’WPC[ NŅ"bD&3‚½«‘yƒįóG‘ĶqĢŅŠC|b)ķ©X‹oÖG˜©ĘóŠŌ~3'®Ÿ‘MŽ%iįTŗ„%Łu‡ž—.æ ƒā“Č$ūĒŽVŒģ"P÷wh°½a&@¼0¤®æaOµ ÷Ķč]xy€";3żč·]ę Į‰»·Ÿņń»Ėš1w{aŅ#¢K%Zę•ÖŅvYTg/ūź{4B)£løA±p‚­wč>ćńs^< ÄJ!uųaž,C…ļļø›EŻĒĢĮĀOŚPa“³rٱ€ā)šOźÄĶ6āŅ›°aϾÕb„„Ī&oSdĀ5“”4GókĮ=¶°^LOĖ­œäÅf:¼+ź] »‚hKū—;Srųõ Š\š]~,”ƒI5­õSŅŌ:Ė&/”I4ˆŽ¤k3ŅĮ6ėMwéQEĒ×”øšU”ī.M=µŌR]£ ;Q(™,; §tD’oŻ3xōĶļ׊÷0黾]·$[ė`P£yŌūŒ Ģc²Ų1݁r²õX#JŻ³ć“šk¢&ųāĪŌT*ØæåüÜ»įÅZĶoåe ?f*øÅFiW—aa„Čß“ˆč+„e:­F}ŗµJ”Æ+Ӛ #Į¶UNw %Å 0:Ė^ w4)8 m:QNY˜HP LaserJet 4P,ü,,,,,ü0&Öd9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(ūœ$””ŌUKUS.,Ō÷«g, &bœ+”žč4 3|x’U‹’ĄĄĄ Ż ƒūœ!ŻŌUKUS.,ŌŻ  ŻŌ_Ōņ ņÓ  ÓŌ‡¼åœ»XXŌITALYŌ#†XøX»¼åœL#ŌŠ ° ŠÓ@Óą  ąą ` ąĢĢŌ_ŌCEDAWŌ_Ō€€A/46/38€Ō_Ō(1991)ó óŌ_ŌŠ œģ ŠĢĢÓ  Ó43.€€The€Committee€considered€the€initial€report€of€Italy€(Ō_ŌCEDAWŌ_Ō/C/5/Add.62)€and€its€172ņņndóó€andŠ ` ° Š178ņņthóó€meetings,€on€21€and€24€January€(see€Ō_ŌCEDAWŌ_Ō/C/SR.172€and€178).Š L œ ŠĢ44.€€In€introducing€the€report,€the€representative€of€Italy€stated€that€the€advancement€of€women€inŠ $ t  ŠItaly€had€started€with€the€participation€of€thousands€of€women€in€the€fight€for€national€liberation,Š `  Šwhich€had€led€first€to€the€obtainment€of€political€rights€for€women€in€1945,€and€later€to€theŠ üL  Šrecognition€of€the€equality€of€womenššs€dignity€and€responsibility€in€the€Constitution.€€She€said,Š č8  Šhowever,€that€although€womenššs€equality€had€been€recognized€by€law,€there€was€still€a€possibilityŠ Ō$  Šof€a€regression€on€account€of€cultural€reasons,€which€could€endanger€the€goals€already€achieved.€€ForŠ Ą  Šthat€reason,€the€National€Commission€for€the€Achievement€of€Equality€between€Men€and€Women,Š ¬ü  Šon€which€most€womenššs€associations€were€represented,€concentrated€mainly€on€increasing€theŠ ˜č Šparticipation€of€women€in€institutions€and€in€society.€€She€remarked€that€female€voters,€as€a€resultŠ „Ō Šof€old€stereotypes,€had€not€given€enough€support€to€women€candidates,€but€the€recent€introductionŠ pĄ Šof€a€quota€system€for€a€political€parties€should€provide€a€good€basis€for€the€resolution€of€such€aŠ \¬ Šproblem.€€Therefore,€the€equality€commissions€that€had€been€established€constituted€a€very€efficientŠ H˜ Šmeans€of€eliminating€the€most€persistent€obstacles€to€equality.Š 4„ ŠĢ45.€€The€representative€highlighted€several€measures€undertaken€by€the€National€Commission,€suchŠ  \ Šas€the€opening€of€a€š šwomenššs€windowšš€where€the€public€could€deposit€observations€on€the€positiveŠ ųH Šor€negative€image€of€women€in€the€mass€media;€the€inspection€of€school€books€in€relation€to€the€roleŠ ä4 Šplayed€by€women€in€history;€research€on€women;€the€publication€of€a€manual€on€the€legal€rights€ofŠ Š  Šwomen;€and€the€organization€of€a€European€seminar€on€thŌCEUK.,Ōe€implications€of€the€single€EuropeanŠ ¼  Šlabour€market€for€the€status€of€women.€€She€also€mentioned€a€law€on€positive€action€that€had€beenŠ Øų Šapproved€recently€by€the€Chamber€of€Deputies€with€the€aim€of€achieving€equality€between€womenŠ ”ä Šand€men.€€She€cited€the€inclusion€of€positive€action€in€some€collective€agreements€in€differentŠ € Š Šoccupational€fields€as€a€result€of€the€pressure€that€had€been€exercised€by€trade€unions.€€She€stated€thatŠ l!¼ Šwomen€who€were€involved€in€public€life€in€Italy€knew€that€they€had€to€unite€in€order€to€achieve,€asŠ X"Ø  Šin€the€past,€the€advancement€of€Italian€women.€Š D#”! ŠĢ46.€€In€general€comments,€members€of€the€Committee€expressed€appreciation€for€the€frankness€ofŠ %l # Šthe€report,€which€followed€closely€the€general€guidelines,€for€the€efforts€that€had€been€made€by€theŠ &X!$ Šcountry€and€for€the€personal€commitment€of€the€representative€of€the€Government€to€theŠ ō&D"% Šadvancement€of€women.€€They€noted€that€many€obstacles€had€been€identified,€but€considered€thatŠ ą'0#& Šinsufficient€measures€had€been€envisaged€to€overcome€them€and€that€the€report€did€not€containŠ Ģ($' Šenough€information€on€the€de€facto€situation€of€women.€€The€gap€between€northern€and€southernŠ ø)%( ŠItaly€in€the€status€of€women€was€noted€and€information€was€requested€about€the€current€situation€ofŠ ¤*ō%) Šwomen€in€southern€Italy€and€specific€programmes€for€them.Š +ą&* ŠĢ47.€€It€was€asked€why€the€report€had€not€been€prepared€by€the€National€Commission€for€theŠ h-ø(, ŠŌ_ŌAchievement€of€Equality€between€Men€and€Women€and€whether€non„governmental€organizationsŠ ° Šhad€participated€in€its€preparation€and€had€been€informed€of€its€contents.€€Members€asked€whetherŠ œģ ŠItaly€had€ratified€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€and€whether€the€NationalŠ ˆŲ ŠCommission€had€elaborated€a€project€on€the€equality€of€women€in€employment€and€politicalŠ tÄ Šparticipation.€€They€asked€why€the€pace€of€womenššs€movements€had€slowed€down€and€how€theŠ `° Šnational€machinery€for€the€advancement€of€women€was€working.€€Clarification€was€requested€aboutŠ L œ Šthe€term€š šcommunesšš€mentioned€in€the€report.€€Members€also€requested€gender„specific€statisticsŠ 8 ˆ Šon€women€in€employment,€education€and€participation€in€political€and€economic€life.€€ClarificationŠ $ t Šwas€also€requested€about€what€was€meant€by€the€terms€š šmatters€of€honouršš,€š šshotgun€marriagešš€andŠ  ` Šš šdebt€of€honouršš,€which€had€been€abolished€by€Law€No.€442€of€1981,€and€to€what€extend€the€newlyŠ ü L  Šadopted€law€had€been€put€into€practice.€Š č 8  ŠĢ48.€€As€regards€article€2,€members€requested€more€information€on€the€law€concerning€sexualŠ Ą  Šviolence€as€an€offence.€€It€was€asked€why€the€amendment€of€the€law€had€taken€so€long€to€go€throughŠ ¬ü  Šparliament€and€whether€it€had€already€entered€into€force.€€With€regard€to€article€37€of€theŠ ˜č  ŠConstitution,€it€was€asked€why€women€were€the€only€parties€responsible€for€securing€the€unity€of€theŠ „Ō  Šfamily,€and€whether€the€proposed€amendments€to€articles€37€and€51€had€already€been€implemented.