’WPC§ ń恚©®(®ĖÉC­=€Ęŗū‹(ĖsŽ—˜N/rLbˆQ{äö‡ņcŗœ*‚6yĒęŹ÷£åAœ,@]­[x‘« ‡4ŃĶo̹ķ"(P»Ńݤ:‡ŗ­ź– ‚ķ2¢9,ćh±ļųVZxx;¦’J5ŚQźÖ`J%m÷šĶĻh?QMÕż­GŲ‡+™YAj7čn%šóGNiŅ·“5dg·åZ‡Jeń85”cźŒĪ} <];Jæ3ī„Io“>kŪ"ó•L„¬UēƒŲ­­¤ćl€ND‹„f÷…k› ¤L¦€Y4÷›¶āŪ×3Œ[ -fņÄ.2ųĒ/µ}a&L1¼)Š=3Ń<˜å•ne\4š·_RŅøķcP@(ŽL§Q“šBĶ’Ķs÷'Ø-īråėéhZ¹Y¹–ŅŸ,Hį>Õ¤@޵5W6cÖ ¢9¼ēMY+}æ­cńa±™,ĆÓFĄ_”KaŌ_Ś©ų܎Ø0J[ØOõŽĻņQᛤ ?śīPnĻ<’eāģ&>vqā4BŹļŹrŪ¤3äÓAĶ%»j³ŃQæŹDk Ų@®½>ÉóxÖŻ(šx.Ušœ¼ty =ęiĘ˜Æ¤4#ĮÄUN… %Ó 0:Ł^ w4#7F mH_U>gN„˜HP LaserJet 4P,ü,,,,,ü0&Öd9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(üœ$””ŌUSUS.,ŌÆ‹e, &bœ+čnŸ3|x’U‹’ĄĄĄ ō\  `‹&Times New RomanŻ ƒüœ!ŻŌUSUS.,ŌŻ  ŻŌ_Ōņ ņÓ  ÓŌ‡¼öL»XXŌEGYPTŠ ° ŠŌ#†X¶ŠX»¼öLL#Ōó óÓ  ÓÓ  Óą  ąą ` ąĢĢņ ņCRC€A/49/41€(1994)ó óŠ œģ ŠĢĢ5.€ņņConcluding€observationsóóŠ ` ° ŠĢ96.€€The€Committee€considered€the€initial€report€of€Egypt€(CRC/C/3/Add.6)€at€its€66ņņthóó€€to€68ņņthóó€Š 8 ˆ Šmeetings€(CRC/C/SR.66-68),€held€on€25€and€26€January€1993,€and€adopted,€at€its€73ņņrdóó€meeting,€onŠ $ t  Š28€January€1993,€the€following€concluding€observations.Š `  ŠĢ(a)€ņņIntroductionóóŠ č8  ŠĢ97.€€The€Committee€notes€with€satisfaction€the€timely€submission€of€the€initial€report€of€Egypt,Š Ą  Šwhich€was€one€of€the€first€States€to€become€party€to€the€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child.€ItŠ ¬ü  Šalso€compliments€the€State€party€on€its€timely€report,€which€followed€the€Committee's€guidelines.Š ˜č ŠIn€addition€to€giving€the€relevant€laws€and€regulations,€the€report€contains€information€on€actualŠ „Ō Špractices€and€factors€and€difficulties€affecting€the€implementation€of€the€Convention.€Š pĄ ŠĢ98.€€The€Committee€expresses€its€appreciation€for€the€additional€information€provided€by€theŠ H˜ Šhigh-level€delegation,€which€endeavored€to€answer€all€questions€from€the€Committee€in€an€open€way,Š 4„ Šadmitting€the€existence€of€problems.Š  p ŠĢ(b)€ņņPositive€aspectsóóŠ ųH ŠĢ99.€€The€Committee€takes€note€of€efforts€made€by€the€Government€of€Egypt€to€secureŠ Š  Šimplementation€of€the€Convention's€provisions€throughout€the€country.€The€Committee€welcomesŠ ¼  Šthe€establishment,€in€January€1989,€of€the€National€Council€for€Childhood€and€Motherhood.€ItŠ Øų Šregards€as€important€features€the€formulation€of€a€general€policy€and€strategy€for€the€developmentŠ ”ä Šof€Egyptian€childhood€and€the€inclusion€of€the€childhood€and€motherhood€components€in€theŠ € Š Šfive-year€State€plan€1992/93-1997/98.€The€Committee€also€notes€with€satisfaction€the€activities€ofŠ l!¼ Šthe€Supreme€Constitutional€Court€in€so€far€as€the€implementation€of€the€Convention€is€concerned.Š X"Ø  ŠFurthermore,€the€Committee€notes€the€intention€of€the€National€Council€to€systematize€the€collectionŠ D#”! Šof€statistical€and€other€data€as€a€basis€for€further€efforts€in€the€implementation€of€the€Convention.Š 0$€" ŠIndications€about€research€into€problems€relating€to€children€in€especially€difficult€circumstances€areŠ %l # Šalso€welcomed.€Taken€together,€these€notable€developments€indicate€that€the€Government€of€EgyptŠ &X!$ Štakes€very€seriously€its€obligations€under€the€Convention€and€is€moving€towards€establishing€a€firmŠ ō&D"% Šlegal€basis€for€the€realization€of€the€rights€contained€therein.ą Č ąŠ ą'0#& ŠĢ(c)€ņņ€Factors€and€difficulties€impeding€the€implementation€of€the€Conventionóó€Š ø)%( ŠĢ100.€€The€Committee€notes€that€structural€adjustment€policies€have€created€difficulties€in€the€fullŠ +ą&* Šapplication€of€the€rights€guaranteed€by€the€Convention€and€have€had€a€specific€impact€on€theŠ |,Ģ'+ Šsituation€of€children,€in€particular€children€in€low-income€categories€and€in€rural€areas.€TheŠ h-ø(, ŠŌ_ŌCommittee,€however,€takes€this€opportunity€to€recall€that,€under€article€4€of€the€Convention,€StatesŠ ° Šparties€are€called€upon€to€implement€the€Convention€to€the€maximum€extent€of€their€availableŠ œģ Šresources.Š ˆŲ ŠĢ(d)€ņņPrincipal€subjects€of€concernóóŠ `° ŠĢ101.€€The€Committee€notes€that,€although€Egyptian€laws€and€regulations€guarantee€equality€betweenŠ 8 ˆ Šthe€sexes,€there€is€in€reality€still€a€pattern€of€disparity€between€boys€and€girls,€in€particular€as€far€asŠ $ t Šaccess€to€education€is€concerned.Š  ` ŠĢ102.€€Of€special€concern€to€the€Committee€has€also€been€the€situation€of€children€in€rural€areas€andŠ č 8  Šof€disabled€children.€In€regard€to€the€latter,€the€Committee€expresses€concern€over€the€very€lowŠ Ō$  Šnumber€of€disabled€children€who€are€enrolled€in€schools,€which€might€reflect€an€insufficientŠ Ą  Šsensitiveness€of€the€society€to€the€specific€needs€and€situation€of€those€children.Š ¬ü  ŠĢ103.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€about€the€situation€of€children€in€conflict€with€the€law€and,€inŠ „Ō  Šparticular,€of€children€serving€custodial€sentences€in€social€care€institutions.€Concern€is€expressed,Š pĄ Šin€general,€as€to€the€compatibility€with€articles€37€and€40€of€the€Convention€of€the€juvenile€justiceŠ \¬ Šinstitutions€and€the€administration€of€justice€system€in€so€far€as€it€relates€to€juvenile€justice.Š H˜ ŠĢ104.€€Specific€concern€is€also€expressed€regarding€the€very€large€number€of€children€between€6€andŠ  p Š14€years€of€age€who€are€enrolled€in€the€labour€force€and€therefore€lack,€wholly€or€partly,€theŠ  \ Špossibility€of€going€to€school.