ÿWPC[ GmºôÏ´o]ÞÂþo¦ÏˆºŠ*ßbNز²o•®=!DDukI-™µƒcµEÎ<¦üfÌœÿ²ƒOrËÃs^¶ó–œæóg’Q¥*$ÜÓðlˆd=ý·GØçÔy@YáE*µ˜2›Ÿ–[˜ÀVsØHÄò¡ÛuU.÷èm6ç®îä™z9ÖšÔ ùìÎþ¤3ö€š÷í-ÅVHˆ‰/ÌŸð\ÄØLÛ})½`J+©ôx~ï‰$– ðÓ$¹p¾,!,(‡äÕA‰z j]šO ×ãAÌí—yó…&õV†cBi)ÆxLHf÷z¥˜À /PØù]™ú'0~ØFiÐ ‚Oƒ…œPaîù~‹þ"#—ͳ|çFÁ{®9[[Ó!Òv1ó»ÚÂ~?jR’@4½|åš$½2%†B¶{&Xçö§ŽòÕ¨[ï¶ÁÓ¯­Øò{Öâ¨ê\òÔ1død¸ÿkµ,+G1|Ê%t¹šä•¼fß]7˜ ]#¥•càShf¥b8 ìfñÉ®Šó‡Æ ®wÐì¯VTÎ4o±&9šsê2KÖJUê-‚d’"#Å뿳cŠœ{™ß£EÁ 6…ßBë|_q ^+d®•íÔUU Dá #Á¶UNw %Å 0:Ë^ w4)8 m:QNY˜HP LaserJet 4P,ü,,,,,ü0&Öd9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(ûœ$¡¡ÔUKUS.,ÔÈ‹g, &bœ+ê:i¢Ø+003|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ Ý ƒûœ!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€¼à\»XXÔÓ  Óò òÔCEUK.,ÔGHANAó óÐ ° ÐÔ€X­0X»¼à\ÔÓ  ÓÌÌò òCRC€€A/53/41€Ô_Ô(1998)ó óÔ_ÔÐ œì ÐÌÌ20.€€òòConcluding€observationsóóÐ ` ° ÐÌ719.€€The€Committee€considered€the€initial€report€of€Ghana€(CRC/C/3/Add.39)€at€its€377òòthóó€to€379òòthóó€Ð 8 ˆ Ðmeetings,€on€22€and€23€May€1997€(CRC/C/SR.377-379),€and,€at€its€398òòthóó€meeting,€on€6€June€1997,Ð $ t  Ðadopted€the€following€concluding€observations.Ð `  ÐÌ(a)€€òòIntroductionóóÐ è8  ÐÌ720.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€initial€report€and€the€written€answers€to€the€list€of€issuesÐ À  Ð(CRC/C/Q/Ô_ÔGHAÔ_Ô/1)€submitted€by€the€State€party.€€The€Committee€expresses€its€satisfaction€at€theÐ ¬ü  Ðadditional€information€provided€by€the€State€party€in€the€course€of€the€dialogue€with€the€Committee,Ð ˜è Ðduring€which€the€representatives€of€the€State€party€indicated€in€a€self-critical€manner€not€only€theÐ „Ô Ðpolicy€and€programme€directions,€but€also€the€difficulties€encountered€in€implementing€theÐ pÀ ÐConvention.Ð \¬ ÐÌ(b)€€òòPositive€aspectsóóÐ 4„ ÐÌ721.€€The€Committee€notes€the€establishment€in€1979€of€the€Ghana€National€Commission€onÐ  \ ÐChildren.€€It€also€welcomes€the€adoption€of€a€National€Plan€of€Action,€which€has€been€incorporatedÐ øH Ðinto€the€National€Development€Policy€Framework.Ð ä4 ÐÌ722.€€The€Committee€notes€with€appreciation€that€the€State€party€promulgated€a€new€ConstitutionÐ ¼  Ðin€1992,€which€includes€specific€provisions€relating€to€children's€rights.€€It€also€notes€that€the€StateÐ ¨ø Ðparty,€through€a€Ô_ÔmultisectoralÔ_Ô€committee,€in€1995,€engaged€in€a€comprehensive€law€reform€processÐ ”ä Ðto€ensure€full€compatibility€between€national€laws€and€the€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child.Ð € Ð ÐÌ723.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€establishment€in€1992€of€the€Commission€on€Human€Rights€andÐ X"¨  ÐAdministrative€Justice,€which€is€also€involved€in€the€protection€of€the€human€rights€of€children.Ð D#”! ÐÌ(c)€€òòFactors€and€difficulties€impeding€the€implementation€of€the€ConventionóóÐ %l # ÐÌ724.€€The€Committee€recognizes€the€economic€difficulties€faced€by€the€State€party,€especially€theÐ ô&D"% Ðconstraint€posed€by€its€structural€adjustment€programme.€€Furthermore,€the€Committee€notes€thatÐ à'0#& Ðcertain€traditional€practices€and€customs,€prevailing€particularly€in€rural€areas,€hamper€the€effectiveÐ Ì($' Ðimplementation€of€the€provisions€of€the€Convention,€especially€with€regard€to€the€girl€child.