ÿWPC‘ þ“”w [¼ôÁAÓà2ˆ{$4+(¿ÊÊ<ÑDÃìäM‡æfxD(éÈDl7’–¡†‰ãvU`Í…@zb÷‚zj°Æô¤ÙA±|óBƒÕÌcÛ*æ×Ú댦™'áG'*ŽŒ¬\\ÙüRqÇ-YÕ×”£Kæ"[âlÉΉúZŒÙ5`—lwZ>¼° à)0L:S»“Ð@£ü&队%àåÿ~±Q›Dª¬E#šrÌ®®÷‚±®¼$;„¦¨¶°oµ‹v<¶§\W)é;¬:˜ KL³&‘Çöd ¾b+ÔŸâÚé¹’P8|! 4p8÷’S¹>ºŸ|Ã01ô«¹÷¿Å´l³œÜÒɵ$EcyµÃ§!LÇs´5º‘€Îô'¹—Ó±yñ½+ ƒãp]äE–:«ªèÖvÄ\}4J#“ÕòŽˆVÿîDpÇ' áQ_m_ /Ó|c[*ÃÈkãܵ˜^óïŠ`ƒ&¬‚™¾#×U±;*D®Æ’ÕƒúÒâ¹qÖþV‚H•¤s(Kïʼn œã.O³åí½íþ·= ¢ð8èÁÜ£÷õÔP^Õ0¨m)SG¦ÉÆÛÐϹUî  ¥ú™–“¢åFOõ¡R$îxµ+´Kï9|q§ #Á¶UNw %Å 0:ËU>^ CwO4Sgv mxN˜HP LaserJet 4P,ü,,,,,ü0(@øÐ Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(ûœ$¡¡ÔUKUS.,Ôô\  `‹&Times New RomanL£g, &bœ+zŸwp¢3|x ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒûœ!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òÔ‡X®XXXÔÔ‡¼UÙ»XX®ÔÓ  ÓIRANó óÔ#†X®X»¼UÙ_#Ô€(ò òÔ‡¼UÙ»XX®ÔISLAMIC€REPUBLIC€OF)ó óÔ#†X®X»¼UÙ¹#ÔÔ#†X®XXX®@#ÔÐ ° ÐÓ~ÓÓÓÌÌò òCRC€Ô_ÔCRCÔ_Ô/C/97€Ô_Ô(2000)ó óÔ_ÔÐ œì ÐÌÌ22.à  àThe€Committee€considered€the€initial€report€of€the€Islamic€Republic€of€IranÐ ` ° Ð(CRC/C/41/Add.5)€submitted€on€9€December€1997€at€its€617th€and€618th€meetings€(seeÐ L œ ÐCRC/C/SR.617„618),€held€on€16€May€2000,€and€adopted€the€following€concluding€observations.Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌA.€€òòIntroductionÐ `  ÐÌóó23.à  àThe€Committee€notes€that€the€State€partyððs€report€(CRC/C/41/Add.5)€was€prepared€accordingÐ è8  Ðto€the€Committeeððs€guidelines€for€reporting.€€The€Committee€regrets,€however,€that€the€report€isÐ Ô$  Ðessentially€legalistic€and€does€not€provide€a€self„critical€evaluation€of€the€prevailing€situation€of€theÐ À  Ðexercise€of€childrenððs€rights€in€the€country.€€Moreover,€the€Committee€notes€that€the€rights€of€theÐ ¬ü  Ðchild€are€seen€through€a€paternalistic€lens;€the€child€is€not€seen€as€an€active€subject€of€human€rights.€Ð ˜è ÐThere€are€significant€gaps€in€information€relating€to€general€measures€of€implementation,€generalÐ „Ô Ðprinciples,€particularly€non„discrimination€and€the€best€interests€of€the€child,€civil€rights€andÐ pÀ Ðfreedoms€and€special€protection€measures.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€responses€to€the€list€ofÐ \¬ Ðissues€which€partially€remedied€these€gaps.Ð H˜ ÐÌB.€€òòPositive€aspectsóóÐ  p ÐÌ24.à  àThe€Committee€welcomes€the€State€partyððs€progress€in€achieving€most€of€the€goals€for€theÐ øH Ðyear2000€laid€down€in€the€Plan€of€Action€for€Implementing€the€World€Declaration€on€the€Survival,Ð ä4 ÐProtection€and€Development€of€Children€in€the€Ô_Ô1990sÔ_Ô.Ð Ð  ÐÌ25.à  àThe€Committee€notes€that€article€30€of€the€Constitution€provides€free€education€for€allÐ ¨ø Ðcitizens€up€to€secondary€school,€and€that€over€90percent€of€children€6„10€years€enjoy€access€toÐ ”ä Ðprimary€education.Ð € Ð ÐÌ26.à  àThe€Committee€notes€that€the€State€party€hosts€the€largest€refugee€population€in€the€world,Ð X"¨  Ðaround€2.1€million€people,€including€a€large€percentage€of€children,€and€has€provided€assistance,Ð D#”! Ðgenerally€with€speed€and€effectiveness€and€with€only€limited€help€from€the€international€community.Ð 0$€" ÐÌC.€€òòFactors€and€difficulties€impeding€the€implementation€of€the€ConventionÐ &X!$ ÐÌóó27.à  àNoting€the€universal€values€of€equality€and€tolerance€inherent€in€Islam,€and€concurring€withÐ à'0#& Ðthe€Human€Rights€Committee€and€the€Committee€on€Economic,€Social€and€Cultural€Rights,€theÐ Ì($' ÐCommittee€observes€that€narrow€interpretations€of€Islamic€texts€by€State€authorities€are€impedingÐ ¸)%( Ðthe€enjoyment€of€many€human€rights€protected€under€the€Convention.Ð ¤*ô%) ÐÌD.€€òòPrincipal€subjects€of€concern€and€recommendationsóóÐ |,Ì'+ ÐÐ h-¸(, ÐÔ_Ô1.€€òòGeneral€measures€of€implementationóóÐ ° ÐÌòòLegislationóóÐ ˆØ ÐÌ28.à  àNoting€information€from€the€State€party€that€a€governmental€working€group€has€beenÐ `° Ðestablished€to€study€the€compatibility€of€existing€laws€with€the€Convention,€the€Committee€isÐ L œ Ðnevertheless€concerned€that€the€broad€and€imprecise€nature€of€the€State€partyððs€general€reservationÐ 8 ˆ Ðpotentially€negates€many€of€the€Conventionððs€provisions€and€raises€concern€as€to€its€compatibilityÐ $ t Ðwith€the€object€and€purpose€of€the€Convention.