ÿWPCs 6ÞBh{V™a@)Y¸Øø›íAÛä×%85ýa9’Z;9ξuêd\vZÇ  Ë»#®ó<¹EÞ"·¼¤ø1Ò™m#0´ØšÌˆ‰àdJ7ÎLâ¼ê¼iR…Õpp‡S8A:íhÅËÌè¡ÌÆØ Mè£Ta\t«Ûá õ³>ÓšÂa1|'ÀG^ÝlŒÙ†¬¹ÏÇ´§©ÓÆ¥3JMáÒYR“³Cy„ã‹<¥{›•?A.7VÏ]m¸’£4²âp SåòÈ0 Ò€¡©‰!ϼîi“òVîõ˃·_«Í-¸°ŒÓ-¿1pããgH3Ûj`¢ŸIšàèNr®„='êøhxã"È û¿´Ä ¬ºTsþ ܬÍD ÍÿãeX$$`|æ“—ñµzç¡~QFÄuËFt9óΆ÷ly†؉ º®OŠ½îMUÍ('½ -½û ~oœ¦h7ؘ:ˆüÇ(ÞHü”r„01Û·j-‹üF^`?‰P)á²b8¸:˜õåÌ¢ü²dqI.³ìûÝյϟ¿ÓBn:Átдòß‹°å¾l¶½<Õ[Ÿ9f¬lg*4Õ9®v‹œ¬ïðWzB[sÀÏB^qd0Ý» #Á¶UNw %Å 0:Ë^ w4)8 m: QNq˜HP LaserJet 4P,ü,,,,,ü0&Öd9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(üœ$¡¡ÔUSUS.,ÔŠe, &bœ+ì«Ÿ3|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ provide[dÝ ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ  ÓÔ€¼íd»XXÔò òEGYPTó óÐ ° ÐÌÓ  ÓÔ€Xª¨X»¼ídÔò òó óÔUKUS.,ÔÓ  ÓÌò òÔ_ÔCERDÔ_Ô€26òòthóó€No.€18€(A/8418)€(1971)ó óÐ Â ÐÌÌ28.€€From€its€56òòthóó€to€its€58òòthóó€meetings,€the€Committee€proceeded€to€determine€formally€its€view€asÐ † Ö Ða€Committee€(as€distinct€from€the€views€expressed€at€previous€meetings,€which€were€those€of€theÐ r  Ðindividual€members)€as€to€which€reports€were€ð ðsatisfactoryðð,€in€the€sense€that€they€furnished€all€orÐ ^ ® Ðmost€of€the€required€information,€and€which€reports€were€ð ðunsatisfactoryðð€or€ð ðincompleteðð€andÐ J š  Ðtherefore€needed€to€be€supplemented€by€further€information.€€The€initial€report€(and€supplementaryÐ 6†  Ðreport,€if€any)€of€each€State€Party€was€put€before€the€Committee€separately€by€the€Chairman.€€WhereÐ "r  Ðthere€was€no€consensus,€the€question€whether€a€State€Partyððs€report€(or€reports)€was€ð ðsatisfactoryððÐ ^  Ðor€whether,€failing€that,€the€Committee€wished€to€request€additional€information€from€that€StateÐ úJ  ÐParty,€was€decided€by€vote.Ð æ6  ÐÌ29.€€The€Committee€expressed€itself€as€satisfied€with€the€completeness€of€the€reports€submitted€byÐ ¾ Ðthe€following€15€States€Parties,€from€which€no€additional€information€was€requested:€...Egypt...€Ð ªú ÐÌÌÌÓÌÓÔUS.,UK.,ºÔò òÐ  Zª ÐÔ_ÔÔ_ÔCERDÔ_Ô€28òòTHóó€No.€18€(A/9018)€(1973)ó ó€Ð ° ÐÌÌÓ  Ó178.€€The€initial€report€of€Egypt,€submitted€on€1€September€1970,€was€considered€by€the€CommitteeÐ xÈ Ðat€its€third€session€and€deemed€satisfactory.€€The€second€periodic€report,€submitted€on€12€JanuaryÐ d´ Ð1973,€was€considered€at€the€seventh€session€(135òòthóó€and€136òòthóó€meetings).Ð P   ÐÌ179.€€Several€members€expressed€the€opinion€that€the€report€was€comprehensive;€noted€that€itÐ ( x Ðcontained€a€section€in€which€the€information€was€recapitulated€in€accordance€with€the€structureÐ  d Ðindicated€by€the€guidelines€laid€down€by€the€Committee;€and€observed€that,€although€the€initialÐ  P  Ðreport€was€considered€satisfactory,€the€second€periodic€report€contained€observations€on€theÐ ì <  Ðcomments€made€by€members€of€the€Committee€during€the€consideration€of€the€initial€report.€€ThisÐ Ø(  Ðwas€regarded€by€several€members€as€a€constructive€ð ðdialogueðð€between€the€authors€of€the€report€andÐ Ä  Ðthe€Committee,€which€reflected€a€desire€for€co„operation€on€the€part€of€the€reporting€State;€and€theÐ °  Ðwish€was€expressed€that€similar€constructive€dialogues€would€be€entered€into€in€future€reports€byÐ œì  Ðother€States€parties.€€Special€note€was€taken€of€the€fact€that€the€report€stated€not€only€that€EgyptÐ ˆØ  Ðmaintains€no€relations€with€the€racist€Ô_ÔrgimesÔ_Ô€in€southern€Africa€but€also€that€ð ðEgypt€Ô_Ôprovide[dÔ_Ô]Ð tÄ Ðassistance,€through€the€Organization€of€African€Unity,€to€the€peoples€of€these€areas€to€help€them€onÐ `° Ðtowards€self„determination€and€the€liberation€of€their€countries€from€these€racist€Ô_ÔrgimesÔ_Ôðð.€Ð Lœ ÐÌ180.€€Some€members€noted€that€the€constitutional€and€legal€provisions€cited€in€the€report€spoke€ofÐ $t Ðð ðEgyptiansðð,€ð ðcitizensðð,€ð ðpersonsðð€and€ð ðindividualsðð€in€a€manner€which€rendered€the€definition€ofÐ ` Ðthese€terms€necessary€in€order€to€enable€the€Committee€to€ascertain€without€ambiguity€the€subjectsÐ üL Ðof€law€and€the€subjects€of€obligations.€€Some€members€observed€that,€although€the€Constitution€ofÐ è8 ÐEgypt€contained€a€principle€prohibiting€racial€discrimination,€one€could€imagine€hypothetical€casesÐ Ô$ Ðin€which€situations€might€nevertheless€arise€which€would€justify€the€adoption€of€special€laws€„€forÐ À Ðevery€constitutional€principle€had€to€be€implemented€by€legislation.€€Referring€to€the€informationÐ ¬ü Ðcontained€in€the€report€regarding€the€possibility€of€repealing€any€law€inconsistent€with€the€provisionsÐ ˜è Ðof€the€Constitution,€some€members€wished€to€know€who€had€the€right€to€request€the€ConstitutionalÐ „Ô ÐCourt€to€determine€whether€a€law€was€unconstitutional.€€Doubt€was€expressed€whether€the€provisionsÐ pÀ Ðof€article€6€of€Law€No.€34€of€1972€satisfied€all€the€requirements€of€article€4€of€the€Convention;€andÐ \ ¬ Ðinformation€regarding€the€procedure€for€implementing€the€provisions€of€that€article€of€the€Law€underÐ H!˜ Ðreference€was€requested.Ð 4"„  ÐÌ181.€€The€representative€of€Egypt,€expressing€his€pleasure€that€his€Governmentððs€efforts€to€enter€intoÐ  $\" Ða€dialogue€had€been€appreciated,€stated€that€he€would€endeavor€to€ensure€that€the€same€procedureÐ ø$H # Ðwas€followed€in€future€reports.Ð ä%4!$ ÐÌ182.€€The€Committee€decided€to€consider€the€report€satisfactory€and€to€express€the€hope€that€theÐ ¼' #& ÐGovernment€of€Egypt€would€continue€to€provide€full€information€in€subsequent€reports.Ð ¨(ø#' ÐÐ  ”)ä$( Ðò òÔ_ÔCERDÔ_Ô€29òòTHóó€No.€18€(A/9618)€(1974)ó ó€Ð ° ÐÌ€Ì184.€€The€Committee€noted€that,€although€no€measures€giving€effect€to€the€provisions€of€theÐ xÈ ÐConvention€had€been€adopted€by€the€Government€of€Egypt€since€it€submitted€its€second€periodicÐ d´ Ðreport,€the€third€periodic€report€from€that€Government€contained€detailed€information,€accompaniedÐ P   Ðby€the€texts€of€the€relevant€legislative€provisions,€€in€€response€to€observations,€and€inquiries€madeÐ < Œ Ðby€members€of€the€Committee€at€the€seventh€session€(when€the€earlier€report€was€considered),€withÐ ( x Ðparticular€reference€to€the€implementation€of€article€4€of€the€Convention.€€The€Committee€welcomedÐ  d Ðthe€continuing€dialogue€with€the€reporting€State€and€welcomed€also€the€information,€contained€inÐ  P  Ðthe€second€section€of€the€report€under€examination,€to€the€effect€that€a€new€penal€law€was€currentlyÐ ì <  Ðunder€preparation€and€that€the€draft€of€that€law€included€special€and€more€specific€provisions€for€theÐ Ø(  Ðprohibition€and€punishment€of€all€forms€of€racial€discrimination€in€accordance€with€article€4,Ð Ä  Ðparagraphs€(a)€and€(b),€of€the€Convention.€€It€noted€with€satisfaction€the€affirmation€that€theÐ °  ÐGovernment€of€Egypt€continued€to€condemn€and€boycott€racist€Ô_ÔrgimesÔ_Ô€and€to€assist€liberationÐ œì  Ðmovements€opposing€such€Ô_ÔrgimesÔ_Ô,€as€well€as€the€assurance€that€Ô_ÔthatÔ_Ô€Government€intended€toÐ ˆØ  Ðparticipate€effectively€in€the€implementation€of€the€Programme€for€the€Decade€for€Action€to€CombatÐ tÄ ÐRacism€and€Racial€Discrimination€and€that€it€would€inform€the€Committee€of€its€activities€in€thatÐ `° Ðregard.Ð Lœ ÐÐ  8ˆ Ðò òÔ_ÔCERDÔ_Ô€A/32/18€(1977)ó óÐ ° ÐÌÌ271.€€The€fourth€periodic€report€of€Egypt€was€considered€together€with€the€introductory€statementÐ tÄ Ðmade€by€the€representative€of€Egypt€before€the€Committee.Ð `° ÐÌ272.€€It€was€noted€that€the€report€before€the€Committee€supplied€no€new€information€which€had€notÐ 8 ˆ Ðalready€been€given€in€the€preceding€reports€submitted€by€Egypt.€€It€was€noted€with€satisfaction,Ð $ t Ðhowever,€that€the€statement€made€by€the€representative€of€the€reporting€State€supplied€additionalÐ  ` Ðinformation,€and€brought€previously€furnished€information€up€to€date.Ð ü L  ÐÌ273.