Ð ¸)%( ÐÌ(d)€€òòPrincipal€subjects€of€concernóóÐ +à&* ÐÌ725.€€While€taking€note€of€the€measures€taken€in€the€field€of€law€reform,€including€the€intention€toÐ h-¸(, ÐÔ_Ôadopt€a€children's€act,€the€Committee€notes€with€concern€that€currently€several€provisions€of€the€lawÐ ° Ðare€incompatible€with€the€provisions€and€principles€of€the€Convention,€especially€in€the€fields€of€civilÐ œì Ðrights,€adoption€and€juvenile€justice.€€The€Committee€also€remains€concerned€about€the€conflictÐ ˆØ Ðbetween€customary€law€and€the€principles€and€provisions€of€the€Convention€in€some€areas€such€asÐ tÄ Ðmarriage.Ð `° ÐÌ726.€€The€Committee€notes€with€satisfaction€the€existence€of€government€bodies€dealing€with€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðwelfare€of€children€at€the€national€and€local€levels;€it€nevertheless€expresses€its€concern€that€thereÐ $ t Ðis€insufficient€coordination€between€them€to€develop€a€comprehensive€approach€to€theÐ  ` Ðimplementation€of€the€Convention.Ð ü L  ÐÌ727.€€While€acknowledging€the€work€undertaken€by€the€Ghana€National€Commission€on€Children,Ð Ô$  Ðthe€Committee€is€concerned€about€its€weak€institutional€and€financial€status.Ð À  ÐÌ728.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€at€the€lack€of€a€systematic€mechanism€to€monitor€progress€in€allÐ ˜è  Ðareas€covered€by€the€Convention€and€in€relation€to€all€groups€of€children€in€urban€and€rural€areas,Ð „Ô  Ðespecially€during€the€current€process€of€decentralization.€€The€Committee€is€also€concerned€aboutÐ pÀ Ðthe€State€party's€limited€capacity€to€collect€and€process€data,€as€well€as€develop€specific€indicatorsÐ \¬ Ðto€evaluate€progress€achieved€and€assess€the€impact€of€policies€adopted€on€children,€in€particular€theÐ H˜ Ðmost€vulnerable€groups€of€children.Ð 4„ ÐÌ729.€€With€regard€to€the€implementation€of€article€4€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€notes€withÐ  \ Ðconcern€the€absence€of€policies€and€measures€to€fully€guarantee€economic,€social€and€cultural€rightsÐ øH Ðof€children€"to€the€maximum€extent€of€available€resources".Ð ä4 ÐÌ730.€€In€the€light€of€article€2€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€remains€concerned€about€theÐ ¼  Ðpersistence€of€discriminatory€attitudes€against€some€groups€of€children,€especially€girls€and€childrenÐ ¨ø Ðwith€disabilities,€as€well€as€children€living€in€rural€areas,€which€often€results€in€limited€access€toÐ ”ä Ðbasic€social€facilities€such€as€health€and€education.Ð €Ð ÐÌ731.€€Concern€is€expressed€by€the€Committee€at€the€insufficient€measures€taken€to€ensure€theÐ X ¨ Ðeffective€implementation€of€the€general€principles€(arts.€2,€3,€6€and€12)€of€the€Convention€on€theÐ D!” ÐRights€of€the€Child€in€relation€to€legal,€judicial€and€administrative€decisions,€as€well€as€to€theÐ 0"€  Ðpolitical€decision-making€process.Ð #l! ÐÌ732.€€The€Committee€expresses€its€concern€at€the€lack€of€sufficient€awareness€of€the€principles€andÐ ô$D # Ðprovisions€of€the€Convention€in€all€parts€of€society,€among€adults€and€children€alike.