’WPC@ “Ķ Ä^‹jqŠ4m«žN[ økP< ĶĖD5ŠÆķøI=܃āįAĖ¶‹ņŠcŖ£ŠŻĻ-O-Ė¹;‚¹ŗBtG¢š¶Mōeń®µčĀ4µĘ’.&nŅW”KĮ.%6ŗ•XæܖĖŅś˜¹æŽ PCųFžąI1×· üćGĪ-kxcžńę©‘“ū'$Xw$ąėmŖķaƒ-Č żu¼GØŃN4Vė„mī0RKćķkŽńI¦=Ęń@”'0šabašĀ?į³œU:Ū­/¼*|*‹/{/µõ4öĪł7”–=ńųŠJXóŒ'‡ł|äɖāŽ0[®äėÉņi ŅyŅ„5~2Aq?”ģ¼H+ŁßDIØ7Ż&&P{œö<ėąū;JńC”8³””Š3^‹e¶8¾5 Ģł`Õy(%[˜ ¢ņ^’’Ü* 2ļi ¤„øŲ°8jŠ„-’¤Hmfićó$ē–ĆgėL<Ō^ AD6¢ršDv<*G]. W­™Qä'šķÄRŅēĄCQ~™é3_ŗ*µ­n½äŠąk4’÷p»q1÷#-Ńį¹W‚vƒÅ¼¶÷“Yk¬jtĖ*›,@&Ćć0Yū_g•5%8B¶’\°ä²ćš[õ¶w”#Į UNŁ %' 0:- ^ g ws 4w ‹ š mœ ³ N» U>½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ B-ū 0C( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 0ƒk k k k k k k k k k k k Rī ˜HP LaserJet 4000 Series PSČŁŲŁŁŲČŁ0&Öd9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(ūœ$””ŌUKUS.,ŌӋō* 5Oš*ź:i¢Ų+003|x ’U‹’ĄĄĄ ō\  `‹&Times New Roman)Hairline d(’’$ņņŚ  ŚŚ  Śóó(B2¾$¤¤Ż ƒūœ!ŻŌUKUS.,ŌŻ  ŻÓÓņņŚ  Ś0Ś  Śóó HŻ ƒ‡¾$ŻŌUKUS.,ŌÓÓņņŚ  Ś6Ś  ŚóóŻ  ŻŌ_Ō€Ō‡ X.ĘXXXŌ€See€ņņOfficial€Records€of€the€Economic€and€Social€Council,€1993,€Supplement€No.€2óóŠ ° Š(E/1993/22-E/C.12/1992/2),€chap.€VI,€para.€188.Ō#†X.ĘXX X.Ęl#ŌŻ ƒūœ!ŻŌUKUS.,ŌŻ  ŻŌ_Ōņ ņŌ‡¼h˜»XXŌÓ  ÓITALYŌ#†X.ĘX»¼h˜@#Ōó óŠ ° ŠÓ_ÓĢĢņ ņŌ_ŌCESCRŌ_Ō€€E/1993/22ó óŌCEUK.,ŌŠ “ć ŠĢĢÓ  Ó155.€€The€Committee€considered€the€second€periodic€report€of€Italy€concerning€articles€1€to€15€ofŠ O Ÿ Šthe€Covenant€(E/1990/6/Add.2)€at€its€13ņņthóó,€14ņņthóó€and€21ņņstóó€meetings,€held€on€3,€4,€and€10€DecemberŠ 8 ˆ Š1992€(E/C.12/1992/SR.13,€14€and€21).Š ! q ŠĢ156.€€Introducing€the€report,€the€representative€of€the€State€party€pointed€out€that€the€report€underŠ ó C  Šconsideration€had€been€drafted€nearly€three€years€earlier€when€a€positive€economic€and€socialŠ Ü,  Šsituation€had€still€prevailed.€€Today,€however,€the€country€was€beset€by€grave€economic€problemsŠ Å  Šbecause€the€international€economic€situation€had€imposed€extraordinary€financial€burdens€on€theŠ ®ž  ŠGovernment.€€There€were€also€new€problems€regarding€unemployment€resulting€from€theŠ —ē  Šchangeover€in€management€as€national€industry€became€privatized.Š €Š  ŠĢņņGeneral€mattersóóŠ R¢ ŠĢ157.€€With€regard€to€the€general€framework€within€which€the€Covenant€was€being€implemented,Š $t Šmembers€of€the€Committee€wanted€to€know:€if€in€preparing€the€report€the€Ō_ŌInterministerialŌ_Ō€CommitteeŠ  ] Šof€Human€Rights€had€sought€or€received€input€from€any€sources€outside€the€Government;€what€wasŠ öF Šthe€status€of€the€Covenant€in€domestic€law€and€whether€the€ratification€of€the€Covenant€had€givenŠ ß/ Šrise€to€any€modification€of€the€relevant€law;€which€of€the€rights€stipulated€in€the€Covenant€andŠ Č Šrecognized€by€Italian€law€were€subject€to€specific€non„discrimination€provisions€in€national€law;€theŠ ± Šextent€to€and€manner€in€which€non„nationals€were€not€guaranteed€the€rights€recognized€in€theŠ šź ŠCovenant€and€how€any€such€differences€were€justified;€the€limitations€which€might€have€beenŠ ƒÓ Šimposed€upon€the€exercise€of€rights€set€forth€in€articles€6€and€15€of€the€Covenant,€the€reasonsŠ l¼ Štherefore€and€the€safeguards€against€abuses€in€that€regard;€what€was€the€demographic€distributionŠ U„ Šof€the€migrant€population€and€what€recent€changes€might€have€taken€place€in€that€regard;€and€whatŠ >Ž Šdevelopments€there€had€been€concerning€the€actual€enjoyment€of€the€rights€stipulated€in€theŠ ' w ŠCovenant,€particularly€in€regard€to€vulnerable€or€disadvantaged€regions€or€groups.Š !` ŠĢ158.€€In€his€reply,€the€representative€of€the€State€party€stated€that€the€report€under€consideration,€likeŠ ā"2! Šother€reports€submitted€by€Italy€under€the€various€human€rights€conventions€it€had€ratified,€had€beenŠ Ė#" Šdrafted€by€the€Ō_ŌInterministerialŌ_Ō€Committee€of€Human€Rights€which€was€composed€of€representativesŠ “$ # Šof€all€the€ministries€concerned.€€The€report€had€not€been€widely€circulated€to€the€public€in€advanceŠ %ķ $ Šalthough€it€had€been€given€some€publicity€among€specialized€circles€in€the€country.€€He€also€pointedŠ †&Ö!% Šout€that,€since€the€ratification€of€the€Covenant,€its€standards€had€been€applied€frequently.€€Italian€lawŠ o'æ"& Šhad€been€brought€into€line€with€international€standards€in€that€respect,€particularly€by€virtue€ofŠ X(Ø#' Šarticle€10€of€the€Constitution.€€As€regards€non„discrimination€provisions€of€national€law,€it€had€notŠ A)‘$( Šbeen€necessary€to€introduce€specific€amendments€since€the€principle€of€parity€was€proclaimed€underŠ **z%) Šall€Italian€legislation,€starting€with€the€Constitution.€Regarding€the€limitations€imposed€on€theŠ +c&* Šexercise€of€rights€set€forth€in€articles€6€to€15€of€the€Covenant,€those€articles€were€covered€by€theŠ ü+L'+ ŠLabour€Act€of€1970€and€by€articles€39€and€40€of€the€Constitution€which€affirmed€the€freedom€ofŠ å,5(, Štrade€union€organization€and€the€right€to€strike,€respectively.€€Limitations€on€the€right€to€strike€wereŠ Ī-)- ŠŌ_Ōimposed€with€regard€to€essential€public€services€and€situations€which€might€endanger€public€safetyŠ ° Šor€threaten€the€basic€rights€of€citizens.Š ™é ŠĢ159.€€Turning€to€questions€concerning€the€migrant€population,€the€representative€stated€that€theŠ k» ŠItalian€labour€market€had€been€substantially€affected€by€increased€immigration.€€At€the€end€of€1991,Š T¤ Šthere€were€900,000€foreign€workers€in€Italy,€representing€a€15€per€cent€increase€over€theŠ =  Šcorresponding€figure€from€the€previous€year.€€The€critical€international€situation€had€played€a€partŠ & v Šin€this€trend€as€shown€by€the€recent€increase€in€immigrants€from€the€former€Yugoslavia€and€Albania.