€€It€was€observed€that€the€statement€in€the€report€that,€in€accordance€with€articles€8€and€40€of€theÐ Ô$  ÐEgyptian€Constitution,€the€State€guarantees€equality€before€the€law€ð ðwithout€discrimination€betweenÐ À  Ðthem€on€the€basis€of€sex,€origin,€language,€religion€or€creedðð€did€not€refer€to€all€the€factors€ofÐ ¬ü  Ðdiscrimination€mentioned€in€article€1,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Convention.Ð ˜è  ÐÌ274.€€In€connection€with€the€provisions€of€article€4,€paragraph€(a)€of€the€Convention,€it€was€notedÐ pÀ Ðthat€article€6€of€Law€No.€34€of€1972€provided€for€penalties€for€any€person€who€incites€hatred,Ð \¬ Ðcontempt€or€dissension€between€various€communities;€and€it€was€asked€whether€the€words€ð ðvariousÐ H˜ Ðcommunitiesðð€referred€to€ethnic€and€racial€communities.Ð 4„ ÐÌ275.€€In€connection€with€the€provisions€of€article€5€of€the€Convention,€it€was€observed€that€the€fourthÐ  \ Ðperiodic€report€of€Egypt€states€that€Egypt€ð ðguarantees€equality€for€all€persons€in€Egypt€as€regards€theÐ øH Ðenjoyment€of€the€political,€economic,€social€and€cultural€rights€set€forth€in€international€conventions,Ð ä4 Ðwithout€any€discrimination€or€distinctionðð,€whereas€the€information€received€previously€hadÐ Ð  Ðindicated€that€equality€was€guaranteed€for€ð ðall€Egyptiansðð€or€ð ðall€nationalsðð.€€It€was€asked€whetherÐ ¼  Ðthe€latest€report€reflected€a€change€in€the€status€of€foreigners€resident€in€Egypt€or€whether€there€wasÐ ¨ø Ðmerely€some€inaccuracy€in€the€translation€of€the€original€Arabic€wording€of€that€report.€€Noting€thatÐ ”ä Ðthe€principle€of€equality€was€firmly€anchored€in€Egyptian€legislation,€some€members€asked€forÐ €Ð Ðinformation€on€specific€measures€taken€in€practice€to€ensure€that€all€groups€of€the€population€did€inÐ l¼ Ðfact€enjoy€the€equal€opportunities€guaranteed€in€principle.Ð X ¨ ÐÌ276.€€The€Committee€took€note€with€satisfaction€of€the€information,€provided€by€the€representativeÐ 0"€  Ðof€Egypt,€that€measures€had€been€taken€in€compliance€with€Egyptððs€obligations€under€article€7€of€theÐ #l! ÐConvention;€and€hope€was€expressed€that€further€detailed€information€on€that€subject€would€beÐ $X" Ðembodied€in€the€fifth€periodic€report€of€Egypt.Ð ô$D # ÐÌ277.€€The€information€given€to€the€Committee€by€the€representative€of€Egypt€on€his€GovernmentððsÐ Ì&"% Ðmultiform€contributions€to€the€struggle€against€racial€discrimination€in€the€international€arena€wasÐ ¸'#& Ðnoted€with€satisfaction€by€the€Committee.Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌ278.€€The€Committee€noted€with€concern€the€statement€made€by€the€representative€of€Egypt€to€theÐ |*Ì%) Ðeffect€that€racial€discrimination€was€being€Ô_ÔpractisedÔ_Ô€in€Sinai,€a€part€of€the€national€territory€of€EgyptÐ h+¸&* Ðover€which€that€State€was€unable€„€because€of€foreign€occupation€„€to€fulfil€its€obligations€under€theÐ T,¤'+ ÐConvention.€€Members€of€the€Committee€expressed€the€hope€that€the€Government€of€Egypt€wouldÐ @-(, Ðfurnish€detailed€information€on€that€subject€in€its€next€report.€€Inasmuch€as€the€reporting€State€hadÐ ° Ðnot€asked€the€Committee€to€take€any€action€with€respect€to€that€issue,€the€Committee€confined€itselfÐ œì Ðto€taking€note€of€the€information€before€it,€expressing€its€concern,€and€inviting€the€Government€ofÐ ˆØ ÐEgypt€to€provide€it€with€such€additional€information€as€might€be€available€to€it€in€the€future.Ð tÄ ÐÐ  `° Ðò òÔ_ÔCERDÔ_Ô€A/33/18€(1978)ó óÐ ° ÐÌÌ289.€€The€fifth€periodic€report€of€Egypt€and€the€supplement€thereto€were€considered€jointly,€togetherÐ tÄ Ðwith€the€introductory€statement€made€by€the€representative€of€Egypt,€in€which€he€commented€onÐ `° Ðsome€of€the€observations€made€by€members€of€the€Committee€during€the€consideration€of€EgyptððsÐ L œ Ðfourth€periodic€report€(A/32/18,€paras.€271€„€278).€€The€Committee€took€note€of€some€correctionsÐ 8 ˆ Ðmade€by€the€representative€of€Egypt€to€the€translation€of€the€reports€under€consideration€from€theÐ $ t Ðoriginal€Arabic€into€the€working€languages€of€the€Committee.Ð  ` ÐÌ290.€€Referring€to€Act€No.€40€of€1977,€Committee€members€asked€what€penal€measures€wereÐ è 8  Ðavailable€for€application€„€in€accordance€with€the€requirements€of€article€4,€subparagraph€(b),€of€theÐ Ô$  ÐConvention€„€in€the€event€of€a€social€or€cultural€organization€having€a€racist€basis€being€established,Ð À  Ðin€view€of€the€fact€that€penal€legislation€could€not€be€applied€by€analogy€or€extension€and€theÐ ¬ü  Ðbanning€of€such€an€organization€would€accordingly€not€be€covered€by€Act€no.€40,€which€relatedÐ ˜è  Ðsolely€to€political€parties.€€The€representative€of€Egypt,€in€his€reply,€referred€to€Act€No.€37€of€1972Ð „Ô  Ðwhich€ð ðdealt€with€the€possibility€that€cultural€or€social€organizations€based€on€racial€ideas€or€beliefsÐ pÀ Ðmight€be€foundedðð;€he€also€stated€that€ð ðthe€future€penal€code€would€give€extensive€coverage€to€thatÐ \¬ Ðquestionðð.Ð H˜ ÐÌ291.€€Noting€that€the€Egyptian€Constitution,€which€ð ðcovered€very€satisfactorily€almost€all€theÐ  p Ðprovisions€of€article€5€of€the€Conventionðð,€failed€to€mention€the€right€to€form€and€join€trade€unions,Ð  \ Ðprovided€for€in€article€5,€subparagraph€(e)€(ii)€of€the€Convention,€a€member€of€the€CommitteeÐ øH Ðinquired€about€the€laws€in€Egypt€which€governed€the€exercise€of€that€right.€€The€representative€ofÐ ä4 ÐEgypt€replied€that€article€56€of€the€Constitution€permitted€the€establishment€of€trade€unions€andÐ Ð  Ðfederations€on€a€democratic€basis€and€provided€that€those€trade€unions€and€federations€should€haveÐ ¼  Ðlegal€personality.Ð ¨ø ÐÌ292.€€Referring€to€the€procurator,€whose€task€was€to€monitor€the€conduct€of€public€officials€and€toÐ €Ð Ðpenalize€illegal€acts€by€public€officials,€a€member€of€the€Committee€asked€whether€the€duties€of€theÐ l¼ Ðprocurator€included€the€task€of€examining€the€enforcement€of€provisions€relating€to€racialÐ X ¨ Ðdiscrimination,€and€requested€that€the€legislation€or€administrative€rules€governing€the€activities€ofÐ D!” Ðthe€procurator€be€provided.€€And,€referring€to€Act€No.€37€of€1972,€which€imposed€a€criminal€penaltyÐ 0"€  Ðon€any€public€official€who€imposed€upon€a€convicted€person€a€penalty€more€severe€than€that€laidÐ #l! Ðdown€by€the€law,€or€a€penalty€not€provided€for€by€the€law,€a€member€of€the€Committee€askedÐ $X" Ðwhether€the€term€ð ðpublic€officialðð€included€judges.Ð ô$D # ÐÌ293.€€The€detailed€information,€contained€in€the€supplementary€report,€concerning€theÐ Ì&"% Ðimplementation€of€article€7€of€the€Convention€was€welcomed€by€the€Committee.Ð ¸'#& ÐÌ294.€€The€Committee€welcomed€the€statement€that,€in€the€new€Criminal€Code€under€preparation,€theÐ )à$( Ðcompetent€authorities€of€the€reporting€State€ð ðwill€ensure€the€proscription€of€all€acts€of€racialÐ |*Ì%) Ðdiscriminationðð€in€accordance€with€the€Convention.€€The€statement€that€those€authorities€hadÐ h+¸&* Ðð ðalready€requested€that€[they]€be€provided€with€the€legislation€enacted€by€other€States€signatories€toÐ T,¤'+ Ðthe€Convention€in€this€regard,€in€order€to€facilitate€the€necessary€comparative€studies€and€take€it€intoÐ @-(, Ðaccount€in€the€elaboration€of€the€Egyptian€draft€Codeðð€was€described€by€a€member€of€the€CommitteeÐ ° Ðas€indicative€of€an€ð ðattitude€of€frank€and€open€international€co„operationðð.Ð œì ÐÌ295.€€A€member€of€the€Committee€asked€for€more€information€concerning€Egyptððs€stand€vis„„visÐ tÄ Ðthe€racist€Ô_ÔrgimeÔ_Ô€of€southern€Africa€and€concerning€the€contributions€which€Egypt€had€made€to€theÐ `° Ðstruggle€to€eliminate€racism.Ð L œ ÐÌ296.