Ð  ` ÐÌ29.à  àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€expedite€this€study€and€use€the€findings€toÐ è 8  Ðreview€the€general€nature€of€its€reservation€with€a€view€to€narrowing,€and€in€the€long„termÐ Ô$  Ðwithdrawing€in€accordance€with€the€Vienna€Declaration€and€Programme€of€Action.Ð À  ÐÌòòCoordinationóóÐ ˜è  ÐÌ30.à  àThe€Committee€is€concerned€that€the€lack€of€administrative€coordination€and€cooperation€atÐ pÀ Ðthe€national€and€local€levels€of€government€is€a€major€problem€in€the€implementation€of€theÐ \¬ ÐConvention.Ð H˜ ÐÌ31.à  àThe€Committee€recommends€to€the€State€party€to:€€adopt€a€comprehensive€national€plan€ofÐ  p Ðaction€to€implement€the€Convention;€allocate€the€necessary€resources,€both€human€and€financial;Ð  \ Ðdevelop€professional€capacity;€and€give€attention€to€intersectoral€coordination€and€cooperation€at€andÐ øH Ðbetween€national€and€local€levels€of€government.€€TheState€party€is€encouraged€to€provide€adequateÐ ä4 Ðsupport€to€local€authorities€for€implementation€of€the€Convention.€€The€Committee€recommends€thatÐ Ð  Ðthe€State€party€seek€assistance€from€UNICEF€and€OHCHR,€among€others.Ð ¼  ÐÌòòIndependent/monitoring€structuresóóÐ ”ä ÐÌ32.à  àThe€Committee€emphasizes€the€importance€of€setting€up€an€independent€mechanism€with€theÐ l¼ Ðmandate€regularly€to€monitor€and€evaluate€progress€in€the€implementation€of€the€Convention€at€theÐ X ¨ Ðnational€and€local€levels.Ð D!” ÐÌ33.à  àThe€Committee€encourages€the€State€party€to€establish€a€statutory,€independent€institution,Ð #l! Ðadequately€staffed€and€resourced,€with€the€mandate€regularly€to€monitor€and€evaluate€progress€in€theÐ $X" Ðimplementation€of€the€Convention€and€empowered€to€receive€and€address€complaints€of€violationsÐ ô$D # Ðof€childrenððs€rights.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€seek€assistance€from€UNICEFÐ à%0!$ Ðand€OHCHR,€among€others.Ð Ì&"% ÐÌòòAllocation€of€budgetary€resourcesóóÐ ¤(ô#' ÐÌ34.à  àNoting€the€State€partyððs€efforts€to€implement€various€child„oriented€programmes,€theÐ |*Ì%) ÐCommittee€nevertheless€expressed€its€concern€that€insufficient€attention€has€been€paid€to€article4Ð h+¸&* Ðof€the€Convention€regarding€the€implementation€to€the€ð ðmaximum€extent€of€ð8ð€available€resourcesððÐ T,¤'+ Ðof€the€economic,€social€and€cultural€rights€of€children.Ð @-(, Ї35.à  àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€develop€ways€to€establish€a€systematicÐ ° Ðassessment€of€the€impact€of€budgetary€allocations€on€the€implementation€of€childrenððs€rights€andÐ œì Ðcollect€and€disseminate€information€in€this€regard.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€partyÐ ˆØ Ðensure€the€adequate€distribution€of€resources€at€the€national€and€local€levels,€where€needed€withinÐ tÄ Ðthe€framework€of€international€cooperation.Ð `° ÐÌòòCooperation€with€NGOsóóÐ 8 ˆ ÐÌ36.à  àThe€Committee€notes€that€cooperation€with€non„governmental€organizations€in€theÐ  ` Ðimplementation€of€the€Convention,€including€preparation€of€the€report,€remains€limited.Ð ü L  ÐÌ37.à  àThe€Committee€encourages€the€State€party€to€consider€a€systematic€approach€to€involvingÐ Ô$  ÐNGOs,€and€civil€society€in€general,€in€all€stages€of€the€implementation€of€the€Convention,€includingÐ À  Ðpolicy„making.Ð ¬ü  ÐÌòòTraining/dissemination€of€the€ConventionóóÐ „Ô  ÐÌ38.à  àAlthough€the€Convention€is€binding€and€has€the€force€of€law,€according€to€article€9€of€theÐ \¬ ÐCivil€Code€and€article€77€of€the€Constitution,€the€Committee€is€concerned€that€is€has€not€beenÐ H˜ Ðinvoked€in€the€courts€because€of€insufficient€awareness€of€the€Convention€amongst€the€judiciary,Ð 4„ Ðlawyers€and€the€general€public,€including€children,€despite€efforts€by€the€State€party€to€informÐ  p Ðchildren€of€their€rights.€€In€this€regard,€the€Committee€is€concerned€that€the€State€party€is€notÐ  \ Ðundertaking€adequate€dissemination€and€awareness„raising€activities€in€a€systematic€and€targetedÐ øH Ðmanner.Ð ä4 ÐÌ39.