’WPC°  ,¼‡A_–Øž1ŒĒŠĀK¹4Œ8h“°¬YōihĄoļ\7øź½’Kk@oœxpäꩱwļ ū{°čNßś«!T²(ōęÕ÷˜PųD8Ŗeļ¦ĪV/śµ(Æ*ņ?®|ÜäGwō€‡,ˆ!·FĖÜGüĖöōDq쓊ķŌąAm?t@]ĖģĖč‘«ĪįõBTÄēŹ D7žmq×%jrœ7ŠŅŒåW0ÄĪķEmā‹h3ǘX†qĀ”ĮĄłxƒŒ›“gż4s˜rfģ°T͉ż·čjŃg¾ö°Ÿę“Ä™ŗ«ź6Ų¬Ėl!y"©ƒUŹZ(” åŻŅ•…Š.Å ¦yµ’Ͱ8Ž[TuōĖOį5˜C¼m¢õ5ó);±§²­ŠļŌ2‰+,§Ł„E­+6&hpŗ Į÷cŒpM'£a»+ög ¤,hń5D½ Ņ¼›rżģĪśUnßQ(5%ILdļ^(§»ö&ńpõP±Ģ+ōa'ž•FP’˜gخ؞_ė{ʦ#cjui92W%ėŲ„’wOīYй–ݧǒH²£9ā%µ©˜Ī'“Ū#Y.ićQ“į“©=a¾Uf+=®+©ƒ«XŠn$LĮŌ?ˆŁYZ#ĮģUN­ %ū 0: ^ ; wG 4K _ n mp ‡ N E‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ B“ ˜HP LaserJet 4P,ü,,,,,ü0&Öd9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(ūœ$””ŌUKUS.,ŌÅ«g, &bœ+,€”LN”3|x!’U‹’ĄĄĄ  dŻ ƒūœ!ŻŌUKUS.,ŌŻ  ŻŌ_ŌŌCEUK.,ŌÓ  ÓŌ‡¼ėŒ»XXŌņ ņITALYó óŌ#†X” X»¼ėŒ[#ŌŠ ° ŠĢĢÓOÓņ ņŌ_ŌCCPRŌ_Ō€€A/36/40€Ō_Ō(1981)ó óŌ_ŌŠ œģ ŠÓ  ÓĢĢ104.€€The€Committee€considered€the€initial€report€of€Italy€(Ō_ŌCCPRŌ_Ō/C/6/Add.4)€at€its€257ņņthóó,€258ņņthóó,€andŠ ` ° Š261ņņstóó€meetings€held€on€28€and€30€October€1980€(Ō_ŌCCPRŌ_Ō/C/SR.257,€258€and€261).€Š L œ ŠĢ105.€€The€report€was€introduced€by€the€representative€of€the€State€party€who€supplemented€theŠ $ t  Šinformation€contained€in€the€report€concerning€the€incorporation€of€the€Covenant€in€the€Italian€legalŠ `  Šsystem,€and€brought€the€report€up€to€date€by€indicating€the€new€developments€which€had€occurredŠ üL  Šduring€the€period€since€the€report€had€been€prepared.Š č8  ŠĢ106.€€The€representative€informed€the€Committee€that€the€Covenants€on€Human€Rights€had€beenŠ Ą  Šdisseminated€in€1980€on€the€initiative€of€the€Presidency€of€the€Council€of€Ministers€by€means€of€aŠ ¬ü  Špublication€entitled€š šThe€International€Protection€of€Human€Rightsšš,€the€first€chapter€of€which€wasŠ ˜č Šdevoted€to€the€activities€of€the€United€Nations€on€this€subject.Š „Ō ŠĢ107.€€The€representative€stated€that€a€number€of€referenda€relating€to€civil€rights€had€recently€beenŠ \¬ Šproposed€by€political€parties.€€The€objectives€were€to€abolish€the€penalty€of€life€imprisonment,€toŠ H˜ Šrepeal€certain€articles€of€the€Penal€Code€regarded€as€restrictive€of€the€freedom€of€opinion,€to€repealŠ 4„ Ša€Government€decree€providing€for€urgent€measures€for€the€protection€of€the€democratic€order€andŠ  p Špublic€security,€and€to€repeal€a€number€of€penal€measures€connected€with€certain€cases€of€theŠ  \ Švoluntary€interruption€of€pregnancy.€€He€also€stated€that€in€view€of€the€persistence€of€acts€ofŠ ųH Šterrorism,€the€Government€had€enacted€law€No.€15€of€16€February€1980€providing,€ņņinter€aliaóó,€forŠ ä4 Šincreased€penalties€for€crimes€intended€to€subvert€the€democratic€order€and€specific€penalties€forŠ Š  Šthose€who€promoted€or€directed€associations€having€that€aim;€that€another€preventive€measureŠ ¼  Šenabled€officials€and€agents€of€public€security,€if€duly€authorized€by€the€judicial€authorities,€to€searchŠ Øų Šhouses€and€buildings€when€there€was€a€well„founded€suspicion€that€wanted€persons€or€certain€objectsŠ ”ä Šwere€hidden€in€them;€that€in€connection€with€article€7€of€the€Covenant,€the€Government€had€madeŠ € Š Ša€unilateral€declaration€on€the€right€not€to€be€subjected€to€torture€or€to€other€cruel,€inhuman€andŠ l!¼ Šdegrading€treatment;€and€that€a€bill€introducing€supplementary€regulations€governing€the€status€ofŠ X"Ø  Šaliens€was€under€consideration€in€Parliament.€Š D#”! ŠĢ108.€€Members€of€the€Committee€expressed€their€appreciation€for€the€comprehensive€manner€inŠ %l # Šwhich€the€report€was€prepared€and€for€the€additional€information€provided€by€the€representative€ofŠ &X!$ Šthe€State€party.€They€also€commended€the€Italian€initiative€in€setting€up€an€Ō_ŌInterministerialŌ_ŌŠ ō&D"% ŠCommittee€on€Human€Rights€which€included€not€only€Government€representatives€but€alsoŠ ą'0#& Šrepresentatives€of€private€organizations€and€scholars.€€They€welcomed€it€as€an€admirable€mechanismŠ Ģ($' Što€carry€out€a€systematic€review€of€the€legislative,€administrative€and€other€measures€designed€toŠ ø)%( Šfulfil€Italyššs€international€obligations€in€the€field€of€human€rights.€€They€noted€that€it€also€tookŠ ¤*ō%) Šaccount€of€experience€gained€abroad€and€in€this€connection€it€was€pointed€out€that€the€Human€RightsŠ +ą&* ŠCommittee€could€provide€a€forum€in€which€States€parties€could€learn€from€each€otherššs€experienceŠ |,Ģ'+ Šand€they€also€suggested€that€the€attention€of€States€parties€should€be€drawn€to€this€institution,€to€itsŠ h-ø(, Šterms€of€reference€and€to€its€methods€of€work.€€Members€also€praised€the€wide€publicity€given€to€theŠ ° ŠCovenant€and€the€reference€in€the€report€to€court€decisions€in€some€important€cases€involving€humanŠ œģ Šrights.Š ˆŲ ŠĢ109.€€With€reference€to€the€general€remarks€made€in€Part€1€of€the€report,€questions€were€asked€as€toŠ `° Šwho€was€entitled€to€bring€a€matter€before€the€Constitutional€Court€which€was€responsible€forŠ L œ Špronouncing€on€the€constitutionality€of€laws;€what€was€meant€by€the€expressions€š šeconomicŠ 8 ˆ Špluralismšš,€š šequal€social€dignityšš€and€š šequal€social€statusšš;€what€were€š šthe€economic€and€socialŠ $ t Šobstacles€which€in€practice€hindered€the€full€development€of€the€human€person€by€limiting€theŠ  ` Šequality€and€freedom€of€citizensšš€and€which€the€Constitution€required€the€State€to€remove;€and€whatŠ ü L  Šparticular€measures€the€Italian€authorities€had€undertaken€in€addition€to€legislative€measures€toŠ č 8  Šensure€the€enjoyment€and€protection€of€human€rights.€€A€question€was€also€asked€as€to€whether,€inŠ Ō$  Šthe€view€of€the€Government,€the€Covenant€also€imposed€obligations€on€individuals€or€rather€imposedŠ Ą  Šthe€obligation€on€States€to€protect€the€individuals€against€the€practices€of€other€individuals.€Š ¬ü  ŠĢ110.€€Commenting€on€statements€in€the€report,€as€complemented€by€the€representative€of€the€StateŠ „Ō  Šparty,€concerning€the€position€of€the€Covenant€in€the€Italian€legal€system,€members€of€the€CommitteeŠ pĄ Šnoted€that€incorporation€of€the€Covenant€in€domestic€law€was€not€enough€to€make€it€self„executingŠ \¬ Šsince€other€legislative€measures€were€required,€ņņinter€aliaóó,€to€provide€for€remedies€and€to€establishŠ H˜ Šcourt€competence;€that€incorporation€of€the€Covenant€into€the€law€of€the€State€did€not€remove€itsŠ 4„ Šcharacter€as€an€international€instrument€which€still€required€to€be€interpreted€in€conformity€with€theŠ  p Šrules€of€the€Vienna€Convention€on€the€Law€of€Treaties€and€that€national€courts€and€tribunals€couldŠ  \ Šderive€assistance€from€the€interpretation€of€provisions€of€the€Covenant€by€the€Committee€since€theŠ ųH Šlatter€had€the€advantage€of€bringing€together€the€experience€and€interpretation€emanating€from€StatesŠ ä4 Šparties.€€They€asked€what€the€status€of€the€Covenant€was€in€the€hierarchy€of€Italian€legislation;€whichŠ Š  Šwould€prevail€in€case€of€conflict€between€a€domestic€law€and€the€Covenant;€what€the€actual€effectŠ ¼  Šwas€of€the€incorporation€of€the€Covenant€into€Italian€law€and€whether€a€person€affected€by€such€aŠ Øų Šlaw€could,€by€invoking€it,€be€secured€the€enjoyment€of€the€rights€provided€for€in€the€Covenant;Š ”ä Šwhether€there€was€a€general€ruling€in€Italy€under€which€domestic€legislation€was€to€be€interpretedŠ €Š Šin€accordance€with€the€international€obligations€contracted€by€Italy;€whether€the€representative€couldŠ l¼ Šgive€examples€of€the€Covenant€being€invoked€before€the€courts€or€before€administrative€authorities;Š X Ø Šwhat€solution€was€adopted€when€a€law€proved€to€be€in€violation€of€the€Covenant€and€whether€theŠ D!” ŠConstitutional€Court€was€competent€to€declare€it€invalid€and€whether€legal€precedents€existed.Š 0"€  ŠĢ111.€€In€connection€with€article€1€of€the€Covenant,€members€expressed€their€appreciation€for€theŠ $X" Šinclusion€in€the€report€of€specific€statements€reflecting€the€position€of€Italy€regarding€theŠ ō$D # Šimplementation€of€the€right€of€people€to€self„determination.€Clarification€was€requested€as€to€whatŠ ą%0!$ ŠItalyššs€position€was€with€respect€to€United€Nations€resolutions€on€relations€with€the€racist€rgime€ofŠ Ģ&"% ŠSouth€Africa;€what€specific€measures€it€had€adopted€to€expedite,€either€within€the€United€NationsŠ ø'#& Šor€outside€it,€the€democratization€process€in€South€Africa;€whether€the€Government€of€Italyššs€beliefŠ ¤(ō#' Šin€peaceful€transition€from€South€Africaššs€illegal€occupation€to€Namibiaššs€independence€meant€thatŠ )ą$( ŠItaly€was€in€favour€of€imposing€sanctions€against€South€Africa€and€of€ending€the€illegal€occupationŠ |*Ģ%) Šof€Namibia;€whether€Italyššs€avowed€commitment€to€work€towards€overcoming€the€South€AfricanŠ h+ø&* Špolicy€of€ņņapartheidóó€meant€that€Italy€prohibited€Italian€companies€from€rendering€economic,€financialŠ T,¤'+ Šor€any€other€assistance€to€the€ņņapartheidóó€rgime€and€prohibited€private€investments€in,€and€loans€to,Š @-(, ŠSouth€Africa.€€Questions€were€also€asked€as€to€whether€Italy€recognized€the€right€of€the€PalestinianŠ ° Špeople€to€self„determination€and€recognized€the€Palestine€Liberation€Organization€as€the€legitimateŠ œģ Šrepresentative€of€that€people;€what€specific€measures€it€had€taken€to€support€the€legitimateŠ ˆŲ Šaspirations€of€the€Palestinian€people€to€a€free€and€independent€homeland;€and€what€Italyššs€positionŠ tÄ Šwas€with€respect€to€the€plans€of€Ō_ŌUNDPŌ_Ō€to€extend€its€aid€to€the€Israeli„occupied€territories.Š `° ŠĢ112.€€In€relation€to€article€2€of€the€Covenant,€questions€were€asked€as€to€whether,€in€the€event€thatŠ 8 ˆ Šthe€administrative€authority€concerned€failed€to€act,€the€author€of€a€complaint€would€be€entitled€toŠ $ t Šapply€to€the€courts€or€to€a€higher€administrative€authority€to€compel€the€authority€concerned€to€takeŠ  ` Šaction;€whether€the€Council€of€State€exercised€jurisdiction€over€administrative€laws€affecting€theŠ ü L  Šindividual€and€whether€there€were€regional,€provincial€or€local€administrative€courts€below€it.€Š č 8  ŠĢ113.€€As€regards€article€3€of€the€Covenant,€it€was€noted€that,€despite€the€considerable€legislativeŠ Ą  Šprogress€that€had€been€made€in€Italy€in€the€past€few€years€in€promoting€equality€between€men€andŠ ¬ü  Šwomen,€a€few€professions€such€as€the€military€and€police€forces€were€still€barred€to€women€and€thatŠ ˜č  Šwomen€still€played€a€modest€role€in€the€public€life€of€the€country.€€Regarding€the€statement€in€theŠ „Ō  Šreport€that€some€ņņde€factoóó€discrimination€existed€against€women,€clarification€was€sought€as€to€whatŠ pĄ Šspecific€problems€Italy€had€encountered€in€that€field,€what€measures€were€being€envisaged€to€solveŠ \¬ Šthem€and€whether€these€included€the€setting€up€of€any€administrative€or€other€body€to€assist€womenŠ H˜ Šin€overcoming€the€discriminatory€treatment€of€which€they€were€still€victims€in€Italy.Š 4„ ŠĢ114.€€With€respect€to€statements€in€the€report€concerning€article€4€of€the€Covenant,€members€referredŠ  \ Što€measures€taken€to€combat€kidnapping,€terrorism,€subversion€and€other€political€crimes€asŠ ųH Šembodied€in€laws€enacted€in€1975,€1978€and€1980.€€They€also€noted€that€no€derogation€from€theŠ ä4 Šobligations€under€the€Covenant€was€possible€unless€a€public€emergency€threatened€the€life€of€theŠ Š  Šnation€and€was€officially€proclaimed€and€that€the€exceptions€referred€to€in€articles€12,€14,€18,€19,€21Š ¼  Šand€22€of€the€Covenant€were€not€derogations.€€They€asked€to€what€extent€the€laws€adopted€in€1975,Š Øų Š1978€and€1980€fell€within€those€exceptions.€€It€was€also€noted€that€the€Constitution€provided€that,Š ”ä Šin€the€event€of€war€or€of€the€proclamation€of€public€emergency,€the€exercise€of€the€rights€guaranteedŠ €Š Šin€the€Constitution€apart€from€the€right€to€life,€could€be€temporarily€suspended.€€The€question€wasŠ l¼ Šraised€as€to€whether€this€provision€was€in€keeping€with€article€4€of€the€Covenant€which€prohibitedŠ X Ø Šderogation€from€certain€specific€rights€in€all€circumstances.Š D!” ŠĢ115.€€In€relation€to€article€6€of€the€Covenant,€it€was€asked€what€the€Government€had€done€to€reduceŠ #l! Šinfant€mortality€and€to€establish€an€effective€public€health€system;€whether€there€were€any€lawsŠ $X" Šwhich€prohibited€the€use€of€drugs€for€other€than€medical€purposes;€and€whether€the€provisionsŠ ō$D # Šgoverning€the€use€of€arms€by€public€officials€had€been€supplemented€by€instructions€given€to€theŠ ą%0!$ Špolice€forces.€€Noting€that€capital€punishment€could€still€be€applied€to€persons€guilty€of€certainŠ Ģ&"% Šcrimes€under€the€military€Code€of€War€of€1941,€members€asked€whether€those€crimes€fell€within€theŠ ø'#& Šcategory€of€the€š šmost€serious€crimesšš€for€which€article€6€of€the€Covenant€authorized€the€possibleŠ ¤(ō#' Šimposition€of€the€death€penalty,€and€whether€the€Government€was€prepared€to€reconsider€thoseŠ )ą$( Šexceptions,€especially€since€they€were€provided€for€in€a€law€enacted€by€the€previous€Ō_ŌFacistŌ_Ō€rgime.€Š |*Ģ%) ŠĢ116.€€Commenting€on€articles€7€and€10€of€the€Covenant,€members€asked€whether€solitaryŠ T,¤'+ Šconfinement€was€authorized€and,€if€so,€in€what€circumstances,€for€how€long€and€for€what€reasons;Š @-(, Šwhether€Italian€penitentiary€institutions€had€been€improved€recently;€what€procedures€were€availableŠ ° Što€investigate€the€case€of€a€prisoner€complaining€of€ill€treatment€in€prison,€who€conducted€theŠ œģ Šinvestigation€and€what€the€practical€results€were;€and€whether€a€person€independent€of€the€prisonŠ ˆŲ Šauthorities€was€authorized€to€inspect€prisons,€receive€complaints€and€take€action.Š tÄ ŠĢ117.€€In€connection€with€article€8€of€the€Covenant,€it€was€pointed€out€that€the€Covenant€did€not€allowŠ L œ Špersons€to€be€subjected€to€forced€labour€because€their€š šantisocial€behaviouršš€was€thought€to€beŠ 8 ˆ Šdangerous€for€the€community,€as€mentioned€in€the€report,€the€more€so€since€š šantisocial€behaviourššŠ $ t Šcould€be€widely€interpreted.€€In€formation€was€requested€on€the€circumstances€under€which€personsŠ  ` Šcould€be€assigned€to€a€farm€colony€or€a€labour€establishment,€what€the€assignment€entailed,€howŠ ü L  Šmany€persons€there€were€in€such€colonies€or€establishments,€and€on€the€meaning€of€the€š šdelinquentŠ č 8  Štendenciesšš€of€persons€who€could€be€assigned€to€such€places.€Š Ō$  ŠĢ118.