€€The€reference€to€the€situation€in€the€occupied€€territories,€€made€in€the€supplementary€reportÐ $ t Ðof€Egypt,€and€the€information€on€that€situation€furnished€by€the€representative€of€Egypt€in€hisÐ  ` Ðintroductory€statement€were€noted€with€concern.Ð ü L  ÐÐ  è 8  Ðò òÔ_ÔCERDÔ_Ô€A€/35/18€(1980)ó óÐ ° ÐÌÌ260.€€The€sixth€periodic€report€of€Egypt€(Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/66/Add.€4),€which€focused€primarily€on€answeringÐ tÄ Ðquestions€raised€by€the€Committee€during€its€consideration€of€the€fifth€report,€was€supplemented€byÐ `° Ðthe€introductory€statement€made€by€the€representative€of€the€reporting€State,€who€referred€inÐ L œ Ðparticular€to€Act€No.€36€of€1979,€amending€the€Political€Parties€Act€of€1977€which€prohibitedÐ 8 ˆ Ðorganizations€having€a€racist€bias.Ð $ t ÐÌ261.€€Some€members€of€the€Committee€wished€to€know€what€was€the€present€demographicÐ ü L  Ðcomposition€of€the€country,€what€were€the€statistics€concerning€foreign€nationals,€in€particularÐ è 8  Ðnations€of€neighboring€countries€with€which€Egypt€had€concluded€co„operation€treaties,€what€wasÐ Ô$  Ðthe€status€of€such€groups€and€to€what€extent€the€provisions€of€articles€2€and€5€of€the€Convention€wereÐ À  Ðapplied€to€them.Ð ¬ü  ÐÌ262.€€Referring€to€Act€No.€32€of€1964€concerning€regulation€of€private€societies€and€associations,Ð „Ô  ÐCommittee€members€asked€what€would€happen€if€an€unlawful€organization€were€set€up€withoutÐ pÀ Ðauthorization;€whether€the€provisions€of€that€Act€would€be€applicable€to€extremist€religiousÐ \¬ Ðorganizations€and€whether,€if€necessary,€measures€would€be€taken€to€prohibit€such€organizations.€Ð H˜ ÐA€member€of€the€Committee€wondered€what€law€could€be€invoked€if€an€organization€which,Ð 4„ Ðalthough€established€for€a€lawful€purpose,€was€subsequently€found€to€be€practicing€racialÐ  p Ðdiscrimination.€€In€connection€with€political€parties,€it€was€asked€whether€there€was€any€politicalÐ  \ Ðparty€other€than€the€party€in€power€which€did€not€come€under€the€provisions€of€article€4€(3)€of€ActÐ øH ÐNo.€36€and€who€decided€that€those€provisions€applied€to€a€particular€political€party.Ð ä4 ÐÌ263.€€With€regard€to€Act€No.€37€of€1972,€under€which€the€President€of€the€Republic€could,€in€certainÐ ¼  Ðcases,€declare€a€state€of€emergency€entailing€restrictions€of€freedom€of€assembly,€movement,Ð ¨ø Ðresidence€and€transit,€it€was€asked€whether€those€restrictions€would€be€applied€to€all€the€inhabitantsÐ ”ä Ðof€the€country.€€A€member€of€the€Committee€said€that,€although€article€56€of€the€EgyptianÐ €Ð ÐConstitution€recognized€in€principle€the€right€to€form€trade€unions,€in€accordance€with€article€5€ofÐ l¼ Ðthe€Convention,€such€a€principle€should€be€given€effect€by€a€decree€or€law.€€He€also€asked€for€theÐ X ¨ Ðorganic€text€setting€out€the€functions€of€the€procurator€responsible€for€punishing€public€servants€whoÐ D!” Ðbroke€the€law.Ð 0"€  ÐÌ264.€€A€member€of€the€Committee€stressed€that€because€of€the€very€varied€character€of€itsÐ $X" Ðpopulation,€Egypt€was€well€placed€to€give€full€effect€to€article€7€„€which€might€be€described€as€theÐ ô$D # Ðbuttress€of€the€Convention€„€and€it€would€be€desirable€to€have€some€information€on€the€subject.€€InÐ à%0!$ ÐÔ_ÔconnexionÔ_Ô€with€the€Presidential€Decision€€No.€157€inviting€the€people€to€express€their€opinion€onÐ Ì&"% Ðthe€adoption€of€a€Declaration€on€Human€Rights€for€the€Egyptian€people,€it€was€asked€whether€theÐ ¸'#& ÐDeclaration€had€been€drawn€up€and€published.Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌ265.€€Replying€to€some€of€the€questions€raised€by€members€of€the€Committee,€the€representative€ofÐ |*Ì%) ÐEgypt€said€that€freedom€of€belief€was€a€right,€but€if€an€organization€advocated€racial€hatred€it€wouldÐ h+¸&* Ðfall€within€the€category€of€illegal€organizations€referred€to€under€Act€No.€32€of€1964€and€wouldÐ T,¤'+ Ðtherefore€be€prohibited;€in€addition€to€the€party€in€power,€there€were€four€other€political€parties€inÐ @-(, ÐEgypt€and€there€was€an€officially€recognized€leader€of€the€opposition€in€Parliament;€a€CommitteeÐ ° Ðcomposed€of€representatives€of€the€executive,€the€judiciary€and€the€administration€studied€allÐ œì Ðrequests€to€form€new€political€parties€in€order€to€ensure€that€those€requests€were€consistent€withÐ ˆØ Ðlegislative€provisions€on€the€subject.Ð tÄ ÐÌ266.€€Replying€to€the€question€concerning€Act€No.€37€of€1972,€the€representative€said€that,€underÐ L œ Ðarticle€40€of€the€Constitution,€all€citizens€were€equal€before€the€law€and€therefore€any€restriction€onÐ 8 ˆ Ðfreedom€would€be€universally€applicable.€€As€regards€article€56€of€the€Constitution,€there€were€actsÐ $ t Ðguaranteeing€trade€union€rights€and€governing€the€formation€of€trade€unions.Ð  ` ÐÌ267.€€In€conclusion,€the€representative€of€Egypt€assured€the€Committee€that,€in€its€next€periodicÐ è 8  Ðreport,€his€Government€would€endeavor€to€reply€to€all€the€questions€asked€by€members€of€theÐ Ô$  ÐCommittee.Ð À  ÐÐ  ¬ü  Ðò òÔ_ÔCERDÔ_Ô€A/37/18€(1982)ó óÐ ° ÐÌÌ396.€€The€seventh€periodic€report€of€Egypt€(Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/91/Add.€15)€was€considered€by€the€CommitteeÐ tÄ Ðtogether€with€the€introductory€statement€of€the€representative€of€the€reporting€State€who€stated€thatÐ `° Ðthe€seventh€report€had€tried€to€provide€replies€to€questions€asked€during€the€consideration€of€theÐ L œ Ðprevious€periodic€report€of€his€country.€€He€mentioned€the€efforts€of€his€Government€in€the€struggleÐ 8 ˆ Ðagainst€òòapartheid€óóin€southern€Africa€and€pointed€out€that€Egypt€maintained€no€relations€whatsoeverÐ $ t Ðwith€the€racist€Ô_ÔrgimeÔ_Ô.€€Providing€some€additional€information,€he€said€that€Egyptian€universities,Ð  ` Ðand€in€particular€the€El„Ô_ÔAzharÔ_Ô€University,€had€been€opened€to€foreigners,€especially€from€Arab,Ð ü L  ÐMoslem,€African€and€other€countries,€and€no€racial€incidents€had€occurred€in€that€respect.€€TheÐ è 8  Ðrepresentative€also€mentioned€that€Egypt€had€recently€ratified€the€International€Covenants€on€HumanÐ Ô$  ÐRights€and€the€International€Convention€on€the€Suppression€and€Punishment€of€the€Crime€ofÐ À  ÐòòApartheidóó.Ð ¬ü  ÐÌ397.€€The€Committee€commended€the€Egyptian€Government€for€the€wealth€of€information€on€theÐ „Ô  Ðstatus€of€aliens€contained€in€its€report.€€In€that€connection,€it€was€asked€whether€under€the€states€ofÐ pÀ Ðemergency€which€could€be€declared€for€local€districts,€aliens€could€be€treated€in€a€particular€way.€Ð \¬ ÐThe€Committee€requested€more€information€regarding€the€referendum€which€included€the€declarationÐ H˜ Ðof€Egyptian€human€rights;€what€was€the€nature€of€those€rights;€and€whether€the€result€of€theÐ 4„ Ðreferendum€was€binding€for€the€Government€or€simply€informative.€€The€Committee€also€inquiredÐ  p Ðabout€the€status€of€international€conventions,€especially€of€the€International€Convention€on€theÐ  \ ÐElimination€of€All€Forms€of€Racial€Discrimination,€in€the€Egyptian€legal€system.Ð øH ÐÌ398.€€With€respect€to€article€3€of€the€Convention,€more€detailed€information€was€requested€regardingÐ Ð  Ðthe€efforts€of€the€Government€to€promote€the€fight€against€òòapartheidóó€in€South€Africa€and€toÐ ¼  Ðimplement€United€Nations€resolutions€and€decisions€in€that€respect.Ð ¨ø ÐÌ399.€€Turning€to€article€4€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€inquired€about€the€status€of€the€proposalÐ €Ð Ðmentioned€in€a€previous€report€to€introduce€a€new€penal€code€which€would€take€greater€account€ofÐ l¼ Ðarticle€4.€€In€that€connection,€it€was€asked€whether€the€new€legislation€referred€to€in€the€sixth€reportÐ X ¨ Ðformed€part€of€the€new€draft€penal€code;€and€whether€the€Government,€in€its€next€periodic€report,Ð D!” Ðcould€include€information€on€that€draft€or€reproduce€the€actual€text€of€it.