€Š pĄ ŠIt€was€asked€whether€Italian€law€allowed€positive€discrimination€and€whether€any€relatedŠ \¬ Šjurisprudence€existed.Š H˜ ŠĢ49.€€On€article€3,€members€asked€how€the€work€of€the€National€Commission€was€coordinated€withŠ  p Šthe€different€committees€on€equality,€and€how€its€achievements€were€being€assessed.€€It€was€askedŠ  \ Šwhether€its€National€Plan€of€Action€had€been€updated,€to€what€extent€it€had€been€implemented€andŠ ųH Šwhether€more€information€could€be€provided€on€the€results€achieved.€€It€would€be€important€to€knowŠ ä4 Šwhether€a€link€existed€between€the€Plan€and€various€similar€plans€of€the€European€CommunityŠ Š  Š(EEC).€Š ¼  ŠĢ50.€€On€article€4,€comments€were€requested€on€the€activities€of€the€Government€to€ensure€a€higherŠ ”ä Špercentage€of€women€in€political€life.€€With€reference€to€the€measures€for€the€protection€of€maternity,Š €Š Šthe€comment€was€made€that€the€mandatory€maternity€leave€of€five€months€seemed€to€be€too€long;Š l¼ Šit€was€asked€whether€women€were€informed€about€such€legislative€provisions.€€Members€askedŠ X Ø Šwhether€the€temporary€special€measures€were€limited€to€employment€and€the€protection€of€maternity,Š D!” Šand€how€effective€they€were,€and€whether€there€was€an€intention€to€strengthen€the€socialŠ 0"€  Šinfrastructure.Š #l! ŠĢ51.€€Under€article€5,€the€research€promoted€by€the€National€Commission€aimed€at€revealing€the€sexistŠ ō$D # Šlinguistic€forms€in€the€Italian€language€was€commended.€€However,€it€was€asked€whether€the€10Š ą%0!$ Šsteps€described€in€the€report€to€abolish€sexist€language€and€stereotyping€in€the€media€had€beenŠ Ģ&"% Šimplemented;€which€obstacles€and€difficulties€had€to€be€overcome€in€the€process;€and€how€progressŠ ø'#& Šwas€being€monitored.€A€copy€of€the€text€of€the€parliamentary€bill€preventing€the€use€of€the€femaleŠ ¤(ō#' Šbody€in€advertising€was€requested,€and€it€was€asked€whether€the€advertising€industry€objected€to€thatŠ )ą$( Šlaw.€€As€regards€the€information€manual€on€womenššs€rights,€which€was€targeted€at€women,€it€wasŠ |*Ģ%) Šasked€whether€a€similar€publication€targeted€at€men€was€envisaged.€€It€was€asked€whether,€inŠ h+ø&* Šaddition€to€the€male€cultural€resistance€to€equality,€women€themselves,€especially€in€southern€Italy,Š T,¤'+ Šwas€built€up€a€resistance€to€equality.€€It€was€asked€further€whether€studies€had€been€made€on€Ō_ŌtheŠ @-(, Šamount€of€time€spent€by€women€and€by€men€on€domestic€tasks;€and€whether€sufficient€day„careŠ ° Šcentres€for€children,€and€provisions€for€old€and€ill€people,€were€available.€Š œģ ŠĢ52.€€On€article€6,€members€requested€that€statistics€referring€to€the€prostitution€of€women€andŠ tÄ Šinformation€on€the€prostitution€of€minors€and€on€any€social,€preventive€and€rehabilitation€measuresŠ `° Šbe€provided.€€In€addition,€information€was€requested€on€the€relationship€between€humanŠ L œ ŠŌ_ŌimmunodeficiencyŌ_Ō€virus„infection/acquired€Ō_ŌimmunodeficiencyŌ_Ō€syndrome€(HIV€infection/AIDS)€andŠ 8 ˆ Šprostitution.Š $ t ŠĢ53.€€On€article€7,€members€wanted€to€know€about€the€targets€that€had€been€set€for€women€in€politicsŠ ü L  Šand€the€steps€being€taken€to€reach€them.€€The€lack€of€interest€of€women€in€active€politics€and€the€lowŠ č 8  Šnumber€of€women€candidates€was€noted€and€it€was€asked€whether€the€reasons€were€beingŠ Ō$  Šinvestigated.€€Members€asked€whether€any€measures€were€being€taken€to€increase€womenššs€interestŠ Ą  Šin€politics€and€whether€there€was€a€connection€between€the€family€burdens€and€the€scarcity€of€child„Š ¬ü  Šcare€facilities€and€womenššs€lack€of€interest€in€political€life.€€Members€inquired€how€dynamic€theŠ ˜č  Šfeminist€movement€was,€whether€it€received€adequate€financial€support€and€to€what€extent€womenŠ „Ō  Šwere€members€of€trade€unions.€Š pĄ ŠĢ54.€€On€article€8,€it€was€asked€whether€there€were€any€women€ambassadors.Š H˜ ŠĢ55.€€Referring€to€questions€of€nationality,€article€9,€it€was€asked€which€law€applied€to€the€personalŠ  p Šrelationship€of€the€parties€in€a€marriage€and€why€the€nationality€of€the€father€was€given€preferenceŠ  \ Šover€the€nationality€of€the€mother.Š ųH ŠĢ56.€€More€statistical€data€on€education,€in€terms€of€article€10,€were€required,€and€it€was€asked€whichŠ Š  Špositive€steps€had€been€undertaken€to€encourage€young€girls€to€enter€training€programmes.Š ¼  ŠĢ57.€€On€article€11,€more€information€was€requested€on:€(a)€the€unemployment€rate€in€northern€andŠ ”ä Šsouthern€Italy€of€women€by€age€group,€in€comparison€with€that€of€men;€(b)€the€average€income€levelŠ €Š Šof€women€and€of€men;€and€(c)€the€Equal€Employment€Opportunity€Law€(903/77),€of€1977.€€It€wasŠ l¼ Šasked€whether€Italy€had€ratified€the€Convention€concerning€Equal€Opportunities€and€EqualŠ X Ø ŠTreatment€for€Men€and€Women€Workers:€Workers€with€Family€Responsibilities€(No.€156)€of€theŠ D!” ŠInternational€Labour€Organization€(ILO),€and€whether€the€Government€had€considered€theŠ 0"€  Šintroduction€of€parental€leave.€€Regarding€the€fines€foreseen€under€the€Law€for€the€Protection€ofŠ #l! ŠWorking€Mothers,€it€was€asked€whether€the€fines€mentioned€therein€were€imposed€in€practice;€howŠ $X" Šmany€such€cases€had€been€reported;€and€whether€women€in€domestic€service€were€covered€byŠ ō$D # Šmaternity€protection.€€Members€inquired€about€the€number€of€cases€that€had€been€filled€under,€andŠ ą%0!$ Šthe€practical€results€of,€the€procedure€of€Law€903/77€and€about€the€social€security€protection€ofŠ Ģ&"% Šwomen€working€in€family€enterprises.€€They€asked€for€recent€statistics€on€child„care€facilities€andŠ ø'#& Šasked€whether€the€most€frequent€ambition€of€young€girls€in€southern€Italy€was€to€get€married€at€anŠ ¤(ō#' Šearly€age€or€to€undergo€training€and€to€move€to€a€bigger€city.