ÿWPCc +0€ó¬áR×NcÆ"ZíËØBƒ¢–«Tn ´O2Y4 “àRÆN_Là¦5¬„ubXý—Fò;‡â7§Ñ®)Qt§ZîDÕ" u›öw8&ÍÙÀCe…î$Y™¡ÿ€6¬J ŒšgÝú§»ru ß’lÞ$i&¹µ'„<íÖ^ìݧöe¨fšyó=Zy¯šžÅ`Š‘^ÐÍ¡®î¯ ¦Öïg^%^DBR:ðx1ZŽ¬¤W½¥•g„M”p)n4èkŽ¤Ñ覰v‰Ü{%T™óÑ«iý1OWé8Ì{÷‹8±‚é"QüÒÐ_Fs#4ô~KËíw*¦þ·Ho€EÖêÛ2ÅÚ`T£’ÿï…[öI ‰›º•‰wø³q ì4W2 my×âFE?õ.Ó>®ºi½c¿L–îD®_ž"W{"f)NèŠã Êk@¤é°IKf×Ï2£Ó·8ÏìzK€à™—6D¬öº5„~óS’(x¯åé«~7i<Àt[.ÍwºDrS)ás…—Þœm¶Ú"HŸê¶ü%¾ûSöÇéÐظv|Qb»#b~þ€ûvÜ ´gÜ„>ñ6åÆΠ]Am 8,§+¶çyDÑà ‹!™§w#qDùûI:ð¼so¹ #ɶUN %Í 0:Ó^ w41@ mBYNa˜\\YORK_UNIVERSITY\q_hrts_hp4000tnÒV,,,,ÒV0&Öd9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(ûœ$¡¡ÔUKUS.,Ôªf0— ½”u/ œ3|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ Ý ƒûœ!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€¼t»XXÔò òÓ  ÓLUXEMBOURGó óÐ ° ÐÓ_ÓÌÌÔ€X/X»¼tÔò òCCPR€€A/41/40€(1986)ó óÐ á1 Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àÌÌÓ  Ó47.€€The€Committee€considered€the€initial€report€of€Luxembourg€(CCPR/C/31/Add.2)€at€its€628òòthóó,Ð  í Ð629òòthóó€and€632òòndóó€meetings,€on€23€and€25€October€1985€(CCPR/C/SR.628,€629€and€632).Ð † Ö ÐÌ48.€€The€report€was€introduced€by€the€representative€of€the€State€party€who€noted€that€the€protectionÐ X ¨  Ðof€civil€and€political€rights€in€his€country€was€ensured€by€such€international€instruments€as€theÐ A‘  ÐCovenant,€the€European€Convention€for€the€Protection€of€Human€Rights€and€Fundamental€FreedomsÐ *z  Ðand€the€International€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€Racial€Discrimination,€as€wellÐ c  Ðas€by€the€Constitution€of€Luxembourg€and€national€legislation.€€The€provisions€of€internationalÐ üL  Ðinstruments€were€directly€applicable€and€enjoyed€precedence€over€domestic€law.Ð å5  ÐÌ49.€€Turning€to€specific€articles€of€the€Covenant,€the€representative€stated,€with€regard€to€article€1,Ð · Ðthat€his€Governmentððs€policy€was€to€respect€the€right€of€other€peoples€to€self„determination€on€theÐ  ð Ðbasis€of€the€promotion€of€human€rights€throughout€the€world,€irrespective€of€political€considerations.€Ð ‰Ù ÐThe€right€of€self„determination€of€the€people€of€Luxembourg€was€specifically€enshrined€in€theÐ r ÐConstitution,€particularly€in€the€provisions€regarding€elections€and€equality€before€the€law.Ð [« ÐÌ50.€€In€connection€with€article€2€of€the€Covenant,€the€representative€explained€that€there€was€anÐ -} Ðunlimited€right€to€take€legal€action€against€public€officials€accused€of€human€rights€violations€andÐ f Ðthat,€under€the€Penal€Code,€the€fact€that€a€violation€had€been€committed€by€persons€acting€in€anÐ ÿO Ðofficial€capacity€was€often€considered€as€an€aggravating€circumstance.Ð è8 ÐÌ51.€€With€regard€to€article€3€of€the€Covenant,€the€representative€noted€that,€while€the€principle€ofÐ º  Ðequality€between€men€and€women€had€been€largely€incorporated€into€domestic€law€as€a€result€ofÐ £ó Ðreforms€adopted€in€1972€and€1974€relating€to€the€marriage€system€and€the€rights€and€duties€ofÐ ŒÜ Ðspouses,€there€were€two€remaining€problems.€€One€was€a€five„year€residency€requirement€prior€toÐ u Å Ðnaturalization,€which€was€applicable€only€to€male€spouses.€€The€other€related€to€the€inequalities€ofÐ ^!® Ðrights€between€legitimate€and€illegitimate€children.€€However,€legislative€reforms€were€currentlyÐ G"—  Ðunder€consideration€to€eliminate€both€types€of€inequality.Ð 0#€! ÐÌ52.€€The€representative€of€the€State€party€informed€the€Committee,€with€reference€to€article€6€of€theÐ %R # ÐCovenant,€that€legislation€dealing€with€the€repression€of€genocide€had€entered€into€force€on€8€AugustÐ ë%;!$ Ð1985.Ð Ô&$"% ÐÌ53.€€Regarding€article€17€of€the€Covenant,€the€representative€noted€that€under€article€15€of€theÐ ¦(ö#' ÐConstitution€the€home€was€inviolable,€and€that€articles€443€òòet€seqóó.€of€the€Penal€Code€provided€forÐ )ß$( Ðthe€punishment€of€attacks€against€honour.Ð x*È%) ÐÌ54.€€Concerning€article€23€of€the€Covenant,€the€representative€pointed€out€that,€in€the€case€of€theÐ J,š'+ Ðdissolution€of€a€marriage,€the€children€involved€were€doubly€protected.€€Article€217€(b)€of€the€CivilÐ 3-ƒ(, ÐCode€established€an€emergency€procedure€to€ensure€that€matters€relating€to€the€childrenððs€welfareÐ ° Ðwere€taken€into€account€and€decided€upon€by€the€court€at€the€time€of€filing€a€divorce€petition.