€€Referring€to€article€1€ofÐ 0"€  ÐLegislative€Act€No.€156€of€1981,€a€member€noted€that,€although€it€represented€a€genuine€attempt€toÐ #l! Ðfulfil€the€provisions€of€article€4,€it€was€not€broad€enough€to€cover€all€aspects€of€that€article,Ð $X" Ðparticularly€with€respect€to€incitement€to€racial€discrimination.€€The€Committee€finally€requestedÐ ô$D # Ðprecise€information€as€to€how€exactly€article€4€of€the€Convention€was€implemented€in€Egypt.Ð à%0!$ ÐÌ400.€€With€reference€to€article€5€of€the€Convention,€and,€particularly,€the€obligation€of€politicalÐ ¸'#& Ðparties€to€commit€themselves€to€the€maintenance€of€national€unity,€social€harmony,€the€democraticÐ ¤(ô#' Ðsocialist€system,€it€was€asked€how€a€candidate€for€political€office,€who€as€such€had€no€political€powerÐ )à$( Ðor€position,€could€be€forced€to€make€such€a€commitment€and€whether€such€a€requirement€could€notÐ |*Ì%) Ðinterfere€with€the€electoral€process.€€Concerning€the€freedom€of€association€it€was€asked€whether€theÐ h+¸&* Ðregulations€governing€the€ratio€of€€Egyptian€nationals€to€foreigners€in€associations€applied€to€non„Ð T,¤'+ Ðprofit€organizations.€€A€member€requested€clarification€as€to€the€implementation€of€the€provisionÐ @-(, Ðaccording€to€which€associations€might€be€banned€if€they€posed€a€threat€to€national€unity,€socialÐ ° Ðharmony€or€the€integrity€of€the€nation.€€Referring€to€Legislative€Act€No.€156€of€1981,€anotherÐ œì Ðmember€wondered€what€had€motivated€the€addition€of€the€reference€to€ð ðreligious€coverðð€and€whetherÐ ˆØ Ðthere€was€any€special€reason€to€suspect€religious€organizations,€in€particular,€of€illegal€politicalÐ tÄ Ðactivities.Ð `° ÐÌ401.€€Regarding€article€6€of€the€Convention,€reference€was€made€to€the€position€of€the€publicÐ 8 ˆ Ðprosecutor€and€clarification€was€requested€as€to€whether€the€prosecutor€alone€had€the€right€to€initiateÐ $ t Ðproceedings€against€public€officials€in€the€case€of€abuse€of€authority,€or€whether€a€victim€could€alsoÐ  ` Ðinitiate€action.Ð ü L  ÐÌ402.€€With€respect€to€article€7€of€the€Convention,€the€Government€was€requested€to€provide€furtherÐ Ô$  Ðinformation,€in€particular€on€the€use€of€school€curricula€and€the€mass€media€to€educate€EgyptianÐ À  Ðcitizens€and€combat€racial€prejudice.Ð ¬ü  ÐÌ403.€€The€representative€of€Egypt€replied€to€some€of€the€questions€raised€by€the€Committee.€Ð „Ô  ÐReferring€to€the€status€of€the€Convention€in€the€Egyptian€legal€system,€he€said€that,€according€to€theÐ pÀ Ðprinciples€set€forth€in€the€Constitution,€the€Convention€was€considered€as€part€of€applicable€law€andÐ \¬ Ðany€law€which€went€beyond€or€violated€its€provisions€would€be€annulled€by€the€constitutional€court.€Ð H˜ ÐIn€reply€to€questions€concerning€the€referendum,€he€explained€that€the€guarantees€of€human€rightsÐ 4„ Ðin€the€Constitution€were€based€on€the€human€rights€principles€as€internationally€accepted€andÐ  p Ðpromulgated.€€Replying€to€another€question,€he€pointed€out€that,€as€an€African,€and€non„alignedÐ  \ Ðcountry,€Egypt€considered€itself€affected€by€any€form€of€racial€discrimination,€particularly€theÐ øH Ðòòapartheidóó€system€in€South€Africa,€and€attached€great€importance€to€the€international€struggle€againstÐ ä4 Ðsuch€discrimination.€€As€to€questions€raised€on€article€5€of€the€Convention,€he€clarified€the€meaningÐ Ð  Ðof€the€restrictions€concerning€associations€and€indicated€that€such€associations€ought€not€to€disturbÐ ¼  Ðpublic€order€and€morality,€according€to€constitutional€requirements€for€the€protection€of€the€equalÐ ¨ø Ðpublic€rights€of€all€citizens.€€The€representative€assured€the€Committee€that€their€comments€wouldÐ ”ä Ðbe€relayed€to€his€Government€and€addressed€in€Egyptððs€next€periodic€report.Ð €Ð ÐÐ  l¼ Ðò òÔ_ÔCERDÔ_Ô€A/44/18€Ô_Ô(1989)Ô_ÔÐ ° ÐÌÌó ó148.€€The€eight€and€ninth€periodic€reports,€submitted€in€one€document€(Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/149/Add€.€22),€andÐ tÄ Ðthe€tenth€period€report€of€Egypt€(Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/172/Add.€12),€were€considered€by€the€Committee€at€itsÐ `° Ð837òòthóó€meeting,€on€11€August€1989€(Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/SR.€837).Ð L œ ÐÌ149.€€The€reports€were€introduced€by€the€representative€of€the€State€party,€who€emphasized€thatÐ $ t Ðaccording€to€article€40€of€the€Constitution€all€citizens€were€equal€before€the€law€in€regard€to€theirÐ  ` Ðrights€and€obligations,€without€any€discrimination€on€grounds€of€sex,€origin,€language,€religion€orÐ ü L  Ðbelief.€€He€added€that€the€Convention€had€become€an€integral€part€of€Egyptian€law€from€the€date€ofÐ è 8  Ðits€ratification,€that€any€of€its€articles€could€be€invoked€in€courts,€and€that€legislative€andÐ Ô$  Ðadministrative€measures€had€already€been€promulgated€to€give€effect€to€most€of€the€provisions€of€theÐ À  ÐConvention.€€With€regard€to€article€3€of€the€Convention,€he€stated€that€Egypt€had€consistentlyÐ ¬ü  Ðsupported€all€international€efforts€aimed€at€the€elimination€of€racial€discrimination,€particularly€theÐ ˜è  Ðòòapartheidóó€system€in€South€Africa,€and€that€in€1989€it€had€hosted€a€conference€as€a€part€of€a€series€ofÐ „Ô  Ðmeetings€held€for€the€purpose€of€granting€independence€to€Namibia.€€In€connection€with€article€7€ofÐ pÀ Ðthe€Convention,€he€emphasized€the€importance€attached€by€Egypt€to€education€and€the€disseminationÐ \¬ Ðof€information€as€well€as€to€the€mobilization€of€public€opinion€for€the€elimination€of€racialÐ H˜ Ðdiscrimination.Ð 4„ ÐÌ150.€€Members€of€the€Committee€took€note€with€satisfaction€of€the€reports€submitted€by€theÐ  \ ÐGovernment€of€Egypt€and€commended€the€representative€of€the€State€party€on€his€presentation.€€ItÐ øH Ðwas€observed€with€satisfaction€that€the€reports€contained€replies€to€questions€raised€by€theÐ ä4 ÐCommittee€during€the€consideration€of€the€previous€report.€€Members€also€wished€to€receiveÐ Ð  Ðclarification€of€the€sentence€in€the€report€(Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/149/Add.€22)€according€to€which€no€casesÐ ¼  Ðconcerning€damages€resulting€from€racial€discrimination€as€defined€in€paragraph€1€of€the€ConventionÐ ¨ø Ðhad€been€heard€or€adjudged€by€the€Courts.€€It€was€asked€whether€there€were€ethnic€or€linguisticÐ ”ä Ðdifferences€in€Egypt,€whether€all€traces€of€colonialism€had€been€totally€eradicated,€and€whetherÐ €Ð ÐEgyptian€legislation€recognized€the€existence€of€minorities.€€In€the€latter€connection,€additionalÐ l¼ Ðinformation€was€sought€regarding€the€composition€of€the€population,€and€the€situation€of€a€numberÐ X ¨ Ðof€minorities,€such€as€those€of€the€oasis€of€Ô_ÔBereÔ_Ô„Ô_ÔBereÔ_Ô,€and€of€Armenian€and€Greek€origins.€€FurtherÐ D!” Ðinformation€was€also€sought€regarding€migrant€workers€and,€in€particular,€on€Sudanese€who€enteredÐ 0"€  Ðthe€country€as€laborers€and€domestic€servants€and€any€Israelis€living€in€Egypt.Ð #l! ÐÌ151.€€Members€congratulated€the€Government€on€its€implementation€of€article€3€of€the€ConventionÐ ô$D # Ðand,€in€particular,€on€its€policy€with€regard€to€the€South€African€Ô_ÔrgimeÔ_Ô.Ð à%0!$ ÐÌ152.€€With€reference€to€article€4€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€wished€to€know€whatÐ ¸'#& Ðlaws€could€be€invoked€and€what€sanctions€could€be€imposed€against€racially€discriminatory€practices.€Ð ¤(ô#' ÐIn€this€connection,€it€was€observed€that€articles€of€the€Penal€Code€mentioned€in€these€reports€referredÐ )à$( Ðmainly€to€crimes€against€religious€activities.