€Š  _ ŠImmigrants€to€Italy€had€come€from€every€region€of€the€world:€34.4€per€cent€came€from€Europe,€30.7Š ų H Šper€cent€from€Africa,€18€per€cent€from€Asia,€16.4€per€cent€from€America€and€0.5€per€cent€fromŠ į 1  ŠOceania.€€Among€the€169€countries€involved,€Tunisia,€the€Philippines,€Germany,€the€formerŠ Ź   ŠYugoslavia,€Senegal,€Albania,€Egypt€and€China€were€especially€€prominent.€€Given€that€clandestineŠ ³  Šimmigration€continued€and€that€it€was€necessary€to€regulate€the€position€of€migrant€workers€arrivingŠ œģ  Šin€Italy€under€the€terms€laid€down€by€Act€943€of€1986,€a€new€law€had€been€passed,€Act€39€of€1990.€Š …Õ  ŠAdditionally,€interministerial€decrees€were€published€each€year€on€issues€of€general€policy€relatingŠ n¾  Što€immigration€and€applications€for€refugee€status.€€To€assist€prospective€immigrants,€an€informationŠ W§  Šhandbook€on€the€subject€had€been€published€in€a€variety€of€languages€and€widely€disseminatedŠ @ Šabroad.€Š )y ŠĢņņArticle€6:€€Right€to€workóóŠ ūK ŠĢ160.€€Members€of€the€Committee€requested€information€on:€the€situation€and€trends€over€the€last€5Š Ķ Što€10€years€concerning€employment,€unemployment€and€underemployment€in€Italy,€particularly€inŠ ¶ Šregard€to€women,€young€persons,€older€workers,€disabled€workers€and€migrant€workers;€whichŠ Ÿļ Šgroup€were€considered€especially€vulnerable€or€disadvantaged€with€regard€to€employment€and€whatŠ ˆŲ Šmeasures€had€been€taken€in€that€regard;€what€proportion€of€the€working€population€held€more€thanŠ qĮ Šone€job€in€order€to€secure€an€adequate€standard€of€living€for€themselves€and€their€families;€and€howŠ ZŖ Šthe€term€š šunemploymentšš€was€defined€in€Italy.€Š C“ ŠĢ161.€€In€his€reply,€the€representative€stated€that,€in€response€to€the€worsening€economic€situation,Š e Šthe€Government€had€undertaken€a€number€of€measures€aimed€at€resolving€the€dilemma€of€ensuringŠ žN Šrecovery€without€compromising€the€functioning€of€the€social€State.€€In€particular,€the€Act€of€23Š ē 7 ŠOctober€1992€had€required€the€Government€to€promulgate€standards€for€rationalization€of€publicŠ Š!   Šhealth,€public€section€employment€and€local€finances.€€Trade€unions€understood€the€situation€andŠ ¹" ! Šhad€made€a€praiseworthy€effort€to€narrow€areas€of€confrontation.Š ¢#ņ" ŠĢ162.€€With€respect€to€those€holding€more€than€one€job,€the€representative€pointed€out€that€it€wasŠ t%Ä $ Šdifficult€to€establish€statistics€in€that€regard€since€second€jobs€were€rarely€declared€to€the€authorities.€Š ]&­!% ŠHowever,€the€Government€had€decided€to€apply€the€conditions€prevailing€in€the€private€sector€to€theŠ F'–"& Špublic€service,€which€hitherto€had€enjoyed€shorter€working€hours€and€greater€job€security,€in€orderŠ /(#' Što€reduce€opportunities€for€moonlighting.€€In€Italy,€unemployment€was€generally€defined€as€aŠ )h$( Šsituation€in€which€a€person€was€either€without€a€job€or€seeking€one.€€Persons€working€less€than€22Š *Q%) Šhours€a€week€were€also€considered€as€unemployed.€€Because€of€the€changes€and€new€techniques€inŠ ź*:&* Šthe€way€in€which€industry€was€organized,€an€increasing€number€of€persons€remain€unemployedŠ Ó+#'+ Šbecause€they€did€not€have€the€skills€required€to€fill€jobs€that€were€available.€Š ¼, (, ŠŠ „-õ(- ŠņņArticle€7:€€Right€to€just€and€favourable€conditions€of€workóó€Š ° ŠĢ163.€€Concerning€these€issues,€members€of€the€Committee€wished€to€know:€the€situation€of€migrantŠ ‚Ņ Šworkers€regarding€remuneration,€safe€and€healthy€working€conditions,€limitations€of€working€hoursŠ k» Šand€holidays;€the€Governmentššs€estimate€of€the€number€of€non„European€Community€workersŠ T¤ Šillegally€present€in€Italy€and€irregularly€employed€both€in€the€economy€and€in€private€households;Š =  Šthe€situation€of€foreigners€illegally€working€in€agriculture€and€as€street€vendors€and€the€measuresŠ & v Štaken€by€the€Government€in€that€respect;€whether€there€were€wage€earners€remaining€outside€theŠ  _ Šprotection€of€the€system€of€minimum€wages;€how€the€system€of€the€ņņscala€mobileóó€(š šsliding€scalešš)Š ų H Šworked;€and€statistical€and€other€information€concerning€the€number,€nature,€frequency€and€trendsŠ į 1  Šover€time€of€occupational€accidents€and€cases€of€occupational€diseases.Š Ź   ŠĢ164.€€In€his€reply,€the€representative€reported€that€as€at€30€September€1992,€there€had€been€750,000Š œģ  Šnon„European€Community€workers€in€Italy.€€Some€34,000€of€those€had€entered€Italy€betweenŠ …Õ  ŠJanuary€and€September€1992€and€had€regularized€their€situation.€€Of€recent€legal€immigrants,€6,000Š n¾  Šwere€asylum€seekers€from€Eastern€Europe,€including€displaced€persons€who€wished€eventually€toŠ W§  Šreturn€home.€€There€were€an€estimated€400,000€non„Community€illegal€immigrants€in€the€country,Š @ Šof€which€220,000€had€regularized€their€situation€pursuant€to€Act€39€of€1990.€€The€rest,€who€wereŠ )y Šprincipally€street€vendors€or€seasonal€agricultural€workers,€had€an€obvious€interest€in€remainingŠ b Šclandestine.€As€a€step€towards€regularizing€the€position€of€non„Community€nationals€working€asŠ ūK Šstreet€vendors€who€had€generally€entered€the€country€illegally,€they€had€recently€been€permitted€toŠ ä4 Šbecome€employers€of€a€maximum€of€two€helpers.€The€rights€of€migrant€workers€to€equal€treatmentŠ Ķ Šwas€guaranteed€under€the€law.Š ¶ ŠĢ165.€€The€right€to€a€minimum€wage€was€guaranteed€by€article€26€of€the€Constitution.