à  àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€develop€an€ongoing€programme€for€theÐ ¼  Ðdissemination€of€information€regarding€the€implementation€of€the€Convention€among€children€andÐ ¨ø Ðparents,€civil€society€and€all€sectors€and€levels€of€government.€€The€Committee€encourages€the€StateÐ ”ä Ðparty€to€pursue€efforts€to€promote€childrenððs€rights€education€in€the€country,€including€initiatives€toÐ €Ð Ðreach€the€most€vulnerable€groups.€€Moreover,€the€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€partyÐ l¼ Ðstrengthen€its€efforts€and€develop€systematic€and€ongoing€training€programmes€on€the€provisions€ofÐ X ¨ Ðthe€Convention€for€all€professional€groups€working€with€children€(e.g.€judges,€lawyers,€lawÐ D!” Ðenforcement€officials,€civil€servants,€local€government€officials,€personnel€working€in€institutionsÐ 0"€  Ðand€places€of€detention€for€children,€teachers,€health€personnel,€including€psychologists,€and€socialÐ #l! Ðworkers).€€The€Committee€encourages€the€State€party€to€seek€assistance€from€OHCHR€and€UNICEF,Ð $X" Ðamong€others,€in€this€regard.Ð ô$D # ÐÌ2.€€òòDefinition€of€the€childÐ Ì&"% ÐóóÌ40.à  àThe€Committee€notes€information€that€the€State€party€is€making€efforts€to€study€the€age€ofÐ ¤(ô#' Ðmaturity€of€females.€€Nevertheless,€the€Committee€is€concerned€that€the€definition€of€the€child,€underÐ )à$( ÐNote1€of€article1212€of€the€Civil€Code€and€Note€1€of€article49€of€the€Islamic€Penal€Law,€whichÐ |*Ì%) Ðprovide€for€the€attainment€of€majority€at€predefined€ages€of€puberty,€result€in€arbitrary€and€disparateÐ h+¸&* Ðapplication€of€laws€and€discriminate€between€girls€and€boys€with€respect€to€legal€capacity€(includingÐ T,¤'+ Ðminimum€age€for€marriage),€civil€liability€and€age€of€criminal€responsibility.Ð @-(, Ї41.à  àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€review€its€legislation€so€that€the€definitionÐ ° Ðof€the€child€and€minimum€age€requirements€conform€to€the€principles€and€provisions€of€theÐ œì ÐConvention,€and€in€particular€that€they€are€gender€neutral,€and€ensure€that€they€are€enforced.Ð ˆØ ÐÌ3.€€òòGeneral€principlesóóÐ `° ÐÌòòNon„discriminationóóÐ 8 ˆ ÐÌ42.à  àThe€Committee€is€concerned€at€the€persistence€of€discrimination€under€the€law.€€In€particular:€Ð  ` ÐÌÌà  à(a)à ` àThe€Committee€finds€that€discrimination€against€girls€and€children€born€out€ofÐ Ô$  Ðwedlock€under€the€Civil€and€Penal€Codes€is€incompatible€with€article2.€€Moreover,€the€CommitteeÐ À  Ðis€concerned€that€discriminatory€social€attitudes€towards€the€education€of€girls,€primarily€in€ruralÐ ¬ü  Ðareas,€result€in€low€school€enrolments€and€high€drop„out€rates,€and€in€early€and€forced€marriages;Ð ˜è  ÐÌà  à(b)à ` àThe€Committee€finds€that€infringement€of€a€childððs€rights€under€the€Convention€asÐ pÀ Ða€result€of€indirect€discrimination,€or€discrimination€against€his€or€her€mother,€under€the€Civil€CodeÐ \¬ Ð(e.g.€in€relation€to€custody,€guardianship€and€nationality)€is€incompatible€with€article€2.€€TheÐ H˜ ÐCommittee€expresses€its€concern€at€the€persistence€of€stereotypical€attitudes€about€the€roles€andÐ 4„ Ðresponsibilities€of€women€and€men.Ð  p ÐÌ43.à  àConcurring€with€the€findings€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee€(CCPR/C/79/Add.25)€and€theÐ øH ÐCommittee€on€Economic,€Cultural€and€Social€Rights€(E/C.12/1993/7),€and€in€accordance€with€articleÐ ä4 Ð2€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€take€effective€measures€toÐ Ð  Ðprevent€and€eliminate€discrimination€on€the€grounds€of€sex€and€birth€in€all€fields€of€civil,€economic,Ð ¼  Ðpolitical,€social€and€cultural€life.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€make€every€effortÐ ¨ø Ðto€enact€or€rescind,€where€necessary,€civil€and€criminal€legislation€to€prohibit€any€suchÐ ”ä Ðdiscrimination.€€In€this€regard,€the€Committee€encourages€the€State€party€to€consider€the€practicesÐ €Ð Ðof€other€States€that€have€been€successful€in€reconciling€fundamental€rights€with€Islamic€texts.