€Although€children€may€to€a€certain€extent€contribute€to€seasonalŠ ųH Šactivities,€care€should€always€be€taken€that€primary€education€is€available€to€them€and€that€they€areŠ ä4 Šnot€working€in€hazardous€conditions.Š Š  ŠĢ105.€€The€quality€of€education€in€schools€also€gives€cause€for€concern€and€may€be€an€explanation€forŠ Øų Šhigh€drop-out€rates;€the€problem€relates€to€pedagogical€methods,€curricula€and€the€lack€of€adequateŠ ”ä Šeducational€material.Š €Š ŠĢ106.€€The€Committee€expresses€its€concern€as€to€the€need€for€measures€to€improve€the€health€ofŠ X Ø Šchildren,€in€particular€those€in€the€school-age€group.Š D!” ŠĢ(e)€ņņSuggestions€and€recommendationsóóŠ #l! ŠĢ107.€€The€Committee€emphasizes€that€the€principle€of€non-discrimination,€as€provided€for€underŠ ō$D # Šarticle€2€of€the€Convention,€must€be€vigorously€applied.€A€more€active€approach€should€be€taken€toŠ ą%0!$ Šeliminating€discrimination€against€certain€groups€of€children,€in€particular€girl€children€and€childrenŠ Ģ&"% Šin€rural€areas.€With€regard€to€the€gap€in€literacy€and€school€enrolment€mentioned€in€the€report,Š ø'#& Šobstacles€facing€girls€should€be€adequately€addressed€so€that€they€can€enjoy€their€right€to€go€toŠ ¤(ō#' Šschool;€further€measures€might€be€taken€to€increase€the€awareness€of€parents€in€this€regard.Š )ą$( ŠĢ108.€€Steps€should€be€undertaken€to€afford€adequate€protection€to€disabled€children€including€theŠ h+ø&* Špossibility,€in€particular€through€education,€of€integrating€them€into€society€and€raising€the€awarenessŠ T,¤'+ Šof€their€families€about€their€specific€needs.€€Efforts€for€the€early€detection€of€the€incidence€ofŠ @-(, Šhandicap€are€important.Š ° ŠĢ109.€€Adequate€protection€should€also€be€afforded€to€children€in€conflict€with€the€law.€TheŠ ˆŲ ŠCommittee€recommends€that€the€appropriate€amendments€be€made€to€the€Juveniles€Act€No.€31€ofŠ tÄ Š1974€to€adequately€reflect€the€provisions€of€the€Convention€as€well€as€other€international€standardsŠ `° Šin€this€field,€such€as€the€Beijing€Rules,€the€Riyadh€Guidelines€and€the€United€Nations€Rules€for€theŠ L œ ŠProtection€of€Juveniles€Deprived€of€their€Liberty.€In€that€regard€it€is€suggested€that€general€principlesŠ 8 ˆ Šunderlying€the€Convention,€such€as€consideration€of€the€best€interest€and€dignity€of€the€child€and€itsŠ $ t Šrole€into€society,€be€taken€into€account.€Deprivation€of€liberty€should€always€be€envisaged€as€the€veryŠ  ` Šlast€resort,€and€particular€attention€should€be€paid€to€rehabilitation€measures,€psychological€recoveryŠ ü L  Šand€social€reintegration.€Furthermore,€deprivation€of€liberty€in€social€care€institutions€should€beŠ č 8  Šregularly€monitored€by€a€judge€or€an€independent€body.Š Ō$  ŠĢ110.€€The€recommendations€of€the€studies€on€child€labour€undertaken€with€the€assistance€of€theŠ ¬ü  ŠInternational€Labour€Organization€on€the€problem€of€child€employment€should€be€implemented€andŠ ˜č  ŠEgyptian€legislation€on€minimum€age€should€be€revised.€In€that€regard,€consideration€should€beŠ „Ō  Šgiven€to€the€possibility€of€acceding€to€ILO€Convention€No.€138€and€other€conventions€on€minimumŠ pĄ Šage€of€employment€relating€to€the€protection€of€children€and€young€persons€at€work.Š \¬ ŠĢ111.€€The€text€of€the€Convention€should€be€disseminated€as€widely€as€possible€among€the€public€atŠ 4„ Šlarge€and,€in€particular,€among€judges,€teachers€and€members€of€other€professions€working€withŠ  p Šchildren.€Furthermore,€specific€training€courses€should€be€organized€for€law€enforcement€personnelŠ  \ Šand€the€personnel€in€correctional€facilities€as€well€as€for€those€working€with€families€withŠ ųH Špsychological€problems.Š ä4 ŠĢ112.€€Statistical€information€and€other€indicators€necessary€for€evaluating€progress€achieved€in€theŠ ¼  Šimplementation€of€the€Convention€should€be€included€in€the€second€periodic€report€of€the€StateŠ Øų Šparty.Š ”ä ŠĢŠ  l¼ ŠŌUKUS.,ŌÓ·ÓÓ  Óņ ņCRC€Ō_ŌCRCŌ_Ō/C/103€Ō_Ō(2001)ó óŌ_ŌŠ ° ŠĢ196.€€At€its€679th€and€680th€meetings€(see€CRC/C/SR.€679€and€680),€held€on€15€January€2001,€theŠ ˆŲ ŠCommittee€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€considered€the€second€periodic€report€of€EgyptŠ tÄ Š(CRC/C/65/Add.9),€which€was€received€on€18€September€1998,€and€adopted***€the€followingŠ `° Šconcluding€observations.Š L œ ŠĢA.€ņņIntroductionóóŠ $ t ŠĢ197.€The€Committee€notes€that€the€second€periodic€report€was€prepared€according€to€theŠ ü L  ŠCommitteeššs€guidelines€for€reporting.€The€Committee€regrets,€however,€that€the€report€is€essentiallyŠ č 8  Šlegalistic€and€does€not€provide€a€self„critical€evaluation€of€the€prevailing€situation€of€the€exercise€ofŠ Ō$  Šchildrenššs€rights€in€the€country.€The€Committee€appreciates€the€detailed€written€replies€to€the€list€ofŠ Ą  Šissues€and€the€provision€of€additional€documentation.€It€further€notes€with€appreciation€the€presenceŠ ¬ü  Šof€a€high„level€delegation,€which€contributed€to€an€open€and€frank€dialogue.Š ˜č  ŠĢB.€€ņņFollow„up€measures€undertaken€and€progress€achievedóóŠ pĄ ŠĢ198.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€adoption€of€the€1996€Childrenššs€Code€and€the€declaration€of€theŠ H˜ ŠSecond€Decade€for€the€Protection€and€Welfare€of€the€Egyptian€Child€(2000„2010),€which€continueŠ 4„ Što€demonstrate€the€commitment€of€the€State€party€to€realizing€its€obligations€under€the€Convention.Š  p ŠĢ199.