€€With€reference€to€article€9€of€the€Covenant,€information€was€requested€on€the€grounds,€otherŠ ¬ü  Šthan€the€criminal,€which€could€lead€to€deprivation€of€liberty;€on€how€the€guarantees€under€this€articleŠ ˜č  Šwere€implemented€by€Italian€law€in€areas€such€as€those€covered€by€the€laws€on€mental€health,€borderŠ „Ō  Šcontrols€and€vagrancy;€on€the€extent€to€which€the€provisions€of€the€special€measures€enacted€in€1975Š pĄ Šand€1980€could€be€applied€not€only€to€acts€of€terrorism€but€also€to€ordinary€offences€and€on€whetherŠ \¬ Šthe€guarantees€afforded€to€a€person€deprived€of€his€liberty€had€been€reduced€in€a€general€way€orŠ H˜ Šsolely€in€cases€of€terrorism.€€Noting€the€long€periods€of€pre„trial€detention€mentioned€in€the€report,Š 4„ Šmembers€questioned€the€extent€to€which€provisions€regulating€them€were€in€conformity€with€articleŠ  p Š14€of€the€Covenant€which€required€that€everyone€charged€with€a€criminal€offence€should€have€theŠ  \ Šright€to€be€presumed€innocent€until€proven€guilty€according€to€law€and€with€article€9€which€requiredŠ ųH Šthat€anyone€arrested€or€detained€on€a€criminal€charge€should€be€brought€promptly€before€the€judicialŠ ä4 Šauthorities€and€to€be€tried€within€a€reasonable€time;€whether€there€were€many€cases€of€persons€whoŠ Š  Šhad€been€released€after€a€lengthy€period€in€custody€without€there€having€been€any€trial,€owing€to€lackŠ ¼  Šof€evidence,€for€example,€whether€the€Italian€authorities€had€taken€measures€and€allocated€theŠ Øų Šnecessary€funds€to€expedite€the€investigation€in€cases€of€terrorism;€how€the€Italian€Government€couldŠ ”ä Šjustify€the€non„recognition€by€law€of€the€right€to€compensation€for€any€unlawful€arrest€or€detentionŠ €Š Šas€provided€for€in€article€9€of€the€Covenant;€and€what€progress€had€been€made€on€the€proposals€forŠ l¼ Šreform€of€the€Penal€Code€and€the€code€of€Penal€Procedure€mentioned€in€the€report.€Š X Ø ŠĢ119.€€In€connection€with€article€12€which€deals€with€the€right€to€liberty€of€movement€and€freedomŠ 0"€  Što€choose€oneššs€residence,€reference€was€made€to€š špersons€prohibited€from€residing€in€one€or€moreŠ #l! Šcommunes€or€compelled€to€reside€in€a€determined€communešš,€mentioned€in€the€report,€and€it€wasŠ $X" Šasked€what€legal€criteria€formed€the€basis€of€a€decision€of€that€kind€and€whether€such€measures€couldŠ ō$D # Šbe€challenged€and€before€which€body.€€It€was€also€asked€whether,€in€the€event€that€a€person€wasŠ ą%0!$ Šrefused€a€passport,€forbidden€to€leave€the€country€or€deprived€of€his€nationality,€there€was€a€remedyŠ Ģ&"% Šand,€if€so,€what€organ€would€adjudicate.Š ø'#& ŠĢ120.€€As€regards€article€13€of€the€Covenant,€questions€were€asked€on€the€nature€of€the€š šoffenceŠ )ą$( Šagainst€the€personality€of€the€Statešš€which€could€justify€the€expulsion€of€aliens;€whether€the€decisionŠ |*Ģ%) Šof€the€Minister€of€the€Interior€to€expel€an€alien€on€grounds€of€public€security€could€be€challengedŠ h+ø&* Šbefore€an€administrative€court€or€before€the€Council€of€State;€how€Italian€law€defined€a€politicalŠ T,¤'+ Šoffence€and€whether,€if€Italy€refused€to€extradite€a€person€charged€with€murder€for€political€reasons,Š @-(, Šthat€person€would€be€tried€in€Italy;€how€did€Italian€authorities€deal€with€foreigners€who€worked€inŠ ° Šthe€country€without€a€permit;€and€whether€the€draft€bill€approved€by€the€Council€of€Ministers€whichŠ œģ Šintroduced€supplementary€regulations€to€govern€the€status€of€aliens€was€in€conformity€with€articleŠ ˆŲ Š13€of€the€Covenant.Š tÄ ŠĢ121.€€In€relation€to€article€14€of€the€Covenant,€it€was€asked€how€the€independence€of€judges€wasŠ L œ Šguaranteed€in€the€context€of€a€system€of€appointments€which,€at€all€levels,€depended€almost€entirelyŠ 8 ˆ Šon€the€Executive;€and€whether€the€statement€in€the€report€concerning€the€participation€of€lay€personsŠ $ t Šdirectly€in€the€administration€of€justice€referred€to€some€system€of€juries,€arbitrators,€lay€magistratesŠ  ` Šor€assessors.Š ü L  ŠĢ122.€€In€connection€with€article€16€of€the€Covenant,€it€was€asked€whether,€in€the€light€of€article€22Š Ō$  Šof€the€Constitution,€there€were€non„political€reasons€for€which€a€person€could€be€deprived€of€hisŠ Ą  Šlegal€status,€his€citizenship€or€his€name€and,€if€so,€what€these€reasons€were€and€whether€there€wereŠ ¬ü  Šany€cases€where€loss€of€nationality€was€prescribed€as€a€penalty.Š ˜č  ŠĢ123.€€With€reference€to€article€17€of€the€Covenant,€questions€were€raised€on€the€nature€of€theŠ pĄ Šexceptions€that€could€be€made€to€the€inviolability€of€the€home€and€of€correspondence,€theŠ \¬ Šcircumstances€in€which€telephone€interception€might€be€authorized€and€the€extent€to€whichŠ H˜ Šprovision,€which€required€individuals€who€had€a€foreigner€as€a€guest€in€their€homes€(whichŠ 4„ Šapparently€applied€even€if€the€visit€was€for€only€one€night)€was€in€keeping€with€article€17€of€theŠ  p ŠCovenant.Š  \ ŠĢ124.€€Commenting€on€article€18€of€the€Covenant,€members€asked€for€clarification€of€article€8€of€theŠ ä4 ŠConstitution€which,€while€laying€down€the€fundamental€principle€that€all€religious€faiths€wereŠ Š  Šequally€free€before€the€law,€provided€that€š šreligions€other€than€the€Catholic€religion€have€the€rightŠ ¼  Što€organize€according€to€their€own€statutes,€in€so€far€as€they€are€not€in€contrast€with€Italian€lawšš;Š Øų Šwhether€proselytism€was€allowed;€and€whether€propaganda€in€favour€of€atheism€was€permitted.€Š ”ä ŠNoting€also€that€the€law€provided€for€a€general€tax€to€subsidize€the€Italian€clergy,€members€wonderedŠ €Š Šwhether€this€tax€benefited€the€clergy€of€all€religions€or€only€the€Catholic€clergy;€and€whether€it€wasŠ l¼ Špossible€for€a€person€professing€no€religion€to€be€compelled€to€pay€that€tax.€€It€was€also€asked€howŠ X Ø Šthe€law€solved€any€difference€that€arose€between€parents€regarding€their€freedom€to€ensure€theŠ D!” Šreligious€and€moral€education€of€their€children.Š 0"€  ŠĢ125.€€As€regards€article€19€of€the€Covenant,€questions€were€asked€on€the€extent€to€which€freedomŠ $X" Šof€expression€with€regard€to€slander€of€the€Republic,€the€flag€or€other€State€emblems€could€beŠ ō$D # Šjustified€in€the€light€of€the€provisions€of€this€article€and€how€such€slander€was€defined€by€ItalianŠ ą%0!$ Šjurisprudence;€what€were€the€cases€of€absolute€urgency€in€which€the€press€could€be€seized€and€inŠ Ģ&"% Šwhat€circumstances;€and€whether€there€were€any€specific€limitations€on€the€freedom€of€opinion€ofŠ ø'#& Šforeigners.Š ¤(ō#' ŠĢ126.€€In€relation€to€article€20€of€the€Covenant,€it€was€noted€that€repudiation€of€war€by€Italy,€asŠ |*Ģ%) Šdeclared€in€the€Constitution,€was€not€the€same€as€the€prohibition€of€war€propaganda€specificallyŠ h+ø&* Šrequired€by€article€20€of€the€Covenant€which€provided€that€propaganda€for€war,€as€well€as€anyŠ T,¤'+ Šadvocacy€of€national,€racial€or€religious€hatred,€should€be€prohibited€by€law.Š @-(, Ї127.€€In€connection€with€articles€21€and€22€of€the€Covenant,€it€was€asked€what€limitations€on€theŠ ° Šright€to€peaceful€assembly€were€authorized€by€Italian€legislation€and€to€what€extent€they€wereŠ œģ Šcompatible€with€the€Covenant;€what€associations€were€prohibited€by€law;€whether€trade€unionsŠ ˆŲ Šplayed€any€part€in€the€settlement€of€disputes€that€arose€between€management€and€labour,€and€whetherŠ tÄ Šthere€were€any€legal€provisions€to€that€effect;€and€whether€aliens€enjoyed€the€right€of€peacefulŠ `° Šassembly€and€freedom€of€association€under€Italian€legislation€and,€if€so,€on€what€conditions.Š L œ ŠĢ128.€€With€regard€to€articles€23€and€24,€reference€was€made€to€the€statement€in€the€report€thatŠ $ t Šš šmarriage€is€based€on€the€moral€and€legal€equality€of€husband€and€wife,€within€the€limits€laid€downŠ  ` Šby€the€laws€for€ensuring€family€unityšš.€€Information€was€requested€on€these€laws;€on€whether,€onŠ ü L  Šmarriage,€a€couple€could€choose€to€take€the€surname€of€either€the€husband€or€the€wife;€or€whetherŠ č 8  Šthere€was€any€difference€in€treatment€with€regard€to€nationality€as€between€an€Italian€man€or€anŠ Ō$  ŠItalian€woman€who€married€a€foreigner€and€on€whether€any€distinction€was€made€as€to€the€nationalityŠ Ą  Šof€their€children;€on€the€measures€adopted€in€Italy€to€help€working€mothers€raise€their€children;€onŠ ¬ü  Šthe€position€of€children€born€out€of€wedlock€who€were€not€recognized€by€their€parents,€and€inŠ ˜č  Šparticular€by€their€father;€on€the€employment€of€children€under€15;€on€whether€the€exploitation€ofŠ „Ō  Šchild€labour€had€been€abolished€and€on€whether€the€situation€was€identical€in€different€parts€of€Italy.Š pĄ ŠĢ129.€€Regarding€article€25€of€the€Covenant,€it€was€asked€what€š šelectoral€offencesšš€entailed€loss€ofŠ H˜ Šthe€right€to€participate€in€public€affairs;€why€there€was€a€difference€between€the€voting€age€and€theŠ 4„ Šage€of€eligibility€for€election€to€either€the€Chamber€of€Deputies€and€the€Senate;€and€why€Molise€hadŠ  p Štwo€senators€and€the€Valle€dššAosta€one€only,€whereas,€according€to€the€Constitution,€no€region€couldŠ  \ Šhave€less€than€seven€senators.Š ųH ŠĢ130.€€In€respect€to€article€27€of€the€Covenant,€it€was€asked€whether€there€were€any€laws,Š Š  Šadministrative€practices€or€customs€which€ensured€that€the€minorities€were€represented€inŠ ¼  ŠParliament;€how€many€Albanians€there€were€in€Italy;€whether€they€had€schools€where€teaching€wasŠ Øų Šconducted€in€their€own€language,€and€whether€their€language€was€accepted€as€an€official€language.Š ”ä ŠĢ131.€€Replying€to€the€questions€raised€by€members€of€the€Committee€regarding€Part€1€of€the€report,Š l¼ Šthe€representative€of€the€State€party€stated€that€the€question€of€the€constitutionality€of€a€law€couldŠ X Ø Šbe€raised€only€within€the€framework€of€a€civil,€criminal€or€administrative€trial€and€that€it€was€for€theŠ D!” Šjudge€to€decide€the€issue€of€the€justification€of,€or€the€manifest€lack€of€grounds€for,€a€plea€ofŠ 0"€  Šrepugnance€to€the€constitution€and,€if€he€felt€that€the€plea€was€justified,€to€submit€the€instruments€inŠ #l! Šquestion€to€the€Constitutional€Court€for€a€judgement€as€to€their€constitutionality.€€With€regard€to€theŠ $X" Šquestion€whether€the€Covenant€also€applied€to€relationships€between€individuals€rather€than€imposedŠ ō$D # Šan€obligation€on€States€to€protect€individuals€against€others,€the€representative€replied€that€the€matterŠ ą%0!$ Šhad€not€been€settled€by€jurisprudence€so€far€but€that€there€was€nothing€in€the€Italian€legal€systemŠ Ģ&"% Šwhich€prevented,€in€principle,€some€of€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant€from€applying€to€relationsŠ ø'#& Šbetween€individuals.Š ¤(ō#' ŠĢ132.€€The€representative€agreed€that€the€incorporation€of€the€Covenant€in€the€Italian€legal€system€didŠ |*Ģ%) Šnot€change€its€nature€as€an€international€treaty€and€pointed€out€that€such€incorporation€hadŠ h+ø&* Šestablished€national€provisions€having€the€same€contents€as€the€Covenant€which€were€directlyŠ T,¤'+ Šapplicable,€could€be€invoked€before€any€competent€court€by€any€person€who€thought€that€theŠ @-(, Šprovision€concerned€him€and€that€an€individual€could€request€implementation€of€the€correspondingŠ ° Šprovision€of€domestic€law,€either€when€there€was€no€other€applicable€national€provision€of€when€theŠ œģ Šprovision€of€the€Covenant€seemed€more€favourable€to€the€applicant.€€He€also€stated€that€the€ItalianŠ ˆŲ Šlegal€system€accorded€no€primacy€to€international€law;€that€the€judge€was€free€to€avail€himself€of€allŠ tÄ Šrelevant€factors€in€forming€his€own€conclusions€and€that,€where€it€was€a€question€of€interpreting€aŠ `° Šprovision€of€an€international€treaty,€he€was€free€to€find€out€how€the€provision€in€question€wasŠ L œ Šinterpreted€internationally,€and€that€was€what€he€often€did€in€practice.€€He€pointed€out,€however,€thatŠ 8 ˆ Šthe€major€problem€of€interpretation€arose€when€there€was€a€possible€conflict€of€laws;€that€since€theŠ $ t ŠCovenant€had€been€ratified€by€ordinary€law,€the€conflict€could€arise€only€with€other€ordinary€lawsŠ  ` Šwhich€were€at€the€same€level€in€the€hierarchy€of€the€Italian€legal€system;€that€this€system€containedŠ ü L  Šno€specific€provisions€for€solving€such€conflicts€between€laws;€that€it€was€always€left€to€the€judiciaryŠ č 8  Što€decide€which€law€applied€in€a€particular€case€and€that€case€law€and€legal€literature€had€elaboratedŠ Ō$  Šprinciples€which€could€be€applied€in€such€cases.€€In€this€connection,€he€stated€that€the€ConstitutionalŠ Ą  ŠCourt€had€no€competence€to€pronounce€upon€the€compatibility€of€the€national€law€with€the€CovenantŠ ¬ü  Šbut€only€the€constitutionality€of€the€national€law€which€derogated€from€the€Covenant.Š ˜č  ŠĢ133.€€Commenting€on€questions€raised€under€article€1€of€the€Covenant,€the€representative€stated€thatŠ pĄ Šthe€Italian€Government€wished€to€see€a€peaceful€end€to€the€illegal€occupation€of€Namibia€by€SouthŠ \¬ ŠAfrica;€that€it€was€persuaded€that€a€policy€facilitating€a€peaceful€transformation€was€the€best€way€toŠ H˜ Šhelp€the€South€African€people€to€overcome€the€obstacles€which€prevented€it€from€creating€a€free,Š 4„ Šdemocratic€and€multiracial€society,€that€it€did€not€favour,€therefore,€breaking€off€all€relations€withŠ  p ŠSouth€Africa€any€more€than€it€favoured€the€application€of€economic€sanctions,€although€it€observedŠ  \ Šthe€arms€embargo€imposed€by€the€Security€Council;€and€that€it€adopted€a€code€of€conduct€forŠ ųH Šenterprises€with€branches€in€South€Africa€with€a€view€to€eliminating€racial€discrimination.€€TheŠ ä4 Šrepresentative€also€pointed€out€that€Italy€recognized€the€legitimate€rights€of€the€Palestinian€people;Š Š  Šthat€the€Palestinian€people€should€enjoy€fully€its€right€to€self„determination€in€accordance€with€anŠ ¼  Šappropriate€procedure€which€should€be€defined€within€the€framework€of€a€global€peace€settlement;Š Øų Šthat€it€supported€the€national€liberation€movements€recognized€by€the€regional€organizations;€andŠ ”ä Šthat€it€made€sizeable€contributions€to€United€Nations€agenciesšš€programmes€in€favour€of€theŠ €Š Šdeveloping€countries,€regardless€of€any€political€consideration.Š l¼ ŠĢ134.€€As€regards€article€2€of€the€Covenant,€he€stated€that€in€cases€where€a€public€authority€failed€toŠ D!” Šperform€an€administrative€act€which€it€was€required€to€do€or€if€it€refrained€from€giving€a€verdict€onŠ 0"€  Šan€administrative€appeal,€the€individual€concerned€could€turn€to€the€courts€to€protect€his€rights;€thatŠ #l! Šthe€administrative€organs€of€jurisdiction€were€the€Council€of€State,€which€judged€in€the€secondŠ $X" Šinstance,€and€the€regional€administrative€courts,€which€judged€in€the€first€instance.