€€It€is€alsoÐ à%0!$ Ðconcerned€at€the€lack€of€sufficient€training€for€professional€groups€working€with€or€for€children€suchÐ Ì&"% Ðas€judges,€lawyers,€magistrates,€law€enforcement€personnel,€army€officials,€teachers,€schoolÐ ¸'#& Ðmanagers,€health€personnel,€social€workers,€officials€of€central€and€local€administrations€andÐ ¤(ô#' Ðpersonnel€of€child-care€institutions.Ð )à$( ÐÌ733.€€In€relation€to€article€7€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€is€concerned€that€in€many€rural€areasÐ h+¸&* Ðregulations€on€birth€registration€are€not€fully€implemented€and€that€children€who€are€not€registeredÐ T,¤'+ Ðmay€be€seriously€disadvantaged€in€the€enjoyment€of€their€rights.Ð @-(, Ї734.€€The€Committee€is€deeply€concerned€at€the€institutionalized€use€of€corporal€punishment€as€aÐ ° Ðmeans€of€discipline,€particularly€in€schools,€as€well€as€at€the€absence€of€a€comprehensive€law€thatÐ œì Ðclearly€prohibits€the€use€of€both€mental€and€physical€torture€or€other€cruel,€inhuman€or€degradingÐ ˆØ Ðtreatment€or€punishment€against€children.Ð tÄ ÐÌ735.€€In€the€light€of€article€17€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€notes€with€concern€that€noÐ L œ Ðmechanism€exists€to€protect€children€from€being€exposed€to€harmful€information,€includingÐ 8 ˆ Ðpornography.Ð $ t ÐÌ736.€€The€Committee€further€notes€with€concern€the€inadequacy€of€existing€laws€in€protectingÐ ü L  Ðchildren€who€are€"adopted"€-€a€situation€which€has€led€to€abuses,€particularly€of€girls,€such€asÐ è 8  Ðexploitation€through€domestic€labour.Ð Ô$  ÐÌ737.€€The€Committee€is€also€concerned€at€the€increase€in€the€number€of€children€living€and/orÐ ¬ü  Ðworking€on€the€street€in€major€cities.€€It€is€also€worried€about€the€violence€that€is€often€directedÐ ˜è  Ðagainst€them.€€The€Committee€is€further€concerned€at€the€lack€of€statistical€data€and€studies€on€suchÐ „Ô  Ðchildren.Ð pÀ ÐÌ738.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€at€the€persistence€of€malnutrition€and€the€apparent€difficulty€inÐ H˜ Ðreversing€this€negative€trend.€€It€is€also€worried€about€the€rapid€spread€of€HIV/AIDS€throughout€theÐ 4„ Ðcountry€and€its€devastating€impact€on€children.Ð  p ÐÌ739.€€The€Committee€remains€concerned€at€the€persistence€of€traditional€attitudes€and€harmfulÐ øH Ðpractices,€such€as€female€genital€mutilation,€early€marriages,€teenage€pregnancies€and€òòtrokosióó€(ritualÐ ä4 Ðenslavement€of€girls).Ð Ð  ÐÌ740.€€With€regard€to€the€right€to€education€(arts.€28€and€29),€while€noting€that€the€principle€of€free,Ð ¨ø Ðuniversal€and€compulsory€basic€education€for€all€children€is€recognized€by€the€State€party,€theÐ ”ä ÐCommittee€is€concerned€that€this€fundamental€right€is€not€yet€fully€and€equally€implementedÐ €Ð Ðthroughout€the€country.€Furthermore,€the€Committee€is€concerned€about€the€low€level€of€schoolÐ l¼ Ðenrolment€and€the€high€drop-out€rates,€especially€among€girls,€the€lack€of€learning€and€teachingÐ X ¨ Ðfacilities€and€the€shortage€of€trained€teachers,€particularly€in€rural€areas.