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€ratification€by€the€State€party€in€1999€of€the€Minimum€AgeŠ ųH ŠConvention€(No.€138)€of€the€International€Labour€Organization.Š ä4 ŠĢ200.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€timely€submission€of€the€National€Report€on€the€Follow„up€toŠ ¼  Šthe€1990€World€Summit€for€Children,€which€indicates€significant€achievements,€particularly€withŠ Øų Šrespect€to€infant/child€mortality€rates€and€immunization,€while€acknowledging€shortcomings€in€otherŠ ”ä Šareas.Š €Š ŠĢC.€€ņņFactors€and€difficulties€impeding€the€implementation€of€the€ConventionóóŠ X Ø ŠĢ201.€€Noting€the€universal€values€of€equality€and€tolerance€inherent€in€Islam,€the€Committee€observesŠ 0"€  Šthat€narrow€interpretations€of€Islamic€texts€by€authorities,€particularly€in€areas€relating€to€family€law,Š #l! Šare€impeding€the€enjoyment€of€some€human€rights€protected€under€the€Convention.Š $X" ŠĢD.€€ņņPrincipal€subjects€of€concern€and€recommendationsóóŠ ą%0!$ ŠĢ1.€€ņņGeneral€measures€of€implementationóóŠ ø'#& ŠĢņņPrevious€concluding€observationsóóŠ )ą$( ŠĢÓ˜&ÓÓ  Ó202.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€that€many€of€the€concerns€and€recommendationsŠ h+ø&* Š(CRC/C/15/Add.5)€it€made€upon€consideration€of€the€State€partyššs€initial€report€(CRC/C/3/Add.6)ŌUS.,UK.,v&ŌŌUKUS.,ŌŠ T,¤'+ ŠÓ 2ÓÓ&Ó____________Š @-(, ŠŌ_Ō***€At€the€697th€meeting,€held€on€26€January€2001.ŌUS.,UK.,ų2ŌŌUKUS.,ŌŠ ° Šhave€been€insufficiently€addressed.€The€Committee€notes€that€many€of€the€same€concerns€andŠ œģ Šrecommendations€are€made€in€the€present€document.Š ˆŲ ŠĢ203.€€The€Committee€urges€the€State€party€to€make€every€effort€to€address€those€recommendationsŠ `° Šfrom€the€concluding€observations€of€the€initial€report€that€have€not€yet€been€implemented€and€toŠ L œ Šaddress€the€list€of€concerns€contained€in€the€present€concluding€observations€on€the€second€periodicŠ 8 ˆ Šreport.Š $ t ŠĢņņReservationóóŠ ü L  ŠĢŌ‡ X¶ŠXXX¶ŠŌ204.€€The€Committee€observes€that€the€State€partyššs€reservation€to€articles€20€and€21€of€theŠ Ō$  ŠConvention€is€unnecessary.€€It€points€out€that€article€20€(3)€of€the€Convention€expresslyŌ#†X¶ŠXX X¶Š?6#Ō€recognizesŠ Ą  Škafalah€of€Islamic€law€as€a€form€of€alternative€care.€€Article€21€expressly€refers€to€those€States€thatŠ ¬ü  Šš šrecognize€and/or€permitšš€the€system€of€adoption,€which€does€not€apply€to€the€State€party€becauseŠ ˜č  Šit€does€not€recognize€the€system€of€adoption.Š „Ō  ŠĢ205.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€continue€its€efforts€to€consider€withdrawal€ofŠ \¬ Šits€reservation€to€articles€20€and€21€of€the€Convention,€in€accordance€with€the€Vienna€DeclarationŠ H˜ Šand€Plan€of€Action€of€the€World€Conference€on€Human€Rights€(1993).Š 4„ ŠĢņņCoordinationóóŠ  \ ŠĢ206.€€The€Committee€notes€the€efforts€to€improve€the€effectiveness€of€the€National€Council€ofŠ ä4 ŠChildhood€and€Motherhood€(NCCM)€in€monitoring€and€coordination€to€implement€the€Convention.Š Š  ŠNevertheless,€the€Committee€is€concerned€that€administrative€coordination€and€cooperation€at€theŠ ¼  Šnational€and€local€levels€of€government€remain€inadequate.Š Øų ŠĢ207.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€continue€to€improve€intersectoral€coordinationŠ €Š Šand€cooperation€at€and€between€national€and€local€levels€of€government.€€€It€further€recommends€thatŠ l¼ Šthe€State€party€provide€adequate€support€to€local€authorities,€including€development€of€professionalŠ X Ø Šcapacity,€for€implementation€of€the€Convention.€€Moreover,€the€Committee€recommends€that€theŠ D!” ŠState€party€pursue€the€preparation€and€development€of€a€comprehensive€national€plan€of€action€toŠ 0"€  Šimplement€its€obligations€under€ratified€international€human€rights€treaties,€including€theŠ #l! ŠConvention,€through€an€open€and€consultative€process,€in€accordance€with€the€Vienna€DeclarationŠ $X" Šand€Programme€of€Action€(para.€71).Š ō$D # ŠĢņņCivil€societyóóŠ Ģ&"% ŠĢ208.€€Noting€efforts€to€increase€collaboration€with€non„governmental€organizations,€including€effortsŠ ¤(ō#' Što€establish€an€NGO€liaison€office€in€the€secretariat€of€the€NCCM,€as€well€as€the€recent€draftŠ )ą$( Šlegislation€on€NGOs,€the€Committee€is€still€concerned€that€insufficient€efforts€have€been€made€toŠ |*Ģ%) Šinvolve€civil€society€in€the€implementation€of€the€Convention.Š h+ø&* ŠĢ209.€€The€Committee€emphasizes€the€important€role€civil€society€plays€as€a€partner€in€implementingŠ @-(, Šthe€provisions€of€the€Convention,€including€with€respect€to€civil€rights€and€freedoms.€€TheŠ ° ŠCommittee€recommends€that€the€State€party€consider€a€systematic€approach€to€involving€civilŠ œģ Šsociety,€especially€childrenššs€associations€and€advocacy€groups,€throughout€all€stages€of€theŠ ˆŲ Šimplementation€of€the€Convention,€including€policy„making.€€In€this€regard,€the€CommitteeŠ tÄ Šrecommends€that€the€State€party€ensure€that€legislation€regulating€NGOs€conforms€to€internationalŠ `° Šstandards€on€freedom€of€association,€as€a€step€in€facilitating€and€strengthening€their€participation.€Š L œ ŠThe€Committee€recommends€that€greater€efforts€be€made€to€involve€relevant€State€actors,€such€asŠ 8 ˆ Šlocal€government€officials€and€the€police,€in€the€dialogue€with€civil€society€and€encourages€the€StateŠ $ t Šparty€to€support€initiatives€aimed€at€strengthening€the€role€of€civil€society.