€€TheÐ l¼ ÐCommittee€recommends€that€the€State€party€take€all€appropriate€measures,€such€as€comprehensiveÐ X ¨ Ðpublic€education€campaigns,€to€prevent€and€combat€negative€societal€attitudes€in€this€regard,Ð D!” Ðparticularly€within€the€family.€€Religious€leaders€should€be€mobilized€to€support€such€efforts.Ð 0"€  ÐÌ44.à  àAs€noted€by€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€Racial€DiscriminationÐ $X" Ð(A/54/18,paras.294„313),€the€Committee€is€concerned€at€the€large€disparities€in€the€enjoyment€ofÐ ô$D # Ðrights€in€provinces€inhabited€largely€by€persons€belonging€to€ethnic€minorities,€especially€in€SistanÐ à%0!$ Ðand€Baluchestan,€Lorestan,€West€Azarbaijan,€Ardabil€and€Hormozgan.Ð Ì&"% ÐÌ45.à  àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€take€all€necessary€measures€to€ensure€thatÐ ¤(ô#' Ðall€children€within€its€jurisdiction€enjoy€all€the€rights€set€out€in€the€Convention€withoutÐ )à$( Ðdiscrimination,€in€accordance€with€article€2.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€partyÐ |*Ì%) Ðprioritize€and€target€social€services€for€children€belonging€to€the€most€vulnerable€groups.Ð h+¸&* ÐÌòòBest€interests€of€the€childóóÐ @-(, Ї46.à  àThe€Committee€is€concerned€that€in€all€actions€concerning€children,€the€general€principle€ofÐ ° Ðthe€best€interests€of€the€child€contained€in€article€3€of€the€Convention€is€not€a€primary€consideration,Ð œì Ðincluding€in€matters€relating€to€family€law€(e.g.€duration€of€custody€under€articles1169€and€1170€ofÐ ˆØ Ðthe€Civil€Law€is€arbitrary€as€it€is€determined€by€the€childððs€age,€and€is€discriminatory€against€theÐ tÄ Ðmother).Ð `° ÐÌ47.à  àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€review€its€legislation€and€administrativeÐ 8 ˆ Ðmeasures€to€ensure€that€article€3€of€the€Convention€is€duly€reflected€therein.Ð $ t ÐÌòòRight€to€lifeóóÐ ü L  ÐÌ48.à  àThe€Committee€is€seriously€concerned€that€respect€for€the€inherent€right€to€life€of€a€personÐ Ô$  Ðunder€18€is€not€guaranteed€under€the€law,€particularly€in€light€of€article€220€of€the€Penal€Law€whichÐ À  Ðprovides€that€a€man€who€kills€his€own€child€or€his€sonððs€child€is€subject€only€to€discretionaryÐ ¬ü  Ðpunishment€and€the€payment€of€blood€money.Ð ˜è  ÐÌ49.à  àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€take€all€necessary€measures€to€ensure€thatÐ pÀ Ðthere€is€no€discriminatory€treatment€for€such€crimes,€and€ensure€prompt€and€thorough€investigationsÐ \¬ Ðand€prosecutions.Ð H˜ ÐÌ50.à  àIn€light€of€articles€6€and€37€(a)€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€is€seriously€disturbed€at€theÐ  p Ðapplicability€of€the€death€penalty€for€crimes€committed€by€persons€under€18€and€emphasizes€thatÐ  \ Ðsuch€a€penalty€is€incompatible€with€the€Convention.Ð øH ÐÌ51.à  àThe€Committee€strongly€recommends€that€the€State€party€take€immediate€steps€to€haltÐ Ð  Ðandabolish€by€law€the€imposition€of€the€death€penalty€for€crimes€committed€by€persons€under18.Ð ¼  ÐÌòòRespect€for€the€views€of€the€childóóÐ ”ä ÐÌ52.à  àThe€Committee€welcomes€the€initiation€of€the€ð ðschool€mayorðð€programme,€but€isÐ l¼ Ðnevertheless€concerned€that€respect€for€the€views€of€the€child€remains€limited€owing€to€traditionalÐ X ¨ Ðsocietal€attitudes€towards€children€in€schools,€the€courts,€and€especially€within€the€family.€€TheÐ D!” ÐCommittee€is€concerned€that€the€childððs€views€may€only€be€represented€in€judicial€proceedingsÐ 0"€  Ðaffecting€him€or€her€through€the€father,€paternal€grandfather€or€other€appointed€guardian€and€notÐ #l! Ðdirectly€by€the€child.€€The€Committee€is€of€the€opinion€that€article€1041€of€the€Civil€Code€providingÐ $X" Ðthat€the€marriage€of€a€minor€is€valid€if€the€father€or€legal€guardian€has€given€his€consent,Ð ô$D # Ðnotwithstanding€the€views€of€the€child,€is€incompatible€with€the€Convention.Ð à%0!$ ÐÌ53.à  àThe€Committee€encourages€the€State€party€to€promote€and€facilitate€within€the€family,€theÐ ¸'#& Ðschool,€the€courts€and€administrative€bodies€respect€for€the€views€of€children€and€their€participationÐ ¤(ô#' Ðin€all€matters€affecting€them€in€accordance€with€article€12€of€the€Convention.