€€TheÐ ™é Ðwelfare€of€the€children€was€again€considered€at€the€time€of€final€judgement€when€the€court€addressedÐ ‚Ò Ðsuch€issues€as€permanent€custody,€visiting€rights,€financial€support€and€education.Ð k» ÐÌ55.€€Referring,€in€conclusion,€to€article€26€of€the€Covenant,€the€representative€noted€that€equalityÐ =  Ðbefore€the€law€was€enshrined€in€article€11€of€the€Constitution€and€that€that€right€had€also€beenÐ & v Ðextended,€by€virtue€of€case€law,€to€aliens.€€He€further€noted€that€racial€discrimination€wasÐ  _ Ðspecifically€punishable€under€article€455€of€the€Penal€Code€of€Luxembourg.Ð ø H ÐÌ56.€€Members€of€the€Committee€welcomed€Luxembourgððs€recent€ratification€of€the€Covenant€andÐ Ê   Ðexpressed€satisfaction€over€the€submission€of€the€report.€€While€some€members€commented€uponÐ ³  Ðthe€clarity,€relevance€and€objectivity€of€the€report,€others€were€of€the€view€that€it€was€too€succinct,Ð œì  Ðdid€not€take€account€of€the€Committeeððs€general€comments€and€would€have€conveyed€a€less€abstractÐ …Õ  Ðpicture€of€the€human€rights€situation€in€the€country€if€it€had€provided€more€information€on€the€actualÐ n¾  Ðfunctioning€of€the€legal€process€and€details€concerning€actual€human€rights€practices,€particularlyÐ W§  Ðin€areas€where€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant€were€not€being€applied.Ð @ ÐÌ57.€€With€regard€to€article€1€of€the€Covenant,€members€requested€information€about€LuxembourgððsÐ b Ðposition€on€òòapartheidóó€as€well€as€the€right€of€the€Palestinian€and€Namibian€people€to€self„Ð ûK Ðdetermination.€€In€that€connection,€it€was€asked€whether€Luxembourg€had€become€a€party€to€theÐ ä4 ÐInternational€Convention€on€the€Suppression€and€Punishment€of€the€Crime€of€òòApartheidóó,€andÐ Í Ðwhether€it€had€prohibited€its€nationals€from€taking€part€in€economic€and€commercial€activities€inÐ ¶ ÐSouth€Africa.€€One€member€requested€clarification€on€how€the€right€of€self„determination€withinÐ Ÿï ÐLuxembourg€could€be€reconciled€with€the€Constitutionððs€broad€conferral€of€executive€powers€uponÐ ˆØ Ðthe€Grand€Duke€and€the€provision€that€the€Crown€was€hereditary€in€the€family€of€Nassau.Ð qÁ ÐÌ58.€€Regarding€article€2,€members€expressed€satisfaction€that€international€norms€enjoyed€preferenceÐ C“ Ðover€national€norms€in€Luxembourgððs€legal€system€and€that€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant€couldÐ ,| Ðbe€directly€invoked€before€courts€and€administrative€tribunals.€€In€that€connection,€however,Ð e Ðmembers€wondered€to€what€extent€the€Covenant€actually€enjoyed€such€precedence€in€practice€andÐ þN Ðasked€whether€there€had€been€any€cases€where€international€norms€had€been€upheld€over€nationalÐ ç 7 Ðlegislation€or€the€Constitution.€€Further€clarification€was€sought€in€respect€of€the€principle€of€popularÐ Ð!   Ðsovereignty€and€whether€referenda,€mentioned€in€the€report,€had€been€held€in€practice.€€Noting€thatÐ ¹" ! Ðaliens,€particularly€migrant€workers,€were€often€subject€to€òòde€factoóó€and€even€òòde€jureóó€discriminationÐ ¢#ò" Ðin€various€countries,€it€was€asked€whether€any€problems€or€difficulties€had€been€encountered€in€theÐ ‹$Û# ÐGrand€Duchy€in€implementing€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant€in€that€area€and€particularly€whetherÐ t%Ä $ Ðthere€had€been€any€actual€cases€in€which€the€rights€of€aliens€had€been€adversely€affected.Ð ]&­!% ÐÌ59.€€In€connection€with€article€3€of€the€Covenant,€members€expressed€satisfaction€that€the€reportÐ /(#' Ðmade€reference€to€shortcomings€in€current€legislation€with€respect€to€the€transmission€of€the€familyÐ )h$( Ðname€to€children€and€the€acquisition€of€nationality€by€marriage,€noting€that€article€40€of€theÐ *Q%) ÐCovenant€expressly€provided€for€reporting€factors€or€difficulties€affecting€the€implementation€of€theÐ ê*:&* Ðprovisions€of€the€Covenant,€and€they€welcomed€the€statement€of€the€representative€of€the€State€partyÐ Ó+#'+ Ðindicating€that€appropriate€legislative€reforms€to€correct€those€irregularities€were€underÐ ¼, (, Ðconsideration.€€While€also€welcoming€the€fact€that€men€and€women€in€Luxembourg€enjoyedÐ ¥-õ(- Ðcomplete€equality€in€respect€of€political€rights,€they€requested€additional€information,€includingÐ ° Ðstatistical€information,€on€the€status€and€situation€of€women€in€society,€for€example,€in€such€respectsÐ ™é Ðas€the€number€of€women€at€various€levels€of€the€social€hierarchy€or€in€government€posts.