Š ō$D # ŠĢ135.€€In€connection€with€article€3€of€the€Covenant,€the€representative€stressed€that€the€ConstitutionŠ Ģ&"% Šestablished€the€principle€of€equality€before€the€law€without€any€distinction€based€on€sex;€that€the€lawŠ ø'#& Šestablished€the€principle€of€equality€of€opportunity€and€career€advancement€for€both€sexes;€thatŠ ¤(ō#' Šnevertheless,€the€law€in€question€was€relatively€recent,€which€explained€why€most€women€stillŠ )ą$( Šoccupied€unimportant€posts€in€some€careers;€that€the€Ministry€of€Defence€was€studying€theŠ |*Ģ%) Špossibility€of€extending€military€service€to€women€in€appropriate€forms;€and€that€complete€equalityŠ h+ø&* Šbetween€men€and€women€was€sometimes€frustrated€by€the€survival€of€certain€local€traditions€andŠ T,¤'+ Špersonal€habits.€€In€the€event€of€discrimination€against€them,€women€could€avail€themselves€of€theŠ @-(, Šordinary€judicial€means€and€where€necessary,€obtain€the€assistance€of€a€trade€union€if€theŠ ° Šdiscriminatory€treatment€constituted€a€violation€of€the€legislation€in€force€or€of€an€employmentŠ œģ Šcontract.€€If,€on€the€other€hand,€the€violation€derived€from€the€rules€of€the€laws€themselves,€the€onlyŠ ˆŲ Šrecourse€for€the€victim€was€to€appeal€to€the€Constitutional€Court.€€He€also€informed€the€CommitteeŠ tÄ Šthat€there€were€some€private€associations€which€concerned€themselves€with€the€protection€andŠ `° Šdefence€of€the€rights€of€women€at€all€levels.Š L œ ŠĢ136.€€Commenting€on€the€remarks€made€by€members€of€the€Committee€under€article€4€of€theŠ $ t ŠCovenant,€the€representative€stated€that€the€decree„laws€such€as€those€of€1978€and€1979€had€beenŠ  ` Špublished€in€application€of€the€provisions€of€the€Constitution€which€provided€for€such€a€possibilityŠ ü L  Šin€exceptional€cases€of€necessity€and€emergency€and€explained€that,€on€the€very€day€of€theirŠ č 8  Špublication,€decrees€in€that€category€must€be€submitted€to€Parliament,€for€conversion€into€laws€andŠ Ō$  Šthat€those€texts€did€not€fall€within€the€category€of€cases€of€declaration€of€a€public€emergency€or€aŠ Ą  Šstate€of€siege.€€As€to€the€derogations€from€the€application€of€the€Covenant€in€the€event€of€a€state€ofŠ ¬ü  Šwar€or€emergency,€referred€to€in€the€report,€he€pointed€out€that€this€was€provided€for€in€order€to€faceŠ ˜č  Šan€extreme€threat€facing€the€internal€safety€of€the€country,€but€that€his€Government€had€neverŠ „Ō  Šresorted€to€those€extreme€means€and€that€it€had€always€preferred€to€resort€to€the€provisions€of€theŠ pĄ Šlaws€which€(even€in€the€case€of€special€laws)€had€been€adopted€in€accordance€with€normal€legislativeŠ \¬ Šprocedures.Š H˜ ŠĢ137.€€Replying€to€a€question€raised€under€article€6€of€the€Covenant,€he€stated€that€the€only€textsŠ  p Šregulating€the€use€of€arms€by€the€national€security€forces€were€those€contained€in€the€Penal€Code€andŠ  \ Šthat€initiation€into€the€handling€of€firearms€was€part€of€the€normal€training€of€the€members€of€theŠ ųH Špolice€force€and€was€subject€to€the€rules€governing€the€use€of€firearms.Š ä4 ŠĢ138.€€As€regards€article€8€of€the€Covenant,€the€representative€explained€the€security€measuresŠ ¼  Šmentioned€in€the€report€under€this€article€and€stressed€the€fact€that€the€measures€were€explicitlyŠ Øų Šprescribed€by€the€law,€that€they€could€be€invoked€only€by€a€judge,€and€only€when€individualsŠ ”ä Šdangerous€to€society€were€involved;€and€that€the€judge€had€to€assess€the€social€danger€presented€byŠ €Š Šthe€individual€concerned,€on€the€basis€of€criteria€established€by€law.€€The€measures€were€usuallyŠ l¼ Šinvoked€against€an€individual€who€had€already€been€sentence€for€certain€offences,€and€where€thereŠ X Ø Šwas€reason€to€believe€that€he€would€commit€others.€€In€such€a€case,€the€measure€took€the€form€of€aŠ D!” Špenalty€additional€to€detention.€€He€stressed€that€the€decision€of€the€judge€could€always€be€appealedŠ 0"€  Šfrom€and€the€security€measure€could€be€terminated€at€the€request€of€the€party€concerned,€if€it€wasŠ #l! Šestablished€that€the€danger€to€society€no€longer€existed.€€The€assignment€to€a€farm€colony€or€a€labourŠ $X" Šestablishment€was€a€matter€simply€of€executing€a€security€measure€which€left€all€the€guarantees€heŠ ō$D # Šhad€already€mentioned.€€He€explained€the€cases€in€which€such€sentences€could€pronounced€asŠ ą%0!$ Šexplicitly€provided€for€in€the€Penal€Code€and€pointed€out€that€the€individual€concerned€received€theŠ Ģ&"% Šremuneration€provided€by€law.Š ø'#& ŠĢ139.€€Commenting€on€questions€raised€under€article€9€of€the€Covenant,€the€representative€concededŠ )ą$( Šthat€the€measures€contained€in€the€laws€and€decrees€referred€to€by€members€of€the€Committee,€wereŠ |*Ģ%) Šnot€without€risk,€particularly€with€respect€to€the€length€of€proceedings€that,€nevertheless,€the€peculiarŠ h+ø&* Šseriousness€of€offences€which€justified€their€introduction€must€be€borne€in€mind;€and€that€theŠ T,¤'+ Šduration€of€proceedings€could€not€be€properly€judged€without€taking€into€account€the€complexity€ofŠ @-(, Šthe€case€and€the€behaviour€of€the€party€concerned€who€himself€often€prolonged€the€proceedingŠ ° Šthrough€delaying€tactics.€€He€informed€the€Committee€that€as€part€of€the€current€reform€of€the€CodeŠ œģ Šof€Penal€Procedure,€efforts€were€being€made€to€have€simpler€and€more€rapid€penal€proceedingsŠ ˆŲ Šwhich€would€eliminate€the€risk€of€excessively€protracted€proceedings.€€He€further€stated€that,€sinceŠ tÄ Šthe€ratification€of€the€Covenant,€any€person€concerned€was€entitled€to€request€compensation€forŠ `° Šunlawful€detention€by€directly€invoking€the€relevant€provision€of€the€Covenant.€€This€perfectly€fittedŠ L œ Šinto€the€Italian€legal€system€which€itself€recognized€the€general€principle€of€compensation€forŠ 8 ˆ Šdamages.Š $ t ŠĢ140.€€Regarding€article€10€of€the€Covenant,€the€representative€stated€that,€according€to€the€law€ofŠ ü L  Š1975€and€the€Rules€of€Application€of€1976€relating€to€the€new€penitentiary€system,€a€supervisoryŠ č 8  Šjudge€had€been€placed€in€each€court€and€a€supervisory€section€was€established€in€certain€courts€ofŠ Ō$  Šappeal€with€authority€to€check€at€any€time€the€living€conditions€of€detainees€and€the€properŠ Ą  Šimplementation€of€the€law;€that€social€welfare€services€had€been€attached€to€each€penal€establishmentŠ ¬ü  Šand€showed€particular€concern€for€the€re„education€of€detainees;€and€that€each€detainee€could€fileŠ ˜č  Šan€oral€or€written€appeal€to€the€director€of€the€institute€concerned,€to€the€supervisory€judge€or€to€otherŠ „Ō  Šcompetent€authorities.Š pĄ ŠĢ141.€€Replying€to€questions€raised€under€article€13€of€the€Covenant,€he€pointed€out€that,€wheneverŠ H˜ Šan€alien€was€in€the€process€of€being€expelled,€he€could€appeal€to€the€Ministry€of€the€Interior€or€theŠ 4„ Šregional€administrative€court,€depending€on€the€administrative€organ€taking€the€decision;€that€theŠ  p ŠItalian€Penal€Code€made€it€possible€to€prosecute€in€Italy€the€perpetrator€of€a€political€offence,€evenŠ  \ Šif€that€offence€had€been€committed€abroad;€and€that€the€draft€bill€introducing€supplementaryŠ ųH Šregulations€to€govern€the€status€of€aliens€was€designed€to€reduce€the€bureaucratic€complexity€ofŠ ä4 Šcertain€administrative€practices€concerning€the€expulsion€of€aliens,€but€in€no€way€infringed€theŠ Š  Šguarantees€granted€to€aliens.Š ¼  ŠĢ142.€€In€relation€to€article€14€of€the€Covenant,€the€representative€stressed€that€the€independence€ofŠ ”ä Šjudges€was€fully€guaranteed€by€the€Constitution;€that€they€were€appointed€after€public€competition;Š €Š Šthat,€although€measures€concerning€the€careers€of€judges€were€adopted€by€decrees€of€the€PresidentŠ l¼ Šof€the€Republic,€it€was€none€the€less€true€that€the€adoption€of€those€measures€was€discussed€withinŠ X Ø Šthe€Upper€Council€of€the€Bench;€and€that€the€careers€of€the€judges€proceeded€in€accordance€withŠ D!” Šstrict€rules€which€the€Executive€had€no€power€to€change.€€As€for€the€participation€of€citizens€in€theŠ 0"€  Šadministration€of€justice,€he€explained€that€this€was€manifest€in€the€fact€that€some€of€the€judges€ofŠ #l! Šthe€Constitutional€Court€were€elected€by€Parliament€as€well€as€in€the€fact€that€the€assize€courts€wereŠ $X" Šcomposed€of€citizens€who€were€assigned€the€role€of€judges€for€a€given€period€after€a€drawing€of€lotsŠ ō$D # Šamong€the€persons€enjoying€full€legal€capacity.€Š ą%0!$ ŠĢ143.€€Replying€to€questions€under€article€18€of€the€Covenant,€he€stated€that€when€ecclesiasticalŠ ø'#& Šinstitutions€had€been€suppressed,€their€property€had€been€assigned€to€a€special€fund€which€was€usedŠ ¤(ō#' Što€subsidize€the€churches€and€the€clergy;€that€the€subsidies€financed€š šfrom€tax€revenue€obtained€fromŠ )ą$( Šall€citizensšš€were€supplementary€and€exceptional€in€nature;€and€that€it€was€possible€for€a€church€suchŠ |*Ģ%) Šas€the€Ō_ŌWaldesianŌ_Ō€Church,€if€it€so€desired€to€negotiate€the€conclusion€of€an€agreement€with€the€ItalianŠ h+ø&* ŠGovernment.Š T,¤'+ ŠŠ @-(, Š144.€€In€connection€with€questions€raised€under€articles€19,€21€and€22€of€the€Covenant,€theŠ ° Šrepresentative€could€only€confirm€that,€in€practice,€no€sharp€distinction€was€drawn€between€citizensŠ œģ Šand€aliens€where€the€enjoyment€of€civil€rights€was€concerned;€that€the€Constitution€contained€aŠ ˆŲ Šprovision€which€stipulated€that,€provided€there€was€reciprocity,€aliens€enjoyed€on€Italian€territory€allŠ tÄ Šof€the€civil€rights€recognized€in€the€Constitution;€that€the€right€to€freedoms€of€expression,€of€peacefulŠ `° Šassembly€and€of€association€were€guaranteed€to€everyone,€citizen€or€alien,€by€the€Italian€Constitution;Š L œ Šbut€that€the€exercise€of€certain€political€rights€set€forth€in€the€Constitution€was€reserved€for€citizens.Š 8 ˆ ŠĢ145.€€Commenting€on€questions€raised€under€articles€23€and€24€of€the€Covenant,€the€representativeŠ  ` Špointed€out€that€equality€between€husband€and€wife€was€limited€only€by€the€need€to€preserve€familyŠ ü L  Šunity,€that€the€law€was€designed€to€ensure€the€full€application€of€that€basic€rule€by€proclaiming€theŠ č 8  Šessential€principles€of€equal€authority€and€of€parental€authority€over€the€children,€paternal€authorityŠ Ō$  Šhaving€been€abolished;€that€the€woman€was€to€take€her€husbandššs€surname€but€that€she€could,€at€theŠ Ą  Šsame€time,€keep€her€own€surname;€that€a€foreign€woman€who€married€an€Italian€citizen€acquiredŠ ¬ü  ŠItalian€nationality;€that€a€foreigner€who€married€an€Italian€woman€did€not€ņņipso€factoóó€acquire€ItalianŠ ˜č  Šnationality€but€that€he€could€obtain€nationality€after€two€years€of€residence€in€Italy;€and€that€ItalianŠ „Ō  Šnationality€was€acquired€as€of€right€by€a€child€born€to€an€Italian€father€or€an€Italian€mother.€€He€alsoŠ pĄ Šstated€that€the€law€provided€for€maternity€leave€for€salaried€women;€that€the€child€acquired€theŠ \¬ Šnationality€of€the€father,€even€if€recognition€by€the€father€or€the€legal€declaration€of€paternity€tookŠ H˜ Šplace€after€the€recognition€of€the€child€by€the€mother,€and€that€a€minor€who€had€been€adoptedŠ 4„ Šacquired€the€fatherššs€nationality.Š  p ŠĢ146.€€As€to€article€25€of€the€Covenant,€he€explained€that€electoral€offences€meant€offencesŠ ųH Šperpetrated€during€elections€with€a€view€to€disturbing€the€normal€course€of€elections€but€that€suchŠ ä4 Šoffences€did€not€immediately€involve€the€loss€of€the€right€to€vote.€€This€required€a€decision€by€aŠ Š  Šjudge€and€hence€a€prior€conviction;€that€the€difference€between€the€voting€age€and€the€age€ofŠ ¼  Šeligibility€for€election€to€either€the€Chamber€of€Deputies€and€the€Senate€was€simply€a€choice€ofŠ Øų Šlegislative€policy;€that€the€fact€that€some€seats€in€the€Senate€were€reserved€for€certain€small€regionsŠ ”ä Šshould€be€considered€a€privilege€accorded€to€regions€so€small€that,€under€the€system€of€proportionalŠ €Š Šrepresentation€which€governed€elections€to€the€Senate,€they€might€never€be€represented€by€a€senator.Š l¼ ŠĢ147.€€Replying€to€questions€raised€under€article€27€of€the€Covenant,€the€representative€stated€that€theŠ D!” ŠAlbanian€minority€was€not€the€subject€of€any€particular€legal€provisions,€but€that€the€GovernmentŠ 0"€  Šmade€every€effort,€as€it€did€in€the€case€of€all€other€minorities,€to€safeguard€its€cultural€traditions€andŠ #l! Šcustoms.Š  $X" Šņ ņŌ_ŌCCPRŌ_Ō€€A/44/40€(1989)ó óŠ ° ŠĢĢ541.€€The€Committee€considered€the€second€periodic€report€of€Italy€(Ō_ŌCCPRŌ_Ō/C/37/Add.9)€at€its€908ņņthóóŠ tÄ Što€912ņņthóó€meetings€on€19,€20€and€21€July€1989€(Ō_ŌCCPRŌ_Ō/C/SR.908„912).Š `° ŠĢ542.€€The€report€was€introduced€by€the€representative€of€the€State€party,€who€emphasized€theŠ 8 ˆ Šimportance€that€the€Government€of€Italy€attached€to€the€protection€of€human€rights€and€reminded€theŠ $ t ŠCommittee€that€his€country€had€ratified€all€the€main€international€human€rights€instruments.€€HeŠ  ` Šadded€that€such€an€undertaking€placed€an€increasing€burden€on€the€Interministerial€Committee€onŠ ü L  ŠHuman€Rights.€€That€burden,€indeed,€had€caused€a€delay€in€the€submission€of€the€report€and€madeŠ č 8  Šit€necessary€to€improve€arrangements€for€the€implementation€of€obligations€under€those€internationalŠ Ō$  Šinstruments.Š Ą  ŠĢ543.€€Referring€to€developments€since€the€preparation€of€the€report,€he€stressed€the€considerableŠ ˜č  Šefforts€that€had€been€made€to€improve€the€legislation€relating€to€civil€and€penal€procedures.€€TheŠ „Ō  Šmajor€development€in€the€field€of€penal€procedure€was€the€forthcoming€entry€in€force,€in€OctoberŠ pĄ Š1989,€of€the€new€Code€of€Penal€Procedure.€€The€Code€was€designed€in€particular€to€ensure€completeŠ \¬ Šequality€of€treatment€between€defence€and€prosecution,€to€guarantee€persons€suspected€of€criminalŠ H˜ Šoffences€direct€and€immediate€access€to€the€judge,€and€to€reduce€the€length€of€the€penal€procedureŠ 4„ Šby€introducing€the€principle€of€cross„examination.€€To€supplement€the€efforts€made€to€reduce€theŠ  p Šlength€of€judicial€procedures,€a€bill€aimed€at€establishing€the€institution€of€a€justice€of€the€peace€toŠ  \ Šdeal€with€minor€civil€cases€had€been€submitted€to€Parliament€on€17€January€1989.€Š ųH ŠĢ544.€€Regarding€freedom€of€religion,€the€Constitutional€Court€in€a€recent€ruling€had€confirmed€thatŠ Š  Šreligious€instruction€in€secondary€schools€was€purely€optional.