€€In€this€regard,€theÐ )à$( ÐCommittee€recommends€that€the€State€party€develop€skills-training€programmes€in€communityÐ |*Ì%) Ðsettings€for€teachers,€social€workers€and€local€officials€to€enable€them€to€assist€children€to€expressÐ h+¸&* Ðtheir€informed€decisions€and€take€these€views€into€consideration.€€The€Committee€recommends€thatÐ T,¤'+ Ðthe€State€party€take€all€necessary€measures€to€halt€early€and€forced€marriages,€including€publicÐ @-(, Ðeducation€campaigns,€particularly€in€rural€areas.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€partyÐ ° Ðseek€assistance€from€UNICEF,€among€others.Ð œì ÐÌ4.€€òòCivil€rights€and€freedomsóóÐ tÄ ÐÌòòFreedom€of€expression€and€assemblyóóÐ L œ ÐÌ54.à  àThe€Committee€is€concerned€that€although€the€freedoms€of€expression€and€assembly€areÐ $ t Ðformally€recognized€in€the€Constitution,€the€exercise€of€these€rights€by€children€are€restricted€byÐ  ` Ðvaguely€worded€limitation€clauses€(i.e.€ð ðin€accordance€with€Islamic€criteriaðð),€which€potentiallyÐ ü L  Ðexceed€the€permitted€restrictions€set€out€in€paragraph€2€of€articles€13€and€15€of€the€Convention.€€TheÐ è 8  ÐCommittee€is€concerned€at€reports€of€incidents€of€threats€and€violence€by€vigilante€groups,€such€asÐ Ô$  ÐAnsari„Hezbollah,€directed€at€persons€seeking€to€service€or€to€promote€the€exercise€of€these€rights.€Ð À  ÐÌÌ55.à  àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€establish€clear€criteria€to€assess€whether€aÐ „Ô  Ðgiven€action€or€expression€is€in€accordance€with€interpretations€of€Islamic€texts,€and€considerÐ pÀ Ðappropriate€and€proportionate€means€to€protect€public€morals€while€safeguarding€the€right€of€everyÐ \¬ Ðchild€to€freedom€or€expression€and€assembly.Ð H˜ ÐÌòòFreedom€of€thought,€conscience€and€religionóóÐ  p ÐÌ56.à  àThe€Committee€emphasizes€that€the€human€rights€of€children€cannot€be€realizedÐ øH Ðindependently€from€the€human€rights€of€their€parents,€or€in€isolation€from€society€at€large.€€In€lightÐ ä4 Ðof€article€14€of€the€Convention,€the€1981€Declaration€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€IntoleranceÐ Ð  Ðand€of€Discrimination€Based€on€Religion€or€Belief€(General€Assembly€resolution36/55),Ð ¼  ÐCommission€on€Human€Rights€resolution€2000/33,€the€Human€Rights€Committeeððs€GeneralÐ ¨ø ÐComment€22,€and€concurring€with€the€findings€of€the€Human€Rights€CommitteeÐ ”ä Ð(CCPR/C/79/Add.25)€and€the€Committee€on€Economic,€Social€and€Cultural€Rights€(E/C.12/1993/7),Ð €Ð Ðthe€Committee€is€concerned€at€the€restrictions€on€the€freedom€of€religion,€and€that€restrictions€on€theÐ l¼ Ðfreedom€to€manifest€oneððs€religion€do€not€comply€with€the€requirements€outlined€in€article€14,Ð X ¨ Ðparagraph€3.€€The€Committee€is€especially€concerned€at€the€situation€of€members€of€non„recognizedÐ D!” Ðreligions,€including€the€Bahaððis,€who€experience€discrimination€in€areas€of,€òòinter€aliaóó,€education,Ð 0"€  Ðemployment,€travel,€housing€and€the€enjoyment€of€cultural€activities.Ð #l! ÐÌ57.à  àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€take€effective€measures€to€prevent€andÐ ô$D # Ðeliminate€discrimination€on€the€grounds€of€religion€or€belief€in€the€recognition,€exercise€andÐ à%0!$ Ðenjoyment€of€human€rights€and€fundamental€freedoms€in€all€fields€of€civil,€economic,€political,€socialÐ Ì&"% Ðand€cultural€life.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€make€every€effort€to€enact€orÐ ¸'#& Ðrescind,€where€necessary,€legislation€to€prohibit€any€such€discrimination,€and€take€all€appropriateÐ ¤(ô#' Ðmeasures,€including€public€education€campaigns,€to€combat€intolerance€on€the€grounds€of€religionÐ )à$( Ðor€other€belief.€€The€Committee€endorses€the€recommendations€made€by€the€Special€Rapporteur€onÐ |*Ì%) Ðthe€question€of€religious€intolerance€following€his€visit€to€the€State€party€(E/CN.4/1996/95/Add.2)Ð h+¸&* Ðand€recommends€that€the€State€party€implement€them€fully.Ð T,¤'+ ÐÐ @-(, ÐòòProtection€from€torture,€inhuman€or€degrading€treatment€or€punishmentóóÐ ° ÐÌ58.