Ð ‚Ò ÐÌ60.€€With€regard€to€article€4€of€the€Covenant,€members€requested€information€on€legislation,€if€any,Ð T¤ Ðwhich€permitted€the€suspension€of€certain€rights€at€a€time€of€public€emergency.Ð =  ÐÌ61.€€Regarding€article€6€of€the€Covenant,€members€noted€with€satisfaction€that€the€death€penalty€hadÐ  _ Ðbeen€abolished€in€1979.€€However,€they€felt€that€the€report€did€not€provide€sufficient€informationÐ ø H Ðconcerning€the€protection€of€the€right€to€life€and€asked€for€further€elaboration€on€that€point€along€theÐ á 1  Ðlines€of€the€general€comments€on€the€subject€(Nos.€6€(16)€and€14€(23)€)€that€had€been€adopted€by€theÐ Ê   ÐCommittee.Ð ³  ÐÌ62.€€With€reference€to€articles€7€and€10€of€the€Covenant,€members€stressed€the€importance€ofÐ …Õ  Ðadopting€active€measures€and€safeguards€„€such€as€a€prison€inspection€system€„€to€prevent€torture,Ð n¾  Ðrecalling€the€Committeeððs€views€as€expressed€in€general€comment€No.€7€(16)€òò1óó/€€that€the€mereÐ W§  Ðprohibition€of€torture€was€insufficient.€€Since€the€report€did€not€address€that€aspect,€they€asked€forÐ @ Ðinformation€concerning€measures€and€safeguards€that€ensured€respect€for€articles€7€and€10€of€theÐ )y ÐCovenant€by€the€police€and€by€institutions€where€individuals€were€detained€against€their€will.€Ð b ÐMembers€also€expressed€concern€and€asked€for€further€information€regarding€LuxembourgððsÐ ûK Ðinterpretative€declaration€on€the€principle€of€separation€of€juvenile€from€adult€delinquents.Ð ä4 ÐÌ63.€€Referring€to€article€8€of€the€Covenant€and€remarking€that€the€notes€on€the€interpretation€of€theÐ ¶ ÐInternational€Labour€Organisation€(ILO)€Forced€Labour€Convention€of€1930€(No.€29),€òò7óó/€€wereÐ Ÿï Ðsimilar€in€scope€to€that€article,€one€member€asked€whether€any€steps€had€been€taken€by€LuxembourgÐ ˆØ Ðsince€1983,€the€date€of€the€most€recent€ILO€review,€to€repeal€existing€legislation€that€wasÐ qÁ Ðinconsistent€with€that€Convention.Ð Zª ÐÌ64.€€Regarding€article€9€of€the€Covenant,€members€requested€information€concerning€the€observanceÐ ,| Ðof€the€provisions€of€that€article€in€cases€of€deprivation€of€liberty€for€reasons€other€than€the€suspected€Ð e Ðcommission€of€a€crime,€such€as€in€the€case€of€psychiatric€patients,€aliens€and€minors,€which€wereÐ þN Ðnot€dealt€with€in€the€report.€€Additional€information€was€also€requested€on€regulations€and€practicesÐ ç 7 Ðrelating€to€pre„trial€detention€and€it€was€asked€whether€there€was€a€maximum€time„limit€for€suchÐ Ð!   Ðdetention.Ð ¹" ! ÐÌÌ_____________Ð t%Ä $ ÐÓ-°‚X'ž` ˜X°œX-Óà ' àòò1óó/òòà  àà ž àóóSee€òòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Thirty„seventh€Session€,€Supplement€No.Ð ]&­!% Ð40óó€(A/37/40),€annex€V.Ð F'–"& ÐÌÌà ' àòò7óó/à  àInternational€Labour€Organization,€òòInternational€Labour€Conventions€and€Recommendations,€Ð *Q%) Ð1919„1981óó€€(Geneva,€1982).Ð ê*:&* ÐÌ65.€€With€regard€to€article€12€of€the€Covenant,€members€welcomed€the€prospective€deletion€of€theÐ ¼, (, Ðprovision€in€the€Penal€Code€under€which€judges€could€prohibit€persons€released€from€custody€butÐ ¥-õ(- Ðsubjected€to€special€police€surveillance€from€appearing€in€certain€places.€€Noting€that€the€referenceÐ ° Ðto€that€article€in€the€report€only€addressed€the€question€of€freedom€of€movement€within€the€nationalÐ ™é Ðterritory€and€of€choice€of€residence,€one€member€requested€information€concerning€passportÐ ‚Ò Ðregulations€and€any€applicable€€guarantees€ensuring€the€freedom€to€leave€the€country.Ð k» ÐÌ66.€€With€reference€to€article€13€of€the€Covenant,€members€noted€that€the€procedure€for€appealingÐ =  Ðan€expulsion€order€appeared€to€favour€nationals€of€member€States€of€the€European€EconomicÐ & v ÐCommunity€instead€of€applying€equally€to€all€aliens.€€It€was€noted€further€that€under€that€regulationÐ  _ Ðthe€Advisory€Commission€on€Police€Procedures€in€Respect€of€Aliens€apparently€made€rulings€inÐ ø H Ðadvance€of€the€issuance€of€a€ministerial€expulsion€order,€whereas€article€13€required€that€aliens€beÐ á 1  Ðgiven€the€possibility€of€having€a€expulsion€order€reviewed€after€it€had€been€issued.€€It€was€alsoÐ Ê   Ðunclear€whether€the€rulings€of€the€Advisory€Commission€were€merely€advisory€or€had€effectiveÐ ³  Ðforce.