Ð D!” ÐÌ741.€€In€the€light€of€articles€2,€3€and€22€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€is€concerned€about€theÐ #l! Ðdifficulties€encountered€by€refugee€children€in€securing€access€to€basic€education,€health€and€socialÐ $X" Ðservices.Ð ô$D # ÐÌ742.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€about€the€insufficiency€of€legal€and€other€measures€to€prevent€andÐ Ì&"% Ðcombat€economic€exploitation€of€children€adequately,€especially€in€the€informal€sector.Ð ¸'#& ÐÌ743.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€at€the€recent€emergence€of€substance€abuse€among€children€andÐ )à$( Ðthe€limited€prevention€and€rehabilitation€measures€and€facilities€to€combat€this€phenomenon.Ð |*Ì%) ÐÌ744.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€at€the€absence€of€information€and€data€concerning€sexual€abuseÐ T,¤'+ Ðand€exploitation,€including€in€the€family.€€In€this€regard,€it€is€also€worried€about€the€fact€that€childrenÐ @-(, Ðaged€between€14€and€18€years€do€not€benefit€from€appropriate€legal€and€social€protection€measures.Ð ° ÐÌ745.€€The€situation€in€relation€to€the€administration€of€juvenile€justice€and€in€particular€itsÐ ˆØ Ðcompatibility€with€articles€37,€39€and€40€of€the€Convention,€as€well€as€other€relevant€internationalÐ tÄ Ðstandards,€is€a€matter€of€concern.€€The€Committee€remains€particularly€concerned€about,òò€inter€aliaóó,Ð `° Ðviolations€of€the€rights€of€the€child€in€detention€centres,€the€low€age€(seven€years€old)€for€criminalÐ L œ Ðresponsibility€and€the€inadequacy€of€existing€alternative€measures€to€imprisonment.Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌ(e)€€òòSuggestions€and€recommendationsóóÐ  ` ÐÌ746.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€comprehensive€law€on€the€protection€of€the€childÐ è 8  Ðcurrently€being€drafted€should€be€in€conformity€with€the€principles€and€provisions€of€the€ConventionÐ Ô$  Ðand€that€it€be€finalized€and€adopted€in€the€near€future.Ð À  ÐÌ747.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€strengthen€coordination€among€the€variousÐ ˜è  Ðgovernmental€bodies€and€mechanisms€involved€in€children's€rights,€at€both€the€national€and€localÐ „Ô  Ðlevels,€with€a€view€to€developing€a€comprehensive€policy€on€children€and€ensuring€effectiveÐ pÀ Ðevaluation€of€the€implementation€of€the€Convention.€€The€Committee€encourages€the€State€party€toÐ \¬ Ðpursue€its€efforts€to€strengthen€the€institutional€framework€designed€to€promote€and€protect€humanÐ H˜ Ðrights€in€general€and€the€rights€of€the€child€in€particular.€€In€this€regard,€it€recommends€that€the€roleÐ 4„ Ðand€resources€of€the€Ghana€National€Commission€on€Children€be€reinforced€within€as€well€as€outsideÐ  p Ðthe€government€sphere.€€It€encourages€the€State€party€to€further€cooperate€closely€withÐ  \ Ðnon-governmental€organizations.€€Furthermore,€the€Committee€encourages€the€State€party€to€ratifyÐ øH Ðin€the€near€future€other€major€international€human€rights€treaties,€òòinter€aliaóó,€the€Convention€againstÐ ä4 ÐTorture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment.Ð Ð  ÐÌ748.€€The€Committee€also€recommends€that€the€State€party€give€priority€attention€to€the€developmentÐ ¨ø Ðof€a€system€of€data€collection€and€analysis,€as€well€as€to€the€identification€of€appropriateÐ ”ä Ðdisaggregated€indicators,€with€a€view€to€addressing€all€areas€of€the€Convention€and€all€groups€ofÐ €Ð Ðchildren€in€society.€€Such€mechanisms€can€play€a€vital€role€in€systematically€monitoring€the€statusÐ l¼ Ðof€children€and€evaluating€progress€achieved€and€the€difficulties€hampering€the€realization€ofÐ X ¨ Ðchildren's€rights.€€They€can€be€used€as€a€basis€for€designing€programmes€to€improve€the€situation€ofÐ D!” Ðchildren,€particularly€the€most€disadvantaged,€including€children€with€disabilities,€the€girl€child,Ð 0"€  Ðchildren€ill-treated€and€abused€within€the€family€and€in€other€institutions,€children€deprived€ofÐ #l! Ðliberty,€children€who€are€victims€of€sexual€exploitation,€refugee€children€and€children€living€and/orÐ $X" Ðworking€on€the€street.€€It€is€further€suggested€that€the€State€party€request€international€cooperationÐ ô$D # Ðin€this€regard.Ð à%0!$ ÐÌ749.€€In€the€light€of€articles€2,€3€and€4€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€recommends€that€priorityÐ ¸'#& Ðbe€given€in€budget€allocations€to€the€realization€of€the€economic,€social€and€cultural€rights€ofÐ ¤(ô#' Ðchildren,€with€particular€emphasis€on€health€and€education,€and€on€the€enjoyment€of€these€rights€byÐ )à$( Ðchildren,€particularly€the€most€disadvantaged.€€In€this€regard,€the€Committee€suggests€that€theÐ |*Ì%) Ðauthorities€responsible€for€overall€planning€and€budgeting€continue€to€be€fully€involved€in€theÐ h+¸&* Ðactivities€of€the€Ghana€National€Commission€on€Children,€with€a€view€to€ensuring€that€theirÐ T,¤'+ Ðdecisions€have€a€direct€and€positive€impact€on€the€budget.Ð @-(, Ї750.€€The€Committee€further€recommends€that€all€appropriate€measures,€including€publicÐ ° Ðinformation€campaigns,€be€undertaken€to€prevent€and€combat€all€forms€of€discrimination€againstÐ œì Ðgirls€and€children€with€disabilities,€especially€those€living€in€rural€areas,€with€a€view,€òòinter€aliaóó,€toÐ ˆØ Ðfacilitating€their€access€to€basic€services.Ð tÄ ÐÌ751.€€It€is€the€Committee's€view€that€further€efforts€must€be€undertaken€to€ensure€that€the€generalÐ L œ Ðprinciples€of€the€Convention,€in€particular€the€best€interests€of€the€child€(art.€3)€and€the€participationÐ 8 ˆ Ðof€children€(art.€12),€not€only€guide€policy€discussions€and€formulation€and€decision-making,€but€alsoÐ $ t Ðare€appropriately€integrated€into€any€judicial€and€administrative€decisions,€as€well€as€in€theÐ  ` Ðdevelopment€and€implementation€of€all€projects€and€programmes€which€have€an€impact€on€children.Ð ü L  ÐÌ752.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€launch€a€systematic€information€campaign,Ð Ô$  Ðfor€both€children€and€adults,€on€the€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child.