€€Questions€were€also€asked€about€theŠ )ą$( Šnumber€of€,€and€the€situation€of,€migrant€workers.Š |*Ģ%) ŠĢ58.€€On€article€12,€members€asked€whether€lower€income€groups€could€easily€obtain€contraceptives;Š T,¤'+ Šwhether€measures€protecting€womenššs€health€were€available€for€all€women,€including€single€women,Š @-(, Šyoung€women€and€women€in€rural€areas;€and€under€what€kind€of€sanitary€conditions€abortions€wereŠ ° Šcarried€out.€More€information€was€requested€on€the€abortion€law.€€It€was€asked€whether€the€numberŠ œģ Šof€adolescent€pregnancies€was€growing€and€whether€the€product€RU486€was€allowed€in€Italy.Š ˆŲ ŠĢ59.€€Regarding€article€13,€members€asked€whether€women€suffered€de€facto€discrimination€in€gainingŠ `° Šaccess€to€loans€and€financial€services€and€whether€they€could€participate€equally€in€sports.Š L œ ŠĢ60.€€On€article€14,€it€was€asked€whether€women€received€training€in€new€technologies,€whetherŠ $ t Šwomen€were€given€the€possibility€of€participating€in€political€bodies€in€rural€areas,€and€whether€theŠ  ` Šlaw€concerning€their€participation€in€rural€cooperatives€was€being€changed.€€It€was€asked€whetherŠ ü L  Šwomen€were€entitled€to€own€land€and€whether€there€were€programmes€for€women€who€were€headsŠ č 8  Šof€households.Š Ō$  ŠĢ61.€On€article€16,€members€inquired€about€the€provision€in€the€Civil€Code€that€gave€the€father€of€theŠ ¬ü  Šchild€sole€responsibility€in€case€of€š šimmediate€danger€of€serious€harm€to€the€childšš.€€It€was€askedŠ ˜č  Šwhat€happened€if€the€father€was€not€available€or€if€the€danger€originated€from€the€father.€€As€regardsŠ „Ō  Šalimony,€it€was€asked€how€payment€could€be€enforced,€how€long€it€could€take€for€the€payment€to€beŠ pĄ Šeffected€and€which€factors€determined€the€allocation€of€alimony.€€Further€clarification€was€requestedŠ \¬ Šon€the€property€regimes€in€marriage.€€It€was€asked€how€de€facto€unions€were€dealt€with,€and€whatŠ H˜ Šthe€inheritance€rights€of€the€children€of€such€unions€and€the€alimony€provisions€were.Š 4„ ŠĢ62.€€In€replying€to€questions€raised,€the€representative€of€Italy€noted€that€the€preparation€of€the€initialŠ  \ Šreport€had€been€started€by€an€ad€hoc€Ō_ŌinterministerialŌ_Ō€committee€on€human€rights,€which€had€beenŠ ųH Šestablished€by€the€Ministry€of€Foreign€Affairs.€€Afterwards,€the€report€had€been€revised€by€theŠ ä4 ŠNational€Commission€for€the€Achievement€of€Equality€between€Men€and€Women,€which€had€beenŠ Š  Šcreated€by€a€discretionary€act€of€Government€in€1984€and€approved€by€Parliament€in€1990.€€She€saidŠ ¼  Šthat€the€Commission€was€an€autonomous€institution,€the€composition€of€which€had€to€be€renewedŠ Øų Ševery€three€years.€€Its€members€comprised€29€women€representing€womenššs€associations,€politicalŠ ”ä Šparties,€trade€unions,€employersšš€unions,€womenššs€cooperatives€and€4€women€prominent€in€the€fieldsŠ €Š Šof€science,€social€questions€and€literature.€€Five€more€experts€and€counsellors€were€collaborators,€andŠ l¼ Šthe€president€was€nominated€from€among€its€members€by€the€President€of€the€Council€of€Ministers.€Š X Ø ŠThe€representative€gave€a€detailed€description€of€all€the€tasks€carried€out€by€the€Commission€and€saidŠ D!” Šthat€questions€of€access€to€work€and€problems€related€to€the€place€of€work€were€not€within€its€fieldŠ 0"€  Šof€competence.€€A€draft€law€on€positive€actions€to€achieve€equality€between€the€sexes€at€theŠ #l! Šworkplace,€which€foresaw€the€setting€the€setting€up€of€a€special€committee,€was€currently€beingŠ $X" Šdebated€by€parliament.€€The€women€counsellors€for€equality€at€the€national€and€regional€levels€wouldŠ ō$D # Šbe€assisted€by€women€counsellors€at€the€provincial€level.€€Among€other€tasks,€the€Commission€wasŠ ą%0!$ Špromoting€and€encouraging€initiatives€for€an€active€participation€of€women€in€public,€social€andŠ Ģ&"% Šeconomic€life.Š ø'#& ŠĢ63.€€The€representative€recalled€the€low€status€of€women€during€the€Fascist€regime€in€all€spheres€inŠ )ą$( Šorder€to€emphasize€the€progress€that€women€had€achieved€in€the€country.€€She€said€that€Italy€hadŠ |*Ģ%) Šratified€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.€€The€term€š šmatters€of€honourššŠ h+ø&* Šreferred€to€in€the€report,€which€was€contained€in€provisions€in€the€Penal€Code€of€1930,€covered€actsŠ T,¤'+ Šthat€had€prompted€someone€to€kill€or€attack€certain€persons€in€order€to€save€the€personal€honour€orŠ @-(, Šthe€honour€of€the€family,€and€for€which€the€sanctions€were€drastically€reduced.€€Law€No.€442€hadŠ ° Šabolished€such€provisions.Š œģ ŠĢ64.€€Turning€to€questions€raised€article€2€of€the€Convention,€she€said€that€articles€3,€29,€37€and€51Š tÄ Šof€the€Constitution€all€contained€the€fundamental€principle€of€equality€and€had€to€be€interpreted€inŠ `° Šthe€light€of€the€laws€on€family€and€labour.€€In€addition,€the€different€physical€and€maternal€functionsŠ L œ Šof€women€should€not€be€forgotten€even€though€they€did€not€impair€their€right€to€equality€ofŠ 8 ˆ Šopportunity.€€She€said€that€the€draft€code€concerning€measures€against€sexual€violence€was€still€beingŠ $ t Šdebated€in€parliament.€€However,€an€important€innovation€was€article€91€of€the€new€Code€forŠ  ` ŠCriminal€Procedure,€already€in€force,€which€allowed€associations€whose€interest€consisted€inŠ ü L  Šprotecting€violated€personal€rights€to€participate€in€the€trial.€She€noted€that,€in€February€1988,€theŠ č 8  ŠHigh€Court€of€Justice€had€pronounced€a€judgement€pursuant€to€which€rape€within€marriageŠ Ō$  Šconstituted€a€punishable€offence.Š Ą  ŠĢ65.€€On€article€3,€the€representative€said€that€the€National€Plan€of€Action€had€already€been€partlyŠ ˜č  Šimplemented€and€partly€strengthened€by€legislation.€€The€new€National€Commission,€which€wasŠ „Ō  Šbeing€restructured,€would€update€the€Plan€of€Action€in€accordance€with€the€Third€Plan€of€Action€forŠ pĄ ŠWomen€of€EEC.