Ð œì  ÐÌ67.€€Members€of€the€Committee€requested€information,€in€connection€with€article€14€of€theÐ n¾  ÐCovenant,€on€several€aspects€of€Luxembourgððs€judicial€structure€and€procedures€which€were€notÐ W§  Ðcovered€in€the€report.€€They€asked,€òòinter€aliaóó,€about€the€conditions€of€recruitment,€promotion€andÐ @ Ðtransfer€of€magistrates;€whether€any€measures€were€envisaged€to€ensure€stricter€application€of€articleÐ )y Ð14,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant,€and€whether€there€were€any€safeguards€to€ensure€that€accusedÐ b Ðpersons€enjoyed€the€right€to€be€presumed€innocent,€as€provided€in€article€14,€paragraph€2,€of€theÐ ûK ÐCovenant€and€as€further€elaborated€in€the€Committeeððs€general€comment€No.€13€(21).€€òò8óó/€€WithÐ ä4 Ðregard€to€the€right€of€equal€access€to€justice€by€aliens,€one€member€of€the€Committee€noted€thatÐ Í Ðarticle€14€of€the€Civil€Code€of€Luxembourg€seemed€discriminatory.€€He€also€asked€whether€in€theÐ ¶ Ðjudicial€precedents€of€Luxembourg€„€as€in€those€of€France€„€resident€aliens€would€be€givenÐ Ÿï Ðpreferential€treatment€over€non„resident€aliens.€€He€expressed€surprise€that€the€right€of€aliens€toÐ ˆØ Ðinstitute€proceedings€concerning€civil€or€commercial€matters€in€Luxembourg€was€determined€by€theÐ qÁ Ðnational€law€of€the€person€concerned.€€Another€member€expressed€satisfaction€that€Luxembourg€wasÐ Zª Ðpreparing€to€adopt€legislation€allowing€it€to€withdraw€its€reservation€concerning€article€14,€paragraphÐ C“ Ð5,€of€the€Covenant€and€praised€the€State€party€for€having€adopted€legislation€establishing€objectiveÐ ,| Ðliability€for€torts€committed€by€an€organ€of€the€public€authorities,€thus€setting€an€example€to€beÐ e Ðfollowed.Ð þN ÐÌ68.€€In€connection€with€article€17€of€the€Covenant€and€noting€that€under€the€Act€of€26€NovemberÐ Ð!   Ð1982€the€police€could€be€authorized€to€use€technical€means€of€control€and€surveillance,€members€ofÐ ¹" ! Ðthe€Committee€referred€to€the€possibility€that€resort€to€such€measures€might€lead€to€unlawfulÐ ¢#ò" Ðinterference€in€the€private€life€of€an€individual.€€Consequently,€they€requested€additional€informationÐ ‹$Û# Ðabout€the€legislation€in€question€and€about€the€scope€of€such€technical€means.€€Information€aboutÐ t%Ä $ Ðsafeguards€that€ensured€the€implementation€of€rights€recognized€under€article€17€was€also€requested.Ð ]&­!% ÐÌ_______________________Ð /(#' Ðà ' àòò8óó/€à ž àSee€òòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Thirty„ninth€Session,€Supplement€No.€40óóÐ )h$( Ð(A/39/40€and€Corr.1€and€2),€annex€VI.Ð *Q%) ÐÌ69.€€Concerning€article€18€of€the€Covenant,€members€questioned€the€compatibility€with€the€CovenantÐ Ó+#'+ Є€both€articles€18€and€19€„€of€the€law,€mentioned€in€paragraph€79€of€the€report,€under€which€ministersÐ ¼, (, Ðof€religion€were€made€liable€to€special€penalties€for€any€direct€attacks€on€the€Government€orÐ ¥-õ(- Ðparticular€pieces€of€legislation€or€administrative€acts.€€Members€of€the€Committee€also€requestedÐ ° Ðclarification€of€the€relationship€between€Church€and€State€in€Luxembourg.€€Some€membersÐ ™é Ðquestioned€the€assertion€that€such€relations€were€based€on€the€principle€of€mutual€independence€inÐ ‚Ò Ðview€of€the€existence€of€the€special€penal€law€to€which€ministers€of€religion€could€be€subjected€andÐ k» Ðthe€provision€for€the€payment€by€the€State€of€the€salaries€and€pensions€of€ministers€of€religion.Ð T¤ ÐÌ70.€€Referring€to€the€State€partyððs€reservation€with€respect€to€article€19€of€the€Covenant,€membersÐ & v Ðasked€whether€action€taken€under€that€reservation€depended€upon€legislation€or€was€left€to€theÐ  _ Ðdiscretion€of€the€authorities;€and€specifically,€why€the€State€party€felt€it€necessary€to€extend€theÐ ø H Ðcoverage€under€the€reservation€to€licensing€of€film€companies.€€Regarding€other€aspects€of€the€rightsÐ á 1  Ðcovered€by€article€19,€members€asked€for€additional€information€or€clarification€on€the€types€ofÐ Ê   Ðoffences,€committed€in€the€course€of€the€exercise€of€the€freedom€to€express€opinions€or€freedom€ofÐ ³  Ðthe€press,€that€were€subject€to€repression€under€article€24€of€the€Constitution;€they€also€askedÐ œì  Ðwhether€the€constitutional€prohibition€of€censorship€was€confined€to€printed€material€or€alsoÐ …Õ  Ðextended€to€the€performing€arts,€and€whether€specific€legislative€provisions€had€been€introduced€toÐ n¾  Ðprotect€freedom€of€the€press€and€of€opinion.