€€In€that€regard,€it€was€inquired€why€attacks€on€religiousÐ |*Ì%) Ðsymbols€rather€than€attacks€on€individuals€were€punished€by€the€law,€whether€equally€severeÐ h+¸&* Ðpenalties€were€provided€for€in€cases€of€racial€discrimination€and€whether€the€Government€intendedÐ T,¤'+ Ðto€introduce€more€precise€legislation€to€prevent€racial€discrimination.€€In€this€connection,€membersÐ @-(, Ðof€the€committee€felt€that€Egypt€had€still€not€fully€complied€with€article€4€of€the€Convention.€€It€wasÐ ° Ðalso€suggested€that€the€next€report€might€include€information€on€a€number€of€decisions€taken€underÐ œì Ðthe€said€legal€provisions.Ð ˆØ ÐÌ153.€€With€regard€to€article€5€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€wished€to€receiveÐ `° Ðadditional€information€on€the€right€to€freedom€of€association€and,€in€particular,€on€public€charities.€Ð L œ ÐClarification€was€sought€of€the€sentence€in€paragraph€33€of€the€report€(Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/149/Add.€22)Ð 8 ˆ Ðaccording€to€which€the€legislatorððs€purpose€in€prohibiting€the€exploitation€of€religion€for€theÐ $ t Ðestablishment€of€political€parties€was€to€prevent€the€nation€from€being€split€into€racial€groups.€Ð  ` ÐFurthermore,€information€was€sought€on€the€interaction€between€political€and€religious€activity€and,Ð ü L  Ðin€that€regard,€it€was€asked€who€defined€the€limits€within€which€religion€functioned€and€to€whatÐ è 8  Ðextent€there€were€restrictions€on€the€freedom€of€religion.€€It€was€further€inquired€whether€there€wereÐ Ô$  Ðany€refugees€in€Egypt€and,€if€so,€what€their€status€was,€to€what€extent€labour€unions€were€excludedÐ À  Ðfrom€political€activities,€and€whether€over„concentration€in€large€cities€in€Egypt€had€led€to€anyÐ ¬ü  Ðmeasures€restricting€the€enjoyment€of€the€freedom€of€movement.Ð ˜è  ÐÌ154.€€In€connection€with€article€7€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€wished€to€receiveÐ pÀ Ðadditional€information€on€measures€adopted€in€the€fields€of€education,€culture€and€information€withÐ \¬ Ða€view€to€combating€racism€and€racial€discrimination.Ð H˜ ÐÌ155.€€In€response€to€various€questions€about€minorities,€the€representative€of€the€State€partyÐ  p Ðemphasized€that€the€Egyptian€legal€system€was€based€on€national€unity,€that€Egypt€was€aÐ  \ Ðhomogeneous€society€and€that€its€people€only€spoke€on€language.€€He€said€that€his€country€had€noÐ øH Ðparticular€minority€whose€rights€might€be€denied.€€Since€there€was€more€than€one€religion,€that€was,Ð ä4 Ðtherefore,€the€only€aspect€covered€by€Egyptian€law.€€As€concerns€specific€references€to€people€livingÐ Ð  Ðin€several€oases€or€to€Greek€and€Armenian€minorities,€he€stressed€that€if€the€individuals€concernedÐ ¼  Ðwere€Egyptians,€there€was€no€restriction€against€them€in€any€respect.€€He€also€stated€that€owing€toÐ ¨ø Ðthe€economic€situation€many€of€the€migrant€workers,€in€particular€Sudanese,€had€left€the€country€,Ð ”ä Ðthat€there€were€Jews€in€Egypt€who€Ô_ÔpractisedÔ_Ô€their€faith€in€synagogues,€and€that€there€was€noÐ €Ð Ðdiscrimination€based€on€national€origin€or€language.Ð l¼ ÐÌ156.€€Replying€to€questions€raised€in€connection€with€article€4€of€the€Convention,€the€representativeÐ D!” Ðof€the€State€party€stated€that€Egyptian€laws,€even€if€they€specifically€referred€to€religion,€were€wideÐ 0"€  Ðenough€in€scope€to€cover€any€form€of€discrimination.€€He€nevertheless€agreed€that€it€was€importantÐ #l! Ðfor€the€Penal€Code,€which€was€in€the€process€of€being€amended,€to€include€specific€references€toÐ $X" Ðracial€discrimination.€€He€added€that€penalties€were€applied€to€persons€who€insulted€or€stirred€upÐ ô$D # Ðhatred€of€a€religious€symbol€because€they€were€thereby€stirring€up€hatred€of€a€group€belonging€to€aÐ à%0!$ Ðdifferent€religion.€€Lastly,€he€recalled€that€the€Convention€itself€could€be€invoked€before€EgyptianÐ Ì&"% ÐCourts.Ð ¸'#& ÐÌ157.€€With€regard€to€article€5€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€referred€to€the€sentence€in€theÐ )à$( Ðreport€relating€to€the€prohibition€of€the€exploitation€of€religion€for€the€establishment€of€politicalÐ |*Ì%) Ðparties€and€explained€that€its€purpose€was€to€avoid€the€division€of€the€nation€on€any€basis.€€He€furtherÐ h+¸&* Ðstated€that€everyone€could€practice€his€religion€as€he€wished€without€interference.€€Labour€unionsÐ T,¤'+ Ðwere€not€supposed€to€take€part€in€the€formation€of€political€parties,€but€there€was€no€restriction€onÐ @-(, Ðdemands€by€unions€for€better€conditions€of€work.€€He€added€that€political€parties€had€to€seek€toÐ ° Ðachieve€their€objective€by€peaceful€and€democratic€means.€€With€regard€to€the€status€of€charities,€heÐ œì Ðstated€that€applications€had€to€be€made€to€a€Committee€under€the€Ministry€of€Social€Affairs€and€thatÐ ˆØ Ðthe€Governmentððs€decision€could€be€overruled€by€the€courts.€€Concerning€refugees,€he€stated€thatÐ tÄ ÐEgypt€was€party€to€the€1951€and€1956€Conventions,€that€there€were€very€few€refugees€in€Egypt€andÐ `° Ðthat€Egypt€had€always€followed€a€consistent€policy€of€granting€asylum€to€asylum„seekers.€€Lastly,Ð L œ Ðhe€emphasized€that€there€was€no€restriction€on€freedom€of€movement.€€Rather,€an€attempt€was€beingÐ 8 ˆ Ðmade€to€create€jobs€in€the€countryside,€decentralize€industry€and€provide€throughout€the€countryÐ $ t Ðthose€facilities€which€attracted€people€to€capital€cities.Ð  ` ÐÌ158.€€With€reference€to€article€7€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€of€the€State€party€explainedÐ è 8  Ðthat€instruction€was€being€given€on€the€Convention€itself€as€part€of€humanitarian€law€in€law€schools,Ð Ô$  Ðpolice€academies€and€various€other€institutions€interested€in€international€and€legal€matters.Ð À  Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àà È àà  àà x àÌÐ  ˜è  Ðò òÔ_ÔCERDÔ_Ô€A€/49/18€Ô_Ô(1994)ó óÔ_ÔÐ ° ÐÌÌ362.€€The€Committee€considered€the€combined€eleventh€and€twelfth€periodic€reports€of€EgyptÐ tÄ Ð(Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/226/Add.13)€at€its€1048th€and€1049th€meetings,€on€4€and€5€August€1994€(seeÐ `° ÐÔ_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/SR.1048€and€1049).Ð L œ ÐÌ363.€€The€report€was€introduced€by€the€representative€of€the€State€party,€who€provided€brief€detailsÐ $ t Ðof€the€measures€taken€to€implement€the€provisions€of€the€Convention€since€the€submission€of€itsÐ  ` Ðprevious€report.€In€particular,€he€informed€the€Committee€of€the€adoption€of€legislation€inÐ ü L  Ðcompliance€with€the€obligations€laid€down€in€article€4€of€the€Convention€concerning€the€prohibitionÐ è 8  Ðof€organizations€that€promote€or€incite€racial€discrimination.€In€addition,€the€representativeÐ Ô$  Ðhighlighted€the€efforts€undertaken€by€the€State€party€to€implement€article€7€of€the€ConventionÐ À  Ðthrough€educational€measures€and€the€development€of€information€campaigns€designed€to€raiseÐ ¬ü  Ðawareness€of€human€rights€and€freedoms.€The€campaigns€also€sought€to€offset€any€attitudes€andÐ ˜è  Ðtraditions€which€might€adversely€affect€the€realization€of€human€rights,€including€those€relating€toÐ „Ô  Ðeconomic€development.Ð pÀ ÐÌ364.€€Members€of€the€Committee€welcomed€the€opportunity€to€continue€the€constructive€dialogueÐ H˜ Ðwith€the€State€party;€however,€they€regretted€that€the€report€had€not€been€prepared€in€accordance€withÐ 4„ Ðthe€Committee's€consolidated€guidelines€on€reporting€and€had€not€contained€the€answers€to€questionsÐ  p Ðwhich€had€remained€unanswered€during€the€consideration€of€the€State€party's€previous€report.€FurtherÐ  \ Ðinformation€was€also€needed€on€the€factors€and€difficulties€encountered€in€implementing€theÐ øH Ðprovisions€of€the€Convention.€Equally,€it€was€noted€that€the€report€lacked€essential€information€asÐ ä4 Ðto€the€ethnic€composition€of€the€population.