€€Furthermore,€a€bill€considered€byŠ ¼  ŠParliament€was€aimed€at€recognizing€the€total€and€unconditional€right€of€conscientious€objectors€toŠ Øų Šperform€civilian€service€instead€of€military€service,€and€at€making€them€subject€to€the€civil€ratherŠ ”ä Šthan€military€courts.Š €Š ŠĢ545.€€Lastly,€with€reference€to€article€19€of€the€Covenant,€he€stated€that€an€act€of€February€1987Š X Ø Šsought€to€ensure€transparency€in€the€transfer€of€ownership€of€newspapers,€to€monitor€any€activitiesŠ D!” Šthat€might€result€in€the€concentration€of€information,€and€to€sanction,€by€annulment,€any€transactionŠ 0"€  Šthat€was€liable€to€give€certain€groups€or€companies€a€dominant€position.€€In€addition,€since€the€fieldŠ #l! Šof€radio€and€television€was€not€governed€by€any€general€law,€the€Government€had€submitted€a€billŠ $X" Što€Parliament€with€a€view€to€creating€a€legal€framework€for€the€fair€allocation€of€radio€and€televisionŠ ō$D # Šbroadcasting€channels.Š ą%0!$ ŠĢņņConstitutional€and€legal€framework€within€which€the€Covenant€is€implementedóóŠ ø'#& ŠĢ546.€€In€this€regard,€members€of€the€Committee€expressed€a€desire€for€more€information€concerningŠ )ą$( Šthe€status€of€the€Covenant€in€Italian€law€and€concerning€arrangements€to€resolve€any€conflictŠ |*Ģ%) Šbetween€the€Covenant€and€the€provisions€of€domestic€law.€€On€that€subject,€they€asked€whether€thereŠ h+ø&* Šhad€been€further€developments€in€case€law€since€1980€strengthening€the€ņņde€factoóó€primacy€of€treatyŠ T,¤'+ Šprovisions,€in€particular€those€of€the€Covenant,€over€the€provisions€of€domestic€law;€whether€theŠ @-(, ŠCovenant€was€frequently€invoked€before€the€courts€and€often€referred€to€in€judgements;€whether€itsŠ ° Šprovisions€were€directly€applicable;€and€what€was€its€status€in€relation€to€the€Italian€Constitution€andŠ œģ Šdomestic€law.Š ˆŲ ŠĢ547.€€In€addition,€they€asked€whether€the€Interministerial€Committee€on€Human€Rights€had€made€anyŠ `° Šspecific€recommendations€or€proposals€for€legislation€or€executive€action€designed€to€fulfil€ItalyššsŠ L œ Šobligations€under€the€Covenant€or€other€relevant€international€human€rights€treaties;€and€whether€anyŠ 8 ˆ Šfactors€or€difficulties€were€being€encountered€in€the€implementation€of€the€Covenant,€notably€in€theŠ $ t Šcontext€of€efforts€to€combat€terrorism,€because€of€economic€problems€or€problems€in€the€field€ofŠ  ` Šimmigration.€€They€also€requested€additional€information€on€activities€to€promote€greater€publicŠ ü L  Šawareness,€and€particularly€awareness€among€magistrates€and€members€of€the€police€and€armedŠ č 8  Šforces,€of€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant€and€the€Optional€Protocol.Š Ō$  ŠĢ548.€€Referring€to€the€institution€of€citizensšš€advocate,€they€ask€what€was€the€current€status€of€theŠ ¬ü  Šbill€concerning€that€institution;€in€what€manner€the€competence€of€nationally€appointed€citizensššŠ ˜č  Šadvocates€differed€from€that€of€those€appointed€by€regional€authorities;€and€whether€the€former€wereŠ „Ō  Šempowered€to€deal€with€problems€involving€the€regional€authorities€where€there€were€no€regionalŠ pĄ Šcitizensšš€advocates.€€It€was€also€asked€what€the€reasons€were€for€establishing€the€institution€ofŠ \¬ Šcitizensšš€advocates;€whether€positive€results€had€already€been€obtained€at€the€regional€level;€whether,Š H˜ Šcontrary€to€the€intended€purpose,€that€institution€might€not€have€contributed€to€further€prolongingŠ 4„ Šprocedures;€what€the€field€of€competence€of€citizensšš€advocates€was;€what€powers€they€were€givenŠ  p Što€protect€the€rights€of€individuals,€in€particular€when€no€remedy€was€available€for€administrativeŠ  \ Šacts€prejudicial€to€the€citizen;€and€whether€they€were€able€to€institute€proceedings€before€the€courtsŠ ųH Šon€behalf€of€private€individuals.€€Lastly,€concerning€the€numerous€reservations€made€by€Italy€uponŠ ä4 Šratification€of€the€Covenant,€it€was€asked€whether€the€Government€intended€to€maintain€them€orŠ Š  Šwhether€it€felt€that€some€of€them€could€be€reconsidered,€in€particular€the€reservation€concerningŠ ¼  Šrestrictions€on€the€right€of€entry€and€sojourn€in€Italy€of€some€members€of€the€Savoy€family€and€theŠ Øų Šreservation€concerning€article€19€of€the€Covenant.€Š ”ä ŠĢ549.€€In€reply€to€the€questions€asked€concerning€the€status€of€the€Covenant€in€Italian€domestic€law,Š l¼ Šthe€representative€of€the€State€party€reminded€the€Committee€that€the€very€structure€of€the€ItalianŠ X Ø Šconstitutional€system€was€designed€to€guarantee€the€application€of€international€instruments€such€asŠ D!” Šthe€Covenant€in€internal€law,€bearing€in€mind€also€article€11€of€the€Constitution,€which€provided€theŠ 0"€  Špossibility€of€limiting€State€sovereignty€in€the€interests€of€the€maintenance€of€peace.€€TheŠ #l! ŠConstitutional€Court€had€stated€in€1983,€in€a€case€concerning€the€relationship€between€EuropeanŠ $X" ŠCommunity€legislation€and€the€Italian€Constitution,€that€the€latter€contained€two€types€of€provisions:Š ō$D # Šessentially€procedural€provisions,€from€which€derogations€could€be€made€in€favour€of€a€supranationalŠ ą%0!$ Šrule,€and€provisions€concerning€the€protection€of€human€rights€and€fundamental€freedoms,€whichŠ Ģ&"% Šwere€not€subject€to€derogation.€€Thus€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant,€although€incorporated€in€theŠ ø'#& ŠItalian€legal€system€by€an€ordinary€law,€were€particularly€well€protected€since€they€were€linked€toŠ ¤(ō#' Šthe€clauses€of€the€Constitution,€whose€primacy€was€upheld€even€in€relation€to€international€treaties.€Š )ą$( ŠConcerning€possible€conflicts€between€the€Covenant€and€a€subsequent€law,€he€drew€attention€to€twoŠ |*Ģ%) Šrecent€rulings€handed€down€by€the€Court€of€Cassation€stipulating€that,€in€the€event€of€conflict,€theŠ h+ø&* Šjudge€must€not€recognize€the€supremacy€of€the€subsequent€law€unless€the€legislative€provisionsŠ T,¤'+ Šdemonstrated€a€clear€and€obvious€intention€on€the€part€of€the€legislature€to€abrogate€the€internationalŠ @-(, Šrule.€The€ņņpacta€Ō_ŌsuntŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌservandaŌ_Ōóó€principle€recognized€in€international€law€was€thus€strengthened.€€TheŠ ° Šprovisions€of€the€Covenant,€particularly€those€of€article€14,€were€frequently€invoked€before€theŠ œģ Šcourts.€€Thus,€for€example,€the€Court€of€Cassation€had€recently€refused€to€extradite€a€person€becauseŠ ˆŲ Šthe€safeguards€provided€by€the€legislation€of€the€requesting€State€for€young€persons€below€the€ageŠ tÄ Šof€majority€in€terms€of€penal€law€were€not€as€extensive€as€those€of€article€14,€paragraph€4.€Š `° ŠNevertheless,€if€the€provisions€of€the€European€Convention€on€Human€Rights€were€more€frequentlyŠ L œ Šcited€by€the€courts,€that€was€because€of€the€publicity€given€to€legislative€reforms€that€were€basedŠ 8 ˆ Šlargely€on€that€Convention.Š $ t ŠĢ550.€€Replying€to€other€questions,€he€drew€attention€to€the€fact€that€his€Government€had€establishedŠ ü L  Šthe€Interministerial€Committee€on€Human€Rights€with€a€view€to€co„ordinating€the€preparation€of€allŠ č 8  Šreports€to€be€presented€under€the€various€international€instruments€relating€to€human€rights.Š Ō$  ŠAlthough,€under€its€mandate,€the€Committee€was€not€required€to€make€specific€recommendationsŠ Ą  Šor€proposals€for€legislation,€it€had€recently€taken€the€initiative€of€studying€the€system€of€presentationŠ ¬ü  Šof€reports€under€those€instruments€in€order€to€make€its€contribution€to€rationalization€of€the€system.€Š ˜č  ŠThe€implementation€of€the€Covenant€had€not€posed€any€particular€problems€in€Italy€because€mostŠ „Ō  Šof€the€fundamental€principles€in€the€Covenant€were€already€written€in€the€Constitution.€Š pĄ ŠNevertheless,€a€number€of€difficulties€might€well€arise,€mainly€in€the€sphere€of€penal€procedure.Š \¬ ŠĢ551.€€Turning€to€questions€concerning€activities€relating€to€the€promotion€of€greater€public€awarenessŠ 4„ Šof€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant€and€the€Optional€Protocol,€he€stressed€that€very€many€activitiesŠ  p Šhad€been€undertaken,€and€mentioned€in€particular€the€recent€publication€of€a€compilation€of€all€theŠ  \ Šinternational€instruments€and€the€Italian€legislative€provisions€on€womenššs€rights.€€Special€effortsŠ ųH Šwere€being€made€to€make€law€enforcement€officials€more€familiar€with€the€text€of€the€Covenant€andŠ ä4 Šits€consequent€implications€for€their€daily€work.€€A€similar€effort€was€being€made€in€police€trainingŠ Š  Šcolleges,€where€instruction€was€given€in€human€rights.Š ¼  ŠĢ552.€€Referring€to€the€many€questions€on€the€institution€of€citizensšš€advocate,€he€explained€that€thusŠ ”ä Šfar€it€had€been€introduced€only€at€the€regional€level.€€Several€legislative€initiatives€had€been€takenŠ €Š Što€regulate€the€institution€at€the€national€level€in€terms€of€greater€dynamism€and€enhanced€efficiencyŠ l¼ Šbut,€owing€to€the€premature€ending€of€the€parliamentary€term,€they€had€lapsed€automatically.€Š X Ø ŠHowever,€during€the€current€term€Parliament€had€before€it€a€large€number€of€proposals€that€restatedŠ D!” Šthe€earlier€initiatives.€€The€proposed€competence€of€the€citizensšš€advocate€was€restricted€to€theŠ 0"€  Šmachinery€of€the€State€and€of€the€institutions€coming€directly€within€its€competence,€consequently,Š #l! Šit€was€not€anticipated€that€he€might€intervene€in€those€regions€where€there€was€no€regional€citizensššŠ $X" Šadvocate.€€The€citizensšš€advocate,€viewed€as€a€means€of€bringing€the€public€and€the€authoritiesŠ ō$D # Šcloser,€was€a€centralizing€organ€to€which€all€citizens€could€apply€in€order€to€report€an€actual€orŠ ą%0!$ Šalleged€abuse€committed€by€the€public€authorities.€€He€also€played€a€very€important€role€inŠ Ģ&"% Šaccelerating€administrative€procedures€and,€intervening€before€an€administrative€act€was€adopted,Š ø'#& Šhe€was€complementary€to€the€courts,€which,€for€their€part,€could€be€seized€only€after€a€certain€act€hadŠ ¤(ō#' Šbeen€performed.€€However,€as€the€regional€citizensšš€advocate€had€only€limited€competence€ņņvis„„visóóŠ )ą$( Šthe€national€authorities€and€public€services,€his€effectiveness€was€impeded,€as€most€complaints€byŠ |*Ģ%) Šcitizens€concerned€alleged€abuses€committed€by€the€latter.Š h+ø&* ŠĢ553.€€In€reply€to€other€questions,€he€explained€that€the€Italian€authorities€considered€at€regularŠ @-(, Šintervals€the€necessity€for€maintaining€the€reservations€made€upon€ratification€of€international€humanŠ ° Šrights€instruments.€With€respect€to€the€reservation€on€article€12,€paragraph€4,€he€pointed€out€that€theŠ œģ Šconstitutional€provision€that€had€given€rise€to€it€was€still€in€force€and€that,€consequently,€in€order€toŠ ˆŲ Šenable€the€male€descendants€of€the€King€of€Italy€to€be€admitted€to€Italian€territory,€it€would€beŠ tÄ Šnecessary€to€amend€the€Constitution,€which€neither€the€Council€of€State€nor€the€Constitutional€CourtŠ `° Šhad€deemed€appropriate.€€However,€the€prohibition€of€the€entry€into€and€sojourn€in€the€territory€ofŠ L œ Šother€members€of€the€House€of€Savoy€had€been€relaxed€by€judicial€precedent.€€He€assured€theŠ 8 ˆ ŠCommittee€that€the€reservation€made€in€article€19,€paragraph€3,€concerning€radio€and€televisionŠ $ t Šbroadcasting€had€not€prevented€Italy€from€discharging€the€obligations€stemming€from€it€and€said€thatŠ  ` Šthe€reservation€was€likely€to€be€withdrawn.Š ü L  ŠĢņņState€of€emergencyóóŠ Ō$  ŠĢ554.€€Members€of€the€Committee€sought€clarification€concerning€the€constitutional€or€legalŠ ¬ü  Šprovisions€guaranteeing€article€4,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Covenant.Š ˜č  ŠĢ555.€€In€his€reply,€the€representative€of€the€State€party€stressed€that€his€country€had€never€hadŠ pĄ Šrecourse,€since€the€founding€of€the€Republic,€to€emergency€measures.€€For€instance,€the€problemsŠ \¬ Šstemming€from€the€intensive€terrorist€activities€in€the€1970s€and€early€1980s€had€been€solved€byŠ H˜ Šordinary€procedures€and€methods.€€The€Constitution€contained€only€provisions€relating€to€the€stateŠ 4„ Šof€war,€which€had€never€been€implemented.€€In€the€final€analysis,€the€best€guarantee€ofŠ  p Šimplementation€of€article€4,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Covenant€lay€in€the€hierarchy€of€the€sources€of€law.Š  \ ŠĢņņNon„discrimination€and€equality€of€the€sexesóóŠ ä4 ŠĢ556.€€Members€of€the€Committee€asked€whether€the€conditions€for€the€acquisition€of€ItalianŠ ¼  Šnationality€described€in€article€1€of€Act€No.€123€of€21€April€1983€also€applied€to€a€foreign€orŠ Øų Šstateless€woman;€whether€the€European€Economic€Community€Council€directives€of€10€FebruaryŠ ”ä Š1975€and€9€February€1976€had€been€included€in€Act€No.€903€of€9€December€1979;€and€whether€theŠ €Š Šdirective€of€11€December€1986€had€the€force€of€law€in€Italy.€€With€regard€to€the€equality€of€men€andŠ l¼ Šwomen,€members€requested€relevant€national€and€regional€statistical€data€on€the€proportion€ofŠ X Ø Šwomen€to€men€in€leading€political€and€governmental€positions,€in€public€employment€and€inŠ D!” Šmanagerial€posts.€€With€regard€to€aliens,€members€inquired€in€what€respects€their€rights€wereŠ 0"€  Šrestricted€as€compared€with€those€of€nationals€and,€in€that€regard,€they€wished€to€have€more€detailedŠ #l! Šinformation€in€the€light€of€the€Committeeššs€general€comment€No.€15€(27).€Š $X" ŠĢ557.€€In€addition,€further€information€was€sought€concerning€Act€No.€123€of€21€April€1983,€inŠ ą%0!$ Šparticular,€how€a€woman€who€had€under€the€old€system€lost€her€nationality€through€marriage€couldŠ Ģ&"% Šrecover€it.€€With€reference€to€the€transmission€of€nationality€through€birth,€it€was€asked€what€theŠ ø'#& Šgrounds€were€for€the€Constitutional€Courtššs€judgement€of€9€February€1983,€and€whether€the€currentŠ ¤(ō#' Šnational€law€on€the€nationality€of€children€was€based€on€ņņjus€sanguinisóó€or€on€ņņjus€Ō_ŌdomiciliŌ_Ōóó.€€It€was€alsoŠ )ą$( Šasked€whether€an€alien€under€age€adopted€by€an€Italian€family€acquired€the€latterššs€nationality;€whatŠ |*Ģ%) Šfacilities€the€natural€mother€had€with€respect€to€entering€Italy€and€contacting€the€child;€whether€menŠ h+ø&* Šand€women€were€on€an€equal€footing€as€far€as€service€in€the€police€was€concerned;€and€what€theŠ T,¤'+ Šprecise€functions€were€of€the€National€Commission€for€Equality€between€Men€and€Women.