€€Consideration€shouldÐ À  Ðbe€given€to€the€incorporation€of€the€Convention€in€the€curricula€of€all€educational€institutions€andÐ ¬ü  Ðappropriate€measures€should€be€taken€to€facilitate€access€by€children€to€information€concerning€theirÐ ˜è  Ðrights.€€The€Committee€also€suggests€that€the€State€party€further€direct€efforts€to€the€provision€ofÐ „Ô  Ðcomprehensive€training€programmes€for€professional€groups€working€with€and€for€children€such€asÐ pÀ Ðjudges,€lawyers,€magistrates,€law€enforcement€personnel,€army€officials,€teachers,€school€managers,Ð \¬ Ðhealth€personnel,€social€workers,€officials€of€central€and€local€administrations€and€personnel€ofÐ H˜ Ðchild-care€institutions.Ð 4„ ÐÌ753.€€In€the€light€of€article€7€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€recommends€that€special€efforts€beÐ  \ Ðdirected€to€the€development€of€an€effective€system€of€birth€registration,€to€ensure€the€full€enjoymentÐ øH Ðof€their€fundamental€rights€by€all€children.€€Such€a€system€would€serve€as€a€tool€in€the€collection€ofÐ ä4 Ðstatistical€data,€in€the€assessment€of€prevailing€difficulties€and€in€the€promotion€of€progress€in€theÐ Ð  Ðimplementation€of€the€Convention.Ð ¼  ÐÌ754.€€In€the€light€of€articles€3,€19€and€28,€paragraph€2,€the€Committee€strongly€recommends€thatÐ ”ä Ðcorporal€punishment€be€prohibited€by€law€and€that€references€to€disciplinary€measures€using€physicalÐ €Ð Ðforce,€such€as€caning,€be€withdrawn€from€the€Teachers€Handbook.€€It€further€recommends€thatÐ l¼ Ðauthorities€develop€and€implement€appropriate€creative€and€socio-educational€measures€of€disciplineÐ X ¨ Ðwhich€respect€all€the€rights€of€the€child.Ð D!” ÐÌ755.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€take€all€appropriate€measures,€including€legalÐ #l! Ðones,€to€protect€children€from€harmful€information,€including€in€the€audio-visual€media€as€well€asÐ $X" Ðin€media€using€new€technologies.Ð ô$D # ÐÌ756.€€With€a€view€to€fully€protecting€the€rights€of€adopted€children,€the€Committee€recommends€thatÐ Ì&"% Ðthe€State€party€review€its€adoption€laws€in€the€light€of€article€21€of€the€Convention.€€Furthermore,Ð ¸'#& Ðthe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€consider€ratifying€the€Hague€Convention€onÐ ¤(ô#' ÐProtection€of€Children€and€Cooperation€in€Respect€of€Intercountry€Adoption€of€1993.Ð )à$( ÐÌ757.€€The€Committee€encourages€the€State€party€to€undertake€to€prevent€and€combat€the€phenomenonÐ h+¸&* Ðof€children€working€and/or€living€on€the€street€by,€òòinter€aliaóó,€engaging€in€research€and€collection€ofÐ T,¤'+ Ðdata,€promoting€integration€and€vocational€training€programmes,€as€well€as€guaranteeing€equalÐ @-(, Ðaccess€to€health€and€social€services.Ð ° ÐÌ758.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€take€all€appropriate€measures,€includingÐ ˆØ Ðthrough€international€cooperation,€to€prevent€and€combat€malnutrition.Ð tÄ ÐÌ759.€€The€Committee€suggests€that€the€Government€strengthen€its€information€and€preventionÐ L œ Ðprogrammes€to€combat€HIV/AIDS€and€sexually€transmitted€diseases,€as€well€as€discriminatoryÐ 8 ˆ Ðattitudes€towards€children€affected€by€or€infected€with€HIV/AIDS.