€€She€said€that€the€Government€had€followed,€and€sometimes€even€preceded,Š \¬ Šdirectives€of€EEC€for€the€improvement€of€the€status€of€women€in€Europe.Š H˜ ŠĢ66.€€On€article€4,€the€representative€said€that,€in€order€to€harmonize€the€role€of€women€within€theŠ  p Šfamily€and€outside€the€household,€and€considering€that€young€women€considered€outside€work€aŠ  \ Špriority,€it€was€necessary€to€change€the€rigid€structure€of€the€labour€market€by€introducing€moreŠ ųH Šflexible€working€hours€and€also€to€give€the€most€effective€protection€to€pregnant€women.€€Currently,Š ä4 Ša€draft€law€on€parental€leave€was€being€debated€in€parliament.€€As€a€result€of€the€lower€birth€rate,Š Š  Šchild„care€facilities€were€sufficient€in€northern€and€central€Italy,€but€inadequate€in€southern€ItalyŠ ¼  Šwhere€the€birth€rate€was€higher.Š Øų ŠĢ67.€€Under€article€5,€steps€were€being€taken€to€overcome€cultural€stereotypes€at€school€and€in€theŠ €Š Šmedia€by€means€of€the€services€of€the€š šwomenššs€windowšš€and€through€womenššs€organizations.€€TheŠ l¼ Šstudy€made€by€the€National€Commission€on€sexist€linguistic€forms€in€the€Italian€language€would€beŠ X Ø Šmade€available€to€members€as€soon€as€possible.€€Italy€had€difficulties€in€promoting€laws€againstŠ D!” Špornography€as€parliament€was€opposed€to€the€introduction€of€censorship.Š 0"€  ŠĢ68.€€Prostitution,€in€the€context€of€article€6,€did€not€constitute€a€crime,€but€the€exploitation€ofŠ $X" Šprostitution,€traffic€in€women€and€the€incitement€to€prostitution€were€punishable€offences.€€TheŠ ō$D # Šnumber€of€such€offences,€however,€had€been€declining€in€recent€years.€€She€said€that€the€presenceŠ ą%0!$ Šof€prostitutes€from€non„EEC€countries€was€increasing.€€No€statistics€existed€on€the€exact€number€ofŠ Ģ&"% Šprostitutes.€€Rehabilitation€centres€existed€in€Italy.€€The€incidence€of€AIDS€had€stabilized€among€theŠ ø'#& Šmost€susceptible€groups,€but€it€was€on€the€increase€among€heterosexuals,€mainly€in€connection€withŠ ¤(ō#' Šdrug€addiction.€Š )ą$( ŠĢ69.€€On€article€7,€statistics€were€provided€on€Italian€women€in€public€administration,€in€the€judiciaryŠ h+ø&* Šand€in€the€European€Parliament.€€In€the€Italian€parliament,€women€constituted€10€per€cent€of€theŠ T,¤'+ Šrepresentatives,€and€in€the€cadres€of€political€parties€and€trade€unions,€they€constituted€between€15Š @-(, Šand€40€per€cent€of€the€representatives.€€Only€very€few€women€were€found€at€the€highest€echelons.€Š ° ŠThe€major€obstacles,€she€said,€were€the€working€hours€of€politicians€and€the€electoral€laws.€€She€alsoŠ œģ Šsaid€that€pressure€groups€tended€to€subsidize€men€rather€than€women.Š ˆŲ ŠĢ70.€€Concerning€article€8,€the€law€that€authorized€women€to€take€up€a€diplomatic€career€had€enteredŠ `° Šinto€force€in€1963,€which€was€too€recent€a€date€to€have€allowed€women€to€reach€the€rank€ofŠ L œ Šambassador.Š 8 ˆ ŠĢ71.€€On€article€9€it€was€reported€that,€following€judgement€No.€71€of€the€Constitutional€Court,€theŠ  ` Šmother€had€rights€equal€to€those€of€the€father€to€transmit€their€nationality€to€their€children.Š ü L  ŠĢ72.€€On€article€10,€the€representative€said€that€at€the€end€of€the€Fascist€era,€Italy€had€Ō_ŌhadŌ_Ō€the€fourthŠ Ō$  Šlowest€literacy€rate€in€Europe;€however,€currently,€more€girls€than€boys€finished€their€higherŠ Ą  Šeducation.€€Women€could€be€found€in€all€university€faculties,€but€they€were€less€numerous€in€theŠ ¬ü  Šscientific€ones.Š ˜č  ŠĢ73.€€Referring€to€article€11,€she€said€that€Italian€legislation€prohibited€dismissal€for€reasons€ofŠ pĄ Šmarriage€or€pregnancy€and€entitled€women€to€choose€any€profession,€including€the€highest€positionsŠ \¬ Šin€administration€and€diplomacy.€€Currently,€the€Chamber€of€Deputies€was€discussing€draft€lawsŠ H˜ Šreferring€to€the€promotion€of€female€heads€of€enterprise.€€The€Government€had€earmarked€fundingŠ 4„ Šin€the€budget€to€provide€an€indemnity€for€housewives€who€were€victims€of€accidents€in€the€home,Š  p Šand€a€retirement€pension€for€housewives.€€She€provided€figures€for€the€employment€andŠ  \ Šunemployment€of€women€in€general,€and€for€southern€Italy€in€particular,€and€for€different€sectors€ofŠ ųH Šthe€economy.€€The€problem€of€women€in€southern€Italy€was€to€be€seen€within€the€context€of€theŠ ä4 Šeconomic€problems€of€the€south€in€general,€and€laws€had€been€enacted€to€give€them€preferentialŠ Š  Štreatment.€€She€said€that€Italy€had€not€ratified€ILO€Convention€No.€156€concerning€Workers€withŠ ¼  ŠFamily€Responsibilities,€pending€harmonization€among€EEC€member€States.Š Øų ŠĢ74.€€Referring€to€article€12,€she€said€that€information€and€prevention€campaigns€were€being€carriedŠ €Š Šout€by€family€counselling€centres.€€Statistics€showed€that€abortion€had€decreased€over€the€past€fiveŠ l¼ Šyears,€but€recently€there€had€also€been€a€sharp€drop€in€the€birth€rate€so€that€Italy€was€currently€theŠ X Ø Šcountry€with€the€lowest€birth€rate€in€Europe.€€The€abortion€pill€RU486€was€being€tested€in€someŠ D!” Šselected€clinics.Š 0"€  ŠĢ75.€€Turning€to€article€13,€she€stated€that€women€were€discriminated€against€in€sports€by€not€beingŠ $X" Šallowed€to€participate€in€all€disciplines€and€by€having€less€social€security€coverage€than€men.Š ō$D # ŠĢ76.€€Regarding€article€14,€she€said€that€during€the€Fascist€regime,€Italy€had€been€mainly€a€ruralŠ Ģ&"% Šsociety.€€The€major€migration€of€male€workers€in€the€1950s€had€led€to€the€so„called€š šŌ_ŌfeminizationŌ_ŌššŠ ø'#& Šof€agriculture€as€women€carried€on€the€farming€business.€€In€recent€years,€women€had€participatedŠ ¤(ō#' Šin€rural€cooperatives,€even€in€leadership€positions.Š )ą$( ŠĢ77.€€On€article€16,€she€noted€that€Law€No.