€€The€slidingŠ ˆŲ Šscale€system,€which€had€been€a€feature€of€Italian€life€for€decades,€would€be€coming€to€an€end€on€31Š qĮ ŠDecember€1992€under€a€protocol€signed€between€the€Government€and€trade€unions.€€Henceforth,Š ZŖ Šwage€indexing€would€be€replaced€by€a€lump€sum€payment€of€20,000€lira€per€month.€€In€regard€toŠ C“ Šindustrial€accidents,€these€occurred€principally€in€the€mining,€metallurgical€and€building€industries.€Š ,| ŠThere€had€been€4,000€such€accidents,€two€per€working€day,€over€the€past€10€years.€€The€incidenceŠ e Šof€occupational€diseases€had€decreased€in€the€industrial€section€from€58,€212€and€1988€to€46,000€inŠ žN Š1991.Š ē 7 ŠĢņņArticle€8:€€Trade€union€rightsóóŠ ¹" ! ŠĢ166.€€Members€of€the€Committee€wished€to€know:€which€were€the€most€representative€trade€unions;Š ‹$Ū# Šwhether€trade€union€membership€was€rising€or€falling;€whether€military€personnel€and€civil€servantsŠ t%Ä $ Šhad€the€right€to€form€and€join€trade€unions;€whether€there€was€a€strike€law€governing€the€privateŠ ]&­!% Šsector;€what€limitations€there€were€on€the€right€to€strike;€the€procedures€whereby€strikes€wereŠ F'–"& Šdeclared€illegal;€and€whether€there€was€any€legislation€on€lock„outs.Š /(#' ŠĢ167.€€In€his€reply,€the€representative€stated€that€more€than€80€per€cent€of€the€economically€activeŠ *Q%) Špopulation€was€represented€by€a€union.€€There€were€three€main€unions€in€Italy€which€at€present€hadŠ ź*:&* Šceased€fighting€among€themselves€and€had€formed€a€coalition.€€Additionally,€there€were€a€largeŠ Ó+#'+ Šnumber€of€company€unions,€many€of€which€opposed€the€three€main€unions€and€which€sometimesŠ ¼, (, Šhad€a€very€negative€effect,€as€in€the€case€of€the€public€sector.€€The€police€force€had€created€its€ownŠ „-õ(- Štrade€union€which€represented€its€interests€in€negotiations€with€the€State.€€Military€personnel€wereŠ ° Šserved€by€a€body€similar€to€a€union€which€defended€their€interests€before€the€Ministry€of€Defence.€Š ™é ŠWith€respect€to€lock„outs,€there€were€no€relevant€regulations.Š ‚Ņ ŠĢņņArticle€9:€€Right€to€social€securityóóŠ T¤ ŠĢ168.€€Members€of€the€Committee€wanted€to€know:€how€the€old„age€pension€system€dealt€with€theŠ & v Šproblem€of€divorce,€especially€in€cases€where€one€spouse€had€not€previously€acquired€the€right€toŠ  _ Ša€pension;€whether€long„term€unemployed€women€and€other€groups€with€difficult€access€to€theŠ ų H Šlabour€market€were€disadvantaged€by€any€rules€requiring€a€minimum€time€for€the€right€to€socialŠ į 1  Šsecurity;€and€whether€there€were€any€social€security€benefits€available€to€non„citizens€and,€if€not,Š Ź   Šwhat€was€the€reason€for€their€exclusion€from€such€benefits€as€š šsocial€pensionsšš.Š ³  ŠĢ169.€€In€his€reply,€the€representative€stated€that€under€the€legislation€in€force€claimants€to€a€survivingŠ …Õ  Šspouseššs€pension€would,€in€the€case€of€divorce,€be€entitled€to€such€a€benefit€provided€that€they€hadŠ n¾  Šnot€subsequently€married€or€were€already€receiving€such€a€pension.Š W§  ŠĢ170.€€The€representative€also€explained€that,€under€article€11€of€Decree€No.€195€of€1992,€citizensŠ )y Šand€foreigners€legally€residing€in€the€country€had€equal€access€to€social€security€benefits.€€EmployersŠ b Šmade€equal€contributions€in€both€cases;€in€addition,€foreigners€were€required€to€contribute€to€aŠ ūK Šspecial€fund€covering€possible€repatriation€for€indigent€workers.€€Only€the€social€pension€wasŠ ä4 Šrestricted€to€Italian€citizens.€€This€pension€was€aimed€at€assisting€persons€with€insufficient€incomesŠ Ķ Šand€was€not€financed€from€the€contributions€of€either€employers€or€employees.€€The€social€pensionŠ ¶ Šwas€recognized€under€the€Treaty€of€Rome€and€conformed€to€the€requirements€of€EuropeanŠ Ÿļ ŠCommunity€directive€No.€92€on€social€security.Š ˆŲ ŠĢņņArticle€10:€€Protection€of€the€family,€mothers€and€childrenóóŠ ZŖ ŠĢ171.€€Members€of€the€Committee€wished€to€know:€how€the€concept€of€the€š šfamilyšš€was€recognizedŠ ,| Šand€applied€in€Italian€law;€what€was€the€practical€effect€of€the€measures€for€the€protection€of€childrenŠ e Šand€young€persons€described€in€paragraphs€41€to€54€of€the€report;€whether€consideration€had€beenŠ žN Šgiven€to€raising€the€minimum€working€age€from€15€to€16€years€of€age;€whether€wages€receivedŠ ē 7 Šduring€maternity€leave€were€paid€by€the€employer€or€the€State;€whether€there€were€any€programmesŠ Š!   Šfor€mothers€who€wished€to€interrupt€their€work€for€two€to€three€years€in€order€to€raise€their€childrenŠ ¹" ! Šor€whether€their€job€were€guaranteed€or€their€re„entry€to€employment€supported;€what€the€situationŠ ¢#ņ" Šwas€in€regard€to€day„care€facilities€and€how€far€the€need€for€such€facilities€had€been€satisfied;Š ‹$Ū# Šwhether€maternity„leave€protection€was€enjoyed€by€all€women€and€how€levels€of€protection€varied;Š t%Ä $ Šwhat€was€the€legislation€concerning€abortion;€whether€there€were€particular€groups€of€children€inŠ ]&­!% ŠItaly€who€were€disadvantaged€with€respect€to€protection€and€assistance€and€what€their€situation€was;Š F'–"& Šand€to€what€extent€the€laws€and€regulation€described€in€paragraphs€41€to€114€of€the€report€had€beenŠ /(#' Šbrought€into€conformity€with€the€provisions€of€the€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child.Š )h$( ŠĢ172.€€Members€of€the€Committee€also€wished€to€know:€what€mechanisms€there€were€to€enforce€theŠ ź*:&* Šlegislation€on€the€employment€of€children;€whether€children€born€out€of€wedlock€enjoyed€the€sameŠ Ó+#'+ Šrights€as€other€children;€whether€all€mothers€who€needed€day„care€facilities€could€find€a€place€forŠ ¼, (, Štheir€children€and,€if€not,€what€percentage€of€them€did€not€have€access€to€such€facilities.