à  àIn€light€of€article€37€(a)€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€is€seriously€concerned€that€personsÐ ˆØ Ðwho€committed€crimes€while€under€18€can€be€subjected€to€corporal€punishment€under€Note€2€ofÐ tÄ Ðarticle€49€of€the€Islamic€Penal€Law,€or€can€be€subjected€to€a€variety€of€types€of€cruel,€inhuman€orÐ `° Ðdegrading€treatment€and€punishment€such€as€amputation,€flogging€and€stoning,€which€areÐ L œ Ðsystematically€imposed€by€judicial€authorities.€€Concurring€with€the€Human€Rights€CommitteeÐ 8 ˆ Ð(CCPR/C/79/Add.25),€the€Committee€finds€that€application€of€such€measures€is€incompatible€withÐ $ t Ðthe€Convention.Ð  ` ÐÌ59.à  àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€take€all€necessary€steps€to€end€theÐ è 8  Ðimposition€of€corporal€punishment€under€Note€2€of€article€49€of€the€Islamic€Penal€Law€and€theÐ Ô$  Ðimposition€of€amputation,€flogging,€stoning€and€other€forms€of€cruel,€inhuman€or€degradingÐ À  Ðtreatment€and€punishment€to€persons€who€may€have€committed€crimes€while€under€18.Ð ¬ü  ÐÌ5.€€òòFamily€environment€and€alternative€careóóÐ „Ô  ÐÌòòViolence/abuse/neglect/maltreatmentóóÐ \¬ ÐÌ60.à  àIn€light€of€articles€19€and€39€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€is€concerned€that€legislationÐ 4„ Ðprovides€for€corporal€punishment€within€the€family,€under€Note€2€of€article49€and€article59€of€theÐ  p ÐIslamic€Penal€Law€and€article€1179€of€the€Civil€Code.Ð  \ ÐÌ61.à  àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€take€legislative€measures€to€prohibit€allÐ ä4 Ðforms€of€physical€and€mental€violence€against€children,€including€corporal€punishment€and€sexualÐ Ð  Ðabuse,€in€the€family€and€in€the€schools.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€these€measures€beÐ ¼  Ðaccompanied€by€public€education€campaigns€about€the€negative€consequences€of€ill„treatment€ofÐ ¨ø Ðchildren.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€promote€positive,€non„violent€forms€ofÐ ”ä Ðdiscipline€as€an€alternative€to€corporal€punishment,€especially€in€the€home€and€the€schools.€Ð €Ð ÐProgrammes€for€the€rehabilitation€and€€reintegration€of€abused€children€need€to€be€strengthened.€Ð l¼ ÐMoreover,€adequate€procedures€and€mechanisms€need€to€be€established€to:€€receive€complaints;Ð X ¨ Ðmonitor,€investigate€and€prosecute€instances€of€ill-treatment;€and€ensure€that€the€abused€child€is€notÐ D!” Ðvictimized€in€legal€proceedings.€€The€Committee€recommends€the€training€of€teachers,€lawÐ 0"€  Ðenforcement€officials,€care€workers,€judges€and€health€professionals€in€identifying,€reporting€andÐ #l! Ðmanaging€cases€of€ill„treatment.€€Attention€should€be€given€to€addressing€and€overcoming€socio„Ð $X" Ðcultural€barriers€that€inhibit€victims€from€seeking€assistance.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€theÐ ô$D # ÐState€party€seek€assistance€from€UNICEF€and€WHO,€among€others.Ð à%0!$ ÐÌ6.€€òòBasic€health€and€welfareóóÐ ¸'#& ÐÌòòChildren€with€disabilitiesóóÐ )à$( ÐÌ62.à  àWhile€there€are€support€mechanisms€for€the€care€of€children€with€disabilities,€the€CommitteeÐ h+¸&* Ðis€concerned€that€inadequate€efforts€have€been€made€to€include€such€children€in€mainstream€society.€Ð T,¤'+ ÐÐ @-(, Ð63.à  àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€review€existing€policies€and€practices€inÐ ° Ðrelation€to€children€with€disabilities,€taking€due€regard€of€the€Standard€Rules€on€the€Equalization€ofÐ œì ÐOpportunities€for€Persons€with€Disabilities€(General€Assembly€resolution€48/96)€and€of€theÐ ˆØ ÐCommitteeððs€recommendations€adopted€on€its€day€of€general€discussion€on€children€with€disabilitiesÐ tÄ Ð(CRC/C/69),€and€ensure€that€they€enjoy€all€the€rights€contained€in€the€Convention.€€The€CommitteeÐ `° Ðencourages€the€State€party€to€make€greater€efforts€to€promote€community„based€rehabilitationÐ L œ Ðprogrammes€and€inclusive€education.€€The€Committee€encourages€the€State€party€to€undertakeÐ 8 ˆ Ðgreater€efforts€to€make€the€necessary€resources€available,€and€to€seek€assistance€from€UNICEF,Ð $ t ÐWHO€and€relevant€NGOs,€among€others.