Š  ` ŠĢņņData€collectionóóŠ č 8  ŠĢ210.€€While€noting€that€the€analysis€of€data€is€an€essential€function€of€the€NCCM,€the€Committee€isŠ Ą  Šconcerned€that€disaggregated€data€on€persons€under€18€years€relating€to€the€rights€contained€in€theŠ ¬ü  ŠConvention€are€not€systematically€collected€by€the€Central€Agency€for€Public€Mobilization€andŠ ˜č  ŠStatistics.Š „Ō  ŠĢ211.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€ensure€that€such€data€are€systematicallyŠ \¬ Šcollected€and€regularly€updated€so€that€they€can€be€analysed€and€used€as€a€basis€to€assess€progressŠ H˜ Šand€design€policies€for€the€implementation€of€the€Convention.€The€Committee€encourages€the€StateŠ 4„ Šparty€to€seek€technical€assistance€in€this€regard€from,€among€others,€UNICEF,€if€necessary.Š  p ŠĢņņMonitoringóóŠ ųH ŠĢ212.€€The€Committee€notes€that€in€addition€to€intersectoral€coordination,€the€NCCM€is€also€the€bodyŠ Š  Šresponsible€for€monitoring€progress€in€the€implementation€of€the€Convention,€as€well€as€for€receivingŠ ¼  Šcomplaints€pertaining€to€violations€of€child€rights.€The€Committee€emphasizes€the€importance€ofŠ Øų Šestablishing€an€independent€mechanism€with€a€mandate€to€monitor€and€evaluate€progress€achievedŠ ”ä Šin€the€implementation€of€the€Convention.Š €Š ŠĢ213.€€The€Committee€encourages€the€State€party€to€consider€the€establishment€of€an€independentŠ X Ø Šnational€human€rights€institution€in€accordance€with€the€Paris€Principles€(General€AssemblyŠ D!” Šresolution€48/134)€to€monitor€and€evaluate€progress€in€the€implementation€of€the€Convention€at€theŠ 0"€  Šnational€and,€if€appropriate,€at€the€local€levels.€€In€addition,€the€institution€should€be€empowered€toŠ #l! Šreceive€and€investigate€complaints€of€violations€of€child€rights€in€a€child„friendly€manner,€andŠ $X" Šeffectively€address€them.€€The€Committee€encourages€the€State€party€to€seek€technical€assistanceŠ ō$D # Šfrom€the€Office€of€the€High€Commissioner€for€Human€Rights€and€UNICEF,€among€others.Š ą%0!$ ŠĢņņDissemination€of€training€on€the€ConventionóóŠ ø'#& ŠĢ214.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€at€the€low€level€of€awareness€among€the€general€public€of€theŠ )ą$( ŠCommitteeššs€previous€concluding€observations.Š |*Ģ%) ŠĢ215.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€ensure€that€the€concluding€observations€areŠ T,¤'+ Šwidely€disseminated€not€only€among€government€agencies€and€professionals,€but€also€among€theŠ @-(, Špublic€at€large.Š ° ŠĢŌ‡ X¶ŠXXX¶ŠŌ216.€€Noting€efforts€undertaken€by€the€NCCM€to€disseminate€the€provisions€of€the€ConventionŠ ˆŲ Šamongst€professionals€working€with€and€for€children€and€among€the€general€public,€includingŠ tÄ Šchildren€themselves,€the€Committee€is€nevertheless€concerned€at€the€low€level€of€awareness€of€themŠ `° Šand€that€the€State€party€is€not€undertaking€adequate€dissemination€and€awareness„raising€activitiesŠ L œ Šin€a€systematic€and€targeted€manner.Ō#†X¶ŠXX X¶ŠvP#ŌŠ 8 ˆ ŠĢ217.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€strengthen€its€efforts€in€the€dissemination€ofŠ  ` Šthe€Conventionššs€provisions€and€of€information€regarding€its€implementation€among€children€andŠ ü L  Šparents,€civil€society,€and€all€sectors€and€levels€of€government.€€Moreover,€the€CommitteeŠ č 8  Šrecommends€that€the€State€party€strengthen€its€efforts€to€develop€systematic€and€ongoing€trainingŠ Ō$  Šprogrammes€on€the€provisions€of€the€Convention€for€all€professional€groups€working€with€and€forŠ Ą  Šchildren€(e.g.€legislators,€judges,€lawyers,€law€enforcement€officials,€civil€servants,€local€governmentŠ ¬ü  Šofficials,€personnel€working€in€institutions€and€places€of€detention€for€children,€teachers,€healthŠ ˜č  Špersonnel,€including€psychologists,€and€social€workers).€€The€Committee€encourages€the€State€partyŠ „Ō  Što€seek€technical€assistance€from€the€Office€of€the€High€Commissioner€for€Human€Rights€andŠ pĄ ŠUNICEF,€among€others,€in€this€regard.Š \¬ ŠĢ2.€ņņDefinition€of€the€childóóŠ 4„ ŠĢ218.€€In€light€of€its€previous€concluding€observations,€the€Committee€is€concerned€at€the€very€lowŠ  \ Šage€of€criminal€responsibility,€which€is€set€at€7€years.Š ųH ŠĢ219.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€consider€raising€the€age€of€criminalŠ Š  Šresponsibility.Š ¼  ŠĢ220.€€In€light€of€its€previous€concluding€observations,€the€Committee€is€concerned€that€the€disparityŠ ”ä Šbetween€the€minimum€age€for€marriage€for€males€(18)€and€females€(16)€provided€in€the€1923€LawŠ €Š Šon€Marriage€Age€is€discriminatory.€The€Committee€is€also€concerned€about€early€and€forcedŠ l¼ Šmarriages,€primarily€in€rural€areas.Š X Ø ŠĢ221.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€raise€the€minimum€age€for€marriage€forŠ 0"€  Šfemales€to€that€for€males.€In€addition,€the€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€continue€itsŠ #l! Šefforts€in€respect€of€public€education€campaigns€to€combat€early€and€forced€marriages,€particularlyŠ $X" Šin€rural€areas.Š ō$D # ŠĢ222.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€at€the€discrepancy€between€the€definition€of€a€child,€containedŠ Ģ&"% Šin€article€2€of€the€1996€Childrenššs€Code,€as€a€person€under€18€years€and€the€age€of€majority,€set€atŠ ø'#& Š21€years€in€article€44€of€the€1948€Civil€Law.