€€The€Committee€furtherÐ $ t Ðrecommends€that€the€State€party€pursue€and€strengthen€its€family€planning€and€reproductive€healthÐ  ` Ðprogrammes,€including€for€adolescents.Ð ü L  ÐÌ760.€€The€Committee€shares€the€view€of€the€State€party€that€serious€efforts€are€required€to€addressÐ Ô$  Ðharmful€traditional€practices€such€as€early€marriage,€female€genital€mutilation€and€òòtrokosióó.€€TheÐ À  ÐCommittee€recommends€that€all€legislation€be€reviewed€to€ensure€its€full€compatibility€withÐ ¬ü  Ðchildren's€rights€and€that€public€campaigns€involving€all€sectors€of€society€be€developed€and€pursuedÐ ˜è  Ðwith€a€view€to€changing€attitudes.€€All€appropriate€action€in€this€regard€should€be€taken€on€a€priorityÐ „Ô  Ðbasis.Ð pÀ ÐÌ761.€€In€accordance€with€article€28€(a)€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€encourages€the€State€partyÐ H˜ Ðin€its€efforts€to€make€primary€education€free,€compulsory€and€available€to€all.€€It€also€encourages€theÐ 4„ ÐGovernment€to€implement€measures€to€improve€school€enrolment€and€pupil€retention,€especially€ofÐ  p Ðgirls.€€A€system€for€the€regular€evaluation€of€the€effectiveness€of€these€and€other€educationalÐ  \ Ðmeasures,€including€of€the€quality€of€teaching,€must€be€ensured.€€Further€steps€should€be€taken€toÐ øH Ðdevelop€guidelines€for€the€participation€of€all€children€in€the€life€of€the€school,€in€conformity€withÐ ä4 Ðthe€principles€and€provisions€of€the€Convention.€€In€addition,€the€Committee€recommends€that,€inÐ Ð  Ðthe€light€of€the€provisions€of€article€29€of€the€Convention€and€the€United€Nations€Decade€for€HumanÐ ¼  ÐRights€Education,€the€State€party€incorporate€education€on€the€rights€of€the€child€in€school€curricula.€Ð ¨ø ÐThe€State€party€may€wish€to€consider€requesting€further€international€cooperation€for€theÐ ”ä Ðimplementation€of€the€measures€identified€for€the€application€of€the€provisions€of€articles€28€and€29Ð €Ð Ðof€the€Convention.Ð l¼ ÐÌ762.€€In€the€spirit€of€articles€2,€3€and€22€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€recommends€that€the€StateÐ D!” Ðparty€make€all€appropriate€efforts€to€ensure€easy€and€full€access€to€basic€services,€includingÐ 0"€  Ðeducation,€health€and€social€services,€to€all€children€living€under€its€jurisdiction.Ð #l! ÐÌ763.€€The€Committee€encourages€the€State€party€to€give€specific€attention€to€monitoring€the€fullÐ ô$D # Ðimplementation€of€labour€laws€in€order€to€protect€children€from€being€economically€exploited.€€ItÐ à%0!$ Ðfurther€suggests€that€the€authorities€adopt€explicit€legislation€and€measures€to€protect€children€fromÐ Ì&"% Ðexploitation€through€child€labour€in€the€informal€sector.€€In€addition,€the€Committee€suggests€thatÐ ¸'#& Ðthe€State€party€consider€the€ratification€of€International€Labour€Organization€Convention€No.€138Ð ¤(ô#' Ðon€minimum€age€for€employment.Ð )à$( ÐÌ764.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€authorities€take€all€appropriate€measures€to€prevent€andÐ h+¸&* Ðcombat€drug€and€substance€abuse€among€children,€such€as€public€information€campaigns,€includingÐ T,¤'+ Ðin€schools.