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Ðidentified€because€they€are€serious,€protective,€and€are€considered€able€to€be€accomplished€within€one€year.€Ð ä%4!" ÐThe€States€parties€are€asked€to€provide€within€one€year€information€on€the€measures€taken€to€give€effectÐ Þ&."# Ðto€its€ð ðfollow-up€recommendationsðð€which€are€specifically€noted€in€a€paragraph€near€the€end€of€theÐ Ø'(#$ Ðconclusions€and€recommendations€on€the€review€of€the€States€partiesðð€report€under€article€19.Ð Ò("$% ÐÌ42.€€Since€the€procedure€was€established€at€the€thirtieth€session€in€May€2003€through€the€end€of€theÐ Æ*&' Ðthirty-sixth€session€in€May€2006,€the€Committee€has€reviewed€39€States€for€which€it€has€identifiedÐ À+'( Ðfollow-up€recommendations.€€Of€the€19€States€parties€that€were€due€to€have€submitted€their€follow-upÐ º, () Ðreports€to€the€Committee€by€1€May€2006,€12€had€completed€this€requirement€(Argentina,€Azerbaijan,Ð ´-)* ÐCzech€Republic,€Colombia,€Germany,€Greece,€Latvia,€Lithuania,€Morocco,€New€Zealand,€UnitedÐ ° ÐKingdom,€and€Yemen).€€As€of€May,€seven€States€had€failed€to€supply€follow-up€information€that€had€fallenÐ ªú Ðdue€(Bulgaria,€Cambodia,€Cameroon,€Chile,€Croatia,€Moldova,€Monaco),€and€each€was€sent€a€reminderÐ ¤ô Ðof€the€items€still€outstanding€and€requesting€them€to€submit€information€to€the€Committee.€Ð žî ÐÌ43.€€With€this€procedure,€the€Committee€seeks€to€advance€the€Conventionððs€requirement€that€ð ðeach€StateÐ ’ â Ðparty€shall€take€effective€legislative,€administrative,€judicial€or€other€measures€to€prevent€acts€of€torture€ð8ðððÐ Œ Ü Ð(art.€2,€para.€1)€and€the€undertaking€ð ðto€prevent€ð8ð€other€acts€of€cruel,€inhuman€and€degrading€treatmentÐ † Ö Ðor€punishment€ð8ððð€(art.€16).Ð € Ð ÐÌ44.€€The€Rapporteur€has€expressed€appreciation€for€the€information€provided€by€States€parties€regardingÐ tÄ  Ðthose€measures€taken€to€implement€their€obligations€under€the€Convention.€€In€addition,€she€has€assessedÐ n¾  Ðthe€responses€received€as€to€whether€all€of€the€items€designated€by€the€Committee€for€follow-up€(normallyÐ h¸  Ðbetween€three€to€six€recommendations)€have€been€addressed,€whether€the€information€provided€respondsÐ b²  Ðto€the€Committeeððs€concern,€and€whether€further€information€is€required.€€Where€further€information€isÐ \¬  Ðneeded,€she€writes€to€the€State€party€concerned€with€specific€requests€for€further€clarification.€€With€regardÐ V¦ Ðto€States€that€have€not€supplied€the€follow-up€information€at€all,€she€writes€to€solicit€the€outstandingÐ P  Ðinformation.€Ð Jš ÐÌ45.€€Each€letter€responds€specifically€and€in€detail€to€the€information€presented€by€the€State€party,€whichÐ >Ž Ðis€given€a€formal€United€Nations€document€symbol€number.Ð 8ˆ ÐÌ46.€€Since€the€recommendations€to€each€State€party€are€crafted€to€reflect€the€specific€situation€in€thatÐ ,| Ðcountry,€the€follow-up€responses€from€the€States€parties€and€letters€from€the€Rapporteur€requesting€furtherÐ &v Ðclarification€address€a€wide€array€of€topics.€€Among€those€addressed€in€the€letters€sent€to€States€partiesÐ  p Ðrequesting€further€information€have€been€a€number€of€precise€maÔ_ÔttersÔ_Ô€seen€as€essential€to€the€implementationÐ j Ðof€the€recommendation€in€question.€€A€number€of€issues€have€been€highlighted€to€reflect€not€only€theÐ d Ðinformation€provided,€but€also€the€issues€not€addressed€but€which€are€deemed€essential€in€the€CommitteeððsÐ ^ Ðongoing€work€in€order€to€be€effective€in€taking€preventive€and€protective€measures€to€eliminate€torture€andÐ  X Ðill-treatment.Ð !R Ð...Ð ü!L ÐÔL  ÔÔM  Ô48.€€The€chart€below€details,€as€of€19€May€2006,€the€end€of€the€Committeeððs€thirty-sixth€session,€the€stateÐ ö"F Ðof€the€replies€with€respect€to€follow-up.Ð ð#@  ÐÌ...Ð ä%4!" ÐÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÓ  Óò òB.€€Follow-up€reply€due€May€2006€and€November€2006ó óÐ Þ&."# ÐÓÓÌÔ*’ƒ12„ddd Xdd Xdd X°(#°(#’ÔÔ,‘dd ÔÔ,'dd ÔÔ,Üdd ÔÔ, dd ÔÔ,rdd ÔÔ+  ÔÐ Ò("$%Ò("$ ÐState€partyÐ  6)†$& ÐDate€dueÐ  6)†$' ÐDate€replyÐ 6)†$( ÐreceivedÐ  0*€%) ÐDocument€symbol€numberÐ  6)†$* ÐFurther€actionÐ 6)†$+ Ðtaken/requiredÐ  0*€%, Ð...Ð  ¾+'- ÐÐ  ¾+'. ÐÐ  ¾+'/ ÐÐ  ¾+'0 ÐÐ  ¾+'1 ÐFranceÐ  L-œ(2 ÐNovember€2006Ð  L-œ(3 ÐÐ  L-œ(4 ÐÐ  L-œ(5 ÐÐ  L-œ(6 Ð...Ð  d ÐÐ  d „„ÐÐ d" ÐÐ  d ÐÐ d  ÐÐ  >Ž Ðò òCAT,€A/62/44€(2007)ó óÐ ° ÐÌ...Ð ¤ô ÐÓ  ÓIV.à  àFOLLOW€UP€ON€CONCLUSIONS€AND€RECOMMENDATIONS€ON€STATES€PARTIESÐ žî ÐÔ_ÔREPORTSÔ_ÔÐ ˜è ÐÓt ÓÌÓ  Ó46.à  àIn€Chapter€IV€of€its€annual€report€for€2005€2006€(A/61/44),€the€Committee€described€theÐ Œ Ü Ðframework€that€it€had€developed€to€provide€for€follow€up€subsequent€to€the€adoption€of€the€conclusionsÐ † Ö Ðand€recommendations€on€States€parties€reports€submitted€under€article€19€of€the€Convention.€It€alsoÐ € Ð Ðpresented€information€on€the€Committeeððs€experience€in€receiving€information€from€States€parties€from€theÐ z Ê  Ðinitiation€of€the€procedure€in€May€2003€through€May€2006.€This€chapter€updates€the€CommitteeððsÐ tÄ  Ðexperience€to€18€May€2007,€the€end€of€its€thirty€eighth€session.Ð n¾  ÐÌ47.à  àIn€accordance€with€rule€68,€paragraph€2,€of€the€rules€of€procedure,€the€Committee€established€theÐ b²  Ðpost€of€Rapporteur€for€follow€up€to€conclusions€and€recommendations€under€article€19€of€the€ConventionÐ \¬  Ðand€appointed€Ms.€Felice€Ô_ÔGaerÔ_Ô€to€that€position.€As€in€the€past,€Ms.€Ô_ÔGaerÔ_Ô€presented€a€progress€report€toÐ V¦ Ðthe€Committee€in€May€2007€on€the€results€of€the€procedure.Ð P  ÐÌ48.à  àThe€Rapporteur€has€emphasized€that€the€follow€up€procedure€aims€ð ðto€make€more€effective€theÐ D” Ðstruggle€against€torture€and€other€cruel,€inhuman€and€degrading€treatment€or€punishmentðð,€as€articulated€inÐ >Ž Ðthe€preamble€to€the€Convention.€At€the€conclusion€of€the€Committeeððs€review€of€each€State€party€report,Ð 8ˆ Ðthe€Committee€identifies€concerns€and€recommends€specific€actions€designed€to€enhance€each€State€partyððsÐ 2‚ Ðability€to€implement€the€measures€necessary€and€appropriate€to€prevent€acts€of€torture€and€cruel€treatment,Ð ,| Ðand€thereby€assists€States€parties€in€bringing€their€law€and€practice€into€full€compliance€with€the€obligationsÐ &v Ðset€forth€in€the€Convention.Ð  p ÐÌ49.à  àSince€its€thirtieth€session€in€May€2003,€the€Committee€began€the€practice€of€identifying€a€limitedÐ d Ðnumber€of€these€recommendations€that€warrant€a€request€for€additional€information€following€the€reviewÐ ^ Ðand€discussion€with€the€State€party€concerning€its€periodic€report.€Such€ð ðfollow€upðð€recommendations€areÐ  X Ðidentified€because€they€are€serious,€protective,€and€are€considered€able€to€be€accomplished€within€one€year.Ð !R ÐThe€States€parties€are€asked€to€provide€within€one€year€information€on€the€measures€taken€to€give€effectÐ ü!L Ðto€its€ð ðfollow€up€recommendationsðð€which€are€specifically€noted€in€a€paragraph€near€the€end€of€theÐ ö"F Ðconclusions€and€recommendations€on€the€review€of€the€States€partiesðð€reports€under€article€19.Ð ð#@  ÐÌ50.