Š ¤(ō#' ŠĢ223.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€harmonize€its€legislation€in€accordance€withŠ |*Ģ%) Šthe€Convention€in€order€to€avoid€the€situation€where€there€are€effectively€two€categories€of€minors:Š h+ø&* Šthose€under€18€years€and€those€between€18€and€20€years€of€age.Š T,¤'+ ŠŠ @-(, Š3.€€ņņGeneral€principlesóóŠ ° ŠĢņņThe€right€to€non„discriminationóóŠ ˆŲ ŠŌ‡ X¶ŠXXX¶ŠŌ€Š tÄ Š224.€€In€light€of€its€previous€concluding€observations,€and€taking€note€of€the€efforts€by€the€State€partyŠ `° Što€address€discrimination,€including€the€establishment€of€a€gender€unit€within€the€NCCM€asŠ L œ Šwell€as€of€the€National€Council€for€Women,€and€of€the€promulgation€of€Law€No.€1€of€2000Ō#†X¶ŠXX X¶Š·^#ŌŠ 8 ˆ Šconcerning€the€regulation€of€certain€rules€and€procedures€relating€to€litigation€in€cases€of€personalŠ $ t Šstatus€law,€the€Committee€remains€concerned€at€the€persistence€of€discrimination.Š  ` ŠĢIn€particular:Š č 8  ŠĢ(a)€€The€Committee€finds€that€discrimination€against€girls€and€children€born€out€of€wedlock€underŠ Ą  Špersonal€status€laws€(e.g.€No.€25/1920,€No.€25/1929,€No.€260/1960,€No.€100/1985,€No.€77/1943)€isŠ ¬ü  Šincompatible€with€article€2.€Notwithstanding€constitutional€and€other€guarantees€of€equality€betweenŠ ˜č  Šthe€sexes,€it€considers€that€discriminatory€personal€status€laws€are€the€entry„point€of€discriminationŠ „Ō  Šagainst€women€in€society.€€Moreover,€the€Committee€is€concerned€that€discriminatory€social€attitudesŠ pĄ Štowards€the€education€of€girls,€primarily€in€rural€areas,€result€in€their€low€school€enrolment€and€highŠ \¬ Šdrop„out€rates,€and€in€early€and€forced€marriages;Š H˜ ŠĢ(b)€€The€Committee€finds€that€infringement€of€a€childššs€rights€under€the€Convention€as€a€result€ofŠ  p Šindirect€discrimination,€or€discrimination€against€his€or€her€mother,€under€personal€status€laws€(e.g.Š  \ Šin€relation€to€child€custody€upon€separation)€is€incompatible€with€article€2.€€Concerning€the€1975Š ųH ŠNationality€Law,€the€Committee€is€concerned€at€the€negative€impact€on€children€of€restrictions€onŠ ä4 Šthe€right€of€an€Egyptian€woman€to€pass€on€her€nationality€to€her€child,€particularly€if€she€is€marriedŠ Š  Što€a€non„national.Š ¼  ŠĢ225.€In€accordance€with€article€2€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€partyŠ ”ä Štake€effective€measures,€including€enacting€or€rescinding€civil€and€criminal€legislation€whereŠ €Š Šnecessary,€to€prevent€and€eliminate€discrimination€on€grounds€of€sex€and€birth€in€all€fields€of€civil,Š l¼ Šeconomic,€political,€social€and€cultural€life.€€In€this€regard,€the€Committee€encourages€the€State€partyŠ X Ø Što€consider€the€practice€of€other€States€that€have€been€successful€in€reconciling€fundamental€rightsŠ D!” Šwith€Islamic€texts.€€In€concurrence€with€the€findings€of€the€Committee€on€Economic,€Cultural€andŠ 0"€  ŠSocial€Rights€(E/C.12/1/Add.4),€the€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€remove€allŠ #l! Šprovisions€of€the€Nationality€Law€which€discriminate€against€women,€and€also€against€children.€€TheŠ $X" ŠCommittee€recommends€that€the€State€party€take€all€appropriate€measures,€such€as€comprehensiveŠ ō$D # Špublic€education€campaigns,€to€prevent€and€combat€negative€societal€attitudes€in€this€regard,Š ą%0!$ Šparticularly€within€the€family€and€train€members€of€the€legal€profession,€especially€the€judiciary,€toŠ Ģ&"% Šbe€gender„sensitive.€Religious€leaders€should€be€mobilized€to€support€such€efforts.Š ø'#& ŠĢ226.€€In€light€of€its€previous€concluding€observations€and€taking€note€of€efforts€by€the€State€party€toŠ )ą$( Šcombat€poverty€and€its€negative€effects€on€children,€the€Committee€remains€concerned€at€the€largeŠ |*Ģ%) Šdisparities€in€the€enjoyment€of€economic€and€social€rights,€particularly€health€and€education,€byŠ h+ø&* Šchildren€living€in€rural€areas€and€regions€lagging€behind€in€socio„economic€development.Š T,¤'+ ŠŠ @-(, Š227.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€take€all€necessary€measures€to€ensure€that€allŠ ° Šchildren€within€its€jurisdiction€enjoy€all€the€rights€set€out€in€the€Convention€without€discrimination,Š œģ Šin€accordance€with€article€2.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€prioritize€and€targetŠ ˆŲ Šresources€and€social€services€for€children€belonging€to€the€most€vulnerable€groups,€especially€inŠ tÄ Šareas€which€lack€basic€services.Š `° ŠĢņņBest€interests€of€the€childóóŠ 8 ˆ ŠĢ228.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€that€in€all€actions€concerning€children,€the€general€principle€ofŠ  ` Šthe€best€interests€of€the€child€contained€in€article€3€of€the€Convention€is€not€sufficiently€taken€intoŠ ü L  Šconsideration,€including€in€matters€relating€to€family€law€(e.g.€custody€upon€separation€in€article€20Š č 8  Šof€Law€No.€25/1929€as€amended,€is€determined€by€the€childššs€age€rather€than€the€childššs€bestŠ Ō$  Šinterests€and€is€discriminatory).Š Ą  ŠĢ229.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€review€its€legislation€and€administrativeŠ ˜č  Šmeasures€to€ensure€that€article€3€of€the€Convention€is€duly€reflected€therein€and€taken€intoŠ „Ō  Šconsideration.Š pĄ ŠĢņņRespect€for€the€views€of€the€childóóŠ H˜ ŠĢ230.