€Š „-õ(- Š‡173.€€In€his€reply,€the€representative€explained€that€article€29€of€the€Constitution€recognized€theŠ ° Šfamily€founded€on€marriage€as€the€natural€unit€of€society.€€Although€Italian€legislation€regarded€asŠ ™é Šlegitimate€only€those€families€founded€on€marriage,€de€facto€families€not€founded€on€marriage€wereŠ ‚Ņ Šincreasingly€being€recognized€in€Italian€case€law.€€A€recent€reform€also€introduced€the€concept€ofŠ k» Šfamily€enterprise,€which€provided€for€distribution€of€the€benefits€of€such€enterprises€in€proportionŠ T¤ Što€the€quality€and€quantity€of€work€contributed.€€In€Italy,€the€question€of€divorce€had€been€a€veryŠ =  Šcomplex€and€difficult€issue.€€The€Concordat€between€Italy€and€the€Holy€See€gave€religious€marriageŠ & v Ša€status€in€Italian€civil€law€and€since€canon€law€did€not€recognize€divorce,€the€term€could€not€beŠ  _ Šmentioned€in€legislation.€€None€the€less,€divorce€proceedings€before€a€court€had€been€establishedŠ ų H Šand€recent€case€law€upheld€the€constitutional€legality€of€the€procedure€to€bring€the€civil€effects€ofŠ į 1  Ša€marriage€to€an€end.€Š Ź   ŠĢ174.€€With€respect€to€the€illegal€employment€of€minors,€infringement€on€the€relevant€legislationŠ œģ  Šcarried€heavy€penalties.€€In€the€south€of€Italy,€there€were€4,000€workers€under€the€age€of€15,Š …Õ  Šincluding€children€legally€and€illegally€employed.€€Under€the€law€of€1967€on€the€employment€ofŠ n¾  Šadolescents€and€children,€15€years€was€the€minimum€age€for€entry€into€employment,€except€forŠ W§  Šagricultural€workers,€family€workers€and€workers€engaged€in€light€work€outside€industry,€in€whichŠ @ Šcase€the€starting€age€was€14€years.€€For€work€hazardous€to€the€health,€16€was€the€minimum€age.Š )y ŠĢ175.€€In€regard€to€the€other€questions€that€had€been€posed,€there€was€no€problem€concerning€theŠ ūK Šavailability€of€day„care€facilities.€€Abortion€was€legal€during€the€first€three€months€of€pregnancy€andŠ ä4 Šmedical€services€to€this€end€were€available€at€public€hospitals€and€special€clinics.€€Information€onŠ Ķ Šfamily€planning€was€available€at€centres€located€in€each€city€where€doctors,€social€workers€andŠ ¶ Špsychologists€provided€services€for€this€purpose€free€of€charge.€€Lastly,€legislative€measures€hadŠ Ÿļ Šbeen€adopted€in€order€to€protect€de€facto€families€and€children€born€out€of€wedlock,€ensuring€thatŠ ˆŲ Šthe€latter€were€accorded€equal€treatment€with€other€children.Š qĮ ŠĢņņArticle€11:€€Right€to€an€adequate€standard€of€livingóóŠ C“ ŠĢ176.€€Members€of€the€Committee€wished€to€know:€about€the€standard€of€living€of€particularlyŠ e Švulnerable€and€disadvantaged€groups€such€as€the€rural€and€urban€unemployed,€migrant€workers€andŠ žN Špensioners;€how€the€standard€of€living€of€these€groups€compared€with€that€of€5€and€10€years€ago;Š ē 7 Šhow€many€persons€had€been€evicted€over€the€last€five€years€and€what€procedures€and€safeguardsŠ Š!   Šexisted€regarding€the€eviction€of€low„income€families;€how€many€persons€were€on€waiting€lists€forŠ ¹" ! Šobtaining€accommodation,€the€average€length€of€the€waiting€period€and€what€measures€had€beenŠ ¢#ņ" Šundertaken€to€shorten€the€lists€and€reduce€the€waiting€time;€how€many€homeless€persons€there€wereŠ ‹$Ū# Šin€Italy€and€what€proportion€of€them€were€non„European€Community€foreigners.Š t%Ä $ ŠĢ177.€€Members€of€the€Committee€also€wished€to€know:€whether€recent€changes€in€the€legislationŠ F'–"& Šconcerning€rent€had€reduced€the€protection€afforded€to€tenants€and€whether€these€changes€had€beenŠ /(#' Šintroduced€as€part€of€the€Governmentššs€privatization€programme;€what€steps€the€Government€hadŠ )h$( Štaken€to€protect€non„nationals€from€discrimination€in€housing;€how€many€migrant€workers€had€beenŠ *Q%) Ševicted;€how€many€of€the€60,000€to€100,000€persons€reported€to€be€homeless€were€non„nationals;Š ź*:&* Šand€why€the€number€of€uninhabited€housing€units€in€cities€such€a€Rome€and€Florence€wereŠ Ó+#'+ Šincreasing.Š ¼, (, ŠŠ „-õ(- Š178.€€In€his€reply,€the€representative€pointed€out€that€62€per€cent€of€the€flats€in€Italy€were€owned€byŠ ° Šthe€persons€living€in€them.€€A€total€of€700,000€requests€had€been€made€for€rent„controlled€housing.€Š ™é ŠAs€part€of€the€Governmentššs€privatization€programme,€200,000€State„owned€flats€had€been€offeredŠ ‚Ņ Šfor€sale€to€their€tenants.€€Many€flats€had€remained€unoccupied€because€the€owners€did€not€wish€toŠ k» Šrent€them€at€very€low€controlled€rates€to€persons€whom€it€might€be€difficult€to€remove€later€on.€€InŠ T¤ Šview€of€this€situation,€the€authorities€had€decided€to€relax€the€laws€regarding€rents,€permittingŠ =  Šowners€to€set€higher€rates.€€There€was€a€commission€in€each€province€which€was€responsible€forŠ & v Šreviewing€each€case€of€eviction€in€the€light€of€the€social€situation€of€the€persons€concerned.Š  _ ŠĢņņArticle€12:€€Right€to€physical€and€mental€healthóóŠ į 1  ŠĢ179.€€Members€of€the€Committee€wanted€to€know:€how€the€public€health€system€coped€with€theŠ ³  Šproblem€of€large€increases€in€expenses€in€the€medical€sector;€and€what€the€policies€were€in€regardŠ œģ  Što€acquired€immunodeficiency€syndrome€(AIDS)€and€to€drug€abuse,€the€successes€and€failures€ofŠ …Õ  Šthose€policies€and€how€they€have€developed€over€time.