€€Lastly,Š @-(, Šwith€regard€to€the€need€for€positive€action€in€the€field€of€non„discrimination,€one€member€wonderedŠ ° Šwhether€the€alleged€current€resurgence€of€neo„fascism€in€Italy€was€a€problem€of€any€considerableŠ œģ Šextent.Š ˆŲ ŠĢ558.€€The€representative€of€the€State€party€emphasized€that€Act€No.€123€of€21€April€1983€providedŠ `° Šfor€total€equality€in€matters€of€nationality.€€Any€person,€male€or€female,€who€married€an€ItalianŠ L œ Šnational€was€free€to€chose€whether€or€not€to€acquire€the€spouseššs€nationality.€€A€special€provisionŠ 8 ˆ Šhad€been€made€to€enable€women€married€under€the€old€system€to€renounce€Italian€nationality€if€theyŠ $ t Šso€wished.€€He€added€that€the€relevant€European€Economic€Community€Council€directives€had€beenŠ  ` Šincorporated€into€the€appropriate€Italian€legislation.€€Article€5€of€Act€No.€123€provided€that€adoptedŠ ü L  Šminors€could€maintain€dual€nationality€until€attaining€majority,€at€which€time€they€would€have€to€optŠ č 8  Šfor€one€of€the€two€nationalities.€€Referring€to€the€specific€problem€of€a€natural€mother€who€had€givenŠ Ō$  Šher€child€up€for€adoption€in€Italy,€he€stated€that€while€she€retained€the€same€rights€as€any€foreignersŠ Ą  Šwith€respect€to€entering€Italy,€emphasis€had€to€be€placed€on€the€protection€of€the€childššs€interests.€Š ¬ü  ŠIt€was€therefore€left€to€the€judge€to€decide€whether€or€not€a€meeting€with€the€natural€mother€wouldŠ ˜č  Šbe€advantageous€for€the€child.Š „Ō  ŠĢ559.€€Replying€to€other€questions€on€the€equality€of€men€and€women,€he€stated€that€womenŠ \¬ Šaccounted€for€6.5€per€cent€of€senators€and€16.2€per€cent€of€those€elected€to€the€Chamber€of€Deputies,Š H˜ Šand€that€they€had€two€portfolios€in€the€outgoing€Cabinet.€€Further,€the€proportion€of€women€in€publicŠ 4„ Šemployment€was€increasing€steadily€following€a€decision€by€the€Constitutional€Court€that€abolishedŠ  p Šthe€restrictions€on€access€by€women€to€certain€sectors€previously€reserved€for€men.€€By€way€ofŠ  \ Šexample,€he€said€that€there€were€2.3€per€cent€of€women€in€the€police,€4€per€cent€in€trainingŠ ųH Šestablishments€for€engineers,€79€per€cent€in€the€Higher€Teachersšš€Training€College€and€that€14€perŠ ä4 Šcent€of€members€of€the€professions€or€company€directors€were€women.€€He€also€confirmed€that€menŠ Š  Šand€women€were€on€an€equal€footing€as€far€as€the€police€were€concerned€and€stated€that€the€onlyŠ ¼  Šreason€there€were€relatively€few€women€police€chiefs€was€that€women€had€only€recently€beenŠ Øų Šaccepted€into€the€police€force.€€He€added€that€normal€military€service€was€not€yet€open€to€women.€Š ”ä ŠWith€regard€to€the€question€raised€in€connection€with€the€National€Commission€for€Equality€betweenŠ €Š ŠMen€and€Women,€he€noted€that€its€role€was€primarily€consultative.€€The€Commission€advised€theŠ l¼ ŠPrime€Minister€on€questions€relating€to€the€status€of€women€in€Italy€and€had€taken€a€number€of€usefulŠ X Ø Šinitiatives,€such€as€publishing€a€compilation€of€relevant€legal€instruments.Š D!” ŠĢ560.€€With€regard€to€the€treatment€of€aliens,€he€explained€that€the€same€fundamental€rights€andŠ #l! Šliberties€enjoyed€by€Italian€citizens€had€been€extended€to€all€aliens.€€There€was€nevertheless€someŠ $X" Šdoubt€in€respect€of€the€right€of€association€in€that€aliens€were€entitled€to€participate€in€associationsŠ ō$D # Šbut€not€to€initiate€them.€There€were€also€ņņde€factoóó€differences€between€nationals€and€aliens,€andŠ ą%0!$ Šgradations€in€the€enjoyment€of€certain€rights€relating€to€the€ņņstatus€Ō_ŌcivitatisŌ_Ōóó€in€respect€to€publicŠ Ģ&"% Šservice.€€The€Government€was,€however,€systematically€eliminating€all€such€inequalities€in€the€socialŠ ø'#& Šand€economic€sectors.€€As€regards€political€rights,€he€added€that€aliens€were€not€totally€excludedŠ ¤(ō#' Šfrom€their€enjoyment€since€nationals€of€European€Community€countries€were€eligible€to€stand€asŠ )ą$( Šcandidates€for€election€to€the€European€Parliament.€€Moreover,€a€bill€was€under€consideration€thatŠ |*Ģ%) Šwould€enable€all€nationals€of€Community€countries€who€had€been€resident€in€Italy€for€a€certainŠ h+ø&* Šperiod€of€time€to€vote€in€national€elections.€€Regarding€the€treatment€of€workers€from€outside€theŠ T,¤'+ ŠCommunity,€he€explained€that€an€advisory€committee€had€been€set€up€to€overcome€practicalŠ @-(, Šobstacles€encountered€by€immigrant€workers;€that,€in€addition€to€educational€access,€which€theyŠ ° Šalready€enjoyed,€such€workers€were€also€being€given€improved€access€to€housing€and€certain€otherŠ œģ Šsocial€services;€and€that€the€regulation€whereby€foreign€students€who€failed€to€pass€their€examinationŠ ˆŲ Šlost€their€right€of€residence€had€been€relaxed.Š tÄ ŠĢ561.€€Responding€to€other€questions,€he€stated€that€the€resurgence€of€extreme„right€tendenciesŠ L œ Špresented€little€threat€to€the€democratic€way€of€life€in€Italy€since€democratic€values€were€deeplyŠ 8 ˆ Šrooted€in€the€conscience€of€the€Italian€people.€€While€the€possibility€of€the€emergence€of€a€majorŠ $ t Šracial€problem€could€not€be€excluded€in€any€country,€the€situation€in€Italy,€which€harboured€no€racialŠ  ` Šminorities,€was€far€from€conducive€to€such€an€outcome.€€There€had€been€sporadic€episodes€of€raciallyŠ ü L  Šmotivated€ill„treatment,€but€such€behaviour€had€been€strongly€condemned€by€the€public€and€theŠ č 8  Špress,€and€the€police€forces€as€well€as€the€judiciary€had€many€ways€of€intervening€in€such€cases.Š Ō$  ŠĢņņRight€to€lifeóóŠ ¬ü  ŠĢ562.€€With€regard€to€that€issue,€members€of€the€Committee€wished€to€receive€further€information€onŠ „Ō  Šarticle€6€of€the€Covenant€in€the€light€of€the€Committeeššs€general€comments€No.€6€(16)€and€14€(23).€Š pĄ ŠAdditionally,€it€was€inquired€what€the€rules€and€regulations€were€governing€the€use€of€firearms€byŠ \¬ Šthe€police€and€security€forces;€whether€there€had€been€any€violations€of€these€rules€and€regulationsŠ H˜ Šand,€if€so,€what€action€had€been€taken€against€security€officers€who€were€found€to€have€usedŠ 4„ Šexcessive€force;€whether€Act.€No.€152€of€22€May€1975€complied€with€the€United€Nations€Code€ofŠ  p ŠConduct€for€Law€Enforcement€Officials;€and€whether€there€had€been€any€deaths€in€Italian€prisonsŠ  \ Šand,€if€so,€whether€investigation€had€been€carried€out€to€determine€the€causes€of€death€and€theŠ ųH Špersons€responsible.€€Further€information€was€sought€on€the€status€in€law€and€in€fact€of€abortion.€Š ä4 ŠIt€was€asked€in€that€regard€whether€the€foetus€was€considered€as€a€human€being€with€an€inherentŠ Š  Šright€to€life;€and€if€so,€at€what€age€in€the€pregnancy€it€acquired€that€status;€and€up€to€what€state€ofŠ ¼  Šdevelopment€of€the€foetus€an€abortion€could€performed€on€the€ground€that€there€was€a€danger€thatŠ Øų Šthe€infant€might€suffer€from€abnormality€or€malformation.€€Lastly,€clarification€was€requested€of€theŠ ”ä Šmeasures€that€had€been€taken€to€prevent€the€dumping€of€toxic€wastes.Š €Š ŠĢ563.€€In€his€reply,€the€representative€of€the€State€party€explained€that€Italy€had€signed€and€ratified€aŠ X Ø Šnumber€of€non„proliferation€treaties,€had€no€stockpile€of€nuclear€weapons,€had€no€nuclear€bases€andŠ D!” Šthat€those€countries€which€had€weapons€on€Italian€soil€could€not€use€them€without€the€permissionŠ 0"€  Šof€the€Government€of€Italy.€€With€regard€to€the€dumping€of€toxic€wastes€he€stated€that€the€problemŠ #l! Šhad€arisen€because€of€the€reprehensible€behaviour€of€individuals€or€private€companies,€both€inŠ $X" Šfalsifying€documents€and€paying€or€receiving€bribes.€€Italy€would€however€steadfastly€oppose€anyŠ ō$D # Šefforts€to€attribute€to€the€Italian€State€any€criminal€responsibility€of€the€dumping€of€waste.€€He€addedŠ ą%0!$ Šthat€a€number€of€measures,€including€the€adoption€of€a€law,€had€been€taken€and€that€prison€sentencesŠ Ģ&"% Šhad€been€imposed€on€any€known€offenders€on€Italian€territory.Š ø'#& ŠĢ564.€€Responding€to€other€questions€raised€by€members€of€the€Committee,€he€stated€that€wheneverŠ )ą$( Šthere€was€an€abuse€of€firearms€by€the€police€there€was€a€public€protest,€attention€was€drawn€to€theŠ |*Ģ%) Šincident€in€the€mass€media,€a€thorough€investigation€was€carried€out€and€the€relevant€military€andŠ h+ø&* Špenal€measures€were€applied.€€While€there€had€been€one€or€two€deaths€in€prison€in€recent€yearsŠ T,¤'+ Šallegedly€resulting€from€mistreatment,€none€had€occurred€through€the€use€of€weapons.€€With€regardŠ @-(, Što€alleged€acts€of€violence€by€police€officers€against€arrested€persons,€the€representative€of€the€StateŠ ° Šparty,€referring€to€certain€specific€cases,€explained€that€the€police€had€generally€shown€great€respectŠ œģ Šfor€democratic€principles€and€the€rights€of€the€individual,€and€had€behaved€correctly€towards€ItalianŠ ˆŲ Šnationals€and€foreigners€when€making€arrests€or€taking€other€police€action.€€Allegations€ofŠ tÄ Šmistreatment€of€foreigners€were€thoroughly€investigated€and€if€the€investigation€produced€evidenceŠ `° Šof€wrong„doing,€the€police€officers€concerned€were€subject€to€criminal€prosecution€or€disciplinaryŠ L œ Šaction.Š 8 ˆ ŠĢ565.€€Regarding€abortion,€he€said€that€a€pregnant€woman€had€the€right€freely€to€decide€to€have€anŠ  ` Šabortion€during€the€first€90€days€of€pregnancy,€although€she€was€required€to€consult€a€physician€andŠ ü L  Što€inform€him€of€the€reason€for€her€decision.€€Abortion€after€the€first€90€days€could€only€beŠ č 8  Šperformed€if€the€life€of€the€pregnant€woman€was€seriously€endangered€or€if€an€examination€of€theŠ Ō$  Šfactors€showed€that€there€were€serious€pathological€abnormalities.€€Since€a€considerable€section€ofŠ Ą  Šthe€population€was€opposed€to€abortion,€it€had€been€decided€that€any€physician€who€did€not€wish€toŠ ¬ü  Šdo€so€could€refuse€to€give€assistance€for€the€purpose.€€Lastly,€with€regard€to€the€moment€at€whichŠ ˜č  Ša€foetus€became€a€human€being,€he€stated€that€the€law€took€no€stand€on€that€moral€and€religiousŠ „Ō  Šproblem.€€He€noted€that€the€status€of€an€embryo€resulting€from€fertilization€ņņin€vitroóó€did€not€arise€inŠ pĄ ŠItaly€since€the€use€and€preservation€of€embryos€were€prohibited€by€law.Š \¬ ŠĢņņTreatment€of€prisoners€and€other€detaineesóóŠ 4„ ŠĢ566.€€With€reference€to€that€issue,€members€of€the€Committee€wished€to€receive€clarification€of€theŠ  \ Šcircumstances€under€which€persons€who€had€served€their€sentences€could€nevertheless€be€obligedŠ ųH Što€serve€in€a€farm€colony€or€a€labour€establishment,€and€inquired€how€many€establishments€of€thatŠ ä4 Škind€existed€in€Italy€and€how€many€persons€were€being€detained€in€them.€€They€also€requestedŠ Š  Šfurther€information€concerning€the€application€in€practice€of€article€19€of€Act€No.€56€of€28€FebruaryŠ ¼  Š1987€and€the€new€special€surveillance€rgime€mentioned€in€paragraph€108€of€the€report.€€In€the€latterŠ Øų Šconnection,€they€inquired€whether€solitary€confinement€could€be€imposed€under€the€special€rgimeŠ ”ä Šand,€if€so,€for€what€maximum€period.Š €Š ŠĢ567.€€Additionally,€it€was€asked€what€measures€had€been€taken€to€prevent€violence€against€accusedŠ X Ø Špersons.€€In€particular,€with€reference€to€the€scourge€of€terrorism€that€Italy€had€been€obliged€to€faceŠ D!” Šup€to,€questions€were€asked€with€regard€to€alleged€ill„treatment€of€prisoners€held€in€police€stationsŠ 0"€  Šand€to€the€establishment€of€a€Parliamentary€Commission€of€Inquiry€into€police€brutality€againstŠ #l! Šdetainees€in€prisons.€Further€information€was€also€sought€on€the€suspension€of€some€forms€ofŠ $X" Šdisciplinary€measures€as€a€means€of€counteracting€overcrowding€in€prisons,€and€on€labour€inŠ ō$D # Špenitentiary€institutions.€€As€regards€the€special€surveillance€rgime,€it€was€inquired€whether€itŠ ą%0!$ Šincluded€sensory€isolation€or€the€deprivation€of€all€social€contact;€and€whether€the€restrictionsŠ Ģ&"% Šimposed€thereunder€were€in€conformity€with€the€United€Nations€Standard€Minimum€Rules€for€theŠ ø'#& ŠTreatment€of€Prisoners.€€It€was€also€inquired€to€what€extent€prisons€were€overcrowded€in€Italy;Š ¤(ō#' Šwhether€periods€spent€in€a€labour€establishment€or€a€farm€colony€formed€part€of€a€sentence€imposedŠ )ą$( Šby€a€court;€and€how€the€obligation€to€work€in€a€farm€colony€or€a€labour€establishment€could€beŠ |*Ģ%) Šreconciled€with€the€requirements€of€article€8€and€of€paragraphs€1€and€3€of€article€9;€which€categoriesŠ h+ø&* Šof€detainees€were€eligible€for€periods€of€leave€for€the€purpose€of€satisfying€their€emotional,€culturalŠ T,¤'+ Šand€professional€requirements;€whether€prisoners€serving€sentences€at€home€were€obliged€to€wearŠ @-(, Šelectronic€tags€to€facilitate€their€location;€and€what€inducements€were€offered€to€prisoners€to€join€inŠ ° Štheir€own€reintegration€into€society€as€provided€for€under€Act€No.€663€of€10€October€1986.€€Lastly,Š œģ Šwith€reference€to€organ€transplants€from€dead€bodies,€which€were€only€permissible€with€the€priorŠ ˆŲ Šconsent€of€the€donor€or€his€relatives,€it€was€asked€whether€the€regulation€covered€the€shipment€ofŠ tÄ Šorgans€outside€Italy;€why€transplants€of€brain€tissue€and€genital€organs€had€been€excluded;€andŠ `° Šwhether€legal€provision€had€been€made€to€ensure€that€such€organs€were€donated€and€not€sold.€Š L œ ŠĢ568.€€Responding€to€questions€raised€by€members€of€the€Committee,€the€representative€of€the€StateŠ $ t Šparty€explained€that€farm€colonies€and€labour€establishments€had€been€set€up€as€an€essentialŠ  ` Šadministrative€security€measure€and€were€only€used€for€dangerous€prisoners€whom€it€was€deemedŠ ü L  Šnecessary€to€isolate€from€society.€€According€to€the€most€recent€statistics,€117€habitual€offenders€andŠ č 8  Šrecidivists€were€serving€sentences€in€six€labour€establishments€and€three€farm€colonies.€€Inmates€ofŠ Ō$  Šthose€establishments€who€behave€well€could€enjoy€a€measure€of€freedom,€working€outside€andŠ Ą  Šreturning€to€the€establishment€at€night.€€Act€No.€56€of€28€February€1987€provided€for€all€detaineesŠ ¬ü  Šin€those€establishments€to€be€placed€on€the€unemployment€roll,€thus€enabling€them€to€obtain€outsideŠ ˜č  Šwork€and€preparing€the€way€for€their€reintegration€into€society€after€release.€€With€regard€toŠ „Ō  Šcompulsory€work€by€prisoners,€he€pointed€out€that€only€convicted€persons€were€required€to€work.