€€Taking€note€of€efforts€by€the€State€party,€including€the€convening€of€a€childrenššs€parliament,Š  p Šthe€Committee€is€concerned€that€respect€for€the€views€of€the€child€remains€limited€owing€toŠ  \ Štraditional€societal€attitudes€towards€children€in€schools,€the€courts,€and€especially€within€the€family.Š ųH ŠĢ231.€€The€Committee€encourages€the€State€party€to€promote€and€facilitate,€within€the€family,€theŠ Š  Šschool,€the€courts€and€administrative€bodies,€respect€for€the€views€of€children€and€their€participationŠ ¼  Šin€all€matters€affecting€them,€in€accordance€with€article€12€of€the€Convention.€€In€this€regard,€theŠ Øų ŠCommittee€recommends€that€the€State€party€develop€skills„training€programmes€in€communityŠ ”ä Šsettings€for€teachers,€social€workers,€and€local€officials€to€enable€them€to€assist€children€to€expressŠ €Š Štheir€informed€views€and€opinions€and€to€have€them€taken€into€consideration.€€The€CommitteeŠ l¼ Šrecommends€that€the€State€party€seek€assistance€from€UNICEF,€among€others.Š X Ø ŠĢ4.€€ņņFamily€environment€and€alternative€careóóŠ 0"€  ŠĢņņViolence/abuse/neglect/maltreatmentóóŠ $X" ŠĢ232.€€In€light€of€articles€19€and€39€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€is€concerned€at€the€incidenceŠ ą%0!$ Šof€ill„treatment€of€children€in€schools€despite€its€prohibition,€and€within€the€family.€€It€is€furtherŠ Ģ&"% Šconcerned€that€domestic€violence€is€a€problem€in€Egypt€and€that€this€has€harmful€consequences€onŠ ø'#& Šchildren.Š ¤(ō#' ŠĢ233.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€take€legislative€measures€to€prohibit€all€formsŠ |*Ģ%) Šof€physical€and€mental€violence,€including€corporal€punishment€and€sexual€abuse,€against€childrenŠ h+ø&* Šin€the€family,€the€schools,€and€in€care€institutions.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€these€measuresŠ T,¤'+ Šbe€accompanied€by€public€education€campaigns€about€the€negative€consequences€of€ill„treatment€ofŠ @-(, Šchildren,€and€the€promotion€of€positive,€non„violent€forms€of€discipline€as€an€alternative€to€corporalŠ ° Špunishment.€€Programmes€for€the€rehabilitation€and€reintegration€of€abused€children€need€to€beŠ œģ Šstrengthened.€€Moreover,€adequate€procedures€and€State€mechanisms€need€to€be€established€to:Š ˆŲ Šreceive€complaints€in€a€child„friendly€manner;€monitor,€investigate€and€prosecute€instances€of€ill„Š tÄ Štreatment;€and€ensure€that€the€abused€child€is€not€victimized€in€legal€proceedings.€€The€CommitteeŠ `° Šrecommends€the€training€of€teachers,€law€enforcement€officials,€care€workers,€judges€and€healthŠ L œ Šprofessionals€in€the€identification,€reporting€and€management€of€cases€of€ill„treatment.€€AttentionŠ 8 ˆ Šshould€be€given€to€addressing€and€overcoming€socio„cultural€barriers€that€inhibit€victims€fromŠ $ t Šseeking€assistance.€€In€concurrence€with€the€Committee€on€Economic,€Social€and€Cultural€Rights,Š  ` Šthe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€take€effective€measures€to€combat€domestic€violenceŠ ü L  Šand€criminalize€marital€rape.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€seek€assistance€fromŠ č 8  ŠUNICEF€and€WHO,€among€others.Š Ō$  ŠĢ5.€€ņņBasic€health€and€welfareóóŠ ¬ü  ŠĢņņChildren€with€disabilitiesóóŠ „Ō  ŠĢ234.€€In€light€of€its€previous€concluding€observations,€the€Committee€remains€concerned€at€theŠ \¬ Šsituation€of€children€with€disabilities€and€that€only€a€very€small€percentage€receive€specializedŠ H˜ Šservices.Š 4„ ŠĢ235.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€review€existing€policies€and€practice€inŠ  \ Šrelation€to€children€with€disabilities,€taking€due€regard€of€the€Standard€Rules€on€the€Equalization€ofŠ ųH ŠOpportunities€for€Persons€with€Disabilities€(General€Assembly€resolution€48/96)€and€of€theŠ ä4 ŠCommitteeššs€recommendations€adopted€at€its€day€of€general€discussion€on€š šChildren€withŠ Š  Šdisabilitiesšš€(see€CRC/C/69).€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€pursue€theŠ ¼  Šdevelopment€of€standardized€definitions€and€terminology€relating€to€disabilities€for€the€purposes€ofŠ Øų Šcollecting€comprehensive€data€on€these€children.€€It€encourages€the€State€party€to€make€greaterŠ ”ä Šefforts€to€promote€community„based€rehabilitation€programmes€and€inclusive€education;€to€addressŠ €Š Šgeographical€disparities€in€the€distribution€of€services€(i.e.€in€rural€areas,€and€regions€such€as€UpperŠ l¼ ŠEgypt);€to€ensure€the€provision€of€services€for€children€under€four€years,€as€well€as€severely€mentallyŠ X Ø Šdisabled€children.€€The€Committee€encourages€the€State€party€to€undertake€greater€efforts€to€makeŠ D!” Šavailable€the€necessary€resources€and€to€seek€assistance€from€UNICEF,€WHO€and€relevant€NGOs,Š 0"€  Šamong€others.Š #l! ŠĢņņRight€to€health€and€health€careóóŠ ō$D # ŠĢ236.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€at€the€high€incidence€of€anaemia€and€parasitic€infections€amongŠ Ģ&"% Šchildren,€particularly€in€rural€areas.Š ø'#& ŠĢ237.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€improve€its€health€infrastructure€and€continueŠ )ą$( Što€cooperate€and€seek€assistance€from€UNICEF€and€WHO,€among€others.Š |*Ģ%) ŠĢ238.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€at€the€insufficient€information€available€in€relation€to€adolescentŠ T,¤'+ Šhealth,€such€as€access€to€reproductive€health€services,€STDs€and€HIV/AIDS€prevention€programmes,Š @-(, Šmental€health€counselling€services€and€substance€abuse€education.