€151€of€1975€had€abolished€the€former,€deeply€rootedŠ h+ø&* Šconcept€of€the€submission€of€women€and€provided€for€the€equal€rights€and€equal€duties€of€bothŠ T,¤'+ Šspouses.€€In€case€of€dispute,€each€of€the€spouses€could€request€the€intervention€of€a€judge.€€BothŠ @-(, Šspouses€were€expected€to€contribute€to€the€maintenance€of€the€family€according€to€their€respectiveŠ ° Šresources€and€working€capacities.€Whereas€before€the€amendment€of€the€Family€Code,€the€woman,Š œģ Šon€marriage,€had€Ō_ŌhadŌ_Ō€to€take€her€husbandššs€name,€the€new€law€allowed€a€married€woman€to€add€theŠ ˆŲ Šfamily€name€of€her€husband€to€her€own€family€name.€€Children€were€put€under€the€control€of€theirŠ tÄ Šparents€until€they€had€reached€the€age€of€majority.€€In€the€case€of€a€dispute€between€the€parents,€aŠ `° Šjudge€had€to€pronounce€on€the€most€appropriate€measures€to€be€taken.€€The€provision€that€gave€theŠ L œ Šfather€of€the€child€sole€responsibility€in€case€of€š šimmediate€danger€of€serious€harm€to€the€childšš€wasŠ 8 ˆ Šbeing€studied€closely€by€the€National€Commission.€It€was€thought€that€Ō_ŌthatŌ_Ō€provision€requiredŠ $ t Šmodification.€€In€he€case€of€divorce,€she€said€that€the€judgement€would€take€effect€more€rapidly€thanŠ  ` Šhad€been€the€case€in€the€past.€€The€amount€of€alimony€was€determined€by€the€personal€and€materialŠ ü L  Šcontributions€of€both€spouses€to€the€family€budget,€the€common€property€and€their€earnings.€Š č 8  ŠAlimony€had€to€be€paid€as€long€as€the€other€partner€did€not€have€adequate€means€and€could€notŠ Ō$  Šacquire€them€for€objective€reasons,€and€had€to€take€into€account€the€cost€of€living.€€The€amendmentŠ Ą  Što€the€Family€Code€had€included€the€concept€of€recognizing€the€contribution€of€women€to€the€familyŠ ¬ü  Šenterprise.Š ˜č  ŠĢ78.€€The€representative€said€that€the€country€was€trying€to€achieve€cultural€change€throughŠ pĄ Šnetworking€and€the€decentralization€of€the€work€of€the€National€Commission,€which€would€lead€toŠ \¬ Ša€stronger€involvement€of€women€in€all€sectors.Š H˜ ŠĢ79.€€Members€commended€the€frank€and€excellent€replies€of€the€representative.€€They€welcomed€theŠ  p Šprogress€that€had€been€made€in€the€field€of€womenššs€literacy.€€They€observed,€however,€that€womenŠ  \ Šin€Italy€had€still€not€achieved€full€de€jure€equality€and€that€stereotyped€attitudes€remained.€€They€saidŠ ųH Šthat€they€would€welcome€an€action€plan€for€monitoring€and€assessing€the€effects€of€the€de€jure€andŠ ä4 Šde€facto€changes,€a€stronger€participation€of€women€in€political€life€and€a€stronger€involvement€ofŠ Š  Šwomen€in€all€aspects€of€society.€€A€major€danger€was€the€current€lack€of€militancy€in€women,€whichŠ ¼  Šseemed€to€be€a€general€problem.€€It€was€asked€how€women€could€become€interested€in€fighting€forŠ Øų Štheir€rights.Š ”ä ŠĢ80.€€The€representative€commented€that€the€main€obstacle€was€that€young€girls€believed€that€allŠ l¼ Šobjectives€had€already€been€achieved.€€Attempts€were€being€made€to€mobilize€them€to€participateŠ X Ø Šin€womenššs€organizations€and€in€politics€at€the€municipal€level.Š D!” ŠĢ81.€€Regarding€comments€that€had€been€made€on€the€difference€in€the€status€of€women€in€southernŠ #l! Šand€northern€Italy,€which€should€be€taken€into€account€in€the€preparation€of€the€subsequent€periodicŠ $X" Šreport,€the€representative€said€that€the€south€of€Italy€constituted€a€serious€economic€and€socialŠ ō$D # Šproblem.€€However,€women€in€southern€Italy€had€displayed€more€courage€in€certain€situations€thanŠ ą%0!$ Šmen.Š Ģ&"% ŠĢ82.€€With€respect€to€the€low€representation€of€women€in€parliament,€she€said€that€campaigns€wereŠ ¤(ō#' Šbeing€held€in€order€to€increase€the€confidence€of€female€constituents€in€their€female€candidates.Š )ą$( ŠĢ83.€€The€representative€said€that€family€law€was€based€on€the€equality€between€women€and€men;€onlyŠ h+ø&* Šin€a€few€circumstances€were€fathers€given€preference€over€mothers.€€Referring€to€th€request€forŠ T,¤'+ Šclarification€on€the€issue€of€the€names€of€children,€she€explained€that€a€child€born€out€of€wedlockŠ @-(, Štook€the€fatherššs€name€if€both€partners€recognized€the€child,€otherwise€the€mother€could€also€transmitŠ ° Šher€name€to€a€child€born€out€of€wedlock.Š  œģ ŠŌUKCE.,Ōņ ņŌ_ŌCEDAWŌ_Ō€A/52/38/Rev.1€(Part€II)€Ō_Ō(1997)ó óŌ_ŌŠ ° ŠĢ322.€€The€Committee€considered€the€second€and€third€periodic€reports€of€Italy€(Ō_ŌCEDAWŌ_Ō/C/ITA/2Š ˆŲ Šand€3)*€at€its€346th€and€347th€meetings,€on€15€July€1997€(see€Ō_ŌCEDAWŌ_Ō/C/SR.346€and€347).€Š tÄ ŠĢ323.€€In€introducing€the€reports,€the€representative€of€Italy€stated€that€Italyššs€basic€strategies€withŠ L œ Šrespect€to€the€advancement€of€women€were€Ō_ŌmainstreamingŌ_Ō€and€empowerment,€gender€differenceŠ 8 ˆ Šbeing€perceived€as€a€resource€rather€than€a€disadvantage.€€She€noted€that€women€in€Italy€were€nowŠ $ t Šseeking€freedom,€independence€and€personal€development€and€were€no€longer€willing€to€beŠ  ` Šconstrained€in€stereotypical€social€and€family€roles.Š ü L  ŠĢ324.€€The€representative€noted€that€Italian€women€had€reached€high€levels€in€education€and€wereŠ Ō$  Šincreasingly€part€of€the€workforce.€€She€indicated€that,€paradoxically,€womenššs€increasedŠ Ą  Šemployment€was€manifested€in€the€high€unemployment€rate€among€women,€with€women€no€longerŠ ¬ü  Šcontent€to€revert€to€their€traditional€role€as€housewife.Š ˜č  ŠĢ325.€€The€representative€stated€that€regrettably€menššs€culture€and€the€basic€structures€of€society€hadŠ pĄ Šnot€changed€at€the€same€pace€as€womenššs€and€that€men€had€sometimes€actively€opposed€womenššsŠ \¬ Šempowerment.Š H˜ ŠĢ326.€€The€representative€pointed€out€that€basic€guidelines€for€government€action€for€the€advancementŠ  p Šof€women€were€outlined€in€the€Directive€of€the€Prime€Minister€adopted€on€7€March€1997.