Ð Ð  ÐÌ365.€€Concern€was€expressed€over€the€state€of€emergency€existing€in€the€State€party.€Reference€wasÐ ¨ø Ðmade€to€the€violent€attacks€in€recent€months€and€years€which€had€been€directed€towards€foreigners€Ð ”ä Ðand€members€of€the€Coptic€church€in€Egypt,€and€the€problems€faced€by€the€State€party€in€addressingÐ €Ð Ðthat€situation.€In€this€connection,€members€of€the€Committee€wished€to€know€of€the€measures€beingÐ l¼ Ðtaken€to€protect€such€groups€from€attack€or€harassment.Ð X ¨ ÐÌ366.€€Further€information€was€requested€about€the€status€of€the€Convention€in€domestic€law.€InÐ 0"€  Ðaddition,€the€members€of€the€Committee€expressed€concern€that€national€legislation€did€not€fulfil€allÐ #l! Ðthe€requirements€of€article€1€of€the€Convention.€In€this€connection,€they€sought€clarification€as€toÐ $X" Ðwhether€the€provisions€of€article€40€of€the€Constitution€covered€race€as€a€ground€forÐ ô$D # Ðnon-discrimination,€and€as€to€the€protection€being€accorded€to€non-citizens€with€regard€to€theirÐ à%0!$ Ðenjoyment€of€the€rights€guaranteed€under€the€Convention.Ð Ì&"% ÐÌ367.€€Members€of€the€Committee€noted€that€the€Egyptian€Penal€Code€in€its€article€86€òòÔ_ÔbisÔ_Ôóó,€as€amendedÐ ¤(ô#' Ðby€Act€No.€97€of€18€July€1992,€had€made€it€a€criminal€offence,€òòinter€aliaóó,€to€establish€any€association,Ð )à$( Ðbody,€group€or€gang€which€in€any€way€advocated€violation€of€the€personal€liberty€of€citizens€or€ofÐ |*Ì%) Ðtheir€public€rights€and€freedoms€guaranteed€by€the€Constitution€and€the€law,€or€sought€to€prejudiceÐ h+¸&* Ðnational€unity€and€social€harmony,€and€therefore€addressed€the€measures€called€for€in€article€4€of€theÐ T,¤'+ ÐConvention.€However,€they€observed€that€the€report€did€not€provide€full€details€of€the€applicationÐ @-(, Ðof€that€article€by€the€courts€in€Egypt€and€any€jurisprudence€that€had€developed€as€a€result,€particularlyÐ ° Ðwith€regard€to€the€meaning€of€national€unity€and€social€harmony.€Also€with€regard€to€theÐ œì Ðimplementation€of€article€4€of€the€Convention,€the€question€was€asked€whether€any€publicationsÐ ˆØ Ðinciting€racial€hatred,€particularly€against€the€Jews,€circulated€in€the€country.Ð tÄ ÐÌ368.€€Regarding€article€5€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€expressed€concern€thatÐ L œ Ðinformation€had€not€been€provided€on€the€extent€to€which€all€groups€in€the€population€of€the€StateÐ 8 ˆ Ðparty€enjoyed€the€rights€enumerated€in€that€article.€Thus,€they€raised€questions€as€to€whetherÐ $ t ÐArmenians€and€Greeks€living€in€Egypt€held€Egyptian€nationality,€as€well€as€on€the€economic€andÐ  ` Ðsocial€situation€of€those€groups.€Clarification€was€also€requested€concerning€the€measures€taken€toÐ ü L  Ðprotect€not€only€the€language€and€traditional€life-style€of€the€Ô_ÔNubiansÔ_Ô,€in€particular,€but€also€theÐ è 8  Ðcultural,€economic€and€social€rights€of€the€Ô_ÔNubiansÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔBerbersÔ_Ô€and€Bedouins€of€Egypt,€in€general.Ð Ô$  ÐQuestions€were€also€raised€regarding€the€situation€of€Palestinians€living€in€Egypt.€In€addition,€moreÐ À  Ðinformation€was€requested€on€the€application€in€practice€of€article€4€of€the€Political€Parties€Act€No.Ð ¬ü  Ð40€of€1977,€and€of€the€jurisprudence€developed€as€to€the€meaning€of€"public€order€and€morality"€withÐ ˜è  Ðrespect€to€the€implementation€of€articles€2€and€33€of€the€Private€Associations€and€Institutions€ActÐ „Ô  ÐNo.€132€of€1964.Ð pÀ ÐÌ369.€€Concerning€article€6€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€took€note€of€theÐ H˜ Ðinformation€contained€in€the€State€party's€report€that,€for€acts€prohibited€under€article€4€of€theÐ 4„ ÐConvention,€national€legislation€provided€that€criminal€or€civil€proceedings€in€respect€of€offencesÐ  p Ðwere€not€subject€to€any€statute€of€limitations€and€that€compensation€or€redress€was€available€in€casesÐ  \ Ðwhere€administrative€decisions€violated€the€provisions€of€the€Constitution€or€the€Convention.€In€thatÐ øH Ðconnection,€members€of€the€Committee€asked€how€such€legislation€was€applied€in€practice€andÐ ä4 Ðrequested€details€of€any€relevant€court€cases.Ð Ð  ÐÌ370.€€Concerning€article€7€of€the€Convention,€reference€was€made€to€the€Committee's€generalÐ ¨ø Ðrecommendation€XIII€(42)€on€the€training€of€law€enforcement€officials€in€the€protection€of€humanÐ ”ä Ðrights€and€to€the€value,€in€general,€of€educating€and€informing€them€about€human€rights.€MentionÐ €Ð Ðwas€made€of€the€role€national€human€rights€institutions€could€play€for€the€protection€and€promotionÐ l¼ Ðof€human€rights,€including€those€provided€for€under€the€Convention.€More€information€wasÐ X ¨ Ðrequested€about€the€activities€undertaken€by€the€State€party€on€those€matters.Ð D!” ÐÌ371.€€It€was€observed€that€the€State€party€had€not€made€the€declaration€under€article€14€of€theÐ #l! ÐConvention;€members€of€the€Committee€asked€whether€the€State€party€was€considering€taking€stepsÐ $X" Ðto€accept€the€Committee's€competence€to€consider€communications€received€under€the€provisionsÐ ô$D # Ðof€that€article.Ð à%0!$ ÐÌ372.€€Replying€to€the€questions€raised€by€members€of€the€Committee,€the€representative€of€the€StateÐ ¸'#& Ðparty€explained€that€the€implementation€of€article€40€of€the€Constitution€provided€for€equality€beforeÐ ¤(ô#' Ðthe€law€and€that€although€its€provisions€did€not€specify€race€or€color,€the€term€"origin",€which€hadÐ )à$( Ðbeen€specified€in€that€article,€had€a€very€broad€meaning€in€Arabic€and€covered€those€aspects.€WithÐ |*Ì%) Ðrespect€to€the€laws€on€nationality,€the€Committee€was€informed€that€the€Egyptian€authorities€wereÐ h+¸&* Ðcurrently€considering€proposals€which€would€regularize€the€position€of€children€born€to€an€EgyptianÐ T,¤'+ Ðmother€and€a€non-Egyptian€father.€Moreover,€the€representative€indicated€that€experts€would€studyÐ @-(, Ðthe€Committee's€comments€on€aspects€of€Egyptian€legislation€that€might€need€to€be€amended€in€orderÐ ° Ðto€bring€them€into€line€with€the€provisions€of€the€Convention.Ð œì ÐÌ373.€€As€for€the€protection€of€persons€threatened€by€terrorism,€the€representative€indicated€that€theÐ tÄ Ðmeasures€being€taken€by€the€State€were€designed€to€ensure€better€security€for€both€the€EgyptianÐ `° Ðpopulation€and€visitors€to€the€country.€Ð L œ ÐÌ374.€€Concerning€the€implementation€of€articles€4€to€6€of€the€Convention,€the€representativeÐ $ t Ðindicated€that€article€57€of€the€Constitution€provided€that€criminal€and€civil€proceedings€in€respectÐ  ` Ðof€rights€and€freedoms€guaranteed€by€the€Constitution€and€the€law€were€not€subject€to€any€statute€ofÐ ü L  Ðlimitations;€such€violations€constituted€an€offence€and€the€State€was€required€to€guaranteeÐ è 8  Ðcompensation€to€victims.€Providing€further€information€as€to€the€meaning€of€the€concepts€of€socialÐ Ô$  Ðharmony€and€national€unity€under€Egyptian€law,€the€representative€explained€that€any€of€the€actsÐ À  Ðprohibited€under€the€Convention€would€be€considered€to€infringe€national€unity€and€social€harmonyÐ ¬ü  Ðunder€Egyptian€law.€Equally,€the€concept€of€public€order€as€understood€in€Egypt€meant€that€basicÐ ˜è  Ðrights€and€freedoms€came€within€the€realm€of€public€order€and€must€be€scrupulously€respected€byÐ „Ô  Ðeveryone,€including€public€bodies.Ð pÀ ÐÌ375.€€With€respect€to€ethnic€communities,€the€representative€stated€that€they€enjoyed€equal€rights€andÐ H˜ Ðfull€freedom,€including€with€regard€to€their€own€schools,€mother€tongue€instruction€and€publicationsÐ 4„ Ðin€their€own€languages.€The€Ô_ÔNubiansÔ_Ô€constituted€a€homogeneous€group€within€Egyptian€society,Ð  p Ðspeaking€Arabic€with€their€own€dialect.