€€Members€also€requested€information€on€the€practiceÐ W§  Ðof€linguistic€pluralism€in€government,€education€and€the€media.Ð @ ÐÌ71.€€Concerning€article€20€of€the€Covenant,€members€of€the€Committee€asked€whether€the€penaltiesÐ b Ðprovided€under€the€Act€of€9€August€1980€also€applied€to€persons€discriminating€against€others€onÐ ûK Ðaccount€of€their€political€or€other€opinions,€and€whether€penalties€comparable€to€those€providedÐ ä4 Ðunder€that€Act€were€available€to€protect€persons€from€discrimination€in€the€exercise€of€all€of€theÐ Í Ðrights€embodied€in€the€Covenant.€€Referring€to€Luxembourgððs€reservation€to€article€20,€paragraphÐ ¶ Ð1,€of€the€Covenant,€members€reiterated€the€continuing€importance€they€attached€to€the€prohibitionÐ Ÿï Ðof€war€propaganda€and€asked€why€Luxembourg€had€made€that€reservation€and€whether€theÐ ˆØ ÐGovernment€of€Luxembourg€had€considered€withdrawing€it.Ð qÁ ÐÌ72.€€With€reference€to€article€21€of€the€Covenant,€members€requested€clarification€of€the€restrictionsÐ C“ Ðon€the€right€of€assembly€cited€in€article€25€of€the€Constitution.€€It€was€noted€in€that€regard€that€allÐ ,| Ðcountries€applied€some€restrictions€to€public€meetings€in€the€open€air€to€protect€public€order€or€StateÐ e Ðsecurity€but€that€the€State€partyððs€report€did€not€cite€such€grounds€for€the€restrictions.€€One€memberÐ þN Ðasked€whether€any€remedy€existed€for€citizens€who€had€been€arbitrarily€prevented€by€the€police€fromÐ ç 7 Ðholding€a€meeting€in€the€open€air.€€Another€member€asked€for€further€clarification€of€the€legalÐ Ð!   Ðguarantees€protecting€the€right€of€assembly€of€aliens.Ð ¹" ! ÐÌ73.€€Regarding€article€22€of€the€Covenant,€members€noted€that€under€article€26€of€the€ConstitutionÐ ‹$Û# Ðð ðthe€establishment€of€any€religious€corporation€must€be€authorized€by€lawðð.€€To€some€members€thatÐ t%Ä $ Ðrequirement€seemed€to€constitute€an€unwarranted€restriction€of€a€right€whose€assertion€should€notÐ ]&­!% Ðbe€made€dependent€on€the€will€of€national€legislatures.€€One€member€wondered,€in€that€connection,Ð F'–"& Ðwhether€the€term€ð ðreligious€corporationsðð€had€some€special€meaning;€otherwise,€if€it€merely€meantÐ /(#' Ðð ðreligious€associationsðð,€there€seemed€to€be€no€reason€to€require€prior€authorization€for€theirÐ )h$( Ðestablishment.€€Other€members€asked€whether€such€authorization€had€ever€been€withheld€andÐ *Q%) Ðwhether€any€remedies€were€available€to€persons€denied€such€authorization.€€Regarding€trade„unionÐ ê*:&* Ðrights,€members€wished€to€know€how€such€rights€were€guaranteed€and€whether€foreign€workersÐ Ó+#'+ Ðenjoyed€the€same€trade„union€rights€as€workers€from€the€European€Economic€Community.Ð ¼, (, ÐÐ ¥-õ(- Ð74.€€With€reference€to€article€23€of€the€Covenant,€members€agreed€with€paragraph€96€of€the€report,Ð ° Ðwhich€acknowledged€that,€inasmuch€as€the€existing€legislation€limited€the€transmission€of€nationalityÐ ™é Ðto€the€father,€it€constituted€a€problem.€€The€State€partyððs€intention€to€address€that€discriminatoryÐ ‚Ò Ðprovision€during€its€current€review€of€legislation€bearing€on€the€equality€of€sexes€was€welcomed.Ð k» ÐÌ75.€€Regarding€article€25€of€the€Covenant,€it€was€noted€that,€whereas€under€article€53€of€theÐ =  ÐConstitution€persons€serving€a€term€of€imprisonment€lost€their€right€to€vote,€the€terms€of€article€25Ð & v Ðof€the€Covenant€were€not€restrictive.€€It€was€asked€how€the€Government€of€Luxembourg€reconciledÐ  _ Ðthat€divergence.Ð ø H ÐÌ76.€€Concerning€article€27€of€the€Covenant,€members€asked€for€further€clarification€of€the€statement,Ð Ê   Ðin€paragraph€116€of€the€report,€that€there€were€no€ethnic,€religious€or€linguistic€minorities€inÐ ³  ÐLuxembourg,€in€the€sense€in€which€those€words€were€used€in€the€Covenant.€€In€that€connection,€oneÐ œì  Ðmember€referred€to€the€presence€in€Luxembourg€of€large€national€groups€„€Portuguese,€Italians,Ð …Õ  ÐFrench,€Germans€and€Belgians€„€and€asked€how,€in€the€circumstances,€it€could€be€asserted€that€thereÐ n¾  Ðwere€no€minorities€in€Luxembourg.