€TheŠ  \ ŠDirective,€which€was€aimed€at€all€levels€of€public€administration,€both€national€and€local,€had€beenŠ ųH Šformulated€after€extensive€consultation€and€parliamentary€debate,€and€mandated€all€cabinet€membersŠ ä4 Što€implement€the€Beijing€Platform€for€Action.Š Š  ŠĢ327.€€The€representative€informed€the€Committee€that€Italy€was€now€going€through€a€period€ofŠ Øų Šwelfare€reform,€as€well€as€convergence€measures€to€join€the€European€Monetary€Union.€She€notedŠ ”ä Šthat€those€reforms€had€the€capacity€to€affect€women€negatively€and€for€that€reason€measures€toŠ €Š Šmainstream€a€gender€perspective€into€welfare€reform€were€essential€and€were€being€taken€in€Italy.Š l¼ ŠĢ328.€€The€representative€drew€attention€to€the€measures€that€had€been€introduced€in€Italy€to€reduceŠ D!” Šworking€hours€and€to€create€employment,€including€community„based€strategies€and€theŠ 0"€  Šencouragement€of€entrepreneurship€among€women,€for€example€by€the€facilitation€of€soft€loans.Š #l! ŠĢ329.€€The€representative€indicated€that€the€burden€of€caring€responsibilities€in€Italian€society€still€fellŠ ō$D # Šmainly€on€women,€although€there€was€evidence€that€men€were€now€taking€on€their€responsibilitiesŠ ą%0!$ Šin€that€regard.€€She€made€clear€that€government€policies€and€measures€were€being€introduced€toŠ Ģ&"% Šreinforce€that€change€in€perspective,€including€the€creation€of€opportunities€for€childcare,€facilitatedŠ ø'#& Šby€tax€credits€and€incentives€for€non„profit€organizations.€€In€addition,€draft€legislation€on€parentalŠ ¤(ō#' Šleave,€as€well€as€measures€to€provide€for€flexible€work€patterns,€were€being€introduced.€€TheŠ )ą$( Šrepresentative€also€noted€the€innovation€of€time€banks,€mostly€managed€by€women,€which€allowed€ŌCE.,UK.,‘wŌŌUKCE.,ŌŠ |*Ģ%) Š_____________Š h+ø&* Š*€At€its€346th€meeting,€the€Committee€was€informed€that€its€Bureau€had€waived€the€general€ruleŠ T,¤'+ Šrequiring€simultaneous€release€of€official€documents€in€all€working€languages€of€the€Committee€andŠ @-(, Šagreed€to€take€up€document€Ō_ŌCEDAWŌ_Ō/C/ITA/3€„€on€the€basis€of€the€edited€English€version.Š  ° ŠŌ_Ōfor€the€exchange€of€skills€and€services€in€communities.ŌCE.,UK.,»†ŌŌUKCE.,ŌŠ ° ŠĢ330.€€The€representative€informed€the€Committee€that€draft€legislation€to€address€violence€againstŠ ˆŲ Šwomen€in€the€home€had€now€been€prepared€and€that€a€Commission€had€been€established€toŠ tÄ Šinvestigate€allegations€of€torture,€including€rape,€perpetrated€by€Italian€soldiers€during€the€1993Š `° Špeace€mission€to€Somalia.€€She€noted€that€Italian€women€had€actively€participated€in€peace€missionsŠ L œ Šin€the€Middle€East,€the€former€Yugoslavia€and€Albania€and€the€entry€of€women€into€the€Italian€armedŠ 8 ˆ Šforces€had€been€an€opportunity€to€redefine€the€role€of€the€armed€forces€in€the€country.Š $ t ŠĢ331.€€The€representative€indicated€that€women€remained€under„represented€in€decision„makingŠ ü L  Špositions€and€that€steps€were€being€taken€to€address€that€issue€via€approaches€aimed€at€empoweringŠ č 8  Šwomen€generally.€€She€noted€that€women€were€now€well€represented€in€decision„making€at€the€localŠ Ō$  Šand€municipal€levels;€in€particular,€women€were€particularly€well€represented€in€municipalities€inŠ Ą  Šthe€south,€including€Sicily.Š ¬ü  ŠĢ332.€€The€representative€informed€the€Committee€that€educational€campaigns,€based€on€the€modelŠ „Ō  Šof€a€multicultural€society,€to€address€racism€and€xenophobia€had€been€introduced€in€Italy.€€She€notedŠ pĄ Šthat€it€was€not€enough€to€educate€the€next€generation,€but€that€efforts€must€be€made€to€enable€peopleŠ \¬ Što€learn€from€each€other.Š H˜ ŠĢ333.€€The€representative€concluded€by€stating€that€although€much€remained€to€be€done€to€implementŠ  p Šthe€Convention€in€Italy,€formal€equality€had€been€achieved.€€Efforts€were€still€required€to€achieveŠ  \ Šsubstantive€equality,€but€she€was€confident€that€the€combination€of€the€mainstreaming€andŠ ųH Šempowerment€strategies€would€reach€that€goal.€In€that€regard€she€stressed€that€feminism€and€theŠ ä4 Šwomenššs€movement€had€already€transformed€Italian€society€and€womenššs€empowerment€would€leadŠ Š  Što€further€positive€change.Š ¼  ŠĢņņConcluding€comments€of€the€CommitteeóóŠ ”ä ŠĢņņIntroductionóóŠ l¼ ŠĢ334.€€The€Committee€expressed€its€appreciation€to€the€Government€of€Italy€for€its€high„levelŠ D!” Šdelegation€headed€by€the€Minister€for€Equal€Opportunities,€which€it€considered€an€indication€of€theŠ 0"€  ŠState€partyššs€commitment€to€the€Convention€and€its€appreciation€of€the€work€of€the€Committee.Š #l! ŠĢ335.€The€Committee€noted€with€satisfaction€the€second€and€third€reports€of€Italy,€which€were€frank,Š ō$D # Šextensive€and€detailed.€Both€reports,€particularly€the€third,€exhibited€an€imaginative€and€forward„Š ą%0!$ Šlooking€policy€approach€and,€together€with€the€oral€presentation,€explained€the€logic€behindŠ Ģ&"% Šgovernment€policies€and€priorities.€€Nonetheless,€the€Committee€expressed€disappointment€that€theŠ ø'#& Šthird€report€had€not€been€submitted€until€a€late€stage€thereby€precluding€its€close€examination€by€allŠ ¤(ō#' Šmembers€in€advance.Š )ą$( ŠĢ336.€€The€Committee€was€gratified€by€the€excellent€oral€presentation€and€the€answers€to€itsŠ h+ø&* Šquestions,€which€were€thought„provoking€and€responded€very€sensitively€to€the€details€and€nuancesŠ T,¤'+ Šof€those€questions.€€The€oral€presentation,€moreover,€allowed€for€reflection€on€the€notion€of€genderŠ @-(, Šequality€as€well€as€presenting€the€full€statistical€picture€regarding€womenššs€position€in€Italian€society.Š ° ŠĢņņPositive€aspectsóóŠ ˆŲ ŠĢ337.€€The€Committee€welcomed€the€establishment€by€the€present€Government€of€the€Ministry€ofŠ `° ŠEqual€Opportunities€as€a€coordinating€ministry€and€expressed€appreciation€for€the€escalated€effortsŠ L œ Šof€that€office€for€gender€mainstreaming€in€the€legal,€institutional€and€social€aspects€of€life€in€Italy.