€€Members€of€the€Committee€also€wished€toŠ n¾  Šknow€if€measures€had€been€taken€to€assist€older€persons€requiring€continuing€care€and€those€personsŠ W§  Šsuffering€from€terminal€illness.Š @ ŠĢ180.€€In€his€reply,€the€representative€stated€that,€owing€to€the€current€economic€situation,€it€had€beenŠ b Šnecessary€to€make€a€number€of€changes€in€Italyššs€very€generous€public€health€care€system,Š ūK Šespecially€as€costs€in€that€sector€were€the€principle€cause€for€the€deficit€in€the€national€budget.€Š ä4 ŠAmong€the€reforms€introduced€were€provisions€requiring€persons€in€higher€income€brackets€to€bearŠ Ķ Špart€of€the€costs€of€their€health€care.Š ¶ ŠĢ181.€€The€representative€noted€that€Italy€had€suffered€greatly€from€the€AIDS€epidemic,€as€80,000Š ˆŲ Špersons€had€tested€HIV„positive€and€15,000€had€shown€symptoms€of€the€disease.€€Legislative€andŠ qĮ Šother€measures€had€been€undertaken€to€enable€those€suffering€from€AIDS€to€receive€professionalŠ ZŖ Štherapy€at€home.€€There€was€concern€that€AIDS€patients€should€not€be€isolated€from€the€communityŠ C“ Šand€public€education€was€felt€to€be€especially€important€in€that€regard.€€Legislation€concerning€drugŠ ,| Šusers€had€been€modified€so€that€criminal€proceedings€were€not€instituted€if€the€drug€user€acceptedŠ e Štreatment.€€A€law€adopted€in€1990€had€introduced€various€administrative€stages€to€be€followedŠ žN Šbefore€penal€sanctions€were€applied.€€Thus,€imprisonment€was€used€only€as€a€last€resort€in€casesŠ ē 7 Šwhere€treatment€was€refused€or€where€a€person€was€caught€again€in€possession€of€drugs.€€TheŠ Š!   ŠGovernmentššs€goal€was€to€rehabilitate€drug€users.€€However,€penalties€for€drug€dealing€had€beenŠ ¹" ! Šstiffened.€Š ¢#ņ" ŠĢņņArticle€13:€€Right€to€educationóóŠ t%Ä $ ŠĢ182.€€Members€of€the€Committee€wished€to€know:€the€meaning€of€the€word€š šculturalŠ F'–"& Šhomogenizationšš€as€it€had€been€used€in€paragraphs€143€and€146€of€the€report;€what€was€the€situationŠ /(#' Šregarding€the€avoidance€of€compulsory€secondary€schooling€in€the€poorest€areas€of€the€country;€whatŠ )h$( Špercentage€of€children€completed€their€secondary€education;€what€was€the€drop„out€rate€at€theŠ *Q%) Šuniversity€level;€what€percentage€of€university€graduates€were€not€able€to€enter€the€career€for€whichŠ ź*:&* Šthey€have€been€trained€and€what€measures€had€been€undertaken€or€were€foreseen€by€the€GovernmentŠ Ó+#'+ Što€remedy€that€situation;€how€the€children€of€migrant€workers€had€been€integrated€into€theŠ ¼, (, Šeducational€system;€what€provision€had€been€made€to€preserve€the€cultural€or€linguistic€heritage€ofŠ „-õ(- Šimmigrant€children€and€the€children€of€migrant€workers;€how€linguistic€minorities€were€dealt€withŠ ° Šin€the€educational€system;€and€what€measures€had€been€undertaken€to€protect€the€rights€of€theŠ ™é ŠGerman„speaking€and€French„speaking€minorities€in€the€border€areas€and€how€those€measuresŠ ‚Ņ Šaccorded€with€the€demands€of€the€regional€governments€concerned.€Members€of€the€Committee€alsoŠ k» Šwished€to€know€if€older€persons€had€access€to€education.Š T¤ ŠĢ183.€€In€his€reply,€the€representative€explained€that€the€term€š šcultural€homogenizationšš€meant€thatŠ & v Šall€pupils€were€entitled€to€the€same€education€without€discrimination.€€The€goal€was€not€to€do€awayŠ  _ Šwith€ethnic€differences€but,€on€the€contrary,€to€stress€the€concept€of€intercultural€education€and€theŠ ų H Šmutual€enrichment€resulting€from€the€presence€of€foreign€pupils€in€the€schools.€€The€socialŠ į 1  Šintegration€of€foreigners€was€the€aim€of€the€Government,€not€the€renunciation€of€their€culture.€Š Ź   ŠHowever,€since€there€were€more€than€130€different€foreign€ethnic€groups€in€Italy,€it€was€clearlyŠ ³  Šimpossible€to€teach€children€from€all€those€groups€their€language€and€culture€of€origin.€Š œģ  ŠĢ184.€€With€respect€to€the€avoidance€of€compulsory€secondary€education,€a€programme€had€beenŠ n¾  Šlaunched€to€address€that€problem€even€though€it€did€not€affect€a€significant€portion€of€the€population.€Š W§  ŠIn€regard€to€university€education,€Italian€universities€were€open€to€all€persons€who€had€completedŠ @ Šsecondary€school.€However,€only€30€percent€of€university€students€completed€their€programme€andŠ )y Šobtained€a€diploma.€€Only€37€per€cent€of€university€graduates€found€employment€in€line€with€theirŠ b Šfield€of€study.€€To€remedy€that€situation,€the€Government€had€launched€a€programme€to€improveŠ ūK Šcareer€orientation€and€to€introduce€a€shorter€course€of€university€training€that€was€better€suited€toŠ ä4 Šthe€requirements€of€the€labour€market.€€The€representative€added€that€there€were€universities€forŠ Ķ Šolder€persons€in€the€main€cities€such€as€Rome,€Milan€and€Turin€and€that€such€programmes€were€wellŠ ¶ Šattended.Š Ÿļ ŠĢ185.€€Concerning€linguistic€minorities,€special€legislation€had€been€adopted€on€the€teaching€ofŠ qĮ Šlanguages€additional€to€Italian€that€were€spoken€in€the€border€regions€of€the€country.€€A€degree€ofŠ ZŖ Šautonomy€in€those€regions€had€also€been€granted.Š C“ ŠĢņņArticle€15:€€Right€of€everyone€to€take€part€in€cultural€life€and€to€enjoy€the€benefits€of€scientificŠ e Šprogress€and€to€benefit€from€the€protection€of€the€interests€of€authorsŠ žN ŠóóĢ186.€€Members€of€the€Committee€wished€to€know:€how€successful€measures€had€been€concerningŠ Š!   