€€Another€member€stated€that€the€existence€of€minorities€withinÐ W§  Ðthe€meaning€of€article€27€seemed€to€be€implied,€if,€as€indicated€in€the€report,€ð ðthe€majority€of€theÐ @ Ðinhabitants€of€the€Grand€Duchy€regard€themselves€as€members€of€the€Roman€Catholic€Churchðð.Ð )y ÐÌ77.€€Referring€to€questions€raised€by€members,€the€representative€of€the€State€party€explained€thatÐ ûK ÐLuxembourg€was€a€representative€democracy€in€the€form€of€a€constitutional€monarchy€withÐ ä4 Ðsovereignty€residing€in€the€nation€and€exercised€through€elected€representatives€of€the€people.€€TheÐ Í Ðpeople€could€also€be€consulted€directly€by€referendum,€as€provided€in€article€51€of€the€Constitution,Ð ¶ Ðand€that€had€happened€several€times.€€Under€its€system,€executive,€legislative€and€judiciary€powersÐ Ÿï Ðwere€separated.Ð ˆØ ÐÌ78.€€Referring€to€questions€concerning€his€countryðð€s€position€on€respect€for€self„determination,€theÐ Zª Ðrepresentative€emphasized€that€Luxembourg€had€clearly€demonstrated€its€firm€commitment€to€thatÐ C“ Ðprinciple€by€its€votes€in€the€General€Assembly€on€decolonization€and€the€questions€of€Namibia€andÐ ,| Ðthe€Near€East.€€His€country€had€also€officially€condemned€òòapartheidóó,€which€it€rejected€totally€andÐ e Ðunreservedly.Ð þN ÐÌ79.€€In€response€to€questions€raised€by€members€on€how€the€principle€of€precedence€of€internationalÐ Ð!   Ðover€domestic€law€was€applied€in€Luxembourg,€the€representative€explained€that€under€that€principleÐ ¹" ! Ðnational€norms€could€only€be€interpreted€by€the€Government€and€by€the€courts€in€conformity€withÐ ¢#ò" Ðinternational€obligations.€€Thus,€in€the€event€of€a€conflict€between€the€two€norms,€international€treatyÐ ‹$Û# Ðprovisions€prevailed€over€national€laws.€€Also,€in€situations€where€domestic€law€was€silent€on€aÐ t%Ä $ Ðspecific€point,€a€relevant€regulation€from€an€international€treaty€was€applicable.€€InternationalÐ ]&­!% Ðconventions€were€an€integral€part€of€national€legislation€and€their€provisions€could€be€directlyÐ F'–"& Ðinvoked€by€private€individuals€before€the€courts€dealing€with€civil,€commercial,€social€or€criminalÐ /(#' Ðmatters€or€before€administrative€tribunals.€€In€accordance€with€criteria€established€by€case€law,€whileÐ )h$( Ðinternational€conventions€were€not€applicable€in€their€entirety,€provisions€expressly€stating€anÐ *Q%) Ðindividual€right€or€imposing€clear,€precise€and€unconditional€obligations€were€directly€applicable,.Ð ê*:&* ÐÌ80.€€Regarding€the€right€of€aliens€to€equality€before€the€law,€the€representative€noted€that€that€rightÐ ¼, (, Ðwas€guaranteed€under€both€article€111€of€the€Constitution€and€case€law,€save€for€such€expresslyÐ ¥-õ(- Ðspecified€exceptions€as€the€right€to€vote€and€access€to€public€office€and€the€teaching€profession.€Ð ° ÐAliens€also€had€the€same€right€to€institute€legal€proceedings€as€nationals€of€Luxembourg,€except€thatÐ ™é Ðan€alienððs€right€to€bring€civil€and€commercial€suits€was€normally€determined€by€the€national€law€ofÐ ‚Ò Ðthe€person€concerned.Ð k» ÐÌ81.€€With€reference€to€questions€raised€under€article€3€of€the€Covenant,€the€representative€of€the€StateÐ =  Ðparty€said€that€the€equality€of€men€and€women€in€the€social€sphere€was€governed€by€community€law,Ð & v Ðimplying€equality€in€employment,€vocational€training€and€working€conditions.Ð  _ ÐÌ82.€€Responding€to€questions€relating€to€the€possible€suspension€of€certain€rights€during€a€time€ofÐ á 1  Ðpublic€emergency,€the€representative€noted€that€Luxembourg€had€no€specific€legislation€regardingÐ Ê   Ðthe€proclamation€of€a€state€of€emergency€or€the€suspension€of€rights€and€freedoms,€and€that€thereÐ ³  Ðhad€been€no€such€emergencies€in€the€past.€€He€added€that€article€113€of€the€Constitution€providedÐ œì  Ðthat€no€provision€of€the€Constitution€might€be€suspended.Ð …Õ  ÐÌ83.€€Regarding€the€request€of€members€of€the€Committee€for€more€details€concerning€the€actionsÐ W§  Ðbeing€taken€by€Luxembourg€to€protect€the€right€to€life,€the€representative€stated€that€he€had€takenÐ @ Ðnote€of€the€comments€that€had€been€made,€but€that€his€Government€would€prefer€to€treat€the€questionÐ )y Ðof€preventive€measures€to€be€taken,€along€the€lines€of€the€Committeeððs€general€comments,€when€itÐ b Ðsubmitted€its€second€periodic€report.