à  àSince€the€procedure€was€established€at€the€thirtieth€session€in€May€2003,€through€the€end€of€theÐ ä%4!" Ðthirty€eighth€session€in€May€2007€the€Committee€has€reviewed€53€States€for€which€it€has€identified€followÐ Þ&."# Ðup€recommendations.€Of€the€39€States€parties€that€were€due€to€have€submitted€their€follow€up€reports€toÐ Ø'(#$ Ðthe€Committee€by€18€May€2007,€25€had€completed€this€requirement€(Albania,€Argentina,€Austria,Ð Ò("$% ÐAzerbaijan,€Bahrain,€Canada,€Chile,€Czech€Republic,€Colombia,€Croatia,€Ecuador,€Finland,€France,Ð Ì)%& ÐGermany,€Greece,€Latvia,€Lithuania,€Monaco,€Morocco,€New€Zealand,€Qatar,€Sri€Lanka,€Switzerland,Ð Æ*&' ÐUnited€Kingdom€and€Yemen).€As€of€18€May,€14€States€had€not€yet€supplied€follow€up€information€that€hadÐ À+'( Ðfallen€due€(Bulgaria,€Bosnia€and€Herzegovina,€Cambodia,€Cameroon,€Democratic€Republic€of€the€Congo,Ð º, () ÐGeorgia,€Guatemala,€Republic€of€Korea,€Moldova,€Nepal,€Peru,€Togo,€Uganda€and€United€States€ofÐ ´-)* ÐAmerica).€In€March€2007,€the€Rapporteur€sent€a€reminder€requesting€the€outstanding€information€to€eachÐ ° Ðof€the€States€whose€follow€up€information€was€due€in€November€2006,€but€had€not€yet€been€submitted,Ð ªú Ðand€who€had€not€previously€been€sent€a€reminder.Ð ¤ô ÐÌ51.à  àThe€Rapporteur€noted€that€14€follow€up€reports€had€fallen€due€since€the€previous€annual€reportÐ ˜è Ð(A/61/44).€However,€only€4€(Austria,€Ecuador,€Qatar€and€Sri€Lanka)€of€these€14€States€had€submitted€theÐ ’ â Ðfollow€up€information€in€a€timely€manner.€Despite€this,€she€expressed€the€view€that€the€follow€up€procedureÐ Œ Ü Ðhad€been€remarkably€successful€in€eliciting€valuable€additional€information€from€States€on€protectiveÐ † Ö Ðmeasures€taken€during€the€immediate€follow€up€to€the€review€of€the€periodic€reports.€While€comparativelyÐ € Ð Ðfew€States€had€replied€precisely€on€time,€19€of€the€25€respondents€had€submitted€the€information€on€timeÐ z Ê  Ðor€within€a€matter€of€one€to€four€months€following€the€due€date.€Reminders€seemed€to€help€elicit€many€ofÐ tÄ  Ðthese€responses.€The€Rapporteur€also€expressed€appreciation€to€non€governmental€organizations,€manyÐ n¾  Ðof€whom€had€also€encouraged€States€parties€to€submit€follow€up€information€in€a€timely€way.Ð h¸  ÐÌ52.à  àThrough€this€procedure,€the€Committee€seeks€to€advance€the€Conventionððs€requirement€that€ð ðeachÐ \¬  ÐState€party€shall€take€effective€legislative,€administrative,€judicial€or€other€measures€to€prevent€acts€ofÐ V¦ Ðtorture€ð8ððð€(art.€2,€para.€1)€and€the€undertaking€ð ðto€prevent€ð8ð€other€acts€of€cruel,€inhuman€and€degradingÐ P  Ðtreatment€or€punishment€ð8ððð€(art.€16).Ð Jš ÐÌ53.à  àThe€Rapporteur€has€expressed€appreciation€for€the€information€provided€by€States€partiesÐ >Ž Ðregarding€those€measures€taken€to€implement€their€obligations€under€the€Convention.€In€addition,€she€hasÐ 8ˆ Ðassessed€the€responses€received€as€to€whether€all€the€items€designated€by€the€Committee€for€follow€upÐ 2‚ Ð(normally€between€three€and€six€recommendations)€have€been€addressed,€whether€the€information€providedÐ ,| Ðresponds€to€the€Committeeððs€concern,€and€whether€further€information€is€required.€Each€letter€respondsÐ &v Ðspecifically€and€in€detail€to€the€information€presented€by€the€State€party.€Where€further€information€isÐ  p Ðneeded,€she€writes€to€the€State€party€concerned€with€specific€requests€for€further€clarification.€With€regardÐ j Ðto€States€that€have€not€supplied€the€follow€up€information€at€all,€she€writes€to€solicit€the€outstandingÐ d Ðinformation.Ð ^ ÐÌ54.à  àAt€its€thirty€eighth€session€in€May,€the€Committee€decided€to€make€public€the€Rapporteurððs€lettersÐ !R Ðto€the€States€parties.€These€would€be€assigned€a€United€Nations€document€symbol€number€and€placed€onÐ ü!L Ðthe€web€page€of€the€Committee.€The€Committee€further€decided€to€assign€a€United€Nations€documentÐ ö"F Ðsymbol€number€to€all€States€partiesðð€replies€(these€symbol€numbers€are€under€consideration)€to€the€followÐ ð#@  Ðup€and€also€place€them€on€its€website.Ð ê$: ! ÐÌ55.à  àSince€the€recommendations€to€each€State€party€are€crafted€to€reflect€the€specific€situation€in€thatÐ Þ&."# Ðcountry,€the€follow€up€responses€from€the€States€parties€and€letters€from€the€Rapporteur€requesting€furtherÐ Ø'(#$ Ðclarification€address€a€wide€array€of€topics.€Among€those€addressed€in€the€letters€sent€to€States€partiesÐ Ò("$% Ðrequesting€further€information€have€been€a€number€of€precise€matters€seen€as€essential€to€the€implementationÐ Ì)%& Ðof€the€recommendation€in€question.€A€number€of€issues€have€been€highlighted€to€reflect€not€only€theÐ Æ*&' Ðinformation€provided,€but€also€the€issues€that€have€not€been€addressed€but€which€are€deemed€essential€toÐ À+'( Ðthe€Committeeððs€ongoing€work,€in€order€to€be€effective€in€taking€preventive€and€protective€measures€toÐ º, () Ðeliminate€torture€and€ill€treatment.Ð ´-)* Ð...Ð ° Ð57.à  àThe€chart€below€details,€as€of€18€May€2007,€the€end€of€the€Committeeððs€thirty€eighth€session,€theÐ ªú Ðstate€of€the€replies€with€respect€to€follow€up.Ð ¤ô ÐÓ/!Ó€Ìò òFollow€up€procedure€to€conclusions€and€recommendations€from€May€2003€to€May€2007Ð ˜è ÐÌ...ó óÐ Œ Ü Ðò òThirty€fifth€session€(November€2005)ó óÐ † Ö ÐÌÔ*¸ƒABûd„d‘dd ‘'dd 'Üdd Ü dd  rdd r12°(#°(#¸ÔÔ,Ü\RÔÔ,\RÔÔ,: \RÔÔ,' \\ÔÔ+  ÔÐ 4*z Ê z Ê €€‚ ‚ƒ ƒ„„‹‹4Ðò òState€partyó óÐ 9/!„ Ô " „„‹‹9Ðò òInformationÐ „ Ô  Ðdue€inó óÐ 9/!~Î " „„‹‹9Ðò òInformation€receivedó óÐ 9/!„ Ô " „„‹‹9Ðò òAction€takenó óÐ H>,„ Ô"   €€‚‚ƒƒ‹‹HÐ...Ð '‚Ò  ‹‹'ÐÐ '‚Ò  ‹‹'ÐÐ '‚Ò  ‹‹'ÐÐ ?5#‚Ò    €€‚‚ƒƒ‹‹?ÐFranceÐ '|Ì  ‹‹'ÐNovember€2006Ð '|Ì  ‹‹'Ð15€February€2007Ð |Ì  ÐCAT/C/FRA/CO/3/Add.1Ð 'vÆ  ‹‹'ÐResponse€under€reviewÐ ?5#|Ì    €€‚‚ƒƒ‹ ‹?Ð...Ð 'pÀ   ‹ ‹'ÐÐ 'pÀ   ‹ ‹'ÐÐ 'pÀ   ‹‹'ÐÐ3)'pÀ     3ÐÌÐ  d´ Ðò òFollow-up€-€State€ReportingÐ ° Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€ii)€Action€by€State€Partyó óÐ ªú ÐÓ  ÓÌò òCAT,€CAT/C/FRA/CO/3/Add.1€(2007)ó óÐ žî ÐÌò òComments€by€the€Government€of€France€on€the€conclusions€and€recommendations€of€theÐ ’ â ÐCommittee€against€Torture€(CAT/C/FRA/CO/3)*ó óÐ Œ Ü ÐÌ[13€February€2007]Ð € Ð ÐÌò òParagraph€10ó óÐ tÄ  ÐÌòòà  àð ðWhile€noting€the€restraint€shown€by€the€police€during€the€wave€of€unrest€in€many€FrenchÐ h¸  Ðcities€which€necessitated€police€mobilization€to€control€the€riots,€the€Committee€is€deeply€concernedÐ b²  Ðabout€the€statements€by€the€Minister€of€the€Interior€calling€on€prefects€to€order€the€immediateÐ \¬  Ðexpulsion€of€persons€convicted€during€the€riots,€regardless€of€their€administrative€status.€TheÐ V¦ ÐCommittee€fears€that€action€taken€in€response€to€this€statement€could€have€a€discriminatory€effectÐ P  Ðby€the€very€fact€that€it€would€target€not€only€foreign€nationals€without€proper€papers€but€alsoÐ Jš Ðnaturalized€French€citizens€stripped€of€their€nationality€by€a€court€decision€and€foreigners€who€hadÐ D” Ðhitherto€been€lawfully€resident€in€France.€Moreover,€the€Committee€is€concerned€that€individualsÐ >Ž Ðthus€convicted€of€an€offence€might€be€returned€to€Stateswhere€they€would€be€in€danger€of€beingÐ 8ˆ Ðsubjected€to€torture€(art.