€Š pĄ ŠThey€were€in€fact€keen€to€work€as€the€pay€was€rather€good.Š \¬ ŠĢ569.€€Referring€to€the€new€special€surveillance€rgime€mentioned€in€paragraph€108€of€the€report,€heŠ 4„ Šsated€that€it€was€intended€to€apply€to€prisoners€considered€to€be€a€danger€to€society€and€liable€to€haveŠ  p Ša€disruptive€influence€in€prison€or€achieve€an€undesirable€dominance€over€their€fellow„prisoners.Š  \ ŠAlthough€no€such€specific€provision€on€the€subject€was€contained€in€the€Act,€solitary€confinementŠ ųH Šcould€be€imposed€where€necessary.€The€more€common€practice,€however,€was€to€keep€the€prisonersŠ ä4 Šunder€close€observation.€An€order€placing€a€person€under€special€surveillance€could€only€be€madeŠ Š  Šby€a€judge€at€the€time€of€conviction€of€a€person€found€by€the€court€to€be€socially€dangerous€and€notŠ ¼  Šsimply€presumed€to€be€such.€Sensory€deprivation€was€not€practised€in€Italy.Š Øų ŠĢ570.€€In€reply€to€other€questions,€he€said€that€a€bill€for€the€establishment€of€the€parliamentaryŠ €Š Šcommission€to€investigate€conditions€of€imprisonment€had€been€laid€before€Parliament.€€He€addedŠ l¼ Šin€that€connection€that€deputies€were€able€to€visit€prisons€at€any€time€and€could€talk€to€prisoners.€€IfŠ X Ø Šthey€found€any€irregularities,€they€could€call€for€a€debate€in€Parliament€and€bring€the€problem€to€theŠ D!” Šattention€of€the€authorities€and€public€opinion.€€With€regard€to€violence€against€prisoners€andŠ 0"€  Šaccused€persons,€he€drew€attention€to€a€case€in€which€police€officers€guilty€of€brutality€againstŠ #l! Šmembers€of€the€Red€Brigades€had€been€convicted€and€later€suspended€from€their€duties.€€He€alsoŠ $X" Špointed€out€that€an€Act€of€1986€substantially€restricted€the€powers€of€the€Ministry€of€Justice€to€orderŠ ō$D # Šthe€complete€or€partial€suspension€of€the€application€of€the€disciplinary€rules,€which€could€now€onlyŠ ą%0!$ Šbe€suspended€in€the€case€of€mutiny.€€With€regard€to€prison€overcrowding,€he€said€that€overcrowdingŠ Ģ&"% Šwas€a€problem€in€major€cities€such€as€Naples€and€Palermo.€Nevertheless,€the€authorities€were€tryingŠ ø'#& Što€remedy€overcrowding€by€opening€new€detention€centres€and€limiting€the€number€of€precautionaryŠ ¤(ō#' Šdetentions,€with€the€result€that€the€number€of€prisoners€had€fallen€from€42,738€in€1985€to€31,077€inŠ )ą$( ŠDecember€1988.€€In€addition,€steps€€had€been€taken€to€ensure€that€the€public€were€better€informedŠ |*Ģ%) Šof€the€facts€about€prison€administration.€€With€regard€to€measures€to€assist€the€return€of€prisoners€toŠ h+ø&* Šordinary€life,€he€explained€that€provision€was€made€for€prisoners€serving€a€sentence€of€under€threeŠ T,¤'+ Šyearsšš€duration€to€be€placed€in€the€care€of€a€social€service,€subject€to€a€favourable€recommendationŠ @-(, Šby€the€disciplinary€council.€€In€consequence,€a€prisoner€could€benefit€from€a€rgime€of€semi„freedomŠ ° Šand€in€some€circumstances€be€returned€to€his€home.€€In€the€latter€case,€the€prisoner€was€not€subjectŠ œģ Što€electronic€supervision,€but€the€police€made€regular€checks.Š ˆŲ ŠĢ571.€€With€regard€to€medical€experiments€on€human€beings,€he€indicated€that€the€removal€of€brainŠ `° Štissue€and€genital€glands€had€been€prohibited€to€prevent€genetic€manipulation.€€While€the€use€ofŠ L œ Šorgan€transplants€for€therapeutic€purposes€was€permitted,€commercial€traffic€in€organs€was€not.€€InŠ 8 ˆ Šany€case€Italian€law€prohibited€the€sale€of€organs.Š $ t ŠĢņņLiberty€and€security€of€the€personóóŠ ü L  ŠĢ572.€€In€this€connection,€members€of€the€Committee€asked€whether€there€had€been€any€furtherŠ Ō$  Šdevelopments€since€the€submission€of€the€report€relating€to€the€application€of€recent€legislation,Š Ą  Šparticularly€Act€No.€398/84€and€No.€743/86;€whether€the€maximum€period€of€house€arrest€orŠ ¬ü  Šdetention€in€places€other€than€prisons€was€the€same€as€the€maximum€period€of€detention€awaitingŠ ˜č  Štrial;€and€whether€the€Government€of€Italy€had€taken€steps€to€reduce€the€allowable€period€ofŠ „Ō  Šprecautionary€detention.€€They€asked€for€further€information€on€the€role,€functions,€organization€andŠ pĄ Šindependence€of€the€Freedom€Court€established€by€Act€No.€532€of€12€August€1982;€how€soon€afterŠ \¬ Šarrest€an€arrested€person€could€contact€his€lawyer€or€family;€and€detention€in€institutions€other€thanŠ H˜ Šprisons€and€for€reasons€other€than€crimes.Š 4„ ŠĢ573.€€Members€also€expressed€concern€regarding€the€allowable€period€of€detention€awaiting€trial.€Š  \ ŠThey€noted€that,€not€only€did€pre„trial€detention€seem€too€long,€but€judicial€procedures€also€appearedŠ ųH Što€be€too€slow.€€In€that€connection,€members€questioned€whether€the€duration€of€precautionaryŠ ä4 Šdetention,€notwithstanding€the€positive€steps€taken€by€the€Italian€authorities€in€the€matter,€wasŠ Š  Šconsistent€with€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant.€€With€regard€to€the€conditions€of€precautionaryŠ ¼  Šdetention,€they€asked€what€the€actual€maximum€allowable€period€was€for€such€detention,€whetherŠ Øų Špersons€detained€on€improper€grounds€were€released€and€whether€such€detention€was€an€exceptionalŠ ”ä Šmeasure€or€a€regular€practice.€Explanations€were€requested€regarding€the€conditions€in€which€theŠ €Š Štime„limits€could€be€suspended€if€defence€counsel€was€not€available.€€It€was€also€asked€whether€theŠ l¼ Šsame€principle€was€applied€if€the€plaintiff€were€not€present.€€It€was€further€asked€whether,€if€theŠ X Ø Šaccused€was€found€not€guilty,€compensation€was€provided€for.€€In€that€connection,€it€was€asked€whatŠ D!” Šwas€the€purpose€of€the€reservation€made€by€Italy€with€regard€to€article€9,€paragraph€5,€of€theŠ 0"€  ŠCovenant.€€Noting€that€the€maximum€allowable€period€of€precautionary€detention€varied€with€theŠ #l! Šgravity€of€the€penalty€to€which€the€offender€was€liable,€members€asked€whether€such€provisions€wereŠ $X" Šnot€contrary€to€the€principle€of€the€presumption€of€innocence,€as€defined€in€article€14€of€the€CovenantŠ ō$D # Šand€reaffirmed€in€the€Committeeššs€general€comment€No.€13€(21).Š ą%0!$ ŠĢ574.€€Members€also€asked€for€supplementary€information€concerning€conditions€governing€theŠ ø'#& Šdetention€of€persons€in€psychiatric€institutions,€notably€with€regard€to€the€scrutiny€of€medicalŠ ¤(ō#' Šdecisions€by€the€authorities.Š )ą$( ŠĢ575.€€In€his€reply,€the€representative€of€the€State€party€explained€that€the€maximum€allowable€periodŠ h+ø&* Šof€precautionary€detention€depended€not€only€on€the€gravity€of€the€offence,€but€also€on€the€stageŠ T,¤'+ Šwhich€the€trial€had€reached.€€In€fact,€the€maximum€period€of€six€years€covered€the€entire€proceedings,Š @-(, Šincluding€appeal€to€a€higher€court€or€the€court€of€cassation.€€If€any€phase€of€the€proceedings€exceededŠ ° Šthe€allowable€time,€the€accused€must€be€released.€€There€were,€however,€reasons€for€the€suspensionŠ œģ Šof€periods€of€precautionary€detention€during€the€trial€phase,€such€as€the€unjustified€absence€of€theŠ ˆŲ Šdefence€lawyer€or€a€request€for€adjournment€by€the€defendant.€€He€stressed€that€it€was,€of€course,€inŠ tÄ Šthe€defendantššs€interest,€and€not€that€of€the€prosecutor,€to€prolong€the€period€of€pre„trial€detentionŠ `° Šand€that€the€new€Act€had€endeavoured€to€close€that€loophole.€€Changes€in€the€conditions€in€whichŠ L œ Šprecautionary€detention€could€be€ordered€had€been€made€by€an€Act€of€25€August€1988,€under€whichŠ 8 ˆ Šthe€examining€magistrate,€even€in€the€case€of€very€serious€offences,€was€not€required€to€order€arrestŠ $ t Šby€simply€obliged€to€give€reasons€in€writing€for€his€decision€not€to€do€so.€€In€addition,€the€groundsŠ  ` Šfor€precautionary€detention€had€been€made€more€restrictive.€€There€must€be€ņņprima€facieóó€evidence€ofŠ ü L  Šguilt,€the€need€to€protect€society€must€be€specifically€established€and€the€risk€of€escape,€as€well€asŠ č 8  Šthe€need€to€protect€evidence€from€destruction,€must€be€specifically€established.€€Finally,€theŠ Ō$  Šprosecutors€had€lost€the€power€to€order€an€arrest.€€In€addition,€new€legislative€provisions€providedŠ Ą  Šfor€the€replacement€of€precautionary€detention€by€house€arrest€or€confinement€in€a€hospital,€and€inŠ ¬ü  Špractice€had€led€to€a€substantial€reduction€in€the€number€of€persons€detained€since€August€1988.€€HeŠ ˜č  Šadded€that€the€new€Code€of€Penal€Procedure€provided€for€a€maximum€period€of€precautionaryŠ „Ō  Šdetention€of€four€years€and€that€the€maximum€period€of€house€arrest€was€the€same€as€that€forŠ pĄ Šprecautionary€detention.Š \¬ ŠĢ576.€€Referring€to€a€number€of€concerns€expressed€concerning€the€lengthy€duration€of€Italian€judicialŠ 4„ Šprocedures,€the€representative€recalled€that€the€figures€that€had€been€given€were€maximum€and€notŠ  p Šaverage.€A€further€factor€affected€the€duration€of€legal€procedures€was€the€growing€complexity€ofŠ  \ Šoffences.€€Drug€trafficking€trials€might€have€international€as€well€as€national€ramifications€andŠ ųH Šinvolve€time„consuming€investigations€outside€the€country.€€Nevertheless,€where€a€court€decisionŠ ä4 Šwas€found€to€be€flawed,€compensation€might€be€paid€to€the€injured€party€and€the€new€Code€of€PenalŠ Š  ŠProcedure€made€specific€reference€to€equitable€compensation.€€Furthermore,€it€was€also€possible€thatŠ ¼  Ša€judge€might€be€held€personally€liable.Š Øų ŠĢ577.€€With€reference€to€the€Freedom€Court,€he€said€that€the€court€had€been€established€to€enable€aŠ €Š Šperson€arrested€on€the€order€of€the€examining€magistrate€to€apply€to€a€chamber€of€the€higher€courtŠ l¼ Šin€the€nearest€provincial€centre€to€review€the€validity€of€the€arrest€warrant.€€In€addition,€the€FreedomŠ X Ø ŠCourt€was€a€court€of€appeal.€€The€prosecutor€could€appeal€to€the€court€against€orders€by€a€judgeŠ D!” Šreleasing€an€accused€person.€When€an€arrest€warrant€was€re„examined,€the€defending€lawyer€couldŠ 0"€  Šparticipate€in€the€proceedings€and€the€courtššs€order€had€to€be€given€within€three€days,€failing€whichŠ #l! Šthe€accused€was€automatically€released.€The€members€of€the€Freedom€Court€were€not€the€judges€whoŠ $X" Šwould€try€the€case.Š ō$D # ŠĢ578.€€In€reply€to€other€questions,€the€representative€of€the€State€party€explained€that€the€family€of€anŠ Ģ&"% Šarrested€person€had€to€be€notified€without€delay€and€that€the€defence€lawyer€could€be€present€fromŠ ø'#& Šthe€beginning€of€the€proceedings€when€the€prisoner€was€interrogated.€€The€new€Code€of€PenalŠ ¤(ō#' ŠProcedure€added€in€that€connection€that€the€police€should€inform€the€arrested€person€of€his€right€toŠ )ą$( Šappoint€a€defence€lawyer€and€immediately€get€in€touch€with€the€latter.Š |*Ģ%) ŠĢ579.€€In€the€case€of€detention€in€establishments€other€than€prisons,€he€drew€attention€to€the€provisionsŠ T,¤'+ Šof€Act€No.€180€of€13€May€1978€regarding€the€treatment€of€mentally€ill€persons.€€In€particular,€the€ActŠ @-(, Šprovided€that€a€mentally€ill€patient€could€not€be€required€to€undergo€treatment€against€his€will,€exceptŠ ° Šon€the€proposal€of€a€medical€practitioner,€followed€by€an€order€by€the€municipal€authorities,€whichŠ œģ Šhad€been€communicated€to€the€judge€and€against€which€the€patient€could€appeal.€€The€Act€alsoŠ ˆŲ Šprovided€for€the€abolition€of€psychiatric€hospitals.€€In€addition,€many€patients€were€released€in€orderŠ tÄ Što€apply€the€principle€of€respect€for€their€civil€and€political€rights,€as€provided€for€in€article€1€of€theŠ `° ŠAct€„€a€step€that€has€given€rise€to€some€problems.Š L œ ŠĢņņRight€to€a€fair€trialóóŠ $ t ŠĢ580.€With€regard€to€that€issue,€members€of€the€Committee€wished€to€receive€necessary€additionalŠ ü L  Šinformation€on€article€14€in€the€light€of€the€Committeeššs€general€comment€No.€13€(21)€and,€inŠ č 8  Šparticular,€on€the€current€status€of€the€work€on€the€New€Code€of€Penal€Procedure.€€They€also€wishedŠ Ō$  Što€know€whether€the€New€Code€of€Civil€Procedure€had€entered€into€effect€and,€if€so,€to€what€extentŠ Ą  Šthe€principles€described€in€paragraphs€126€to€136€of€the€report€were€reflected€in€the€code€as€finallyŠ ¬ü  Šadopted.Š ˜č  ŠĢ581.€€Additionally,€clarification€was€sought€of€the€principle€that€trials€should€have€a€š šsubstantiallyŠ pĄ Šaccusatorial€structurešš;€of€the€reference€in€the€report€of€š špara„jurisdictional€activitiesšš;€and€of€theŠ \¬ ŠItalian€Governmentššs€declaration€in€respect€of€paragraph€3€of€article€14€of€the€Covenant.€€Lastly,Š H˜ Šfurther€information€was€sought€with€regard€to€the€implementation€in€practice€of€article€15€of€theŠ 4„ ŠCovenant.Š  p ŠĢ582.€€Replying€to€questions€raised€by€members€of€the€Committee,€the€representative€of€the€StateŠ ųH Šparty€explained€that€the€independence€of€judges€was€ensured€by€their€competitive€recruitment€asŠ ä4 Špublic€servants€and€by€the€existence€of€a€supervisory€body,€the€Higher€Judicial€Council,€which€hadŠ Š  Šsole€competence€for€the€appointment,€promotion€and€posting€of€judges.€€All€court€hearings€wereŠ ¼  Špublic,€except€for€those€relating€to€sexual€crimes,€and€all€decisions€had€to€be€rendered€in€public.€€AŠ Øų Šnew€act,€promulgated€on€23€January€1989,€gave€minorities€the€right€to€express€themselves€andŠ ”ä Špresent€documents€to€the€court€in€their€own€language.€€The€act€of€16€January€1989€provided€thatŠ €Š Šcharges€against€members€of€the€Government€were€to€be€heard€in€the€normal€courts.Š l¼ ŠĢ583.€€The€New€Code€of€Civil€Procedure€involved€a€wide€range€of€civil€procedures€heard€by€judgesŠ D!” Šof€different€divisions€and€its€wide€scope€had€delayed€the€Codeššs€promulgation.€€A€new€Bill,€whichŠ 0"€  Šsought€to€bring€into€force€certain€urgent€provisions€of€the€Code,€had€been€presented€in€the€newŠ #l! Šlegislative€term€with€a€view€to€reorganizing€the€structure€of€civil€courts€of€first€instance€andŠ $X" Šaccelerating€the€disposal€of€civil€cases.€€Another€Bill€had€also€been€presented€to€Parliament,Š ō$D # Šproviding€for€the€appointment€of€Justices€of€the€Peace€who€would€be€more€qualified€and€hold€widerŠ ą%0!$ Špowers€than€the€existing€š šconciliatorsšš.Š Ģ&"% ŠĢ584.€€Referring€to€the€New€Code€of€Penal€Procedure,€the€representatives€of€the€State€party€noted€thatŠ ¤(ō#' Šthe€Code€would€enter€into€force€on€24€October€1989€and€that€transitional€provisions€had€already€beenŠ )ą$( Šplaced€before€Parliament€for€approval.€€He€added€that€the€New€Code€would€institute€the€practice€ofŠ |*Ģ%) Šcross„examination€of€witnesses€by€defence€counsel€and€the€public€prosecutor.