€€Referring€specifically€to€general€comment€No.14€(23),€òò2óó/€€heÐ ûK Ðstated€that€Luxembourg€neither€possessed€nor€manufactured€nuclear€weapons€and€was€a€party€to€theÐ ä4 ÐTreaty€on€the€Non„Proliferation€of€Nuclear€Weapons.€€Responding€to€other€questions,€he€said€thatÐ Í Ðthe€death€penalty€could€not€be€reintroduced€in€Luxembourg€once€the€Sixth€Protocol€to€the€EuropeanÐ ¶ ÐConvention€on€Human€Rights€was€ratified,€in€view€of€the€primacy€of€international€norms€overÐ Ÿï Ðnational€norms;€and€he€explained€that€the€specific€enactment€into€domestic€law€of€a€provision€of€anÐ ˆØ Ðinternational€convention€did€not€prejudice€the€general€principle€of€according€primacy€to€internationalÐ qÁ Ðlaw.Ð Zª ÐÌ84.€€With€reference€to€questions€raised€by€members€concerning€safeguards€and€active€measures€toÐ ,| Ðensure€respect€for€rights€covered€under€articles€7€and€10€of€the€Covenant,€the€representative€of€theÐ e ÐState€party€explained€that€prisoners€were€in€constant€contact€with€magistrates€responsible€forÐ þN Ðcarrying€out€sentences€as€well€as€with€the€Social€Defence€Commission,€which€was€made€up€of€socialÐ ç 7 Ðworkers€and€psychologists€engaged€in€activities€designed€to€reintegrate€prisoners€into€society.€Ð Ð!   ÐPrison€conditions€were€also€monitored€by€some€non„governmental€organizations.€€He€also€pointedÐ ¹" ! Ðout€that€Luxembourg€had€been€one€on€of€the€first€States€to€sign€the€Convention€against€Torture€andÐ ¢#ò" ÐOther€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment€(General€Assembly€resolution€39/46),Ð ‹$Û# Ðwhich€Ð t%Ä $ Ð___________Ð ]&­!% Ðà ' àòò2óó/à  à[òòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assemblyóó,]€òòFortieth€session,€Supplement€No.€40óó€(A/40/40),Ð F'–"& Ðannex€VIÐ /(#' ÐÌÌwas€in€the€process€of€being€ratified,€and€had€also€participated€in€preparing€a€Council€of€EuropeÐ ê*:&* Ðconvention€on€torture.€€As€to€Luxembourgððs€reservation€concerning€article€10,€the€representativeÐ Ó+#'+ Ðstated€that€the€reservation€had€been€entered€in€view€of€his€countryððs€legislation€relating€to€theÐ ¼, (, Ðprotection€of€young€persons€„€which€was€neither€criminal€nor€repressive€in€nature.€€His€country€wasÐ ¥-õ(- Ðof€the€view€that€in€some€cases,€for€example,€in€the€case€of€vocational€training,€it€was€useful€forÐ ° Ðyoung€inmates€to€be€in€contact€with€older€prisoners.€€In€actual€practice,€accused€persons€in€prisonÐ ™é Ðwere€segregated€from€those€who€had€been€convicted€and€prisoners€were€also€segregated€accordingÐ ‚Ò Ðto€the€gravity€of€their€offences.Ð k» ÐÌ85.€€With€regard€to€article€8€of€the€Covenant,€the€representative€stated€that€his€country€had€ratifiedÐ =  Ðthe€Supplementary€Convention€on€the€Abolition€of€Slavery,€the€Slave€Trade,€and€Institutions€andÐ & v ÐPractices€Similar€to€Slavery,€òò9óó/€€as€well€as€the€ILO€Convention€concerning€Abolition€of€ForcedÐ  _ ÐLabour,€of€1957€(No.€105).€€òò7óó/Ð ø H ÐÌ86.€€In€responding€to€questions€raised€by€members€of€the€Committee€with€respect€to€article€9€of€theÐ Ê   ÐCovenant,€the€representative€explained€that€his€country€followed€the€principle€of€allowing€totalÐ ³  Ðindividual€freedom€except€where€the€law€or€regulations€expressly€prescribed€otherwise.€€RegardingÐ œì  Ðpre„trial€detention,€he€noted€that€the€maximum€period€of€such€detention€was€not€established€by€law.€Ð …Õ  ÐHowever,€pre„trial€detention€orders€had€to€be€based€on€the€public€interest€and€could€be€appealed.Ð n¾  ÐÌ87.€€Responding€to€a€memberððs€question€concerning€passport€regulations,€the€representative€of€theÐ @ ÐState€party€said€that€passports€could€not€be€denied€by€the€authorities€to€anyone€who€had€applied€forÐ )y Ðthem€except,€for€example,€in€the€context€of€a€judicial€investigation€or€hearing,€where€such€aÐ b Ðdocument€was€withheld€to€ensure€the€accused€personððs€continued€presence€in€the€country.Ð ûK ÐÌ88.€€Regarding€the€questions€raised€in€connection€with€preferential€treatment€accorded€to€nationalsÐ Í Ðof€the€European€Economic€Community€in€appealing€expulsion€orders,€the€representative€stated€thatÐ ¶ Ðany€member€State€of€the€European€Economic€Community€could€provide€preferential€conditions€toÐ Ÿï Ðthe€nationals€of€other€Community€members.€€As€to€the€role€of€the€Advisory€Commission,€heÐ ˆØ Ðexplained€that€the€Commission€made€a€ruling€before€any€expulsion€decision€was€taken€and€that€theÐ qÁ ÐCommissionsðð€ruling€was€usually€followed€by€the€authorities.