€3).Ð 2‚ ÐÌà0  àà ` àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€should€take€all€necessary€measuresÐ &v Ðto€guarantee€that€no€person€is€expelled€who€is€in€danger€of€being€subjected€to€torture€ifÐ  p Ðreturned€to€a€third€State.€The€Committee€also€recommends€that€the€State€party€ensure€thatÐ j Ðthe€persons€concerned€have€the€right€to€a€fair€trial€where€the€measure€taken€is€in€conformityÐ d Ðwith€the€law.€The€Committee€also€emphasizes€that€expulsion€should€not€be€used€as€a€punitiveÐ ^ Ðmeasure.Ð X(#(# Ðà0  àÐ (#(# Ðà0  àà ` àThe€Committee€further€recommends€that€the€State€party€should€provide€it€withÐ ü!L Ðinformation€on€allegations€it€has€received€concerning€the€collective€arrest€of€persons€withÐ ö"F Ða€view€to€placing€them€in€administrative€holding€Ô_ÔcentresÔ_Ô€pending€their€return€to€a€thirdÐ ð#@  ÐState.ððóóÐê$: !(#(# Ðà0  àÐ (#(# Ðò òReply€by€the€Governmentó óÐ Þ&."# ÐÌ1.à  àAs€pointed€out€by€the€French€delegation€at€the€meetings€of€the€Committee€against€Torture€on€17Ð Ò("$% Ðand€18€November€2005,€the€aim€of€these€instructions€was€to€remind€prefects€of€the€possibility,€inÐ Ì)%& Ðcompliance€with€current€legislation,€of€ordering€aliens€implicated€in€the€riots€to€be€escorted€to€the€border,Ð Æ*&' Ðif€it€transpired€that€they€were€without€proper€papers,€or€expelled€if€their€Ô_ÔbehaviourÔ_Ô€presented€a€seriousÐ À+'( Ðthreat€to€public€order.Ð º, () ÐÐ ´-)* ÐÔ_Ô2.à  àIt€should€be€noted€that€an€expulsion€order€is€a€compulsory€measure€designed€to€prevent€any€furtherÐ ° Ðbreach€of€law€and€order€or€offence€against€public€safety,€and€can€only€be€issued€on€the€basis€of€a€reviewÐ ªú Ðof€the€personal€behaviour€of€the€alien€in€question.€Compliance€with€this€requirement€is€monitored€by€theÐ ¤ô Ðadministrative€judge.Ð žî ÐÌ3.à  àAn€expulsion€order€can€thus€in€no€way€be€considered€as€a€punitive€measure€designed€to€sanctionÐ ’ â Ðan€offence,€something€the€judiciary€alone€has€the€power€to€do.Ð Œ Ü ÐÌ4.à  àNaturally,€all€the€requirements€provided€for€by€law€concerning€expulsion€and€escort€to€the€borderÐ € Ð Ðwere€met€in€the€cases€in€question.Ð z Ê  ÐÌ5.à  àIn€particular,€the€measures€for€protection€from€removal€provided€for€by€law€to€protect€minors€andÐ n¾  Ðcertain€categories€of€aliens€on€the€grounds€of€their€length€of€stay€in€France€or€family€connections€in€FranceÐ h¸  Ð(arts.€L€511.4,€L€521.2,€L€521.3€and€L€521.4€of€the€Code€governing€the€Entry€and€Stay€of€Aliens€and€theÐ b²  ÐRight€to€Asylum)€were€implemented.Ð \¬  ÐÌ6.à  àThe€procedural€guarantees€provided€for€by€law€were€also€fully€complied€with,€as€was€the€right€toÐ P  Ðlodge€a€suspensive€appeal€with€the€administrative€judge€in€the€event€of€an€order€to€escort€an€alien€to€theÐ Jš Ðborder€(arts.€L€521.1€et€seq.€of€the€Code€governing€the€Entry€and€Stay€of€Aliens€and€the€Right€to€Asylum).Ð D” ÐThe€requirement€to€consult€an€expulsion€committee€before€ordering€an€alienððs€expulsion€was€also€compliedÐ >Ž Ðwith.€Such€expulsion€committees€consist€of€two€judicial€officers€and€a€judge€of€the€administrative€courtÐ 8ˆ Ðhearing€the€case€against€the€alien,€who€may€be€assisted€by€counsel€of€his€or€her€choosing€(arts.€L€522.1€etÐ 2‚ Ðseq.).Ð ,| ÐÌ7.à  àThe€following€measures€were€ordered€against€aliens€involved€in€the€urban€violence€of€autumn€2005:Ð  p ÐÌà  à(a)à ` àTwo€orders€to€escort€the€alien€to€the€border€on€the€grounds€of€unlawful€residence:€one€wasÐ d Ðenforced€on€24€February€2006;€an€appeal€was€lodged€against€the€other;Ð ^ ÐÌà  à(b)à ` àOne€order€banning€the€alien€from€French€territory,€issued€by€the€Bobigny€court€of€firstÐ !R Ðinstance€and€enforced€on€2€February€2006;Ð ü!L ÐÌà  à(c)à ` àThree€sets€of€expulsion€proceedings€are€currently€under€way€and€have€been€submitted€toÐ ð#@  Ðthe€expulsion€committee.€No€expulsion€order€has€to€date€been€enforced;Ð ê$: ! ÐÌà  à(d)à ` àNo€measure€has€been€ordered€that€is€designed€to€strip€persons€participating€in€this€violenceÐ Þ&."# Ðof€their€French€nationality.Ð Ø'(#$ ÐÌ8.à  àThese€removal€orders,€like€all€removal€orders€against€aliens€issued€by€French€authorities€or€courts,Ð Ì)%& Ðcomply€with€the€provisions€of€article€L513.2€of€the€Code€governing€the€Entry€and€Stay€of€Aliens€and€theÐ Æ*&' ÐRight€to€Asylum,€which€states€that€ð ðno€alien€may€be€sent€to€a€country€if€he/she€proves€that€his/her€life€orÐ À+'( Ðfreedom€would€be€in€danger€there€or€that€he/she€would€be€at€risk€there€of€treatment€contrary€to€article€3Ð º, () Ðof€the€European€Convention€for€the€Protection€of€Human€Rights€and€Fundamental€Freedomsðð,€thusÐ ´-)* Ðencompassing€the€same€ideas€as€article€3€of€the€UnitedNations€Convention€against€Torture.Ð ° ÐÌ9.à  àAs€explained€by€the€French€delegation€at€the€meetings€in€November€2005,€as€soon€as€an€alienÐ ¤ô Ðreports€that€he€or€she€will€be€at€risk€if€returned,€the€administrative€authority€checks€whether€there€areÐ žî Ðð ðsubstantial€groundsðð€for€believing€that€the€person€in€question€would€be€exposed€to€a€real€risk€of€ill„Ð ˜è Ðtreatment€if€he€or€she€were€to€be€returned,€in€line€with€the€recommendations€of€the€European€Court€ofÐ ’ â ÐHuman€Rights.Ð Œ Ü ÐÌ10.à  àThe€study€carried€out€takes€into€account€the€general€situation€prevailing€in€the€country€to€which€theÐ € Ð Ðperson€is€to€be€returned,€the€effectiveness€of€guarantees€of€respect€for€human€rights,€and€the€situation€ofÐ z Ê  Ðgroups€of€people€in€a€similar€situation€to€the€alien€in€question.€Furthermore,€a€thorough€individual€study€ofÐ tÄ  Ðthe€situation€of€each€alien€concerned€is€carried€out,€taking€into€account€his€or€her€activities€and€relations€withÐ n¾  Ðhis€or€her€home€county€authorities.Ð h¸  ÐÌ11.à  àThe€French€authorities€base€this€study€on€various€sources€of€information:€reports€from€diplomaticÐ \¬  Ðmissions,€expert€missions,€international€human€rights€bodies€and€non„governmental€organizations.Ð V¦ ÐÌ12.à  àThe€decision€on€which€country€an€alien€is€to€be€sent€to€is€vetted€by€the€administrative€judge€if€anÐ Jš Ðappeal€is€lodged.€As€the€Committee€stated€in€its€decision€of€7€May€2003€concerning€communication€No.Ð D” Ð219/2002,€ð ðit€is€for€the€courts€of€the€States€parties€to€the€Convention,€and€not€for€the€Committee,€toÐ >Ž Ðevaluate€the€facts€and€evidence€in€a€particular€case,€unless€it€can€be€ascertained€that€the€manner€in€whichÐ 8ˆ Ðsuch€facts€and€evidence€were€evaluated€was€clearly€arbitrary€or€amounted€to€a€denial€of€justiceðð.Ð 2‚ ÐÌ13.à  àLastly,€during€certain€law€enforcement€operations€it€may€happen€that€several€aliens€without€properÐ &v Ðpapers€are€arrested€simultaneously€and€placed€in€holding€centres.€This€does€not€alter€the€fact€that€in€eachÐ  p Ðcase€an€individual€assessment€is€carried€out€of€each€alienððs€situation,€and€that€all€removal€measures€areÐ j Ðtaken€on€a€case„by„case€basis€in€the€light€of€the€personal€situation€of€each€of€the€aliens€concerned,€in€lineÐ d Ðwith€the€requirements€of€article€4€of€Protocol€No.