Šthe€preservation€of€Italyššs€archaeological€heritage€and€the€conservation€and€restoration€or€works€ofŠ ¹" ! Šart;€what€was€the€situation€with€regard€to€theft€of€works€of€art€and€their€illegal€transfer€abroad;Š ¢#ņ" Šwhether€the€figure€š š5€millionšš€in€the€report€was€correct;€and€what€percentage€of€the€governmentŠ ‹$Ū# Šbudget€had€been€allocated€for€the€preservation€and€conservation€of€the€countryššs€cultural€heritage.Š t%Ä $ ŠĢņņConcluding€observationsóóŠ F'–"& ŠĢ187.€€The€Committee€welcomed€the€continuation€of€its€dialogue€with€Italy€on€the€occasion€of€theŠ )h$( Šsubmission€of€that€countryššs€second€periodic€report€on€articles€1€to€15.€€It€was€gratified€by€the€highŠ *Q%) Šlevel€of€the€delegation€selected€to€present€the€oral€report€and€to€reply€to€the€questions€raised€by€theŠ ź*:&* Šwritten€report.Š Ó+#'+ ŠĢ188.€€The€written€report€dealt€very€comprehensively€with€articles€13€to€15€and€article€10€(3),€but€Ō_ŌonŠ „-õ(- Šarticles€6€to€9,€10€(1)€and€10€(2)€it€was€too€sketchy€and€it€did€not€cover€at€all€the€rights€contained€inŠ ° Šarticle€11,€concerning€the€right€of€everyone€to€an€adequate€standard€of€living.€€The€oral€presentationŠ ™é Šand€the€replies€to€the€Committeeššs€questions€largely€rectified€that€shortcoming.Š ‚Ņ ŠĢ189.€€The€Committee€noted€that€substantial€efforts€were€being€made€by€the€Italian€Government€toŠ T¤ Šreduce€unemployment€and€integrate€foreign€workers,€both€from€within€and€outside€the€EuropeanŠ =  ŠCommunity.€€The€number€of€industrial€accidents€and€occupational€diseases€was€falling.€€ProgressŠ & v Šwas€also€being€made€in€the€employment€of€women.Š  _ ŠĢ190.€€However,€the€policy€of€privatization€and€abolition€of€the€sliding€scale€system€entailed€certainŠ į 1  Šrisks€for€the€social€protection€of€all€the€sectors€of€the€population.Š Ź   ŠĢ191.€€In€the€consideration€of€the€report€the€Committee€devoted€particular€attention€to€the€right€toŠ œģ  Šhousing.€Although€the€steady€increase€in€the€number€of€home„owners€(currently€62€per€cent)€wasŠ …Õ  Ša€source€of€satisfaction,€the€situation€of€tenants€in€the€most€disadvantaged€social€categories€did€notŠ n¾  Šseem€to€be€improving.Š W§  ŠĢ192.€€The€Committee€wished€to€draw€the€attention€of€the€State€party€to€a€number€of€specific€concernsŠ )y Šresulting€from€the€dialogue€with€its€representatives.€€These€concerns€included€the€fact€that:Š b ŠĢ(a)€€The€adoption€of€Act€L359/92€in€August€1992€seemed€likely€to€aggravate€the€situation€of€theŠ ä4 Šmost€economically€disadvantaged€tenants.€€The€Act€partly€goes€back€on€Act€L392/78€of€1978,€whichŠ Ķ Šintroduced€the€concept€of€a€š šfair€rentšš€(ņņŌ_ŌequoŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌcanoneŌ_Ōóó);Š ¶ ŠĢ(b)€€It€has€led€to€a€certain€paralysis€in€the€rental€market€since€about€5€million€apartments€areŠ ˆŲ Šcurrently€reported€to€be€unoccupied.€€The€scope€of€exceptions€to€the€fair„rent€rule€has€widened€andŠ qĮ Šfreedom€to€set€rents€is€contributing€to€rental€increases;Š ZŖ ŠĢ(c)€€Given€the€shortage€of€low„income€housing,€which€accounts€for€about€5€per€cent€of€the€totalŠ ,| Šhousing€stock,€and€since€no€housing€allowance€system€has€been€established€or€is€envisaged,€theŠ e Šsituation€of€tenants€is€disturbing.€€The€10„year€low„income€housing€construction€plan,€which€wasŠ žN Špartly€executed€in€1988,€has€not€been€amended€and€remains€insufficient;€Š ē 7 ŠĢ(d)€€A€further€continuing€source€of€concern€is€the€precarious€nature€of€leases,€aggravated€by€theŠ ¹" ! Šprovisions€of€the€Act€of€August€1992,€given€the€fact€that€74€per€cent€of€evictions€are€based€onŠ ¢#ņ" Štermination€of€the€lease€and,€since€1983,€one€family€out€of€three€has€been€evicted.€Š ‹$Ū# ŠĢ193.€€The€Committee€reiterated€the€importance€the€Covenant€attaches€to€the€right€to€housing,€andŠ ]&­!% Šrecommends€that€the€Italian€Government€should€take€all€appropriate€measures€to€improve€theŠ F'–"& Šsituation€of€tenants€and€to€ensure€that€medium„term€solutions€are€found€in€order€to€deal€moreŠ /(#' Šsatisfactorily€with€housing€for€the€most€disadvantaged€social€categories.€€It€hopes€to€receive€allŠ )h$( Šrelevant€information€on€the€occasion€of€Italyššs€submission€of€its€third€periodic€report.Š *Q%) ŠĢĢĢŠ „-õ(- Š‡Ō_Ōņ ņŌUKCE.,ŌCESCR€E/2001/22ó óŠ ° ŠĢĢ107.ą  ąThe€Committee€considered€the€third€periodic€report€of€Italy€on€the€implementation€ofŠ l¼ ŠtheCovenant€€(E/1994/104/Add.19)€at€its€6th€to€8th€meetings,€held€on€27€and€28€April€2000,€andŠ U„ Šadopted,€at€its€23rd€and€24th€meetings,€held€on€10€and€11May€2000,€the€followingŠ > Ž Šconcludingobservations.Š ' w ŠĢņ ņA.€€Introductionó óŠ ł I ŠĢ108.ą  ąThe€Committee€welcomes€the€submission€of€the€third€periodic€report€of€the€State€party€asŠ Ģ   Šwell€as€its€written€replies€to€the€list€of€issues€that€were€presented€by€a€high-level€delegationŠ µ  Šcomprised€of€officials€of€various€ministries.€€However,€it€notes€with€regret€the€late€submission€of€theŠ žī  Šreport€as€well€as€of€the€written€replies€to€the€list€of€questions.€€The€Committee€welcomes€theŠ ‡×  Šconstructive€dialogue€with€the€delegation.Š pĄ  ŠĢņ ņB.€€Positive€aspectsó óŠ B’ ŠĢ109.ą  ąThe€Committee€notes€with€appreciation€the€measures€taken€by€the€State€party€to€combatŠ e Šorganized€crime.€€The€Committee€also€welcomes€the€adoption€of€the€immigration€bill€of€1998,Š žN Šgranting€one-year€residence/work€permits€to€women€who€have€been€the€victims€of€trafficking€andŠ ē7 Šwho€denounce€their€exploiters,€and€the€criminalization€of€trafficking€of€migrants€under€thePenalŠ Š  ŠCode.Š ¹  ŠĢ110.