Many€of€these€reports€relateŠ @ Što€numerous€cases€of€deaths€in€custody;Š )y ŠĢŌ_Ō(cŌ_Ō)ą  ąThe€Committee€expresses€particular€concern€at€the€widespread€evidence€of€torture€andŠ ūK Šill-treatment€in€administrative€premises€under€the€control€of€the€State€Security€InvestigationŠ ä4 ŠDepartment,€the€infliction€of€which€is€reported€to€be€facilitated€by€the€lack€of€any€mandatoryŠ Ķ Šinspection€by€an€independent€body€of€such€premises;Š ¶ ŠĢ(d)ą  ąThe€many€reports€of€abuse€of€under„age€detainees,€especially€sexual€harassment€of€girls,Š ˆŲ Šcommitted€by€law€enforcement€officials,€the€lack€of€monitoring€machinery€to€investigate€such€abuseŠ qĮ Šand€prosecute€those€responsible,€and€the€fact€that€minors€kept€in€places€of€detention€have€contactŠ ZŖ Šwith€adult€detainees;Š C“ ŠĢ(e)ą  ąThe€reports€received€concerning€ill„treatment€inflicted€on€men€because€of€their€real€or€allegedŠ e Šhomosexuality,€apparently€encouraged€by€the€lack€of€adequate€clarity€in€the€penal€legislation;Š žN ŠĢ(f)ą  ąThe€continued€use€of€administrative€detention€in€Egypt;Š Š!   ŠĢ(g)ą  ąThe€fact€that€victims€of€torture€and€ill„treatment€have€no€direct€access€to€the€courts€to€lodgeŠ ¢#ņ" Šcomplaints€against€law€enforcement€officials;Š ‹$Ū# ŠĢ(h)ą  ąThe€excessive€length€of€many€of€the€proceedings€initiated€in€cases€of€torture€and€ill„Š ]&­!% Štreatment,€and€the€fact€that€many€court€decisions€to€release€detainees€are€not€enforced€in€practice;Š F'–"& ŠĢ(Ō_ŌiŌ_Ō)ą  ąThe€legal€and€practical€restrictions€on€the€activities€of€non„governmental€organizationsŠ )h$( Šengaged€in€human€rights€work;Š *Q%) ŠĢ(j)ą  ąThe€significant€disparities€in€compensation€granted€to€the€victims€of€torture€and€ill„treatment.Š Ó+#'+ ŠĢŠ „-õ(- ŠE.€€ņņRecommendationsóóŠ ° ŠĢ42.ą  ąThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party:Š ‚Ņ ŠĢ(a)ą  ąReconsider€the€maintenance€of€the€state€of€emergency;Š T¤ ŠĢ(b)ą  ąAdopt€a€definition€of€torture€which€fully€corresponds€to€the€definition€in€article€1,€paragraphŠ & v Š1,€of€the€Convention;Š  _ ŠĢŌ_Ō(cŌ_Ō)ą  ąGuarantee€that€all€complaints€of€torture€or€ill„treatment,€including€those€relating€to€death€inŠ į 1  Šcustody,€are€investigated€promptly,€impartially€and€independently;Š Ź   ŠĢ(d)ą  ąEnsure€that€mandatory€inspection€of€all€places€of€detention€by€prosecutors,€judges€or€anotherŠ œģ  Šindependent€body€takes€place,€and€does€so€at€regular€intervals;Š …Õ  ŠĢ(e)ą  ąEnsure€that€all€detained€persons€have€immediate€access€to€a€doctor€and€a€lawyer,€as€well€asŠ W§  Šcontact€with€their€families;Š @ ŠĢ(f)ą  ąEliminate€all€forms€of€administrative€detention.