€Š 8 ˆ ŠIn€that€respect€it€especially€commended€the€7€March€Directive€of€the€Prime€Minister€to€focus€onŠ $ t Šgender€issues€across€a€wide€spectrum€of€activities.Š  ` ŠĢ338.€€The€Committee€noted€with€appreciation€the€consistent€efforts€of€the€Government€of€Italy€toŠ č 8  Šenact€legislation€against€discrimination.€€In€this€respect€it€welcomed€the€introduction€of€the€recentŠ Ō$  Šdraft€Domestic€Violence€Act€into€the€Parliament€and€evaluated€this€as€complementary€to€theŠ Ą  ŠViolence€Act€of€1996.€€It€welcomed€those€initiatives€as€demonstrations€of€the€Governmentššs€willŠ ¬ü  Što€ensure€the€protection€of€the€human€rights€of€women€and€combat€all€kinds€of€violence€directedŠ ˜č  Šagainst€them.Š „Ō  ŠĢ339.€€The€Committee€welcomed€the€gender„sensitization€and€awareness„raising€efforts€of€theŠ \¬ ŠGovernment,€aimed€at€the€elimination€of€xenophobia€and€racism€in€Italian€society.€€The€CommitteeŠ H˜ Šwas€pleased€to€note€the€promotion€of€the€role€of€women€as€peacekeepers€in€different€parts€of€theŠ 4„ Šworld.€€In€that€regard€the€Committee€noted€with€satisfaction€the€commitment€made,€and€the€stepsŠ  p Štaken,€to€confront€acts€of€violence€against€women€allegedly€perpetrated€by€Italian€soldiers€duringŠ  \ Špeacekeeping€missions.Š ųH ŠĢ340.€€The€Committee€noted€with€satisfaction€the€intentions€and€efforts€of€the€Ministry€of€EqualŠ Š  ŠOpportunities€to€ensure€gender€mainstreaming€in€the€forthcoming€welfare€reform€by€moving€theŠ ¼  Šfocus€from€the€"male€breadwinner€regime"€to€overcome€the€injustice€faced€by€women€and€to€respondŠ Øų Šbetter€to€the€needs€of€the€elderly,€particularly€women.Š ”ä ŠĢ341.€€The€Committee€welcomed€the€remarkable€gains€made€by€Italian€women€in€education€andŠ l¼ Šoccupational€fields,€which€had€significantly€enhanced€womenššs€economic€independence€andŠ X Ø Šcontributed€to€their€de€facto€equality€in€many€respects.Š D!” ŠĢ342.€€The€Committee€welcomed€the€Governmentššs€efforts€to€promote€entrepreneurship€amongŠ #l! Šwomen€through€provision€of€credit€and€via€monitoring€and€coordination€of€the€activities€of€differentŠ $X" Špublic€and€private€agencies€in€that€field.€Š ō$D # ŠĢ343.€€The€Committee€acknowledged€the€progressive€and€humane€provisions€of€Italyššs€immigrationŠ Ģ&"% Šlaw,€and€particularly€appreciated€those€provisions€of€immigration€legislation€that€were€protective€ofŠ ø'#& Šthe€human€rights€of€immigrant€women.Š ¤(ō#' ŠĢņņFactors€and€difficulties€affecting€the€implementation€of€the€ConventionóóŠ |*Ģ%) ŠĢ344.€€The€Committee€noted€the€persistence€of€significant€cultural,€social€and€economic€differencesŠ T,¤'+ Šand€inequalities€between€the€north€and€the€south€as€major€impediments€to€the€full€implementationŠ @-(, Šof€the€Convention€to€achieve€de€facto€equality€in€Italian€society.Š ° ŠĢ345.€€The€Committee€considered€that€the€feminization€of€poverty,€indicated€by€data€showing€thatŠ ˆŲ Šover€60€per€cent€of€families€headed€by€women€were€under€the€poverty€line,€constituted€a€seriousŠ tÄ Šobstacle€to€the€full€implementation€of€the€Convention€in€Italy.Š `° ŠĢņņPrincipal€areas€of€concernóóŠ 8 ˆ ŠĢ346.€€The€Committee€expressed€concern€with€regard€to€the€inadequacy€of€efforts€to€combatŠ  ` Šstereotypes€through€education€and€other€public€means.€€It€was€deeply€concerned€that€no€substantialŠ ü L  Šinitiative€had€been€taken€in€Italy€to€rid€textbooks€and€teaching€materials€of€stereotypes€and/orŠ č 8  Štowards€making€women€and€their€contributions€to€history€and€society€more€visible€and€apparent.Š Ō$  ŠĢ347.€€The€Committee€expressed€its€concern€about€the€persistence€of€patriarchal€norms€andŠ ¬ü  Šstereotypes€in€Italian€society€and€noted€with€particular€concern€the€relative€lack€of€attention€to€thatŠ ˜č  Šmatter€in€governmental€policies€and€by€governmental€officials.€€The€State€partyššs€attitudes€andŠ „Ō  Šactions€aimed€at€"utilizing€womenššs€own€resources"€were€viewed€by€the€Committee€as€potentiallyŠ pĄ Šreinforcing€and€glorifying€stereotypical€roles€of€women,€thereby€impeding€the€realization€of€de€factoŠ \¬ Šequality.Š H˜ ŠĢ348.€€The€Committee€noted€with€deep€concern€that€the€presence€of€women€in€politics€and€decision„Š  p Šmaking€positions€remained€very€limited€and€that€political€participation€had€fallen€in€recent€years.€Š  \ ŠEmphasizing€the€importance€of€the€presence€of€women€in€such€positions,€the€Committee€wasŠ ųH Šconcerned€that€the€Governmentššs€opinion€of€the€adoption€of€numerical€goals€and€quotas€asŠ ä4 Šunnecessary€had€contributed€to€that€situation.Š Š  ŠĢ349.€€The€Committee€was€also€concerned€about€the€lack€of€programmes€to€sensitize€the€public,Š Øų Šparticularly€the€police,€the€judiciary€and€health€professionals,€to€the€conditions€and€needs€of€victimsŠ ”ä Šof€domestic€violence.€€The€Committee€had€expressed€serious€concern€that€in€the€absence€of€suchŠ €Š Šmeasures€the€anti„discrimination€laws,€as€well€as€laws€on€violence€against€women,€would€not€be€ableŠ l¼ Što€combat€effectively€indirect€discrimination,€or€ensure€accurate€reporting€and€rigorous€prosecutionŠ X Ø Šof€all€forms€of€violence€against€women.Š D!” ŠĢ350.€€The€Committee€was€concerned€about€the€lack€of€sex„disaggregated€data€relating€to€part„timeŠ #l! Šwork,€and€underlined€the€importance€of€close€monitoring€of€the€subject€by,€inter€alia,€keeping€up€toŠ $X" Šdate€sex„disaggregated€statistics€so€as€to€determine€the€number€of€women€occupied€in€part„timeŠ ō$D # Šemployment,€which,€when€their€number€was€disproportionate,€was€a€factor€that€contributed€toŠ ą%0!$ Šindirect€discrimination.Š Ģ&"% ŠĢ351.€€The€Committee€was€concerned€about€the€inequality€in€the€sharing€of€"caring€responsibilities"Š ¤(ō#' Šand€the€fact€that€such€responsibilities€fell€predominantly€upon€women€in€Italy,€a€factor€that€wasŠ )ą$( Šparticularly€acute€in€southern€Italy.