€ą  ąThe€Committee€also€notes€with€appreciation€the€approval€of€the€ņņTexto€Unico€286/98,óó€whichŠ ‹Ū Šgives€foreigners€regularly€present€on€the€national€territory€equal€standing€with€ItaliancitizensŠ tÄ Šregarding€access€to€residential€and€public€housing,€and€credit€on€favourable€terms€for€building,Š ]­ Šacquiring€or€renting€their€first€home.Š F– ŠĢ111.ą  ąThe€Committee€notes€with€appreciation€the€approval€of€law€No.53€of€8€March€2000€whichŠ h Šrecognizes€the€right€of€the€father,€as€well€as€the€mother,€to€take€leave€from€work€to€care€for€a€childŠ  Q Šduring€early€infancy.€Š ź : ŠĢ112.ą  ąWith€regard€to€the€problem€of€domestic€violence€against€women,€the€Committee€welcomesŠ ¼" ! Šthe€approval€of€law€No.66€of€1996,€characterizing€sexual€violence€as€š šacrimeagainstthe€personššŠ „#õ" Špunishable€by€imprisonment.Š Ž$Ž# ŠĢņ ņC.€€Factors€and€difficulties€impeding€the€implementation€of€the€Covenantó óŠ `&°!% ŠĢ113.ą  ąThe€Committee€notes€the€socio-economic€problems€arising€from€the€increase€in€immigrationŠ 3(ƒ#' Što€Italy€caused€by€the€tragic€events€in€the€Balkans€and€the€influx€of€persons€from€other€regions.€€Š )l$( ŠĢņ ņD.€€Principal€subjects€of€concernŠ ī*>&* Šó óĢ114.ą  ąThe€Committee€regrets€that€some€of€the€written€replies€to€the€list€of€issues€wereinsufficient,Š Į,(, Šand€that€some€oral€statements€made€during€the€dialogue€were€too€vague€and€general.Š Ŗ-ś(- Š‡115.ą  ąThe€Committee€notes€with€concern€the€statement€made€by€the€State€party€in€its€writtenŠ ° Šreplies€to€the€list€of€issues,€confirmed€by€the€delegation€during€its€dialogue€with€the€Committee,€thatŠ ™é Šonly€very€few€court€rulings€refer€explicitly€to€the€Covenant.€€Š ‚Ņ ŠĢ116.ą  ąThe€Committee€notes€with€concern€that€a€large€number€of€the€Roma€population€live€in€campsŠ T¤ Šlacking€basic€sanitary€facilities€on€the€outskirts€of€major€Italian€cities.€€The€Roma€on€the€whole€liveŠ =  Šbelow€the€poverty€line€and€are€discriminated€against,€especially€in€the€workplace,€ifand€when€theyŠ & v Šfind€work,€and€in€the€housing€sector.€€Life€in€the€camps€has€had€a€major€negative€impact€on€theŠ  _ ŠRoma€children,€many€of€whom€abandon€primary€and€secondary€schooling€in€order€to€look€after€theirŠ ų H Šyounger€siblings€or€to€go€out€begging€in€the€streets€in€order€to€help€increase€their€family€income.Š į 1  ŠĢ117.ą  ąThe€Committee€draws€the€attention€of€the€State€party€to€the€concern€expressed€by€theŠ ³  ŠCommittee€of€Experts€on€the€Application€of€ILO€Conventions€and€Recommendations€regarding€theŠ œģ  Štransfer€to€local€health€units€of€the€functions€of€the€labour€inspectorate€with€regard€to€prevention€andŠ …Õ  Šoccupational€safety€and€health.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€that€such€transfer€may€create€a€problemŠ n¾  Šof€coordination.€€The€Committee€also€regrets€that€the€delegation€did€not€answer€the€question€put€toŠ W§  Šit€on€this€matter.€€Š @ ŠĢ118.ą  ąThe€Committee€is€alarmed€by€the€high€rate€of€accidents€in€the€workplace€and€draws€theŠ b Šattention€of€the€State€party€to€the€concern€expressed€by€the€Committee€of€Experts€on€the€ApplicationŠ ūK Šof€ILO€Conventions€and€Recommendations,€which€has€repeatedly€drawn€the€Governmentššs€attentionŠ ä4 Što€the€need€to€adopt€legal€regulations€and€policies€on€the€prevention€of€accidents€in€the€workplace,Š Ķ Šand€in€particular€in€the€ports.Š ¶ ŠĢŃ€u l` Ń119.ą  ąThe€Committee€regrets€the€insufficiency€of€the€information€provided€by€the€State€partyŠ ˆŲ Šconcerning€the€social€security€system,€especially€considering€that€the€Committeeššs€previousŠ qĮ Šconcluding€observationsŲŲ׃“ׯ ƒv’’ŻņņŚ  Ś6Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀on€Italy€had€signalled€a€lack€of€information€on€article€9€of€the€CovenantŠ ZŖ Šin€the€State€partyššs€second€periodic€report.Š C“ ŠĢ120.ą  ąWhile€commending€the€State€party€for€its€efforts€to€combat€violence€against€women,€theŠ e ŠCommittee€remains€concerned€that€the€Government€has€not€yet€devised€a€comprehensive,Š žN Šcoordinated€and€concerted€strategy€to€address€this€serious€problem.Š ē 7 Š121.ą  ąWhile€also€commending€the€State€party€for€the€many€initiatives€taken€to€combat€organizedŠ Š!   Šcrime,€the€Committee€remains€concerned€at€the€extent€of€trafficking€of€women€and€children,€sexualŠ ¹" ! Šabuse€of€minors€and€child€pornography€in€Italy.Š ¢#ņ" ŠĢ122.ą  ąThe€Committee€notes€with€concern€that€there€are€still€substantial€economic€andŠ t%Ä $ Šsocialinequalities€between€the€northern€and€southern€parts€of€the€country,€which€impact€negativelyŠ ]&­!% Šon€the€situations€of€women,€young€people,€children€and€disadvantaged€and€marginalized€groups.Š F'–"& ŠĢ123.ą  ąThe€Committee€notes€with€regret€that€in€Italy,€asylum-seekers€have€access€to€subsidizedŠ )h$( Šhealth€care€only€in€emergency€situations.€€The€Committee€points€out€that€this€policy€is€not€inŠ *Q%) Šcompliance€with€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant.Š ź*:&* Š‡124.ą  ąWith€respect€to€education,€the€Committee€notes€with€concern€the€high€rate€of€young€peopleŠ ° Šdropping€out€of€secondary€education.€€In€addition,€the€Committee€is€concerned€about€theŠ ™é Šphenomenon€of€functional€illiteracy.€€The€Committee€regrets€not€having€had€a€clear€answer€to€itsŠ ‚Ņ Šquestion€on€this€issue€during€the€dialogue.Š k» ŠĢ125.ą  ąThe€Committee€is€concerned€about€the€controversial€proposal€in€the€State€partyššs€schoolŠ =  Šeducation€reform€programme€to€give€private€schools€some€public€funding.Š & v ŠĢņ ņE.€€Suggestions€and€recommendationsó óŠ ų H ŠĢ126.