€4€to€the€European€Convention€on€Human€Rights,€whichÐ ^ Ðprohibits€collective€expulsions.Ð  X ÐÌò òParagraph€15ó óÐ ü!L ÐÌòòà0  àà ` àð ðThe€Committee€takes€note€of€the€updating€of€the€ethics€manual€for€the€nationalÐ ð#@  Ðpolice€and€of€the€information€provided€by€the€State€party€on€the€steps€being€taken€to€extendÐ ê$: ! Ðand€improve€the€training€given€to€police€officers€on€the€subject€of€respect€for€the€physicalÐ ä%4!" Ðand€mental€integrity€of€arrested,€detained€or€imprisoned€persons.€However,€the€CommitteeÐ Þ&."# Ðremains€concerned€about€the€number€and€seriousness€of€the€allegations€it€has€receivedÐ Ø'(#$ Ðregarding€the€ill-treatment€by€law€enforcement€officers€of€detainees€and€other€persons€withÐ Ò("$% Ðwhom€they€come€in€contact€(art.€10).ÐÌ)%&(#(# Ðà0  àÐ (#(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà ¸ àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€should€take€the€necessaryÐ À+'( Ðmeasures€to€ensure€that€the€current€reform€aimed€at€extending€and€improving€theÐ º, () Ðtraining€of€police€officers€is€implemented€quickly€and€extended€to€all€lawÐ ´-)* Ðenforcement€officers.ððа` (#` (# Ðóóà0  àÐ (#(# Ðò òReply€by€the€Governmentó óÐ ¤ô ÐÌòòMembers€of€the€police€forceóóÐ ˜è ÐÌ14.à  àTo€begin€with,€it€should€be€stressed€that€in€2005€the€Inspectorate„General€of€the€National€PoliceÐ Œ Ü Ðand€the€Inspectorate„General€of€Services€examined€663€complaints€of€violence€as€compared€with€724€inÐ † Ö Ð2004€(down€by€8.43€per€cent).€Of€these€complaints,€565€(85.22€per€cent)€concerned€minor€assaults,Ð € Ð Ðwhereas€in€2004€the€599€cases€of€minor€assaults€accounted€for€82.73per€cent€of€the€724€complaints.Ð z Ê  ÐThese€663€complaints€should€be€considered€in€relation€to€the€total€of€750,473€persons€against€whomÐ tÄ  Ðproceedings€were€brought€by€the€national€police€in€2005€(a€rate€of€0.088€per€cent:€down€by€more€than€oneÐ n¾  Ðeighth€compared€to€the€2004€rate€of€0.101per€cent)€and€the€404,085€persons€taken€into€police€custodyÐ h¸  Ð(a€rate€of€0.164€per€cent:€also€down€by€more€than€one€eighth€compared€to€the€2004€rate€of€0.188€perÐ b²  Ðcent).Ð \¬  ÐÌ15.à  àThese€figures€indicate€a€positive€trend,€since€they€show€a€significant€drop€in€the€number€ofÐ P  Ðcomplaints€of€violence,€as€well€as€the€lesser€gravity€of€the€alleged€violence€(an€increased€proportion€ofÐ Jš Ðminor€assaults),€despite€proceedings€being€brought€against€a€significantly€higher€number€of€people€and€moreÐ D” Ðpeople€being€placed€in€police€custody€(up€by€4.57€per€cent€and€5.15per€cent,€respectively).Ð >Ž ÐÌ16.à  àThis€improvement€can€in€all€likelihood€be€attributed€to€a€large€extent€to€the€special€efforts€made€byÐ 2‚ Ðthe€national€police€over€the€last€few€years€to€train€police€officers€to€respect€the€physical€and€mental€integrityÐ ,| Ðof€arrested,€detained€or€imprisoned€persons,€in€order€to€guarantee€the€effective€protection€of€individualsÐ &v Ðand€fully€comply€with€the€police€code€of€ethics.€This€training€has€been€renewed,€with€the€aim€of€furtherÐ  p Ðraising€officialsðð€awareness€of€the€need€to€comply€strictly€with€their€professional€code€of€ethics€at€all€times,Ð j Ðeven€when€they€are€confronted€with€difficult€situations.Ð d ÐÌ17.à  àThe€new€initial€training€curricula€focus€on€the€need€to€increase€awareness€of€professional€ethics€atÐ  X Ðall€three€entry€levels:€trainee€òògardien€de€la€paixóó€(constable),€trainee€òòlieutenantóó€(inspector)€and€traineeÐ !R Ðòòcommissaireóó€(superintendent),€which€correspond€to€the€three€corps€of€the€national€police€force.€TheÐ ü!L Ðcurricula€are€designed€to€ensure€maximum€professionalism€on€the€part€of€future€police€officers,€in€strictÐ ö"F Ðcompliance€with€the€values€of€the€French€Republic€and€the€police€code€of€ethics.€A€number€of€provisionsÐ ð#@  Ðof€the€2003„2007€master€training€plan€for€the€national€police€emphasize€the€need€for€police€work€to€beÐ ê$: ! Ðcarried€out€within€a€framework€of€professional€ethics.Ð ä%4!" ÐÌ18.à  àThe€new€training€for€constables€and€inspectors€uses€teaching€methods€based€on€the€acquisition€ofÐ Ø'(#$ Ðspecific€skills,€with€a€gradual€overlap€between€training€in€general€subjects€and€training€in€physical€activitiesÐ Ò("$% Ðand€vocational€subjects.€The€training€covers€real„life€situations,€adopting€a€cross„cutting€approach.€Role„Ð Ì)%& Ðplaying€exercises,€in€which€the€trainees€are€placed€in€situations€similar€to€those€they€will€face€at€work,€allowÐ Æ*&' Ðaspects€of€conduct€to€be€worked€on,€and€corrected€as€necessary.Ð À+'( ÐÌ19.à  àDuring€the€various€assessments€of€their€progress,€trainees€are€asked€questions€about€complianceÐ ´-)* Ðwith€ethical€rules,€not€only€during€the€simulated€real„life€work€situations€but€also€during€written€tests.Ð ° ÐÌ20.à  àIn€addition,€the€three„month€ð ðon€the€jobðð€internships€organized€again€since€2005€provide€anÐ ¤ô Ðopportunity€to€assess€how€these€skills€are€used.Ð žî ÐÌ21.à  àThe€reform€of€police€training€aims€to€improve€the€harnessing€of€skills,€technical€abilities€and€know„Ð ’ â Ðhow€of€young€officers€in€order€to€prepare€them€to€respond€to€any€situation€professionally,€while€constantlyÐ Œ Ü Ðtaking€care€to€comply€with€professional€ethics€and€safety€rules.Ð † Ö ÐÌ22.à  àThus,€the€provisions€of€the€code€of€ethics€contained€in€Decree€No.€86„532€of18March1986,Ð z Ê  Ðwhich€are€covered€in€a€specific€module€at€the€start€of€the€training,€are€referredto€repeatedly€throughoutÐ tÄ  Ðpolice€officersðð€training.€The€provisions€of€the€Conventionagainst€Torture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€orÐ n¾  ÐDegrading€Treatment€or€Punishment€are€included€in€the€training€on€professional€ethics.€Particular€attentionÐ h¸  Ðis€paid€to€the€Code€of€Conduct€for€Law€Enforcement€Officials,€established€by€General€Assembly€resolutionÐ b²  Ð34/169€of17€December€1979,€and€the€Basic€Principles€on€the€Use€of€Force€and€Firearms€by€LawÐ \¬  ÐEnforcement€Officials,€adopted€by€the€Eighth€United€Nations€Congress€on€the€Prevention€of€Crime€and€theÐ V¦ ÐTreatment€of€Offenders€held€from€27€August€to€7€September€1990.€The€training€also€systematicallyÐ P  Ðincorporates€a€presentation€of€the€Declaration€of€the€Rights€of€Man€and€of€the€Citizen.€Ð Jš ÐÌ23.à  àThe€course€for€trainee€police€officers€also€involves€a€number€of€civil€society€actors.€In€particular,Ð >Ž Ðtheir€initial€training€course€includes€contributions€from€victim€support€associations.€The€directors€of€initialÐ 8ˆ Ðtraining€institutions€also€have€the€possibility€of€inviting€speakers€from€outside€the€police€force.€For€example,Ð 2‚ Ðassociations€working€to€combat€different€types€of€discrimination,€such€as€womenððs€or€anti„homophobicÐ ,| Ðorganizations,€recently€came€to€speak€at€several€police€schools.€Also,€the€president€of€the€National€SecurityÐ &v ÐEthics€Committee€and€the€president€of€the€High€Authority€against€Discrimination€and€for€Equality€come€toÐ  p Ðspeak€personally€to€trainee€superintendents€at€the€National€Police€Academy€(Ecole€nationale€suprieureÐ j Ðde€la€police)€and€to€trainee€inspectors€at€the€National€Police€Officers€Academy€(Ecole€nationale€suprieureÐ d Ðdes€officiers€de€police),€and€address€trainee€constables€via€a€film€shown€during€their€training.