€Following€their€resettlement€after€the€construction€of€theÐ  \ ÐÔ_ÔAswanÔ_Ô€Dam,€the€Egyptian€Government€had€taken€account€of€objections€to€the€type€of€housingÐ øH Ðprovided€and€had€drawn€up€plans€incorporating€the€architectural€style€preferred€by€the€Ô_ÔNubiansÔ_Ô.€Ð ä4 ÐThere€was€no€discrimination€against€them.€They€could€practice€their€own€occupations€and€accedeÐ Ð  Ðto€very€high€positions.€There€were€Nubian€ministers,€senior€members€of€the€judiciary€and€teachersÐ ¼  Ðat€all€levels.Ð ¨ø ÐÌ376.€€Regarding€implementation€of€article€7€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€stated€thatÐ €Ð Ðinformation€about€international€human€rights€instruments€was€included€in€the€curricula€of€policeÐ l¼ Ðtraining€schools€and€training€colleges€for€the€judiciary€and€in€continuing€education€programmes€forÐ X ¨ Ðpublic€officials€and€police€officers.€The€Ô_ÔCentreÔ_Ô€for€Human€Rights€had€provided€valuable€assistanceÐ D!” Ðin€that€regard,€including€the€organization€of€a€training€course€for€police€officers.€In€addition,€theÐ 0"€  Ðsubject€was€included€in€both€school€and€university€curricula€and€the€authorities€sought€to€increaseÐ #l! Ðpublic€awareness€of€human€rights€issues,€especially€among€children€and€young€people.€The€EgyptianÐ $X" ÐOrganization€for€Human€Rights€had€not€yet€been€officially€recognized.Ð ô$D # ÐÌ377.€€The€representative€indicated€that€his€Government€was€considering€making€the€declarationÐ Ì&"% Ðprovided€for€in€article€14€of€the€Convention€but€had€reached€no€decision€on€the€matter.Ð ¸'#& ÐÌòòConcluding€observationsóóÐ )à$( ÐÌ378.€€At€its€1065th€meeting,€on€17€August€1994,€the€Committee€adopted€the€following€concludingÐ h+¸&* Ðobservations.Ð T,¤'+ ÐÐ @-(, Ð(a)€òòPositive€aspectsóóÐ ° ÐÌ379.€€The€additional€oral€information€provided€by€the€representative€of€the€State€party€filled€manyÐ ˆØ Ðof€the€€information€gaps€in€the€written€report.€This€additional€information€is€appreciated€and€theÐ tÄ Ðopportunity€to€continue€the€fruitful,€frank€and€constructive€dialogue€between€the€State€party€and€theÐ `° ÐCommittee€is€highly€welcomed.Ð L œ ÐÌ380.€€Satisfaction€is€expressed€over€the€comments€made€by€the€representative€of€the€State€party€asÐ $ t Ðto€the€importance€the€State€party€attaches€to€the€work€of€the€Committee€in€offering€guidance€aboutÐ  ` Ðthe€implementation€of€the€provisions€of€the€Convention.Ð ü L  ÐÌ(b)€òòPrincipal€subjects€of€concernóóÐ Ô$  ÐÌ381.€€Concern€is€expressed€over€the€paucity€of€information€contained€in€the€State€party's€report€onÐ ¬ü  Ðjudicial,€administrative€or€other€measures€adopted€that€give€effect€to€the€Convention,€and€their€effectÐ ˜è  Ðupon€the€situation€in€Egypt.€The€lack€of€that€information€makes€it€difficult€for€the€Committee€toÐ „Ô  Ðassess€accurately€the€progress€achieved€in€the€realization€of€the€rights€provided€for€in€theÐ pÀ ÐConvention.€In€this€respect,€the€omission€of€details€of€the€demographic€composition€of€theÐ \¬ Ðpopulation€and€the€economic€and€social€situation€of€different€groups€within€the€population€isÐ H˜ Ðregretted.Ð 4„ ÐÌ382.€€It€is€unclear€as€to€the€extent€to€which€other€provisions€of€national€law€are€applied€to€promoteÐ  \ Ðand€protect€the€rights€contained€in€the€Convention.€In€particular,€with€regard€to€the€recent€measuresÐ øH Ðtaken€to€implement€article€4€of€the€Convention,€note€is€taken€of€article€86€òòÔ_ÔbisÔ_Ôóó€of€the€Penal€Code€(ActÐ ä4 ÐNo.€58€of€1937),€as€amended€by€Act€No.€97€of€18€July€1992;€however€information€is€not€providedÐ Ð  Ðas€to€how€this€provision€of€the€Penal€Code€is€applied€in€practice.Ð ¼  ÐÌ383.€€Concern€is€expressed€about€terrorist€attacks,€some€of€which€could€be€of€a€xenophobic€nature,Ð ”ä Ðand€their€consequences€for€the€State€party.€Ð €Ð ÐÌ(c)€òòSuggestions€and€recommendationsóóÐ X ¨ ÐÌ384.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€next€report€to€be€submitted€by€the€State€party€(due€sinceÐ 0"€  Ð5€January€1994)€provide€more€information€on€the€actual€practice€in€implementing€the€provisions€ofÐ #l! Ðthe€Convention€and€that€it€contain€written€answers€to€the€questions€raised€orally€during€the€presentÐ $X" Ðconsideration€of€the€report€of€Egypt.€It€should€also€contain€information€on€the€demographicÐ ô$D # Ðcomposition€of€the€population€and€the€social€and€economic€situation€of€different€groups€within€theÐ à%0!$ Ðpopulation,€as€well€as€details€of€the€actual€implementation€of€article€5€of€the€Convention.Ð Ì&"% ÐÌ385.€€The€Committee€requests€further€clarification€on€the€measures€taken€to€implement€other€articlesÐ ¤(ô#' Ðof€the€Convention,€including€the€definition€of€racial€discrimination€as€contained€in€article€1,Ð )à$( Ðparagraph€1,€of€the€Convention.€In€this€respect€the€State€party€is€requested,€in€its€next€report,€to€takeÐ |*Ì%) Ðinto€account€the€information€reflected€in€the€Committee's€general€recommendations€XI€(42)€and€XIVÐ h+¸&* Ð(42).€In€addition,€the€Committee€would€like€to€receive€further€details€of€the€actual€application€ofÐ T,¤'+ Ðarticles€4€and€6€of€the€Convention,€including€through€examples€of€recent€court€decisions,€if€any,Ð @-(, Ðparticularly€with€respect€to€article€86€òòÔ_ÔbisÔ_Ôóó€of€Penal€Code€(Act€No.€58€of€1937),€as€amended€by€ActÐ ° ÐNo.€97€of€18€July€1992.€With€regard€to€article€4€of€the€Convention,€the€State€party's€attention€isÐ œì Ðdrawn€to€the€contents€of€the€Committee's€general€recommendation€XV€(42).Ð ˆØ ÐÌ386.€€Further€information€is€also€sought€on€the€implementation€of€article€7€of€the€Convention.Ð `° ÐAdditionally,€it€is€requested€that€the€State€party,€in€its€next€report,€provide€information€on€anyÐ L œ Ðnational€institutions€established€to€promote€and€protect€human€rights.€In€this€connection,€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðattention€of€the€State€party€is€drawn€to€the€Committee's€general€recommendation€XVII€(42)€on€theÐ $ t Ðpossible€roles€of€national€institutions€in€facilitating€the€implementation€of€the€Convention.Ð  ` ÐÌ387.€€Finally,€the€attention€of€the€State€party€is€drawn€to€the€possibility€of€making€the€declarationÐ è 8  Ðaccepting€the€Committee's€competence€under€article€14€of€the€Convention.€The€Committee€alsoÐ Ô$  Ðdraws€the€attention€of€the€State€party€to€the€amendment€to€article€8,€paragraph€6,€of€the€Convention,Ð À  Ðwhich€was€approved€by€the€Fourteenth€Meeting€of€States€parties€and€by€the€General€Assembly€in€itsÐ ¬ü  Ðresolution€47/111,€and€encourages€the€State€party€to€expedite€its€action€formally€to€accept€thatÐ ˜è  Ðamendment.Ð „Ô  ÐÐ  pÀ ÐÌò òÔ_ÔCERDÔ_Ô€A/€56/18€Ô_Ô(2001)ó óÔ_ÔÐ œì ÐÌ278.€€The€Committee€considered€the€thirteenth,€fourteenth,€fifteenth€and€sixteenth€periodic€reportsÐ tÄ Ðof€Egypt,€which€were€due€on€4€January€1994,€1996,€1998€and€2000,€respectively,€submitted€as€oneÐ `° Ðdocument€(Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/384/Add.3),€at€its€1484th€and€1485th€meetings€(Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/SR.1484€and€1485),Ð L œ Ðon€10€and€13August2001.€€At€its€1489th€meeting€(Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/SR.1489),€on€15€August€2001,€itÐ 8 ˆ Ðadopted€the€following€concluding€observations.Ð $ t ÐÌA.€€òòIntroductionóóÐ ü L  ÐÌ279.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€thirteenth,€fourteenth,€fifteenth€and€sixteenth€periodic€reportsÐ Ô$  Ðas€well€as€the€additional€information€that€the€State€partyððs€delegation€provided€during€its€oralÐ À  Ðpresentation€and€in€writing,€and€expresses€its€appreciation€for€the€opportunity€to€renew€its€dialogueÐ ¬ü  Ðwith€the€State€party€after€seven€years.€€€€Ð ˜è  ÐÌ280.