€€It€noted€with€concern€the€absence€of€efforts€or€programmes€toŠ |*Ģ%) Šencourage€Italian€men€to€undertake€their€fair€share€of€domestic€responsibilities,€and€to€care€for€theŠ h+ø&* Šchildren€and€the€elderly.Š T,¤'+ ŠŠ @-(, Š352.€€The€Committee€expressed€concern€about€the€lack€of€statistics€and/or€studies€into€the€causes€ofŠ ° Ša€number€of€health„related€issues€concerning€women.€€It€noted€with€serious€concern€that€studiesŠ œģ Šsuggested€an€increase€in€incidence€of€lung€cancer€among€women.€It€also€noted€the€very€highŠ ˆŲ Šincidence€of€caesarian€section€deliveries€and€the€failure€of€women€to€take€advantage€of€earlyŠ tÄ Šdetection€technologies,€including€mammography€and€pap€smears,€and€the€failure€to€explain€thatŠ `° Šphenomenon€in€the€report.€€In€addition,€the€Committee€was€concerned€about€the€lack€of€data€onŠ L œ Šoccupational€health€and€disease.Š 8 ˆ ŠĢ353.€€The€Committee€expressed€particular€concern€with€regard€to€the€limited€availability€of€abortionŠ  ` Šservices€for€women€in€southern€Italy,€as€a€result€of€the€high€incidence€of€conscientious€objectionŠ ü L  Šamong€doctors€and€hospital€personnel.Š č 8  ŠĢ354.€€The€Committee€noted€that€while€the€shift€in€emphasis€from€the€concept€of€man€as€breadwinnerŠ Ą  Šthat€underpinned€current€welfare€reforms€was€intended€to€give€women€autonomy€and€reduceŠ ¬ü  Šhumiliating€financial€dependence,€it€was€concerned€that€those€reforms€posed€real€risks€for€womenŠ ˜č  Šwho€had€been€inter€alia€homemakers,€and€not€part€of€the€paid€workforce,€or€whose€careers€had€beenŠ „Ō  Šinterrupted€by€childcare€and€other€responsibilities,€and€for€older€women€who€had€little€earningŠ pĄ Šcapacity.Š \¬ ŠĢņņSuggestions€and€recommendationsóóŠ 4„ ŠĢ355.€€The€Committee€recommended€that€the€Government€of€Italy€continue€to€implement€andŠ  \ Šstrengthen€the€current€measures€it€is€taking€to€empower€women€and€mainstream€gender€issues.€€ItŠ ųH Šencouraged€specific€affirmative€actions€targeted€to€numerical€goals€and€quotas,€in€particular€in€thoseŠ ä4 Šareas€such€as€political€and€decision„making€positions€of€public€life,€where€womenššs€de€facto€equalityŠ Š  Šhad€not€been€improving€at€the€desired€pace.Š ¼  ŠĢ356.€€The€Committee€urged€the€Government€of€Italy€to€take€large„scale€measures€to€combat€theŠ ”ä Šwidespread€acceptance€of€stereotypical€roles€of€women€and€men,€particularly€in€the€south,€by€alertingŠ €Š Šthe€public€to€the€importance€of€an€equitable€distribution€between€women€and€men€of€family€rolesŠ l¼ Šand€"caring€responsibilities".€€The€Committee€deemed€it€essential€that€textbooks€and€teachingŠ X Ø Šmaterial€be€reviewed€and€revised€to€reflect€the€non„stereotypical€roles€of€men€and€women.Š D!” ŠĢ357.€€The€Committee€recommended€that€Italy€expand€its€existing€legislation€and/or€enact€newŠ #l! Šlegislation,€where€needed,€in€order€to€effectively€deal€with€the€phenomenon€of€indirectŠ $X" Šdiscrimination.€€To€that€end€it€emphasized€the€importance€of€measures€to€sensitize€judges,€lawyersŠ ō$D # Šand€law€enforcement€personnel€to€indirect€discrimination€and€to€Italyššs€international€obligations,€inŠ ą%0!$ Šparticular€those€outlined€in€the€Convention.Š Ģ&"% ŠĢ358.€€The€Committee€requested€the€Government€to€provide€full€information€evaluating€the€impactŠ ¤(ō#' Šof€legislation€and€policy€concerning€equality€for€women€and€discrimination€in€Italyššs€next€report€toŠ )ą$( Šthe€Committee.Š |*Ģ%) ŠĢ359.€€The€Committee€urged€the€Government€of€Italy€to€embark€on€public€sensitization€campaignsŠ T,¤'+ Šin€relation€to€domestic€violence€in€its€various€manifestations€(sexual,€physical,€etc.)€to€ensure€theŠ @-(, Šprotection€of€human€rights€of€women€and€the€girl€child€in€the€family.€€In€particular,€the€CommitteeŠ ° Šrecommended€that€measures€be€introduced€to€encourage€complaints€and€provide€mechanisms€forŠ œģ Šeffective€and€timely€response€to€such€claims.€€It€recommended€that€health€professionals€be€trainedŠ ˆŲ Šin€the€care€and€management€of€domestic€violence€cases.€€The€Committee€also€recommended€theŠ tÄ Šintroduction€of€measures€to€increase€the€number€of€domestic€violence€shelters€throughout€Italy.Š `° ŠĢ360.€€The€Committee€strongly€recommended€that€the€Government€take€steps€to€secure€the€enjoymentŠ 8 ˆ Šby€women,€in€particular,€southern€Italian€women,€of€their€reproductive€rights€by,€inter€alia,Š $ t Šguaranteeing€them€access€to€safe€abortion€services€in€public€hospitals.Š  ` ŠĢ361.€€The€Committee€urged€the€Government€of€Italy€to€take€the€necessary€steps€to€incorporateŠ č 8  Šparticipation€by€non„governmental€organizations€in€the€preparation€of€the€countryššs€next€report€toŠ Ō$  Šthe€Committee.Š Ą  ŠĢ362.€€The€Committee€recommended€that€Italy,€as€a€State€member€of€the€European€Union,€takeŠ ˜č  Šconcrete€initiatives€to€encourage€the€acceptance€by€the€European€Union€of€the€Convention€as€aŠ „Ō  Šfundamental€bill€of€rights€for€women.Š pĄ ŠĢ363.€€The€Committee€recommended€that€the€State€party€should€ensure€that€all€women€had€anŠ H˜ Šadequate€income€and€that€husbands€and€fathers€were€obliged€to€provide€financial€support.€€It€alsoŠ 4„ Šrecommended€that€the€Government€introduce€measures€to€enforce€payment€of€alimony€and€of€a€fairŠ  p Šshare€of€the€matrimonial€assets,€including€measures€which€would€enable€the€courts€to€set€asideŠ  \ Šprovisions€intended€to€or€having€the€effect€of€concealing€assets€and€income€and€thereby€deprivingŠ ųH Šwomen€of€the€entitlements.Š ä4 ŠĢ364.€€The€Committee€requested€the€Government€of€Italy€to€disseminate€these€comments€widelyŠ ¼  Šthroughout€Italy,€so€as€to€make€individuals€aware€of€the€measures€that€have€been€taken€to€implementŠ Øų Šthe€Convention€and€the€remaining€steps€required€to€achieve€de€facto€equality€for€women.Š ”ä ŠŌCE.,UK.,ڈŌ