Š ° ŠĢ239.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€undertake€a€comprehensive€study€toŠ ˆŲ Šunderstand€the€nature€and€extent€of€adolescent€health€problems€and,€with€the€full€participation€ofŠ tÄ Šadolescents,€use€this€as€a€basis€to€formulate€adolescent€health€policies€and€programmes.€€In€light€ofŠ `° Šarticle€24,€the€Committee€recommends€that€adolescents€have€access€to€and€be€provided€withŠ L œ Šreproductive€health€education€and€child„friendly€counselling€and€rehabilitation€services.€€TheŠ 8 ˆ ŠCommittee€recommends€that€the€State€party€seek€assistance€from€UNICEF€and€WHO€among€others.Š $ t ŠĢĢ240.€€Taking€note€of€the€Governmentššs€1996€decision€to€prohibit€female€genital€mutilation€and€theŠ č 8  Š1997€ministerial€decree€banning€this€practice€in€Ministry€of€Health€service€outlets,€as€well€as€variousŠ Ō$  Šefforts€to€educate€the€public€about€the€harm€caused€by€this€practice,€including€campaigns€in€theŠ Ą  Šmedia€and€in€the€curricula,€the€Committee€is€concerned€that€the€practice€is€still€widespread.Š ¬ü  ŠĢ241.€€The€Committee,€concurring€with€the€Committee€on€Economic,€Social€and€Cultural€Rights,Š „Ō  Šrecommends€that€the€State€party€address€the€issue€of€female€genital€mutilation€as€a€matter€of€priority.€Š pĄ ŠIn€addition,€the€State€party€is€urged€to€design€and€implement€effective€education€campaigns€toŠ \¬ Šcombat€traditional€and€family€pressures€in€favour€of€this€practice,€particularly€among€those€who€areŠ H˜ Šilliterate.Š 4„ ŠĢ6.€€ņņEducation,€leisure€and€cultural€activitiesóóŠ  \ ŠĢņņAims€of€educationóóŠ ä4 ŠĢ242.€€In€light€of€its€previous€concluding€observations€and€taking€note€of€significant€efforts€by€theŠ ¼  ŠState€party€to€improve€education€coverage,€enrolment€and€retention€levels€and€the€inclusion€of€theŠ Øų ŠConvention€in€the€school€curricula,€the€Committee€remains€concerned€at€the€poor€quality€ofŠ ”ä Šeducation€in€general.€€The€Committee€is€further€concerned€at€the€lack€of€success€of€literacyŠ €Š Šprogrammes€for€school€dropouts.Š l¼ ŠĢ243.€€The€Committee€encourages€the€State€party€to€continue€its€efforts€to€pursue€universal€access€toŠ D!” Šeducation,€targeting€the€girl€child€and€children€belonging€to€the€most€vulnerable€groups.€€ItŠ 0"€  Šrecommends€that€the€State€party€undertake€a€process€of€curriculum€reform€which€stresses€theŠ #l! Šdevelopment€of€critical€thinking€and€problem„solving€skills.€€In€relation€to€the€literacy€classes,€theŠ $X" ŠState€party€is€encouraged€to€study€the€reasons€for€their€poor€success€rates,€paying€attention,€inter€alia,Š ō$D # Što€programme€content,€class€scheduling,€and€negative€social€perceptions€held€by€young€people€ofŠ ą%0!$ Šsuch€classes.€€The€Committee€encourages€the€State€party€to€seek€assistance€from€UNICEF,€UNESCOŠ Ģ&"% Šand€relevant€NGOs,€among€others.Š ø'#& ŠĢ7.€€ņņSpecial€measures€of€protectionóóŠ )ą$( ŠĢņņEconomic€exploitationóóŠ h+ø&* ŠŌ‡ X¶ŠXXX¶ŠŌĢ244.€€In€light€of€its€previous€concluding€observations,€and€taking€note€of€efforts€by€the€State€partyŠ @-(, Što€address€child€labour,€the€Committee€remains€concerned€about€this€problem.€€Its€main€concernsŠ ° Šare:Š œģ ŠĢ(a)€€There€are€insufficient€comprehensive€and€accurate€data€available€on€children€working€in€Egypt;Ō#†X¶ŠXX X¶ŠŌ˜#ŌŠ tÄ ŠĢ(b)€€Regulations€governing€working€hours€and€exposure€to€hazardous€conditions€for€children€are€notŠ L œ Šrespected€nor€effectively€enforced.€In€particular,€that€there€is€no€effective€inspection€and€supervisionŠ 8 ˆ Šin€the€private€sector,€family€enterprises,€agricultural€activities€and€domestic€labour,€precisely€whereŠ $ t Šchild€labour€in€Egypt€is€concentrated,€in€many€cases€involving€hazardous€conditions;€andŠ  ` ŠĢ(c)€€Eighty€per€cent€of€child€labour€is€reportedly€concentrated€in€the€agricultural€sector.€€Many€ofŠ č 8  Šthese€children€work€long€hours€in€dusty€environments,€without€masks€or€respirators,€receiving€littleŠ Ō$  Šor€no€training€on€safety€precautions€for€work€with€toxic€pesticides€and€herbicides.€€Moreover,Š Ą  Šseasonal€work€in€agriculture€is€reportedly€performed€by€children€under€12€in€State„run€cooperativesŠ ¬ü  Š(i.e.€cotton€pest€management)€despite€this€being€contrary€to€the€law.Š ˜č  ŠĢ245.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€establish€an€effective€mechanism€to€collectŠ pĄ Šdisaggregated€data€on€child€labour,€including€violations,€to€serve€as€a€basis€for€designing€measuresŠ \¬ Šand€evaluating€progress€in€this€area.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€ensure€thatŠ H˜ Šthe€minimum€age€for€admission€to€employment€is€enforced.€€Employers€should€be€required€to€have,Š 4„ Šand€produce€on€demand,€proof€of€age€of€all€children€working€on€their€premises.€€The€labourŠ  p Šinspectorate€should€be€strengthened€to€ensure€effective€monitoring€and€implementation€of€childŠ  \ Šlabour€standards€in€the€private€sector,€family€enterprises,€agricultural€activities€and€domestic€labour,Š ųH Šand€it€should€be€empowered€to€receive€and€address€complaints€of€violations.€€The€Committee€furtherŠ ä4 Šrecommends€that€the€State€party€continue€its€efforts€to€carry€out€campaigns€to€inform€and€sensitizeŠ Š  Šthe€general€public,€especially€parents€and€children,€of€work€hazards€and€to€involve€and€trainŠ ¼  Šemployers,€workers,€members€of€civic€organizations,€government€officials€such€as€labour€inspectorsŠ Øų Šand€law€enforcement€officials,€and€other€relevant€professionals.