€€In€addition,€the€premises€controlled€by€theŠ b ŠState€Security€Investigation€Department€should€be€subject€to€mandatory€inspection,€and€reports€ofŠ ūK Štorture€or€ill„treatment€committed€there€should€be€investigated€promptly€and€impartially;Š ä4 ŠĢ(g)ą  ąEnsure€that€legislation€gives€full€effect€to€the€rights€recognized€in€the€Convention€andŠ ¶ Šinstitute€effective€remedies€for€the€violation€of€such€rights;€ensure€in€particular€that€proceedings€takeŠ Ÿļ Šplace€within€a€reasonable€time€after€the€submission€of€complaints,€and€that€any€court€decision€toŠ ˆŲ Šrelease€a€detainee€is€actually€enforced;Š qĮ ŠĢ(h)ą  ąAbolish€incommunicado€detention;Š C“ ŠĢ(Ō_ŌiŌ_Ō)ą  ąEnsure€that€all€persons€convicted€by€decisions€of€military€courts€in€terrorism€cases€shall€haveŠ e Šthe€right€to€have€their€conviction€and€sentence€reviewed€by€a€higher€tribunal€according€to€law;Š žN ŠĢ(j)ą  ąHalt€all€practices€involving€abuse€of€minors€in€places€of€detention€and€punish€theŠ Š!   Šperpetrators,€and€ban€the€holding€of€under„age€detainees€with€adult€detainees;Š ¹" ! ŠĢ(k)ą  ąRemove€all€ambiguity€in€legislation€which€might€underpin€the€persecution€of€individualsŠ ‹$Ū# Šbecause€of€their€sexual€orientation.€€Steps€should€also€be€taken€to€prevent€all€degrading€treatmentŠ t%Ä $ Šduring€body€searches;Š ]&­!% ŠĢ(l)ą  ąEstablish€the€Stateššs€jurisdiction€over€all€persons€alleged€to€be€responsible€for€torture€whoŠ /(#' Šare€present€in€the€country€and€are€not€extradited€to€other€States€in€order€to€be€brought€to€justice,€inŠ )h$( Šaccordance€with€the€provisions€of€articles€5€to€8€of€the€Convention;Š *Q%) ŠĢ(m)ą  ąEnsure€that€non„governmental€organizations€engaged€in€human€rights€work€can€pursue€theirŠ Ó+#'+ Šactivities€unhindered,€and€in€particular€that€they€have€access€to€all€places€of€detention€and€prisonsŠ ¼, (, Šso€as€to€guarantee€greater€compliance€with€the€ban€on€torture€and€ill-treatment;Š „-õ(- Š‡(n)ą  ąEstablish€precise€rules€and€standards€to€enable€the€victims€of€torture€and€ill-treatment€toŠ ° Šobtain€full€redress,€while€avoiding€any€insufficiently€justified€disparities€in€the€compensation€whichŠ ™é Šis€granted;Š ‚Ņ ŠĢ(o)ą  ąContinue€the€process€of€training€law€enforcement€personnel,€in€particular€as€regards€theŠ T¤ Šobligations€set€out€in€the€Convention€and€the€right€of€every€detainee€to€medical€and€legal€assistanceŠ =  Šand€to€have€contact€with€his€or€her€family;Š & v ŠĢ(p)ą  ąConsider€adopting€the€declarations€referred€to€in€articles€21€and€22€of€the€Convention;Š ų H ŠĢ(q)ą  ąWidely€disseminate€the€Committeeššs€conclusions€and€recommendations€in€the€State€partyŠ Ź   Šin€all€appropriate€languages.Š ³  ŠĢ43.ą  ąThe€Committee€reiterates€to€the€State€party€the€recommendations€addressed€to€it€in€May€1996Š …Õ  Šon€the€basis€of€the€conclusions€the€Committee€reached€under€the€procedure€provided€for€in€articleŠ n¾  Š20€of€the€Convention,€and€requests€the€State€party€to€inform€it€of€the€steps€it€has€taken€to€implementŠ W§  Šthem.Š @ ŠĢ44.ą  ąBearing€in€mind€the€statements€made€by€the€State€party€concerning€its€willingness€toŠ b Šcooperate€with€the€United€Nations€human€rights€treaty€bodies€and€mechanisms,€the€CommitteeŠ ūK Šrecommends€that€the€State€party€agree€to€a€visit€by€the€Special€Rapporteur€on€torture€of€theŠ ä4 ŠCommission€on€Human€Rights.Š Ķ ŠŌUS.,CE.,kjŌ