Ð ^ ÐÌ24.à  àThe€course€for€trainee€constables€includes€the€study€of€acts€of€torture€or€barbaric€acts€as€both€anÐ !R Ðoffence€(aggravated€if€committed€by€a€member€of€the€police€force)€and€as€an€aggravating€circumstanceÐ ü!L Ðunder€criminal€law.€This€subject€is€covered€in€the€section€on€assessment€of€unethical€police€behaviour,€whichÐ ö"F Ðcovers€assaults€by€police€officers;€the€section€on€the€different€categories€of€homicide,€which€coversÐ ð#@  Ðattempted€murder,€and€aggravating€circumstances€for€murder;€and€the€section€on€arrest€of€an€individual€whoÐ ê$: ! Ðhas€committed€robbery€with€violence,€covered€in€the€part€of€the€course€dealing€with€police€custody.Ð ä%4!" ÐÌ25.à  àIn€addition,€special€training€has€been€introduced€for€trainee€constables€(given€by€the€instructorsÐ Ø'(#$ Ðresponsible€for€the€physical€activities€and€vocational€subjects€covered€in€the€initial€training€course)€to€teachÐ Ò("$% Ðthem€how€to€avoid€losing,€wholly€or€partially,€their€faculty€of€analysis€or€judgement€„€something€which€oftenÐ Ì)%& Ðhappens€in€difficult€and€particularly€stressful€operations.€Police€constables,€particularly€young€constables,Ð Æ*&' Ðoften€have€to€intervene,€by€day€or€night,€in€problem€areas.€The€national€police€training€department€realizesÐ À+'( Ðthat€the€hostile€climate€and€the€potential€dangers€posed€by€some€of€the€individuals€with€whom€constablesÐ º, () Ðwill€be€confronted€could€sometimes€cause€them€to€lose€the€faculty€of€judgement€that€is€essential€for€theÐ ´-)* Ðsuccessful€conduct€of€any€police€operation,€and€has€adapted€the€initial€training€course€accordingly.€TheÐ ° Ðcourse€teaches€constables€how€to€think€on€their€feet€in€situations€that€could€rapidly€degenerate€and€to€adoptÐ ªú Ðthe€best€possible€strategy€(for€example,€attempt€to€maintain€dialogue,€arrest,€withdrawal,€use€of€means€ofÐ ¤ô Ðdefence€if€necessary).€This€part€of€the€course€was€designed€jointly€by€active€police€officers€and€the€trainingÐ žî Ðdepartmentððs€psychologists,€and€is€complementary€to€other€classes€or€subjects€such€as€the€factors€involvedÐ ˜è Ðin€decision„making,€operational€techniques€and€general€operational€safety€principles.Ð ’ â ÐÌ26.à  àThe€course€for€trainee€inspectors€includes€a€detailed€commentary€on€the€various€circulars€andÐ † Ö Ðinstructions€regarding€the€protection€of€the€dignity€of€individuals€in€police€custody.€Professional€ethics€areÐ € Ð Ðexplained€repeatedly€and€in€detail,€in€a€cross„cutting€manner,€throughout€the€training,€but€in€particular€in€aÐ z Ê  Ðlecture€given€by€the€president€of€the€National€Security€Ethics€Committee,€in€a€lecture€on€ð ðcomplying€withÐ tÄ  Ðthe€fundamental€rules€of€the€national€police€in€oneððs€workðð,€and€in€case€studies€on€the€code€of€ethics€andÐ n¾  Ðthe€general€rules€and€regulations€of€the€national€police,€including€real„life€cases€presented€by€theÐ h¸  ÐInspectorate„General€of€the€National€Police.Ð b²  ÐÌ27.à  àRegardless€of€how€well€trainee€constables€or€trainee€inspectors€perform€in€the€competitive€entranceÐ V¦ Ðexamination€for€admission€to€their€training€schools€and€in€their€final€examinations,€if€the€schoolððs€trainingÐ P  Ðmonitoring€committee€consider€their€performance€in€the€area€of€professional€ethics€to€be€unsatisfactoryÐ Jš Ð(though€not€so€bad€as€to€warrant€referring€their€case€to€the€disciplinary€council),€the€trainees€can€be€requiredÐ D” Ðby€the€schoolððs€vocational€aptitude€panel€to€repeat€their€training€or,€depending€on€whether€they€wereÐ >Ž Ðrecruited€externally€or€internally,€to€be€dismissed€or€to€return€to€their€original€corps.Ð 8ˆ ÐÌ28.à  àFrom€the€very€start€of€their€training,€trainee€superintendents€are€made€aware€of€the€involvement€of,Ð ,| Ðand€role€played€by,€the€head€of€service€in€improving€professional€ethics,€which€is€one€of€the€priority€areasÐ &v Ðof€the€curriculum€and€one€in€which€the€schoolððs€director€is€personally€involved.€The€subject€of€professionalÐ  p Ðethics€and€their€implications€is€addressed€at€every€available€opportunity€throughout€the€training.€The€courseÐ j Ðalso€includes€a€lecture€by€the€president€of€the€National€Security€Ethics€Committee€and€a€module€on€theÐ d Ðapplication€of€civil€liberties€to€police€work.€This€module€highlights€the€risks€of€violating€the€law,€fundamentalÐ ^ Ðfreedoms€and€professional€ethics,€and€addresses€the€issues€of€respect€for€personal€freedom€and€the€rightÐ  X Ðto€arrest€and€respect€for€the€physical€integrity€of€persons€and€the€use€of€violence.Ð !R ÐÌ29.à  àFurthermore,€throughout€their€career,€police€officers€undergo€in„service€training,€particularly€whenÐ ö"F Ðthey€change€grade€or€when€they€become€judicial€police€officers.€During€this€training€attention€is€drawn€onceÐ ð#@  Ðmore€to€the€need€to€respect€professional€ethics,€with€particular€focus€on€the€role€played€by€oneððs€superiorsÐ ê$: ! Ðin€passing€on€the€values€of€the€institution€and€guaranteeing€that€these€rules€are€respected.€Ð ä%4!" ÐÌ30.à  àThe€training€of€constables€in€the€skills€required€for€the€work€of€judicial€police€officers€is€based€onÐ Ø'(#$ Ðreal„life€working€situations,€with€the€aim€of€increasing€the€professionalism€of€the€officers.Ð Ò("$% ÐÌ31.à  àThe€training€for€promotion€to€òòbrigadier€de€policeóó€(sergeant)€focuses€on€building€up€the€candidatesÐ Æ*&' Ðknowledge€about€respect€for€individuals€and€anti„discrimination€laws.€In€addition€to€professional€ethics,€theÐ À+'( Ðmain€part€of€the€course€covers€the€guarantees€and€obligations€arising€from€the€general€rules€and€regulationsÐ º, () Ðapplicable€to€public€officials€and€from€the€specific€and€exceptional€regulations€of€the€national€police,Ð ´-)* Ðfocusing€on€the€concepts€of€ethics€and€loyalty€of€public€officials€to€the€institutions€of€the€French€Republic,Ð ° Ðfor€example€through€studies€of€the€issue€of€the€dignity€of€persons€held€in€police€custody.€The€importanceÐ ªú Ðattached€by€the€French€authorities€to€the€training€of€sergeants€is€shown€by€the€high€number€of€officialsÐ ¤ô Ð(4,226)€trained€in€2006.Ð žî ÐÌ32.à  àThe€training€for€promotion€to€òòbrigadier„chef€de€policeóó€(a€senior€category€of€sergeant)€includes€aÐ ’ â Ðcomponent€on€professional€ethics€and€a€recap€of€what€constitutes€suitable€conduct.€Ð Œ Ü ÐÌ33.à  àThe€training€for€promotion€to€òòcommandant€de€policeóó€(chief€inspector)€expands€on€the€themes€ofÐ € Ð Ðthe€exercise€of€power€and€authority€and€professional€ethics.€It€focuses€on€the€role€of€the€chief€inspector€inÐ z Ê  Ðguaranteeing€ethical€values€and€the€application€of€rules€and€regulations€within€his€department.Ð tÄ  ÐÌ34.à  àIn€addition,€a€training€course€designed€to€improve€the€behaviour€and€judgement€of€police€officersÐ h¸  Ðin€their€dealings€with€citizens€is€shortly€to€be€introduced.