Š h+ø&* ŠĢ585.€€The€term€š špara„jurisdictional€activitiesšš€referred€to€the€public€prosecutorššs€former€power€overŠ @-(, Šthe€personal€liberty€of€the€accused€and€other€wide€powers€relating€to€the€interrogation€and€theŠ ° Šcollection€of€evidence.€€Regarding€the€declaration€made€by€his€Government€on€article€14,€theŠ œģ Šrepresentative€explained€that€when€Italy€had€ratified€the€Covenant€there€had€been€some€discrepancyŠ ˆŲ Šbetween€Italian€practice€and€article€14.€€After€the€hearing€of€a€case€before€the€European€Court€of€Š tÄ ŠHuman€Rights,€the€system€had€been€changed€and€was€now€clearly€compatible€with€the€Covenant.Š `° ŠĢņņFreedom€of€movement€and€expulsion€of€aliensóóŠ 8 ˆ ŠĢ586.€€With€reference€to€that€issue,€members€of€the€Committee€wished€to€receive€further€informationŠ  ` Šon€the€legal€provisions€governing€the€expulsion€of€aliens€and€inquired€whether€an€appeal€against€anŠ ü L  Šexpulsion€order€had€suspensive€effect.€€They€also€wished€to€know€how€effective€the€proceduresŠ č 8  Šestablished€under€Act€No.€943€of€30€December€1986€had€been€in€overcoming€obstacles€to€theŠ Ō$  Šeffective€exercise€of€the€rights€of€workers€from€outside€the€European€community€residing€in€Italy.€Š Ą  ŠIn€addition,€it€was€inquired€what€measures€were€being€taken€to€discourage€illegal€immigration.Š ¬ü  ŠĢ587.€€In€his€reply,€the€representative€emphasized€that€there€were€two€types€of€expulsions,€judicial€andŠ „Ō  Šadministrative.€€An€alien€might€be€expelled€as€a€security€measure,€following€a€trial€in€which€he€hadŠ pĄ Šbeen€found€guilty€of€certain€specific€offences€or€had€been€given€a€term€of€imprisonment€exceedingŠ \¬ Š10€years.€€The€Ministry€of€the€Interior€or€the€Prefect€could€also€issue,€under€some€circumstances,€anŠ H˜ Šexpulsion€order€on€security€grounds.€€While€some€of€the€reasons€invoked€by€the€authoritiesŠ 4„ Šautomatically€involved€expulsion,€in€other€cases€expulsion€was€left€to€their€discretion€in€accordanceŠ  p Šwith€their€evaluation€of€the€situation.€Aliens€could€appeal€against€an€expulsion€order€either€to€higherŠ  \ Šauthorities€or€before€the€administrative€courts.€€Although€an€appeal€did€not€necessarily€have€aŠ ųH Šsuspensive€effect,€a€stay€of€execution€could€always€be€granted€by€a€judge€if€serious€reasons€could€beŠ ä4 Šadduced.€€As€regards€illegal€immigration,€he€stated€that€the€Government€intended€to€reinforce€theŠ Š  Šfrontier€police€and€to€introduce€visas€for€nationals€of€countries€from€which€illegal€entry€was€mostŠ ¼  Šlikely.Š Øų ŠĢņņRight€to€privacyóóŠ €Š ŠĢ588.€€In€that€connection,€members€of€the€Committee€wished€to€receive€additional€information€onŠ X Ø Šarticle€17€in€accordance€with€the€Committeeššs€general€comment€No.€16€(32)€and€on€the€legal€rgimeŠ D!” Šgoverning€lawful€interference€with€correspondence,€telephone€and€telegraphic€communications.€Š 0"€  ŠThey€also€wished€to€know€whether€the€draft€bill€regulating€the€establishment€and€activities€of€data„Š #l! Šprocessing€services€had€been€resubmitted€to€Parliament€and,€if€so,€what€its€current€prospects€of€beingŠ $X" Šenacted€were.€€In€addition,€it€was€also€asked€whether€provisions€similar€to€those€prohibiting€audio„Š ō$D # Švisual€surveillance€of€workers€existed€in€other€areas€and€whether€the€use€of€hidden€microphones€wasŠ ą%0!$ Šauthorized.Š Ģ&"% ŠĢ589.€€In€his€reply,€the€representative€of€the€State€party€explained€that€the€freedom€and€inviolabilityŠ ¤(ō#' Šof€all€forms€of€communications€could€only€be€restricted€by€virtue€of€a€judicial€order.€€Moreover,€theŠ )ą$( Šindividual€had€been€provided€with€improved€guarantees€by€new€provisions€introduced€into€the€PenalŠ |*Ģ%) ŠCode€according€to€which€confiscation€of€correspondence,€telephone„tapping€and€interception€ofŠ h+ø&* Štelegraphic€communications€could€only€be€authorized€by€a€judge€in€exceptional€situations€related€toŠ T,¤'+ Šdrug€trafficking,€contraband€or€threats€proffered€by€telephone.Š @-(, Ї590.€€Referring€to€questions€raised€in€connection€with€data€processing,€he€explained€that€a€billŠ ° Šrelating€to€the€establishment€and€functioning€of€data€banks€and€data€processing€had€been€submittedŠ œģ Što€the€ninth€legislature€and€was€to€be€resubmitted€to€Parliament€after€an€examination€by€an€ņņad€hocóóŠ ˆŲ Šworking€group€under€the€Ministry€of€Justice.€€The€bill€was€based€on€the€guidelines€of€the€CouncilŠ tÄ Šof€Europeššs€Convention€of€January€1981€and€endeavoured€to€reconcile€the€need€to€retain€freedomŠ `° Šof€expression€and€encourage€economic€initiative€with€the€need€to€protect€the€privacy€of€theŠ L œ Šindividual.€€Among€the€main€features€of€the€Bill€was€the€setting€up€of€a€supervisory€body€with€whichŠ 8 ˆ Šall€organizers€or€holders€of€data€bank€were€obliged€to€register.€€It€was€the€duty€of€the€supervisoryŠ $ t Šbody€to€verify€the€particulars€given€on€the€registration€form,€to€check€that€the€data€bank€was€beingŠ  ` Šused€in€conformity€with€the€law,€to€receive€complaints€and,€if€necessary,€to€order€the€bank€to€ceaseŠ ü L  Šoperations.€€The€bill€also€granted€the€person€concerned€the€right€of€access€to€data€banks€containingŠ č 8  Šinformation€pertaining€to€himself.Š Ō$  ŠĢ591.€€Responding€to€other€questions,€the€representative€stated€that€the€violation€of€individual€privacyŠ ¬ü  Šthrough€the€use€of€microphones€or€audio„visual€equipment€in€homes€was€prohibited€under€penal€law.Š ˜č  ŠAlthough€the€question€of€such€surveillance€in€department€stores€and€other€public€places€was€notŠ „Ō  Šcovered€by€law,€in€practice€a€warning€was€generally€posted,€when€relevant,€to€alert€the€public€to€theŠ pĄ Šexistence€of€remote€monitoring.Š \¬ ŠĢņņFreedom€of€religion€and€expression;€prohibition€of€propaganda€for€war€and€incitement€to€national,Š 4„ Šracial€or€religious€hatredŠ  p ŠóóĢ592.€€With€reference€to€that€issue,€members€of€the€Committee€wished€to€know€whether€theŠ ųH Šagreements€with€religious€groups€mentioned€in€paragraph€162€of€the€report€had€given€rise€to€anyŠ ä4 Šimplementation€difficulties;€whether€non„Catholics€were€also€liable€to€the€payment€of€taxes€toŠ Š  Šfinance€the€Catholic€Church;€what€the€size€of€the€nomad€population€in€Italy€was;€and€whether€anyŠ ¼  Šmeasures€had€been€taken€to€resolve€the€problem€of€nomads€(gypsies)€since€the€establishment€of€theŠ Øų ŠŌ_ŌinterministerialŌ_Ō€commission€mentioned€in€paragraph€175€of€the€report.€€They€also€wished€to€receiveŠ ”ä Šnecessary€additional€information€on€articles€19€and€20,€in€accordance€with€the€Committeeššs€generalŠ €Š Šcomments€Nos.€10€(19)€and€11€(19).Š l¼ ŠĢ593.€€Additionally,€further€information€was€sought€concerning€the€amendment€of€the€1929€Ō_ŌLateranŌ_ŌŠ D!” ŠTreaty€and€the€bill€on€the€new€matrimonial€rgime.€€It€was€also€inquired€what€differences€there€wereŠ 0"€  Šin€the€status€of€denominations€that€had€concluded€an€agreement€with€the€State€as€compared€withŠ #l! Šthose€which€had€not€done€so;€what€the€status€of€gypsies€was€under€Italian€law€and€whether€they€wereŠ $X" Šconsidered€to€be€an€ethnic€minority;€and€under€what€circumstances€publications€could€be€seized.Š ō$D # ŠĢ594.€€Responding€to€questions€raised€by€members€of€the€Committee,€the€representative€of€the€StateŠ Ģ&"% Šparty€said€that€the€agreements€that€the€Government€had€recently€signed€with€the€churches€andŠ ø'#& Šreligious€communities€in€Italy€had€not€given€rise€to€any€implementation€difficulties.€€Financing€ofŠ ¤(ō#' Šthe€Catholic€Church€was€provided€for€mainly€through€the€income€tax€payments€of€both€Catholics€andŠ )ą$( Šnon„Catholics.€€Those€funds€were€allocated€to€the€Catholic€Church€in€compensation€for€StateŠ |*Ģ%) Šconfiscation€of€its€property.€€The€Catholic€Church€was€also€financed€through€individual€voluntaryŠ h+ø&* Šcontributions€and€a€similar€system€existed€with€respect€to€other€denominations.€€The€opportunity€toŠ T,¤'+ Šenter€into€agreements€with€the€State€was€open€to€all€churches€and€religious€denominations.€€The€onlyŠ @-(, Šbenefits€of€such€agreements€related€to€the€teaching€of€the€doctrine€of€the€denomination€concernedŠ ° Šand€to€fiscal€or€financial€aspects.€€On€the€question€of€the€recognition€of€marriages€celebrated€underŠ œģ Šcanon€law€and€decisions€nullifying€such€marriages,€he€said€that€the€situation€in€that€respect€hadŠ ˆŲ Šdeveloped€in€the€light€of€the€changes€in€relations€between€the€Catholic€Church€and€the€Italian€State.€Š tÄ ŠUnder€article€8€of€the€agreement€for€the€reform€of€the€Concordat,€the€civil€effects€of€a€marriageŠ `° Šentered€into€in€accordance€with€canon€law€continued€to€be€recognized€provided€that€the€marriage€wasŠ L œ Šrecorded€in€the€State€registrarššs€office€and€that€the€conditions€in€which€it€had€been€entered€into€wereŠ 8 ˆ Šin€conformity€with€the€conditions€provided€for€by€civil€law.€€Similarly,€canonical€decisions€nullifyingŠ $ t Ša€marriage€continued€to€be€recognized€by€the€law€only€if€they€were€consistent€with€the€conditionsŠ  ` Šlaid€down€by€law.Š ü L  ŠĢ595.€€Referring€to€questions€raised€in€connection€with€the€nomad€population€in€Italy,€he€stated€thatŠ Ō$  Šit€amounted€to€approximately€70,000€to€80,000€people.€€Since€the€establishment€of€theŠ Ą  ŠŌ_ŌinterministerialŌ_Ō€commission,€initiatives€regarding€the€authorization€of€communal€loans€to€financeŠ ¬ü  Šthe€setting€up€of€areas€specifically€equipped€for€nomadic€populations€had€been€taken.€€Moreover,€aŠ ˜č  Šbill€aimed€at€the€preservation€of€the€language€and€culture€of€those€populations€was€under€discussionŠ „Ō  Šby€the€Chamber€of€Deputies€and€a€census€was€under€way€in€various€provinces.€€He€added€thatŠ pĄ Šnomads€were€not€considered€to€be€a€minority;€they€were€made€up€of€different€groups€speakingŠ \¬ Šdifferent€languages.€€Because€of€their€lack€of€a€fixed€abode,€special€arrangements€had€been€made€toŠ H˜ Šfacilitate€school€attendance€by€their€children.Š 4„ ŠĢ596.€€Referring€to€article€19€of€the€Covenant,€he€explained€that€while€legislation€already€existed€withŠ  \ Šregard€to€the€press,€efforts€were€being€made€to€draft€a€bill€to€guarantee€freedom€of€expression€withŠ ųH Šrespect€to€radio€and€television€and,€in€particular,€to€ensure€a€fair€distribution€of€radio€and€televisionŠ ä4 Šbroadcasting€channels.€€As€regards€article€20€of€the€Covenant,€he€drew€attention€to€the€1982€attackŠ Š  Šon€a€synagogue€in€Rome,€regarding€which€a€judge€had€handed€down€a€decision€condemning€theŠ ¼  Šperpetrators€by€virtue€of€article€4€of€the€International€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€FormsŠ Øų Šof€Racial€Discrimination.Š ”ä ŠĢ597.€€Replying€to€a€question€on€the€seizure€of€publications,€he€said€that€any€form€of€prior€censorshipŠ l¼ Šand€any€seizure€were€forbidden,€except€in€cases€of€pornography,€which€constituted€an€offence€ņņperŠ X Ø Šseóó,€and€cases€of€publications€in€which€there€were€grounds€for€believing€that€they€constituted€anŠ D!” Šoffence€provided€for€by€law.€€By€way€of€example,€he€referred€to€a€publication€reproducingŠ 0"€  ŠŌ_ŌcommuniqusŌ_Ō€by€the€Red€Brigades,€which€had€been€seized€on€the€grounds€that€it€constituted€theŠ #l! Šoffences€of€vindication€of€crime€and€of€incitement€to€crime.Š $X" ŠĢņņFreedom€of€assembly€and€associationóóŠ ą%0!$ ŠĢ598.€€With€regard€to€that€issue,€members€of€the€Committee€wished€to€know€whether€legislationŠ ø'#& Šgoverning€the€registration€of€trade€unions€and€the€right€to€strike€had€been€enacted€and,€if€so,€whetherŠ ¤(ō#' Šinformation€concerning€its€main€provisions€could€be€provided.€€In€addition,€it€was€asked€whether€anŠ )ą$( Šact€had€been€passed€to€give€effect€to€the€constitutional€guarantees€of€the€freedom€of€association€andŠ |*Ģ%) Šwhat€legal€regulations€governed€the€right€to€strike.Š h+ø&* ŠĢ599.€€In€his€reply,€the€representative€of€the€State€party€stated€that€40€trade€unions€had€been€set€upŠ @-(, Šsince€the€birth€of€the€Republic.€€Trade€unions€were€highly€active€in€negotiating€collective€agreementsŠ ° Šin€a€tripartite€framework€and€operated€according€to€established€practical€criteria€with€regard€toŠ œģ Šstructure,€personnel€and€methods.€€However,€the€right€to€strike€„€which€article€40€of€the€ConstitutionŠ ˆŲ Šguaranteed€without€establishing€limits€and€which€was€widely€exercised€„€needed€to€be€enshrined€inŠ tÄ Šlegislation.€€The€question,€however,€had€considerable€political€implications€and€in€view€of€theŠ `° Špolitical€differences€of€opinion€on€the€scope€of€the€legislation€needed,€it€had€hitherto€provedŠ L œ Šimpossible€to€agree€on€the€terms€of€a€bill€for€submission€to€Parliament.€€The€Government€wasŠ 8 ˆ Šnevertheless€eager€to€establish€legislation€covering€essential€services€and€a€bill€relating€to€the€contentŠ $ t Šof€both€the€tripartite€negotiations€and€to€certain€forms€of€self„discipline€already€adopted€by€tradeŠ  ` Šunions€in€order€to€regulate€strike€conditions€had€been€submitted€to€Parliament.Š ü L  ŠĢņņProtection€of€family€and€childrenóóŠ Ō$  ŠĢ600.€€With€regard€to€that€issue,€members€of€the€Committee€wished€to€receive€necessary€additionalŠ ¬ü  Šinformation€on€article€24€,€in€accordance€with€the€Committeeššs€general€comment€No.€17€(35)€andŠ ˜č  Šconcerning€the€activities€of€the€Permanent€National€Council€on€the€Problems€of€Minors€and€of€theŠ „Ō  ŠCommittee€on€the€Labour€of€Minors.€€They€also€wished€to€know€how€extensive€the€problem€of€theŠ pĄ Šillegal€employment€of€minors€was;€under€what€circumstances€work€permits€could€be€issued€by€theŠ \¬ ŠLabour€Inspectorate€to€minors€in€such€illegal€situations;€whether€legislation€to€reform€the€secondaryŠ H˜ Šschool€system€and€to€raise€the€mandatory€school€age€to€16€had€been€enacted;€and€what€differences,Š 4„ Šif€any,€existed€in€the€status€and€rights€of€children€born€within€and€out€of€wedlock.€€In€addition,€oneŠ  p Šmember€asked€whether€any€special€conditions€were€laid€down€by€law€for€the€adoption€of€foreignŠ  \ Šchildren;€whether€there€existed€in€Italy€a€body€responsible€for€examining€the€applications€for€theŠ ųH Šadoption€of€foreign€children;€what€action€was€taken€to€ensure€that€prospective€adoptive€parents€metŠ ä4 Šthe€requisite€moral€and€material€criteria;€and€for€what€reason€the€age€limit€for€adoptable€children€hadŠ Š  Šbeen€raised€from€8€to€18€years.Š ¼  ŠĢ601.