€€Ð  ` ÐÌòòRight€to€health€and€health€careóóÐ è 8  ÐÌ64.à  àNoting€the€significant€achievements€made€in€the€area€of€child€health,€the€Committee€isÐ À  Ðhowever€concerned€at€the€insufficient€information€available€in€relation€to€adolescent€health,Ð ¬ü  Ðincluding€on€reproductive€health€services,€STD€and€HIV/AIDS€prevention€programmes,€counsellingÐ ˜è  Ðservices€and€substance€abuse.Ð „Ô  ÐÌ65.à  àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€undertake€a€comprehensive€study€toÐ \¬ Ðdetermine€the€nature€and€extent€of€adolescent€health€problems,€with€the€full€participation€ofÐ H˜ Ðadolescents,€and€use€this€as€a€basis€to€formulate€adolescent€health€policies€and€programmes.€€In€lightÐ 4„ Ðof€article€24,€the€Committee€recommends€that€adolescents€have€access€to€and€be€provided€withÐ  p Ðreproductive€health€education€and€child„friendly€counselling€and€rehabilitation€services.€€TheÐ  \ ÐCommittee€recommends€that€the€State€party€seek€assistance€from€UNICEF€and€WHO,€among€others.Ð øH ÐÌòòRight€to€an€adequate€standard€of€livingóóÐ Ð  ÐÌ66.à  àThe€Committee€is€concerned€about€large€numbers€of€children€living€and/or€working€on€theÐ ¨ø Ðstreets,€particularly€in€urban€centres€such€as€Tehran€and€Isfahan,€who€are€amongst€the€mostÐ ”ä Ðmarginalized€groups€of€children€in€Iran.€Ð €Ð ÐÌ67.à  àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€establish€mechanisms€to€ensure€that€theseÐ X ¨ Ðchildren€are€provided€with€identity€documents,€food,€clothing€and€housing.€€Moreover,€the€StateÐ D!” Ðparty€should€ensure€that€these€children€have€access€to€health€care;€rehabilitation€services€for€physical,Ð 0"€  Ðsexual,€and€substance€abuse;€services€for€reconciliation€with€their€families;€comprehensiveÐ #l! Ðeducation,€including€vocational€and€life„skills€training;€and€legal€aid.€€The€Committee€recommendsÐ $X" Ðthat€the€State€party€seek€assistance€from€UNICEF,€among€others.Ð ô$D # ÐÌ7.€€òòEducation,€leisure€and€cultural€activitiesÐ Ì&"% ÐóóÌòòAims€of€educationóóÐ ¤(ô#' ÐÌ68.à  àNoting€significant€efforts€by€the€State€party€to€improve€education€coverage,€the€CommitteeÐ |*Ì%) Ðis€concerned€that€the€aims€of€education€as€presented€in€paragraphs€150„152€of€the€report€do€notÐ h+¸&* Ðadequately€reflect€the€aims€outlined€in€article€29€of€the€Convention,€particularly€in€regard€to€theÐ T,¤'+ Ðdevelopment€and€respect€for€human€rights,€tolerance,€and€equality€of€the€sexes€and€religious€andÐ @-(, Ðethnic€minorities.Ð ° ÐÌ69.à  àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€take€due€regard€of€the€aims€of€education€laidÐ ˆØ Ðdown€in€article€29€and€consider€introducing€human€rights,€including€the€Convention€on€the€RightsÐ tÄ Ðof€the€Child,€into€the€school€curricula,€including€at€the€primary€school€level.€€The€CommitteeÐ `° Ðencourages€the€State€party€to€seek€assistance€from€UNICEF,€UNESCO€and€relevant€NGOs,€amongÐ L œ Ðothers.€Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌ8.€€òòSpecial€measures€of€protectionóóÐ  ` ÐÌòòUnaccompanied,€asylum„seeking€and€refugee€childrenóóÐ è 8  ÐÌ70.à  àThe€Committee€is€concerned€that€many€refugee€children€remain€unregistered,€which€limitsÐ À  Ðtheir€ability€to€fully€utilize€social€services,€including€schools.Ð ¬ü  ÐÌ71.à  àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party:€€ratify€the€1954€Convention€relating€to€theÐ „Ô  ÐStatus€of€Stateless€Persons€and€the€1961€Convention€on€the€Reduction€of€Statelessness;€set€up€aÐ pÀ Ðcentral€system€of€registration€and€monitoring€of€refugees€in€order€to€provide€accurate€statistics,€andÐ \¬ Ðclarify€the€status€of€refugees;€adopt€special€measures€to€deal€with€unaccompanied€children;€entertainÐ H˜ Ðrequests€for€family€reunification€in€view€of€its€impact€of€the€possibility€of€resettlement€in€thirdÐ 4„ Ðcountries€of€asylum;€and€review€discriminatory€employment€policies€(i.e.€issuance€of€work€permits)Ð  p Ðwhich€affect€the€capacity€of€refugee€families,€particularly€Afghan€refugees,€to€support€themselves.