€It€will€be€structured€around€the€following€elements:Ð b²  Ða€film€made€by€the€National€Police€Training€Institute;€a€training€module€designed€by€the€Institute;€and€a€dayÐ \¬  Ðdevoted€to€this€subject€in€February€2007€at€the€National€Study€and€Training€Centre.€Teachers€were€trainedÐ V¦ Ðin€December€2006€and€multiple€actions€to€improve€training€and€supervision€at€the€local€level€will€begin€inÐ P  ÐFebruary,€through€the€regional€delegations€for€recruitment€and€training€and€the€training€centres€ofÐ Jš Ðoperational€departments.Ð D” ÐÌ35.à  àTo€facilitate€the€communication€of€values€via€the€different€courses,€trainers€and€supervisory€staffÐ 8ˆ Ðwere€all€sent€a€copy€of€the€ethics€manual€published€by€the€National€Police€Training€Institute,€which€was€alsoÐ 2‚ Ðdisseminated€to€all€training€institutions.Ð ,| ÐÌ36.à  àThe€training€module€on€operating€in€problem€areas,€which€was€recently€designed€by€the€nationalÐ  p Ðpolice€training€department€for€operational€departments€and€services€of€the€national€police€and€is€used€forÐ j Ðthe€in„service€training€of€police€officers,€deals€with€the€particularly€sensitive€aspect€of€conflict€managementÐ d Ðin€terms€of€appropriate€police€responses€that€comply€with€the€principles€of€the€French€Republic.€ThisÐ ^ Ðtraining€addresses€factors€related€to€decision-making,€displays€of€aggression,€conflict„resolution€methods,Ð  X Ðthe€psychological€consequences€of€difficult€operations€and€the€development€of€techniques€to€give€the€police,Ð !R Ðboth€individually€and€collectively,€maximum€control€of€a€situation,€in€order€to€help€them€cope€with€job„Ð ü!L Ðrelated€stress.€In€addition,€instruction€in€how€to€conduct€technical€debriefings€enables€mistakes€to€beÐ ö"F Ðidentified,€while€improving€the€effectiveness€and€safety€of€operational€teams€on€the€one€hand€and€respectÐ ð#@  Ðfor€human€dignity€on€the€other.Ð ê$: ! ÐÌ37.à  àThe€content€of€this€module€is€based€on€three€main€themes:Ð Þ&."# ÐÌà  à(a)à ` àKnowledge€of€the€operational€context;Ð Ò("$% ÐÌà  à(b)à ` àAppropriate€intervention€techniques;€andÐ Æ*&' ÐÌà  à(c)à ` àThe€legal€framework€for€operations€and€established€procedure.Ð º, () ÐÐ ´-)* Ð38.à  àThis€training€was€incorporated€into€the€curriculum€for€the€initial€and€in„service€training€ofÐ ° Ðsuperintendents€and€inspectors.€From€February€2007€part€of€the€content€of€this€module€will€be€taught€toÐ ªú Ðtrainee€constables€as€part€of€their€initial€training,€when€they€study€two€operational€situations€using€a€skills„Ð ¤ô Ðbased€approach€(ð ðOperating€in€problem€areas:€the€trapðð€in€option€A€and€ð ðOperating€in€a€situation€of€urbanÐ žî Ðviolence:€fundamental€principles€of€maintaining€order€in€this€contextðð€in€option€C).Ð ˜è ÐÌ39.à  àAs€part€of€in„service€training,€this€module€is€taught€to€constables€and€sergeants€at€the€initiative€ofÐ Œ Ü Ðlocal€chiefs€requesting€it€for€those€members€of€their€staff€most€often€confronted€with€this€type€of€situation.Ð † Ö ÐÌ40.à  àAll€police€officers€must€follow€a€minimum€of€three€training€sessions€a€year€in€professional€techniques;Ð z Ê  Ðthe€training€is€based€on€situational€analysis€and€a€wide€range€of€possible€technical€responses.Ð tÄ  ÐÌ41.à  àThus,€particular€attention€is€paid€to€the€use€of€force,€in€both€initial€and€in„service€training€courses.Ð h¸  ÐEach€training€session€on€professional€techniques€starts€with€a€systematic€recap€of€police€ethics,€the€laws€onÐ b²  Ðself„defence€in€relation€to€police€operations€and€the€requirement,€in€the€event€of€use€of€force,€to€respect€theÐ \¬  Ðphysical€integrity€of€persons€through€strict€compliance€with€the€rules€of€proportionality.€In€order€to€matchÐ V¦ Ðthe€technique€used€to€the€specific€operational€context,€a€wide€range€of€methods€have€been€developed€thatÐ P  Ðinvolve€different€levels€of€force€„€a€matter€to€which€much€attention€is€paid€in€the€teaching€of€professionalÐ Jš Ðtechniques.€In€order€to€ensure€that,€during€a€police€operation,€police€officers€constantly€bear€in€mind€theÐ D” Ðprinciples€of€judgement€and€proportionality€in€the€use€of€force,€trainers€of€physical€and€vocational€activitiesÐ >Ž Ðare€reminded€of€the€relevant€instructions€during€their€compulsory€refresher€courses.€These€instructions€areÐ 8ˆ Ðsupplemented€by€teaching€aids€consisting€of€data€sheets€describing€typical€arrest€situations€during€policeÐ 2‚ Ðoperations,€together€with€the€accompanying€legal€requirements.Ð ,| ÐÌ42.à  àIn€general,€training€in€respect€for€the€physical€and€mental€integrity€of€arrested,€detained€orÐ  p Ðimprisoned€persons€has€been€considerably€stepped€up€in€recent€years€for€all€police€officers,€in€all€threeÐ j Ðcorps€of€the€national€police€force.€This€seems€to€have€resulted€in€a€drop€in€the€numbers€of€complaints€ofÐ d Ðpolice€violence,€as€can€been€seen€in€the€figures€quoted€above.Ð ^ ÐÌòòMembers€of€the€national€gendarmerieóóÐ !R ÐÌ43.à  àRespect€for€the€physical€and€mental€integrity€of€arrested,€detained€or€imprisoned€persons€is€at€theÐ ö"F Ðcore€of€the€professional€ethics€training€provided€at€the€national€gendarmerie€training€colleges,€in€additionÐ ð#@  Ðto€respect€for€fundamental€human€rights€and€freedoms,€which€is€the€raison€dððtre€of€law€enforcementÐ ê$: ! Ðagencies.Ð ä%4!" ÐÌ44.à  àParticular€attention€is€paid€to€this€precept€in€the€training€provided€at€the€college€for€nationalÐ Ø'(#$ Ðgendarmerie€officers€in€Melun,€which€prepares€future€senior€officers€of€the€gendarmerie.Ð Ò("$% ÐÌÌÌòòTraining€of€national€gendarmerie€officersóóÐ º, () ÐÐ ´-)* Ð45.à  àDuring€a€two„year€course,€professional€ethics€are€taught€at€the€college€for€officers€to€studentsÐ ° Ðselected€for€their€knowledge€of€law,€in€the€following€three€ways.Ð ªú ÐÌ46.à  àExperienced€police€officers€acting€as€mentors€instruct€trainee€officers€in€the€behaviour€expected€ofÐ žî Ðthem€and€give€them€individual€guidance€throughout€their€training.€They€know€them,€assess€them€and€alsoÐ ˜è Ðprovide€advice€and€guidance€to€prepare€them€for€their€command€and€supervisory€responsibilities,€on€theÐ ’ â Ðbasis€of€compliance€with€the€law€and€an€analysis€of€work-related€stress€and€the€consequences€of€theirÐ Œ Ü Ðactions€or€decisions.Ð † Ö ÐÌ47.à  àThis€instruction€is€followed€up€by€cross„cutting€training.€Ethical€conduct€is€addressed€by€eachÐ z Ê  Ðteaching€department.€The€principle€is€to€develop€a€culture€of€accountability€and€service€in€each€of€theÐ tÄ  Ðsubjects€taught.Ð n¾  ÐÌ48.à  àLegal€training€focuses€on€international€and€European€conventions€and€on€French€laws€relating€toÐ b²  Ðhuman€rights€and€fundamental€freedoms.€Classes€in€legal€practice€and€law€enforcement€and€training€inÐ \¬  Ðoperational€techniques€ensure€these€principles€are€reflected€in€a€professional€approach.€ManagementÐ V¦ Ðclasses€highlight€the€need€to€promote€ethical€behaviour€within€oneððs€unit,€through€a€command€structureÐ P  Ðbased€on€close€supervision.Ð Jš ÐÌ49.à  àThe€school€of€officers€has€a€special€department€for€training€in€professional€ethics€which€usesÐ >Ž Ðteaching€methods€based€on€personal€analysis€and€real„life€situations.