€€It€also€encourages€the€State€party€to€support€rehabilitation€programmes€dealing€withÐ @-(, Ðchildren€victims€of€drug€and€substance€abuse.€€In€this€regard,€the€Committee€encourages€the€StateÐ ° Ðparty€to€consider€seeking€technical€assistance€from€competent€international€organizations,€such€asÐ œì Ðthe€World€Health€Organization.Ð ˆØ ÐÌ765.€€In€the€light€of€article€34€and€other€related€articles€of€the€Convention,€the€CommitteeÐ `° Ðrecommends€that€the€State€party€reinforce€its€legislative€framework€to€fully€protect€children€from€allÐ L œ Ðforms€of€sexual€abuse€or€exploitation,€including€within€the€family.€€It€also€recommends€that€the€StateÐ 8 ˆ Ðparty€engage€in€studies€with€a€view€to€designing€and€implementing€appropriate€policies€andÐ $ t Ðmeasures,€including€in€the€area€of€rehabilitation,€to€combat€this€phenomenon€comprehensively€andÐ  ` Ðeffectively.€€The€Committee€wishes€in€this€regard€to€draw€the€attention€of€the€State€party€to€theÐ ü L  Ðrecommendations€formulated€in€the€Agenda€for€Action€adopted€at€the€World€Congress€againstÐ è 8  ÐCommercial€Sexual€Exploitation€of€Children,€held€in€Stockholm€in€1996.Ð Ô$  ÐÌ766.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€consider€undertaking€a€comprehensive€reformÐ ¬ü  Ðof€the€juvenile€justice€system€in€the€spirit€of€the€Convention,€in€particular€articles€37,€39€and€40,€andÐ ˜è  Ðof€other€United€Nations€standards€in€this€field,€such€as€the€Beijing€Rules,€the€Riyadh€Guidelines€andÐ „Ô  Ðthe€United€Nations€Rules€for€the€Protection€of€Juveniles€Deprived€of€Their€Liberty.€€ParticularÐ pÀ Ðattention€should€be€paid€to€protecting€the€rights€of€children€deprived€of€their€liberty,€to€raising€theÐ \¬ Ðminimum€age€of€criminal€responsibility€and€to€improving€the€quality€and€adequacy€of€alternativeÐ H˜ Ðmeasures€to€imprisonment.€€Training€programmes€on€the€relevant€international€standards€should€beÐ 4„ Ðorganized€for€all€professionals€involved€with€the€juvenile€justice€system.€€The€Committee€furtherÐ  p Ðsuggests€that€the€State€party€consider€seeking€technical€assistance€for€this€purpose€from€the€UnitedÐ  \ ÐNations€High€Commissioner/Centre€for€Human€Rights€and€the€Crime€Prevention€and€CriminalÐ øH ÐJustice€Division€of€the€United€Nations€Secretariat.Ð ä4 ÐÌ767.€€Finally,€in€the€light€of€article€44,€paragraph€6,€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€recommendsÐ ¼  Ðthat€the€initial€report€and€written€replies€presented€by€the€State€party€be€made€widely€available€to€theÐ ¨ø Ðpublic€at€large€and€that€the€publication€of€the€report€be€considered,€along€with€the€relevant€summaryÐ ”ä Ðrecords€and€the€concluding€observations€adopted€thereon€by€the€Committee.€€Such€a€documentÐ €Ð Ðshould€be€widely€distributed€in€order€to€generate€debate€on€and€awareness€of€the€Convention€and€itsÐ l¼ Ðimplementation€and€monitoring€within€the€Government,€Parliament€and€the€general€public,€includingÐ X ¨ Ðconcerned€non-governmental€organizations.