ą  ąThe€Committee€encourages€the€Government€of€Italy,€as€a€member€of€internationalŠ Ė   Šorganizations,€in€particular€IMF€and€the€World€Bank,€to€do€all€it€can€to€ensure€that€the€policies€andŠ “  Šdecisions€of€those€organizations€are€in€conformity€with€the€obligations€of€States€parties€to€theŠ ķ  ŠCovenant,€in€particular€the€obligations€contained€in€article2,€paragraph€1,€concerning€internationalŠ †Ö  Šassistance€and€cooperation.Š oæ  ŠĢ127.ą  ąThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€organize€briefings€for€judges€to€familiarizeŠ A‘ Šthem€with€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant€and€the€general€comments€adopted€by€the€Committee.Š *z ŠĢ128.ą  ąThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€ratify€the€1961€Convention€on€theŠ üL ŠReduction€of€Statelessness.Š å5 ŠĢ129.ą  ąThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€step€up€its€efforts€to€improve€the€situationŠ · Šof€the€Roma€population,€ņņinter€aliaóó€by€replacing€camps€with€low-cost€houses;€by€legalizing€the€statusŠ  š Šof€Roma€immigrants;€by€setting€up€employment€and€educational€programmes€for€parents;€by€givingŠ ‰Ł Šsupport€to€Roma€families€with€children€at€school;€by€providing€better€education€for€Roma€children;Š rĀ Šand€by€strengthening€and€implementing€anti-discrimination€legislation,€especially€in€the€employmentŠ [« Šand€housing€sectors.Š D” ŠĢ130.ą  ąThe€Committee€calls€upon€the€State€party€to€implement€the€recommendations€madebytheŠ f ŠCommittee€of€Experts€on€the€Application€of€ILO€Conventions€and€RecommendationsconcerningŠ ’O Šthe€decentralization€of€labour€inspection.€€The€Committee€wouldappreciate€detailedinformationŠ č 8 Šabout€the€system€of€labour€inspections€in€the€next€periodicreport.Š Ń!!  ŠĢ131.ą  ąThe€Committee€calls€upon€the€State€party€to€take€effective€measures€to€ensure€that€workersŠ £#ó" Šenjoy€safe€working€conditions.€€In€particular,€the€Committee€recommends€that€the€Stateparty€adoptŠ Œ$Ü# Šmeasures,€including€legislation,€on€the€prevention€of€accidents,€particularly€in€the€ports,€and€ratifyŠ u%Å $ ŠILO€Convention€No.€152€(1979)€concerning€occupational€safety€and€health€in€dock€work.€€TheŠ ^&®!% ŠCommittee€also€recommends€that€the€State€party€ratify€ILO€Conventions€No.174€(1993)€concerningŠ G'—"& Šthe€prevention€of€major€industrial€accidents€and€No.€175€(1994)€concerning€part„time€work.Š 0(€#' ŠĢ132.ą  ąThe€Committee€encourages€the€State€party€to€ratify,€as€planned,€ILO€ConventionŠ *R%) ŠNo.159(1983)€concerning€vocational€rehabilitation€and€employment€(disabled€persons).Š ė*;&* ŠTheCommittee€would€appreciate€information€from€the€Ministry€of€Labour€in€the€next€periodicŠ Ō+$'+ Šreport€on€the€number€of€cases€dealt€with€by€the€courts€under€the€legislation€on€disability.Š ½, (, ŠŌ_ŌŠ ¦-ö(- Š133.ą  ąThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€devise€a€national€strategy€toŠ ° Šcombatviolence€against€women,€the€elements€of€which€should€include€data€collection,€enactmentŠ ™é Šof€relevant€legislation,€training€courses€for€and€sensitizing€of€the€police€forces€and€thejudiciary,Š ‚Ņ Šestablishment€of€refuges€for€battered€women€and€public€awareness-raising€campaigns.Š k» ŠĢ134.ą  ąThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€devise€a€comprehensive,€coordinated€andŠ =  Šconcerted€national€strategy€to€combat€trafficking€in€women€and€children,€sexual€abuse€of€minors€andŠ & v Šchild€pornography€by€organized€crime.Š  _ ŠĢ135.ą  ąThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€seriously€address€the€persistent€problem€ofŠ į 1  Šeconomic€and€social€disparities€existing€between€the€northern€and€southern€parts€of€Italy,€whichŠ Ź   Šhave€a€negative€effect€on€the€situations€of€women,€young€persons,€children€and€disadvantaged€andŠ ³  ŠŌ_ŌmarginalizedŌ_Ō€groups.Š œģ  ŠĢ136.ą  ąThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€step€up€its€efforts€to€assist€those€living€underŠ n¾  Šthe€poverty€line,€the€majority€of€whom€are€women.Š W§  ŠĢ137.ą  ąThe€Committee€invites€the€State€party€to€address,€in€its€next€periodic€report,€the€issue€of€theŠ )y Šcost€of€medication€under€the€privatized€system€and€the€measures€the€State€party€is€taking€to€combatŠ b Šthe€negative€effects€this€may€have€on€the€health€of€vulnerable€groups.€€The€Committee€would€alsoŠ ūK Šlike€more€information€about€the€results€of€the€latest€completed€National€Health€Plan,€especially€withŠ ä4 Šregard€to€older€persons€and€other€vulnerable€groups.Š Ķ ŠĢ138.ą  ąThe€Committee€urges€the€State€party€to€extend€the€subsidized€health-care€system€toŠ Ÿļ Šasylum-seekers€without€discrimination.Š ˆŲ ŠĢ139.ą  ąThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€draw€up€a€national€strategy€and€plan€ofŠ ZŖ Šaction€to€address€the€significant€problems€relating€to€school€drop-outs€and€youth€unemployment.Š C“ ŠĢ140.ą  ąThe€Committee€would€like€to€receive€information€on€the€extent€of€the€phenomenon€ofŠ e Šfunctional€illiteracy€in€Italy.Š žN ŠĢ141.ą  ąWith€regard€to€the€public€funding€of€private€schools,€the€Committee€reminds€the€StatepartyŠ Š!   Šthat€any€such€funding€must€be€without€discrimination€on€any€of€the€prohibitedgrounds.Š ¹" ! ŠĢ142.ą  ąThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€distribute€these€concluding€observationsŠ ‹$Ū# Šwidely.€€The€Committee€invites€the€State€party€to€inform€the€Committee€about€the€implementationŠ t%Ä $ Šof€these€concluding€observations€in€Italyššs€next€periodic€report.Š ]&­!% ŠŌCE.,UK.,i†ŌĢĢĢĢĢĢ