€After€reviewing€the€basic€texts€and€theÐ 8ˆ Ðprinciples€of€the€ethics€of€accountability,€the€officerððs€behaviour€and€the€requirements€of€his€unit€areÐ 2‚ Ðexamined€in€the€light€of€his€day„to„day€work€as€a€law€enforcement€officer€in€command€of€a€unit€that€isÐ ,| Ðsubject€to€the€demands€of€society.Ð &v ÐÌ50.à  àThe€training€is€based€on€group€work,€in€which€students€analyse€specific€cases.€The€aim€is€not€toÐ j Ðpromote€a€given€reaction€to€a€given€stimulus,€but€primarily€to€lay€the€foundations€for€conduct€adapted€toÐ d Ðthe€requirements€of€a€modern€police€force,€particularly€in€terms€of€its€relationship€with€the€public.Ð ^ ÐConfronting€students€with€real„life€situations€goes€beyond€the€analysis€of€specific€cases,€and€thus€facilitatesÐ  X Ðmore€general€discussion€on€emotion,€personal€and€collective€values,€peer€pressure,€and€the€legitimacy€ofÐ !R Ðcertain€actions.Ð ü!L ÐÌ51.à  àOnce€these€basic€principles€have€been€acquired,€it€is€necessary€to€familiarize€the€officer€with€theÐ ð#@  Ðcontext€of€his€work.€To€this€end,€a€number€of€different€speakers€make€presentations€on€their€view€of€ethicsÐ ê$: ! Ðand€what€they€consider€to€be€appropriate€behaviour€in€a€law€enforcement€officer.Ð ä%4!" ÐÌ52.à  àSpeakers€at€the€school€for€officers€have€included€the€head€of€a€unit€of€the€secretariat€of€theÐ Ø'(#$ ÐEuropean€Committee€for€the€Prevention€of€Torture€and€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment,Ð Ò("$% Ðthe€president€of€the€National€Security€Ethics€Committee,€the€French€representative€of€Eurojust,€a€formerÐ Ì)%& Ðmilitary€investigating€officer€and€the€vice„president€of€the€Paris€Administrative€Court.Ð Æ*&' ÐÌ53.à  àThroughout€the€different€stages€of€their€career,€national€gendarmerie€officers€are€given€in-serviceÐ º, () Ðtraining€courses€to€update€their€knowledge€in€the€areas€of€human€rights€and€professional€ethics€(e.g.€theÐ ´-)* Ðdiploma€course€leading€to€promotion€to€staff„officer€level€or€courses€at€the€Military€Training€Academy).Ð ° ÐÌòòTraining€of€national€gendarmerie€non„commissioned€officersóóÐ ¤ô ÐÌ54.à  àThe€training€of€non„commissioned€officers€also€includes€a€12„hour€professional„ethics€componentÐ ˜è Ðwhich€includes€a€specific€class€on€respect€for€the€individual€(witnesses,€victims€and€persons€involved€inÐ ’ â Ðinvestigations,€whether€held€in€police€custody€or€not).Ð Œ Ü ÐÌ55.à  àThis€training€is€built€upon€throughout€the€non„commissioned€officerððs€career.Ð € Ð ÐÌ56.à  àNew€gendarmes€undergo€additional€in„service€training€leading€to€the€award€of€the€diploma€requiredÐ tÄ  Ðfor€acceptance€into€the€corps€of€regular€non„commissioned€officers.€This€training€is€designed€to€consolidateÐ n¾  Ðthe€new€responsibilities€of€non„commissioned€officers€and€includes€a25-hour€theoretical€module€on€militaryÐ h¸  Ðprofessional€ethics.Ð b²  ÐÌ57.à  àA€recap€of€professional€ethics€is€also€systematically€provided€in€the€different€short€courses€for€non„Ð V¦ Ðcommissioned€officers€who€are€called€upon€to€take€on€greater€responsibilities€in€the€criminal€investigationÐ P  Ðdepartment,€(e.g.€as€lead€investigators)€or€in€posts€of€authority€(e.g.€as€squad€commanders,€includingÐ Jš Ðcommanders€of€investigation€squads).€Professional€ethics€are€not€covered€in€a€separate€theoretical€classÐ D” Ðbut€as€an€integral€part€of€the€subjects€covered€and€case€studies€analysed.Ð >Ž ÐÌòòPrison€staffóóÐ 2‚ ÐÌ58.à  àThe€European€Prison€Rules€were€adopted€by€France€and€all€member€States€of€the€Council€ofÐ &v ÐEurope€on€11January2006,€superseding€those€adopted€in€1987.Ð  p ÐÌ59.à  àThese€rules€constitute€both€an€ethical€charter€and€an€action€charter€for€prison€staff,€who€haveÐ d Ðincorporated€them€into€their€work€and€drawn€up€new€measures€based€on€this€new€frame€of€reference.€Ð ^ ÐÌ60.à  àApplying€the€European€Prison€Rules,€particularly€in€the€initial€and€in„service€training€of€prison€staff,Ð !R Ðwill€give€greater€meaning€to€the€work€of€all€staff€and€will€facilitate€the€modernization€of€the€public€prisonÐ ü!L Ðservice,€ensuring€greater€professionalism€among€prison€workers.Ð ö"F ÐÌ61.à  àThe€work€begun€in€2006€involves€three€aspects:Ð ê$: ! ÐÌà  à(a)à ` àBuilding€up€a€reference€system€of€national€rules€that€are€compatible€with€the€EuropeanÐ Þ&."# ÐPrison€Rules;Ð Ø'(#$ ÐÌà  à(b)à ` àTesting€key€measures€and€including€them€in€the€national€reference€system;Ð Ì)%& ÐÌà  à(c)à ` àUpdating€the€reference€system€on€an€ongoing€basis€beyond€2007.Ð À+'( ÐÌ62.à  àAt€the€same€time,€the€European€Prison€Rules€will€be€incorporated€into€staff€training€courses€andÐ ´-)* Ðinto€professional€practice.Ð ° ÐÌ63.à  àSeveral€of€the€European€Prison€Rules€give€specific€indications€of€the€required€quality€of€treatmentÐ ¤ô Ðof€detainees,€laying€down€guidelines€on€the€following€aspects:Ð žî ÐÌà0  à(a)à ` àAdmission€procedures€for€incoming€prisoners;Ð’ â(#(# Ðà0  àÐ (#(# Ðà0  à(b)à ` àIdentification€of€and€guidance€to€prisoners;І Ö(#(# Ðà0  àÐ (#(# Ðà0  à(c)à ` àEstablishing€the€manner€in€which€a€sentence€is€to€be€enforced;Ðz Ê (#(# Ðà0  àÐ (#(# Ðà0  à(d)à ` àProcessing€prisonersðð€requests;Ðn¾ (#(# Ðà0  àÐ (#(# Ðà0  à(e)à ` àRespecting€an€ethical€framework€for€staff;Ðb² (#(# Ðà0  àÐ (#(# Ðà0  à(f)à ` àInforming€the€public€where€necessary.ÐV¦(#(# Ðà0  àÐ (#(# Ð64.à  àThere€are€two€types€of€staff€training:€initial€training,€which€is€carried€out€by€the€National€PrisonÐ Jš ÐAdministration€School,€and€in„service€training,€which€is€carried€out€mostly€by€regional€training€services,€butÐ D” Ðalso€by€the€school€in€the€case€of€specific€groups€or€specific€actions€related€to€the€implementation€of€nationalÐ >Ž Ðpolicies.€The€National€Prison€Administration€Schoolððs€contribution€to€the€training€system€will€be€formalizedÐ 8ˆ Ðin€2007€by€the€signing€of€a€contract€between€the€State€and€the€school,€specifying€objectives€and€resources.Ð 2‚ ÐÌ65.à  àDuring€the€initial€training,€vocational€skills€are€acquired€by€alternating€between€theoretical€coursesÐ &v Ðat€the€National€Prison€Administration€School€and€work€placements€in€prisons,€where€the€trainee€is€inÐ  p Ðcontact€with€prisoners.€This€training€lasts€two€years€for€prison€social€workers€and€probation€officers,€8Ð j Ðmonths€for€warders,€12€months€for€prison€officers€and€2€years€for€prison€directors.€Wardersðð€trainingÐ d Ðfocuses€on€professional€techniques.€Since€2005€the€National€Prison€Administration€School€has€incorporatedÐ ^ Ðsimulation„based€training€into€its€curriculum,€through€the€use€of€a€new€ð ðprison€schoolðð€building.€Also,€aÐ  X Ðseries€of€guides€on€reference€operational€practices€was€prepared€in€2005€and€disseminated€in€2006,€toÐ !R Ðsupplement€the€reference€system€covering€the€jobs€and€skills€of€prison€administrators.€The€guides€helpÐ ü!L Ðincrease€the€professionalism€of€staff€by€providing€them€with€information€throughout€their€career€on€basicÐ ö"F Ðtechniques€and€required€conduct€for€each€job€category.Ð ð#@  ÐÌ66.