€Ð  \ ÐThe€Committee€encourages€the€State€party€to€continue€and€expand€its€cooperation€with€internationalÐ øH Ðagencies,€including€UNHCR€and€UNICEF.€Ð ä4 ÐÌòòEconomic€exploitationóóÐ ¼  ÐÌ72.à  àThe€Committee€is€concerned€at€the€large€numbers€of€children€involved€in€child€labour,Ð ”ä Ðespecially€in€the€informal€sector,€such€as€household€enterprises€and€agriculture,€many€of€whom€areÐ €Ð Ðworking€in€hazardous€conditions.Ð l¼ ÐÌ73.à  àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€raise€the€age€for€the€end€of€compulsoryÐ D!” Ðeducation€to€the€minimum€age€of€admission€to€employment€as€set€out€under€article€79€of€the€LabourÐ 0"€  ÐAct.€€Employers€should€be€required€to€have€and€produce€on€demand€proof€of€age€of€all€childrenÐ #l! Ðworking€on€their€premises,€and€the€State€party€should€vigorously€pursue€enforcement€of€minimum„Ð $X" Ðage€standards.€€In€light€of€the€State€partyððs€assertion€that€child€labour€legislation€is€in€conformity€withÐ ô$D # ÐILO€standards€(CRC/C/41/Add.5,€para.€4),€the€Committee€encourages€the€State€party€to€ratify€theÐ à%0!$ ÐILO€Conventions€concerning€child€labour,€including€the€Convention€concerning€the€Minimum€AgeÐ Ì&"% Ðfor€Admission€to€Employment€(No.€138),€and€the€Convention€concerning€the€Prohibition€andÐ ¸'#& ÐImmediate€Action€for€the€Elimination€of€the€Worst€Forms€of€Child€Labour.€€The€CommitteeÐ ¤(ô#' Ðrecommends€that€the€State€party€seek€assistance€from€ILO,€among€others.Ð )à$( ÐÌòòAdministration€of€juvenile€justiceóóÐ h+¸&* ÐÌ74.à  àThe€Committee€is€concerned€that€persons€under€18€may€be€prosecuted€for€crimes€in€the€sameÐ @-(, Ðmanner€as€adults,€without€special€procedures;€are€potentially€liable€for€the€same€penalties€as€adults;Ð ° Ðmay€be€subject€to€deprivation€of€liberty€without€due€process€under€article49€of€the€Islamic€PenalÐ œì ÐLaw;€and,€apart€from€facilities€in€some€large€cities,€may€be€held€in€detention€with€adults.€Ð ˆØ ÐFurthermore,€the€Committee€is€concerned€that€the€right€of€juvenile€delinquents€to€protective€andÐ tÄ Ðrehabilitative€measures€is€not€guaranteed.Ð `° ÐÌ75.à  àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€establish€a€system€of€juvenile€justice,€fullyÐ 8 ˆ Ðintegrating€into€its€legislation€and€practice€the€provisions€of€the€Convention,€in€particular€articles€37,Ð $ t Ð40€and€39,€as€well€as€other€relevant€international€standards€in€this€area,€such€as€the€Beijing€Rules,Ð  ` Ðthe€Riyadh€Guidelines,€the€UnitedNations€Rules€for€the€Protection€of€Juveniles€Deprived€of€theirÐ ü L  ÐLiberty,€and€the€Vienna€Guidelines€for€Action€on€Children€in€the€Criminal€Justice€System.€€ParticularÐ è 8  Ðattention€should€be€paid€to€ensure€that€deprivation€of€liberty€is€only€used€as€a€measure€of€last€resort,Ð Ô$  Ðchildren€have€access€to€legal€aid,€and€that€children€are€not€detained€with€adults.€€Facilities€andÐ À  Ðprogrammes€for€the€physical€and€psychological€recovery€and€social€reintegration€of€juveniles€shouldÐ ¬ü  Ðbe€developed.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€seek€assistance€from€OHCHR,€theÐ ˜è  ÐCentre€for€International€Crime€Prevention,€the€International€Network€on€Juvenile€Justice,€andÐ „Ô  ÐUNICEF€through€the€Coordination€Panel€on€Juvenile€Justice,€among€others.Ð pÀ ÐÌ9.€€òòDissemination€of€the€reportsóóÐ H˜ ÐÌ76.à  àFinally,€the€Committee€recommends€that€in€accordance€with€article€44,€paragraph6,€of€theÐ  p ÐConvention,€the€initial€report€presented€by€the€State€party€be€made€widely€available€to€the€public€atÐ  \ Ðlarge€and€that€consideration€be€given€to€the€publication€of€the€report€along€with€the€written€answersÐ øH Ðto€the€list€of€issues€raised€by€the€Committee,€the€relevant€summary€records€of€the€discussion€and€theÐ ä4 Ðconcluding€observations€adopted€thereon€by€the€Committee€following€its€consideration€of€the€report.€Ð Ð  ÐSuch€a€document€should€be€widely€distributed€in€order€to€generate€debate€and€awareness€of€theÐ ¼  ÐConvention€and€its€implementation€and€monitoring€within€the€Government,€the€Parliament€and€theÐ ¨ø Ðgeneral€public,€including€concerned€NGOs.Ð ”ä ÐÓZÓ