€€In€his€response,€the€representative€of€the€State€party,€underscoring€the€importance€attached€toŠ ”ä Šthe€protection€of€the€child€in€Italian€legislation,€explained€that€the€Permanent€National€Council€onŠ €Š Šthe€Problems€of€Minors,€which€had€started€its€work€in€1986,€had€been€given€a€number€ofŠ l¼ Šresponsibilities€including€study€and€research€activities.€€Its€activities€were€centred€on€research€aimedŠ X Ø Što€developing€a€general€policy€to€encourage€the€harmonious€development€of€minors€as€an€essentialŠ D!” Šstage€in€the€development€of€society€as€a€whole.€€Specific€studies€had€been€carried€out€and€had€servedŠ 0"€  Što€provide€methodological€guidelines€for€projects€on€adolescents.€€In€June€1988,€the€Chamber€ofŠ #l! ŠDeputies€had€considered€the€establishment€of€a€parliamentary€commission€of€inquiry€on€the€statusŠ $X" Šof€minors€with€the€aim€of€investigating€the€causes€of€social€and€cultural€problems€affecting€them€andŠ ō$D # Šof€proposing€to€Parliament€the€most€appropriate€action€to€ensure€their€protection.€€Although€theŠ ą%0!$ Šemployment€of€minors€was€a€major€concern€of€the€Government,€he€admitted€that€the€legislativeŠ Ģ&"% Šframework€was€not€perfect.€€Minors€were€not€allowed€to€be€employed€before€the€age€of€16,€but€theyŠ ø'#& Šcould€be€engaged€for€seasonal€and€holiday€work,€light€work€and€work€authorized€by€the€SpecialŠ ¤(ō#' ŠLabour€Commission.€€The€issue€of€the€exploitation€of€minors,€however,€remained€a€sensitive€one.Š )ą$( ŠA€bill€submitted€to€Parliament€some€years€earlier€wit€ha€view€to€raising€the€minimum€school„leavingŠ |*Ģ%) Šage€to€16€had€recently€been€brought€before€it€again,€but€there€was€no€indication€that€it€would€beŠ h+ø&* Šapproved€in€the€near€future.€€Lastly,€he€emphasized€that€children€born€out€of€wedlock€enjoyedŠ T,¤'+ Šsubstantially€the€same€rights€as€those€born€in€wedlock.Š @-(, Ї602.€€Referring€to€the€questions€asked€about€adoption€in€Italy,€he€said€that€the€material€and€moralŠ ° Šconditions€to€be€fulfilled€by€the€prospective€parents€were€ascertained€by€the€juvenile€court,€whichŠ œģ Šexercised€general€competence,€regardless€of€whether€the€adoptive€child€was€Italian€or€foreign.€Š ˆŲ ŠParticular€attention€had€recently€been€devoted€to€international€adoption€because€of€the€abuses€toŠ tÄ Šwhich€it€might€give€rise;€in€that€connection,€mention€should€be€made€of€a€juvenile€court€decisionŠ `° Šannulling€the€adoption€of€a€Philippine€child€effected€without€a€full€investigation€of€the€circumstancesŠ L œ Šof€the€adoptive€parents.€€Although€the€age€limit€for€an€adoptive€child€had€been€raised€from€8€to€18Š 8 ˆ Šyears,€the€law€also€established€a€compulsory€minimum€difference€in€age€between€the€adoptive€parentŠ $ t Šand€the€adopted€child.Š  ` ŠĢņņRight€to€participate€in€the€conduct€of€public€affairsóóŠ č 8  ŠĢ603.€€With€regard€to€that€issue,€members€of€the€Committee€wished€to€know€how€equitable€access€ofŠ Ą  Šmembers€of€ethnic,€religious€or€linguistic€minorities€to€public€service€was€ensured.€€It€was€also€askedŠ ¬ü  Šwhat€the€grounds€were€for€limitation€of€the€right€to€vote€covered€by€transitional€provisions€XII€andŠ ˜č  ŠXIII€of€the€Constitution,€and€whether€the€withdrawal€of€the€right€to€vote€that€they€entailed€wasŠ „Ō  Špermanent€or€revocable.Š pĄ ŠĢ604.€€In€reply,€the€representative€of€the€State€party€said€that€the€minority€groups€resident€in€Italy€wereŠ H˜ Šnot€represented€as€such€at€the€national,€provincial,€regional€or€municipal€levels,€but€specialŠ 4„ Šarrangements€had€been€made€to€encourage€representatives€of€various€language€groups€to€stand€forŠ  p Šoffice€in€the€recent€elections€to€the€European€Parliament.€€Furthermore,€representatives€of€suchŠ  \ Šgroups€were€eligible€for€priority€consideration€for€certain€public„service€posts.€€On€the€question€ofŠ ųH Šlimitations€on€the€right€to€vote,€he€said€that€they€concerned€(a)€male€descendants€of€the€House€ofŠ ä4 ŠSavoy€who,€not€being€authorized€to€enter€Italian€territory,€obviously€did€not€have€the€right€to€vote,Š Š  Šand€(b)€persons€who€had€committed€particularly€serious€crimes.€€However,€a€judicial€orderŠ ¼  Šforbidding€a€person€to€vote€was€never€permanent.Š Øų ŠĢņņRights€of€minoritiesŠ €Š ŠóóĢ605.€€In€this€connection,€members€of€the€Committee€asked€whether€there€were€any€particularŠ X Ø Šobstacles€preventing€minorities€from€fully€exercising€their€rights€as€recognized€by€the€Covenant,€andŠ D!” Šexpressed€a€desire€for€details€of€languages€and€cultures€other€than€those€of€the€linguistic€minoritiesŠ 0"€  Šliving€in€the€Val€dššAosta,€Ō_ŌTrentinoŌ_Ō„Alto€Adige€and€Ō_ŌFriuliŌ_Ō„Venezia€Giulia.Š #l! ŠĢ606.€€Replying€to€questions€asked€by€members,€the€representative€of€the€State€party€observed€thatŠ ō$D # Šthe€minorities€enjoyed€all€the€rights€granted€to€Italian€citizens€and€were€not€encountered€anyŠ ą%0!$ Šparticular€difficulties.€€In€the€case€of€minorities€other€than€those€living€in€the€above„mentionedŠ Ģ&"% Šregions,€a€bill€had€been€submitted€to€Parliament€aimed€at€granting€a€minimum€number€of€guaranteesŠ ø'#& Što€all€minorities.€€A€distinction€should,€however,€be€drawn€between€linguistic€minorities€that€alreadyŠ ¤(ō#' Šhad€a€special€status€and€other€groups€that€wished€to€preserve€their€linguistic€and€cultural€traditions.€Š )ą$( ŠIn€that€connection,€in€the€regions€where€those€cultural€groups€lived,€the€wording€on€road€signs€wasŠ |*Ģ%) Šalready€in€both€Italian€and€the€local€language.Š h+ø&* ŠĢņņGeneral€observationsóóŠ @-(, Ї607.€€Members€of€the€Committee€welcomed€the€constructive€dialogue€that€had€taken€place€betweenŠ ° Šthe€Italian€delegation,€whose€size€and€quality€had€been€impressive,€and€the€Committee.€€MembersŠ œģ Šnevertheless€considered€that€their€concerns€had€not€been€fully€allayed,€especially€with€regard€to€theŠ ˆŲ Šduration€of€precautionary€detention€and€the€slowness€of€the€administration€of€justice,€which€wereŠ tÄ Šlikely€to€affect€presumption€of€innocence.€€Reference€had€also€been€made€in€that€connection€to€workŠ `° Šdone€in€the€farm€colonies€or€labour€establishments,€which€raised€problems€ņņvis„Ō_ŌŌ_Ō„visóó€articles€8€andŠ L œ Š10€of€the€Covenant;€the€supervision€exercised€over€police€and€prison€personnel;€child€labour;€theŠ 8 ˆ Šadoption€of€foreign€children,€and€the€status€of€women€in€certain€parts€of€the€country.€€Apart€fromŠ $ t Šthose€concerns,€members€had€expressed€satisfaction€at€the€increasingly€dynamic€support€for€humanŠ  ` Šrights€that€was€becoming€apparent€in€Italy,€and€which€had,€in€particular,€led€to€the€forthcoming€entryŠ ü L  Šinto€force€of€the€new€Code€of€Penal€Procedure€and€to€the€development€of€legislation€relating€toŠ č 8  Šfamily€law.€€They€noted€further€that€Italyššs€democratic€tradition€had€enabled€it€not€only€to€confrontŠ Ō$  Šthe€serious€problems€created€by€terrorism€and€organized€crime,€but€also€further€to€strengthen€theŠ Ą  Šprotection€of€human€rights.Š ¬ü  ŠĢ608.€€The€representative€of€the€State€thanked€the€members€of€the€Committee€for€their€keen€interestŠ „Ō  Šand€assured€them€that€the€Committeeššs€comments€would€be€transmitted€to€the€competent€authorities.Š pĄ ŠĢ609.€€Concluding€consideration€of€the€second€period€report€of€Italy,€the€Chairman€thanked€theŠ H˜ Šdelegation€for€its€spirit€of€co„operation.€€He€expressed€his€satisfaction€at€the€fact€that€the€report€hadŠ 4„ Šbeen€prepared€by€an€Ō_ŌinterministerialŌ_Ō€Committee€and€that€such€a€large€and€competent€delegation€hadŠ  p Šbeen€sent€to€appear€before€the€Committee.€Š   \ Šņ ņŌ_ŌCCPRŌ_Ō€€A/49/40€Ō_Ō(1994)ó óŌ_ԀР° ŠĢĢ271.€€The€Committee€considered€the€third€periodic€report€of€Italy€(Ō_ŌCCPRŌ_Ō/C/64/Add.8)€at€its€1330ņņthóóŠ xČ Što€1332ņņndóó€meetings,€held€on€11€and€12€July€1994€(see€Ō_ŌCCPRŌ_Ō/C/SR.1330€to€1332),€and€adopted€ņņ29/óóŠ d“ Šthe€following€comments:Š P   ŠĢ1.€€ņņIntroductionóóŠ ( x ŠĢ272.€€The€Committee€expresses€its€appreciation€to€the€State€party€for€its€elaborate€and€thoroughŠ  P  Šreport,€which€has€been€prepared€in€accordance€with€the€Committee's€guidelines,€and€for€engaging,Š ģ <  Šthrough€a€highly€qualified€delegation,€in€a€very€constructive€dialogue€with€the€Committee.€€It€notesŠ Ų(  Šwith€satisfaction€that€the€information€provided€in€the€report,€and€submitted€orally€by€the€delegationŠ Ä  Šin€reply€to€questions€posed€by€members€enabled€the€Committee€to€obtain€a€comprehensive€view€ofŠ °  ŠItaly's€actual€compliance€with€the€obligations€undertaken€under€the€Covenant.Š œģ  ŠĢ2.€€ņņFactors€and€difficulties€affecting€the€implementation€of€the€CovenantóóŠ tÄ ŠĢ273.€€The€Committee€notes€the€emergence€in€certain€parts€of€the€population€of€Italy€of€a€trendŠ Lœ Štowards€racism€and€intolerance€against€foreigners,€particularly€asylum-seekers€and€migrant€workers,Š 8ˆ Šand€the€resurgence€of€certain€elements€militating€in€favour€of€political€movements€reminiscent€ofŠ $t Ša€past€when€human€rights€were€seriously€violated.€€The€Committee€also€notes€that€there€areŠ ` Šdifficulties€in€implementing€the€necessary€struggle€against€organized€crime€and€corruption,€especiallyŠ üL Šin€the€highest€spheres€of€power,€in€a€manner€that€is€compatible€with€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant.Š č8 ŠĢ3.€€ņņPositive€aspectsóóŠ Ą ŠĢ274.€€The€Committee€notes€with€particular€satisfaction€the€high€level€of€achievement€in€the€respectŠ ˜č Šof€human€rights€in€Italy€and€the€strong€commitment€of€the€State€party€to€the€promotion€andŠ „Ō Šprotection€of€human€rights€at€both€the€national€and€the€international€levels.€€In€this€regard,€itŠ pĄ Šwelcomes,€in€particular,€the€intention€of€the€State€party€to€accede€to€the€Second€Optional€ProtocolŠ \ ¬ Što€the€Covenant,€aiming€at€the€abolition€of€the€death€penalty.Š H!˜ ŠĢ275.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€efforts€taken€by€the€State€party€to€promote€equal€opportunitiesŠ  #p! Šfor€women,€particularly€through€the€work€of€the€Commission€for€Parity€and€Equality€ofŠ  $\" ŠOpportunities€for€Men€and€Women,€and€the€progress€achieved€in€improving€women's€participationŠ ų$H # Šin€public€affairs,€professions€and€the€private€economic€sector.€€It€also€welcomes€the€adoption,€on€26Š ä%4!$ ŠApril€1993,€of€a€law€aiming€at€strengthening€the€prevention,€elimination€and€punishment€of€racistŠ Š& "% Šacts.€€The€Committee€takes€note€of€agreements€recently€concluded€between€the€State€party€andŠ ¼' #& Šcertain€religious€denominations,€as€well€as€the€proposed€establishment€of€a€special€office€on€religiousŠ Ø(ų#' Šfreedom.€€The€improvements€in€the€free€legal€aid€scheme€and€the€establishment€of€an€advisoryŠ ”)ä$( Šnational€Ō_ŌbioethicsŌ_Ō€committee€are€also€welcomed.€€Moreover,€the€Committee€appreciates€the€variousŠ €*Š%) Šmeasures€taken€by€the€State€party€to€protect€and€promote€the€rights€of€persons€belonging€to€linguisticŠ l+¼&* ŠßA€Y )¬>-ŒdE¬>-ŒAßą  ąą ` ąą ø ąĢą  ąņņ29óó/€At€the€1353ņņrdóó€meeting€(fifty„first€session),€held€on€27€July,€1994.Š D-”(, Šminorities,€which€constitutes€a€positive€approach€to€the€full€implementation€of€article€27€of€theŠ ° ŠCovenant.Š œģ ŠĢ4.€€ņņPrincipal€subjects€of€concernóóŠ tÄ ŠĢ276.€€The€Committee€continues€to€regret€the€extent€of€State€party's€reservations€to€the€Covenant€andŠ L œ Šthat€it€has€yet€not€envisaged€withdrawing€some€of€them.Š 8 ˆ ŠĢ277.€€The€Committee€regrets€that€the€office€of€the€citizens'€advocate€has€not€yet€been€established€atŠ  ` Šthe€national€level€and€that€similar€offices€do€not€exist€in€all€regions€of€the€State€party.€€Furthermore,Š ü L  Šthere€do€not€appear€to€be€any€guidelines€regarding€cooperation€and€coordination€between€thoseŠ č 8  Šdifferent€offices.€These€facts€combined€with€distinctions€in€the€powers€and€functions€of€the€regionalŠ Ō$  Šand€local€citizens'€advocates,€may€cause€unequal€protection€for€individuals€depending€on€the€placeŠ Ą  Šwhere€they€live.Š ¬ü  ŠĢ278.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€about€cases€brought€to€its€attention€of€ill-treatment€of€persons€byŠ „Ō  Špolice€and€security€forces€in€public€places€and€police€stations.€€The€Committee€is€also€concerned€byŠ pĄ Šthe€increasing€number€of€cases€of€ill-treatment€in€prisons.€€It€notes€with€concern€that€the€GovernmentŠ \¬ Šdoes€not€always€investigate€thoroughly€those€cases,€that€torture€as€such€is€not€punishable€in€domesticŠ H˜ Šlaw€and€that,€consequently,€appropriate€sanctions€are€not€always€imposed€on€those€found€guilty.Š 4„ ŠĢ279.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€about€the€duration€of€preventive€detention€as€provided€for€underŠ  \ Šthe€law€which€does€not€appear€to€be€compatible€with€the€requirements€of€articles€9€and€14€of€theŠ ųH ŠCovenant.€Delays€in€judicial€proceedings€remain€worrisome€despite€attempts€at€reducing€them.€€TheŠ ä4 ŠCommittee€is€also€concerned€at€the€various€problems€faced€in€the€administration€of€prisons€and€otherŠ Š  Šdetention€centres,€particularly€overcrowding.Š ¼  ŠĢ280.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€about€the€excessive€concentration€of€control€of€the€mass€mediaŠ ”ä Šin€a€small€group€of€people.€€Furthermore,€it€notes€that€such€concentration€may€affect€the€enjoymentŠ €Š Šof€the€right€to€freedom€of€expression€and€information€under€article€19€of€the€Covenant.Š l¼ ŠĢ281.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€that€the€State€party's€definition€of€minorities€is€confined€toŠ D!” Šlinguistic€minorities€within€its€territory€and€that,€consequently,€members€of€other€minorities€may€notŠ 0"€  Šenjoy€equal€protection€of€their€rights€under€article€27.Š #l! ŠĢ5.€€ņņSuggestions€and€recommendationsóóŠ ō$D # ŠĢ282.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€review€its€reservations€to€the€Covenant€withŠ Ģ&"% Ša€view€to€withdrawing€them.Š ø'#& ŠĢ283.€€In€view€of€the€fact€that€criminal€legislation€does€not€provide€for€the€death€penalty,€theŠ )ą$( ŠCommittee€wishes€to€encourage€the€State€party€to€take€the€necessary€steps€to€accede€to€the€SecondŠ |*Ģ%) ŠOptional€Protocol€to€the€Covenant.Š h+ø&* ŠĢ284.€€The€Committee€expresses€the€hope€that€the€Government€will€undertake€the€necessary€measuresŠ @-(, Što€establish€a€citizens'€advocate€office€at€the€national€level.€€It€also€recommends€that,€at€the€regionalŠ ° Šlevel,€where€this€has€not€yet€been€done,€citizens'€advocate€offices€be€established€and€that€functionsŠ œģ Šand€powers€of€regional€citizens'€advocates€be€harmonized.Š ˆŲ ŠĢ285.€€The€Committee€urge