à  àIn€particular,€those€categories€of€staff€working€in€the€area€of€security,€as€listed€in€the€inter-ministerialÐ ä%4!" Ðinventory€of€State„sector€jobs,€who€have€a€difficult€job€that€entails€both€responsibility€and€authority,€areÐ Þ&."# Ðtrained€to€anticipate€and€respond€to€situations€of€conflict€while€respecting€the€rights€of€prisoners.Ð Ø'(#$ ÐÌ67.à  àIn€this€regard,€the€prison€administration€ensures€that€its€staff€receive€instruction€throughout€theirÐ Ì)%& Ðcareers€in€the€social€sciences,€human€rights€in€general€and€the€rights€of€prisoners€in€particular.Ð Æ*&' ÐÌ68.à  àTo€this€end,€during€their€initial€training€at€the€National€Prison€Administration€School,€trainee€prisonÐ º, () Ðwarders€receive€instruction€in€the€following€areas:€introduction€to€social€sciences€(2€hours);€suicideÐ ´-)* Ðprevention€(7€hours);€the€construction€and€development€of€the€personality€and€mental€disorders€(16€hours);Ð ° Ðstress€management€(8€hours);€high„risk€behaviours€(2€hours);€observation€(9€hours);€communication€(7Ð ªú Ðhours);€tools€for€understanding€people€(6€hours);€European€and€international€human€rights€instruments€(4Ð ¤ô Ðhours);€and€rights€of€prisoners€(4€hours).Ð žî ÐÌ69.à  àSubjects€taught€to€new€warders€include:€rights€of€prisoners€(6€hours);€suicide€prevention(12€hours);Ð ’ â Ðstress€management€(3€hours);€expert€assessment€(6€hours);€and€prison€violence€(3hours).Ð Œ Ü ÐÌ70.à  àSubjects€taught€to€trainee€prison€officers€include:€introduction€to€law€(6€hours);€human€rights€andÐ € Ð Ðcomparative€prison€law€(3€hours);€rights€of€prisoners€(7€hours);€criminal€psychiatry€(3hours);€expertÐ z Ê  Ðassessment€(6€hours);€suicide€prevention€(9€hours);€prison€violence€(4€hours);€and€stress€management€(4Ð tÄ  Ðhours).Ð n¾  ÐÌ71.à  àSubjects€taught€to€trainee€prison€directors€include:€stress€management€(12€hours);€humanrights€andÐ b²  Ðinternational€standards€(8€hours);€mental€disorders€(12€hours);€suicide€prevention€(9hours);€violence€(6Ð \¬  Ðhours);€and€rights€of€prisoners€(3€hours).Ð V¦ ÐÌ72.à  àIn€addition€to€these€themes,€professional€ethics€are€included€in€a€cross„cutting€manner€in€all€subjects,Ð Jš Ðboth€theoretical€and€practical,€since€the€development€of€people€skills€and€appropriate€conduct€is€essentialÐ D” Ðif€staff€are€to€deal€properly€with€inmates.Ð >Ž ÐÌ73.à  àThe€same€approach€is€adopted€in€the€in„service€training€provided€by€the€National€PrisonÐ 2‚ ÐAdministration€School€and€the€regional€prison€departments.Ð ,| ÐÌ74.à  àThe€National€Prison€Administration€School€offers€courses€each€year€on€human€rights€and€socialÐ  p Ðsciences;€a€European€approach€to€prison€law;€criminology;€support€groups;€criminal€psychiatry;€suicideÐ j Ðprevention;€and€risk€management/crisis€management.Ð d ÐÌ75.à  àThe€regional€departments€provide€additional,€decentralized€training€on€a€wide€range€of€subjects,Ð  X Ðtaking€into€account€psychological€aspects€and€the€protection€of€human€rights.€Subjects€to€be€covered€inÐ !R Ð2007€include:€dealing€with€difficult€sectors€of€the€population;€working€in€multidisciplinary€teams;€and€anÐ ü!L Ðintroduction€to€crisis€management.Ð ö"F ÐÌò òParagraph€18ó óÐ ê$: ! ÐÌà0  àòòà ` àð ðThe€Committee€notes€the€measures€taken€by€the€State€party€to€improve€livingÐ Þ&."# Ðconditionsin€holding€areas,€particularly€at€Roissy-Charles€de€Gaulle€airport,€and€to€facilitateÐ Ø'(#$ Ðaccess€to€them€by€non„governmental€organizations.€However,€it€remains€concerned€aboutÐ Ò("$% Ðinformation€it€has€received€concerning€incidents€of€police€violence,€including€cruel,€inhumanÐ Ì)%& Ðand€degrading€treatment,€inside€the€holding€areas,€particularly€against€people€ofÐ Æ*&' Ðnon-Western€origin€(arts.€11€and€16).ÐÀ+'((#(# Ðà0  àÐ (#(# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àà ¸ àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€should€take€the€necessaryÐ ´-)* Ðmeasures€to€enable€the€National€Commission€for€the€Monitoring€of€Holding€CentresÐ ° Ðand€Facilities€and€Waiting€Areas€to€begin€its€work€soon€and€to€ensure€that€theseÐ ªú Ðrecommendations€are€effectively€implemented.ððФô` (#` (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àóóÐ ` (#` (# Ðò òReply€by€the€Governmentó óÐ ˜è ÐÌ76.à  àThe€Act€of€26€November€2003€€established€the€National€Commission€for€the€Monitoring€ofÐ Œ Ü ÐHolding€Centres€and€Facilities€and€Waiting€Areas€to€ensure€respect€for€the€rights€of€foreigners€held€thereÐ † Ö Ðand€respect€for€the€rules€governing€hygiene,€sanitation,€amenities€and€equipment€in€such€holding€centres.Ð € Ð ÐThe€commissionððs€operating€procedures€are€set€out€in€DecreeNo.2005-616€of€30€May€2005.Ð z Ê  ÐÌ77.à  àThe€nine„member€commission€(consisting€of€two€representatives€of€parliament,€one€member€of€theÐ n¾  ÐCouncil€of€State,€one€member€of€the€Court€of€Cassation,€one€person€with€knowledge€of€the€prison€system,Ð h¸  Ðtwo€representatives€of€humanitarian€associations€and€two€representatives€of€the€administrations€concerned)Ð b²  Ðcarries€out€on„site€inspections.Ð \¬  ÐÌ78.à  àIt€makes€recommendations€to€the€Government€on€how€to€improve€material€and€humane€conditionsÐ P  Ðin€the€holding€centres€and€waiting€areas,€and€can€be€consulted€by€the€minister€on€any€project€relating€toÐ Jš Ðthese€issues.Ð D” ÐÌ79.à  àThe€commission€will€hear€any€person€able€to€provide€information€and€may€hear€any€complaint€ofÐ 8ˆ Ðlack€of€compliance€with€the€regulations€of€the€centres€or€of€human€rights€violations€there.€It€refers€cases€toÐ 2‚ Ðthe€relevant€authorities€if€it€finds€that€a€criminal€offence€has€been€committed€or€that€there€has€been€a€breachÐ ,| Ðof€professional€ethics.Ð &v ÐÌ80.à  àThe€date€of€the€commissionððs€effective€establishment€was€22€March€2006,€and€it€started€itsÐ j Ðinspections€in€April€2006.€To€date,€it€has€inspected€six€administrative€holding€centres€(Paris,€Coquelles,€LeÐ d ÐMesnil€Amelot,€Palaiseau,€Plaisir€and€Lyon),€one€administrative€holding€facility€(Nanterre)€and€the€RoissyÐ ^ Ðwaiting€area.Ð  X ÐÌ81.à  àIn€accordance€with€the€above„mentioned€decree,€the€commission€will€draw€up€an€annual€report,Ð ü!L Ðwith€recommendations€where€appropriate.€This€report€will€be€submitted€together€with€the€public€report€onÐ ö"F Ðthe€main€thrust€of€the€immigration€policy€submitted€by€the€Government€each€year€to€parliament.Ð ð#@  ÐÌ82.à  àThe€Government€will€take€the€commissions€recommendations€carefully€into€account€and€stressesÐ ä%4!" Ðthat€this€commission€will€act€where€appropriate€in€addition€to,€and€consistently€with,€the€national€preventiveÐ Þ&."# Ðmechanism€provided€for€under€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€Convention€against€Torture€and€Other€Cruel,Ð Ø'(#$ ÐInhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment.Ð Ò("$% ÐÌ_____________________Ð Æ*&' ÐÌ*€€In€accordance€with€the€information€transmitted€to€States€parties€regarding€the€processing€of€their€reports,Ð º, () Ðthe€present€document€was€not€formally€edited€before€being€sent€to€the€United€Nations€translation€services.Ð ´-)* Ð