€€The€Committee€encourages€theŠ ”ä ŠState€party€to€continue€its€cooperation€with€relevant€United€Nations€agencies,€such€as€ILO€andŠ €Š ŠUNICEF,€and€NGOs.€€It€recommends€that€the€State€party€ratify€ILO€Convention€No.€182€concerningŠ l¼ Šthe€Prohibition€and€Immediate€Action€for€the€Elimination€of€the€Worst€Forms€of€Child€Labour.Š X Ø ŠĢņņCommercial€sexual€exploitationóóŠ 0"€  ŠĢ246.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€at€the€insufficient€data€and€awareness€of€the€phenomenon€ofŠ $X" Šcommercial€sexual€exploitation€of€children€in€Egypt.Š ō$D # ŠĢ247.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€undertake€a€national€study€on€the€nature€andŠ Ģ&"% Šextent€of€commercial€sexual€exploitation€of€children,€and€that€disaggregated€data€be€compiled€andŠ ø'#& Škept€up€to€date€to€serve€as€a€basis€for€designing€measures,€and€evaluating€progress.€€The€CommitteeŠ ¤(ō#' Šrecommends€that€the€State€party€review€its€legislation€and€ensure€that€it€criminalizes€the€sexualŠ )ą$( Šexploitation€of€children€and€penalizes€all€offenders€involved,€whether€local€or€foreign,€whileŠ |*Ģ%) Šensuring€that€the€child€victims€are€not€penalized.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party:Š h+ø&* Šensure€that€domestic€laws€concerning€the€sexual€exploitation€of€children€are€gender€neutral;€provideŠ T,¤'+ Šcivil€remedies€in€the€event€of€violations;€ensure€that€procedures€are€simplified€so€that€responses€areŠ @-(, Šappropriate,€timely,€child„friendly€and€sensitive€to€victims;€include€provisions€to€protect€fromŠ ° Šdiscrimination€and€reprisals€those€who€expose€violations;€and€vigorously€pursue€enforcement.€Š œģ ŠRehabilitation€programmes€and€shelters€should€be€established€for€child€victims€of€sexual€abuse€andŠ ˆŲ Šexploitation.€€There€is€a€need€to€adequately€train€personnel€working€with€child€victims.€€TheŠ tÄ ŠCommittee€recommends€that€the€State€party€carry€out€awareness„raising€campaigns€to€sensitize€andŠ `° Šmobilize€the€general€public€on€the€childššs€right€to€physical€and€mental€integrity€and€safety€fromŠ L œ Šsexual€exploitation.Š 8 ˆ ŠĢņņAdministration€of€juvenile€justiceóóŠ  ` ŠĢ248.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€that€status€offences,€such€as€begging€and€truancy,€under€articleŠ č 8  Š96€of€the€Childrenššs€Code€are€in€practice€criminalized.€Furthermore,€the€Committee€is€concerned€atŠ Ō$  Šthe€absence€of€effective,€child„friendly€and€independent€complaints€mechanisms€for€juvenileŠ Ą  Šdetainees,€and€that€the€right€to€social€rehabilitative€measures€is€not€adequately€guaranteed.Š ¬ü  ŠĢ249.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€periodically€review€and€assess€theŠ „Ō  Šadministration€of€juvenile€justice,€particularly€the€conformity€of€legislation€and€practice€with€articlesŠ pĄ Š37,€39€and€40€of€the€Convention€as€well€as€with€other€relevant€international€standards€in€this€area,Š \¬ Šsuch€as€the€Beijing€Rules,€the€Riyadh€Guidelines,€the€United€Nations€Rules€for€the€Protection€ofŠ H˜ ŠJuveniles€Deprived€of€their€Liberty€and€the€Vienna€Guidelines€for€Action€on€Children€in€theŠ 4„ ŠCriminal€Justice€System.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€repeal€status€offencesŠ  p Šsuch€as€begging€and€truancy;€ensure€separation€of€children€from€adults€in€pre„trial€detention;Š  \ Šestablish€effective€independent€complaints€mechanisms;€and€develop€facilities€and€programmes€forŠ ųH Šthe€physical€and€psychological€recovery€and€social€reintegration€of€juveniles.€€The€CommitteeŠ ä4 Šrecommends€that€the€State€party€seek€assistance€from,€among€others,€the€Office€of€the€UnitedŠ Š  ŠNations€High€Commissioner€for€Human€Rights,€the€Centre€for€International€Crime€Prevention,€theŠ ¼  ŠInternational€Network€on€Juvenile€Justice€and€UNICEF,€through€the€Coordination€Panel€onŠ Øų ŠTechnical€Advice€and€Assistance€on€Juvenile€Justice.Š ”ä ŠĢ8.€€ņņOptional€ProtocolsóóŠ l¼ ŠĢ250.€€The€Committee€encourages€the€State€party€to€ratify€and€implement€the€Optional€Protocols€toŠ D!” Šthe€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€on€the€sale€of€children,€child€prostitution€and€childŠ 0"€  Špornography,€and€on€the€involvement€of€children€in€armed€conflict.Š #l! ŠĢ9.€€ņņDissemination€of€reportsóóŠ ō$D # ŠĢ251.€€Finally,€the€Committee€recommends€that,€in€accordance€with€article€44,€paragraph€6,€of€theŠ Ģ&"% ŠConvention,€the€second€periodic€report€presented€by€the€State€party€be€made€widely€available€to€theŠ ø'#& Špublic€at€large€and€that€consideration€be€given€to€the€publication€of€the€report,€along€with€the€writtenŠ ¤(ō#' Šanswers€to€the€list€of€issues€raised€by€the€Committee,€the€relevant€summary€records€of€the€discussionŠ )ą$( Šand€the€concluding€observations€adopted€by€the€Committee€following€its€consideration€of€the€report.€Š |*Ģ%) ŠSuch€a€document€should€be€widely€distributed€in€order€to€generate€debate€and€awareness€of€theŠ h+ø&* ŠConvention€and€its€implementation€and€monitoring€within€the€Government,€the€Parliament€and€theŠ T,¤'+ Šgeneral€public,€including€concerned€non„governmental€organizations.Š @-(, ŠÓ/3ÓŌUS.,UK.,¼3ŌĢĢ