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€detailed€and€comprehensive€report€submitted€by€the€State€party,Ð pÀ Ðwhich€provides€ample€information€particularly€on€the€legal€order.€€The€Committee€furthermore€notesÐ \¬ Ðthat€the€report€has€been€drawn€up€in€accordance€with€the€Committeeððs€revised€€guidelines€andÐ H˜ Ðresponds€to€many€questions€raised€during€the€examination€of€the€previous€report€in€1994.€€TheÐ 4„ Ðadditional€oral€information€provided€by€the€delegation€in€response€to€questions€asked€by€CommitteeÐ  p Ðmembers€is€also€appreciated.€Ð  \ ÐÌB.€€òòPositive€aspectsóóÐ ä4 ÐÌ281.€€The€Committee€considers€as€very€positive€the€significant€role€of€the€Supreme€ConstitutionalÐ ¼  ÐCourt€in€the€judicial€system€of€the€State€party€in€upholding€human€rights€and€constitutionalÐ ¨ø Ðguarantees,€particularly€with€regard€to€the€protection€of€equal€rights,€as€well€as€the€prevention€andÐ ”ä Ðelimination€of€discrimination.€€Ð €Ð ÐÌ282.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€fact€that,€pursuant€to€article€151€of€the€Constitution,€internationalÐ X ¨ Ðinstruments,€including€the€International€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€RacialÐ D!” ÐDiscrimination,€form€part€of€the€domestic€legal€system€and€can€be€invoked€directly€before€the€courts.€Ð 0"€  ÐFurthermore,€access€to€the€Supreme€Constitutional€Court€is€guaranteed€so€as€to€enable€citizens€toÐ #l! Ðchallenge€the€constitutionality€of€any€domestic€provision.€€Ð $X" ÐÌ283.€€The€Committee€notes€with€satisfaction€that€the€Supreme€Constitutional€Court€defines€racialÐ à%0!$ Ðdiscrimination€in€terms€very€close€to€the€definition€given€by€the€Convention.Ð Ì&"% ÐÌ284.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€significant€efforts€made€by€the€State€party€to€ensure€that€itsÐ ¤(ô#' Ðdevelopment€strategy€is€implemented€without€any€discrimination€on€racial€grounds€and€that€it€isÐ )à$( Ðequitable€in€its€reach,€covering€all€regions€of€the€country.€€Ð |*Ì%) ÐÌ285.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€initiatives€taken€by€the€Government€in€the€area€of€human€rightsÐ T,¤'+ Ðeducation€in€schools€and€universities€and€notes€the€efforts€undertaken€by€the€State€party€to€teach€andÐ @-(, Ðpromote€a€culture€of€human€rights,€tolerance€and€peace.€€The€Committee€encourages€such€efforts€andÐ ° Ðhopes€the€State€party€will€continue€along€this€path.€€Ð œì ÐÌC.€€òòConcerns€and€recommendationsóóÐ tÄ ÐÌ286.€€Although€noting€the€view€of€the€State€party€as€to€the€homogeneity€of€its€population,€the€absenceÐ L œ Ðof€notable€ethnic€minorities,€and€the€existence€of€some€numerically€small€ethnic€groups,€includingÐ 8 ˆ Ðnomads,€Ô_ÔBerbersÔ_Ô€and€Ô_ÔNubiansÔ_Ô,€as€well€as€Egyptians€of€Greek€and€Armenian€origin,€the€CommitteeÐ $ t Ðrecommends€the€State€party€to€provide€information€on€these€groups,€in€particular€economic€andÐ  ` Ðsocial€indicators€reflecting€their€situation,€including€their€participation€in€public€life€and€theÐ ü L  Ðpreservation€of€their€culture.Ð è 8  ÐÌ287.€€The€Committee€remains€concerned€that€the€legislation€of€the€State€party€does€not€seem€toÐ À  Ðrespond€fully€to€the€requirements€of€article€4€of€the€Convention,€specifically€article€4€(a),€whichÐ ¬ü  Ðrequires€States€parties€to€declare€as€an€offence€punishable€by€law€all€dissemination€of€ideas€basedÐ ˜è  Ðon€racial€superiority€or€hatred,€incitement€to€racial€discrimination,€as€well€as€all€acts€of€violence€orÐ „Ô  Ðincitement€to€such€acts€against€any€race€or€group€of€persons€of€another€Ô_ÔcolourÔ_Ô€or€ethnic€origin.€TheÐ pÀ ÐCommittee€notes€that€defamation€as€well€as€acts€of€violence€or€the€threat€to€use€violence€areÐ \¬ Ðpunishable€by€law,€but€there€is€no€legal€provision€making€ethnic€or€racial€motivation€for€such€actsÐ H˜ Ðan€aggravating€circumstance.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€review€its€domesticÐ 4„ Ðlegislation€in€the€light€of€the€provisions€of€article€4€of€the€Convention€so€as€to€give€effect€to€all€itsÐ  p Ðrequirements,€as€stated€by€the€State€party€during€the€consideration€of€its€previous€report.Ð  \ ÐÌ288.€€The€Committee€expresses€its€concern€at€the€nationality€law,€which€prevents€an€Egyptian€motherÐ ä4 Ðmarried€to€a€foreigner€from€passing€on€her€nationality€to€her€children.€€The€Committee€is€alsoÐ Ð  Ðconcerned€that€children€born€to€Egyptian€mothers€and€foreign€fathers€are€faced€with€discriminationÐ ¼  Ðin€the€field€of€education.€€The€Committee€takes€note€of€the€promise€of€the€State€party€to€revise€theÐ ¨ø Ðnationality€law,€which€discriminates€against€children€born€to€Egyptian€women€married€toÐ ”ä Ðnon-nationals,€so€as€to€bring€it€into€line€with€the€provisions€of€the€Convention€and€requests€to€beÐ €Ð Ðinformed€in€the€next€report.Ð l¼ ÐÌ289.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€continue€its€efforts€to€train€all€personnelÐ D!” Ðworking€in€the€field€of€criminal€justice€and€law€enforcement€officials€in€the€spirit€of€respect€forÐ 0"€  Ðhuman€rights€and€non-discrimination€on€ethnic€or€racial€grounds.Ð #l! ÐÌ290.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€resolve€the€difficulties€relating€to€theÐ ô$D # Ðregistration€of€some€non-governmental€organizations€dealing€with€the€promotion€and€protection€ofÐ à%0!$ Ðhuman€rights€which€are€working€in€particular€to€combat€racial€discrimination.Ð Ì&"% ÐÌ291.€€The€Committee€notes€the€absence€in€the€report€of€references€to€the€contribution€ofÐ ¤(ô#' Ðnon-governmental€organizations€in€the€preparation€of€the€report,€and€encourages€the€State€party€toÐ )à$( Ðcollaborate€with€non-governmental€organizations€during€the€preparation€of€the€next€periodic€report.Ð |*Ì%) ÐÌ292.€€Noting€that€the€State€party€is€in€the€process€of€considering€the€establishment€of€a€NationalÐ T,¤'+ ÐCouncil€for€Human€Rights€in€accordance€with€the€Paris€Principles€concerning€the€establishment€andÐ @-(, Ðfunctioning€of€national€institutions€for€human€rights€(General€Assembly€resolution€48/134),€theÐ ° ÐCommittee€recommends€that€steps€be€taken€to€accelerate€this€process€and€requests€the€State€partyÐ œì Ðto€provide€information€on€the€powers€and€functions€of€this€institution€in€its€next€periodicreport.Ð ˆØ ÐÌ293.€€The€State€party€is€invited€to€provide€further€information€in€its€next€periodic€report€on€theÐ `° Ðfollowing€issues:€€(a)€relevant€cases€relating€to€racial€discrimination€before€Egyptian€courts,€and€theÐ L œ Ðdecisions€taken;€(b)€the€economic€and€social€situation€of€numerically€small€ethnic€groups,€includingÐ 8 ˆ Ðaccess€to€education€and€the€preservation€of€their€culture;€(c)€data€on€foreigners€and€their€situationÐ $ t Ðin€the€country;€(d)€results€of€academic€studies€and€surveys€on€numerically€small€ethnic€groups.Ð  ` ÐÌ294.€€It€is€noted€that€the€State€party€has€not€made€the€optional€declaration€provided€for€in€article€14Ð è 8  Ðof€the€Convention,€and€the€Committee€recommends€that€the€possibility€of€such€a€declaration€beÐ Ô$  Ðconsidered.Ð À  ÐÌ295.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€ratify€the€amendments€to€article€8,€paragraphÐ ˜è  Ð6,€of€the€Convention,€adopted€on€15€January€1992€at€the€Fourteenth€Meeting€of€States€Parties€to€theÐ „Ô  ÐConvention.Ð pÀ ÐÌ296.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€partyððs€reports€be€made€readily€available€to€theÐ H˜ Ðpublic€from€the€time€they€are€submitted€and€that€the€Committeeððs€observations€on€them€be€similarlyÐ 4„ Ðpublicized.Ð  p ÐÌ297.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€submit€its€seventeenth€periodic€report€jointlyÐ øH Ðwith€its€eighteenth€periodic€report,€due€on€4€January€2004,€and€that€it€addresses€all€points€raised€inÐ ä4 Ðthe€present€observations.Ð Ð  Ð