€€Administrative€tribunals€alsoÐ Zª Ðmonitored€the€legality€of€the€expulsion€procedure.Ð C“ ÐÌ89.€€Regarding€the€questions€raised€under€article€14€of€the€Covenant,€the€representative€noted€that,Ð e Ðwhile€the€presumption€of€innocence€was€not€based€on€a€specific€legal€provision,€it€was€a€generalÐ þN Ðprinciple€of€law,€reflected€in€specific€decisions.€The€burden€of€proof€was€upon€the€Public€Prosecutor,€Ð ç 7 ÐÌÌ__________________Ð ¢#ò" Ðà ' àòò7óó/à  àInternational€Labour€Organisation,€òòInternational€Labour€Conventions€and€Recommendations,Ð ‹$Û# Ð1919„1981óó€€€(Geneva,€1982)Ð t%Ä $ ÐÌà ' àòò9óó/à  àUnited€Nations,€òòTreaty€Seriesóó,€vol.€266,€No.€3822.Ð F'–"& ÐÌÌÌwith€doubt€resulting€in€acquittal.€€Luxembourgððs€reservation€to€article€14,€paragraph€5,€he€explained,Ð ê*:&* Ðresulted€from€concern€that€a€literal€interpretation€of€that€provision€might€imply€the€existence€of€aÐ Ó+#'+ Ðhigher€level€of€appellate€jurisdiction€beyond€that€of€the€courts€of€appeal.€€That€would€have€been€inÐ ¼, (, Ðconflict€with€the€principle€of€Luxembourg€law€that€a€decision€by€an€appeals€court€could€not€be€Ð ¥-õ(- Ðsubjected€to€further€appeal.€€Currently,€appeals€against€the€verdicts€of€the€Assize€Court€or€courts€ofÐ ° Ðappeal€could€only€be€lodged€before€the€Court€of€Cassation.€€However,€a€bill€to€reform€the€AssizeÐ ™é ÐCourt€system€was€in€preparation€and€it€was€envisaged€that€provision€would€be€made€under€the€newÐ ‚Ò Ðprocedure€for€substantive€„€not€merely€formal€„€review€of€Assize€Court€decisions.€Ð k» ÐÌ90.€€Responding€to€questions€raised€by€members€concerning€the€protection€of€the€right€to€privacy,Ð =  Ðthe€representative€explained€that€the€law€of€26€November€1982€authorizing€the€use€of€technicalÐ & v Ðmeans€of€control€and€surveillance€had€been€adopted€following€a€judicial€decision€to€the€effect€thatÐ  _ Ðthe€lack€of€relevant€regulations€was€incompatible€with€the€European€Convention€on€Human€Rights.€Ð ø H ÐThe€law€provided€that€any€decision€authorizing€such€surveillance€had€to€be€taken€by€a€magistrate,Ð á 1  Ðhad€to€be€especially€well€founded,€could€be€appealed,€and€was€restricted€to€a€period€of€one€month,Ð Ê   Ðextendable€up€to€one€year€only.€€A€complaint€lodged€against€that€law€before€the€EuropeanÐ ³  ÐCommission€of€Human€Rights€in€Strasbourg€had€been€rejected€as€unjustified.€€Under€the€law€of€14Ð œì  ÐAugust€1982€on€the€protection€of€privacy,€magistrates€were€empowered€to€take€preventive€andÐ …Õ  Ðrepressive€measures€to€protect€privacy€and€penalties€were€prescribed€against€any€person€whoÐ n¾  Ðdeliberately€or€systematically€harassed€another€person€by€telephone€or€letter.Ð W§  ÐÌ91.€€With€reference€to€article€18€of€the€Covenant,€the€representative€stated€that€the€antiquatedÐ )y Ðprovision€prohibiting€members€of€the€clergy€from€attacking€the€Government€was€no€longer€appliedÐ b Ðin€practice€and€would€be€deleted€from€the€Penal€Code€when€the€Code€was€revised.€€Freedom€ofÐ ûK Ðreligion€in€Luxembourg€was€complete,€which€implied€the€freedom€not€to€have€any€religion.€Ð ä4 ÐReligious€education€was€optional,€pupils€were€free€to€choose€religious€education,€ethics€or€neitherÐ Í Ðsubject.€€As€to€the€mutual€independence€of€Church€and€State,€the€representative€explained€that,Ð ¶ Ðalthough€the€salaries€and€pensions€of€ministers€of€the€three€most€representative€religions€„€RomanÐ Ÿï ÐCatholic,€Reformed€and€Judaism€„€were€paid€by€the€State,€that€did€not€encroach€on€their€autonomy,Ð ˆØ Ðsince€religious€communities€were€entirely€at€liberty€to€appoint€their€own€ministers€and€to€have€anyÐ qÁ Ðother€source€or€income€or€property€that€would€ensure€their€financial€independence.€€If€a€newÐ Zª Ðreligious€community€of€any€size€were€to€develop€the€State€would€consider€the€possibility€ofÐ C“ Ðconferring€on€it€a€status€similar€to€that€of€the€other€three€communities.Ð ,| ÐÌ92.€€In€his€reply€to€questions€raised€by€members€concerning€article€19€of€the€Covenant,€theÐ þN Ðrepresentative€of€the€State€party€noted€that€the€constitutional€prohibition€of€censorship€wasÐ ç 7 Ðapplicable€not€only€to€the€written€word€but€also€to€all€audio„visual€information€media€and€that€noÐ Ð!   Ðrestrictions€were€in€use€except€for€age„limits€established€for€certain€films€to€protect€the€young.€Ð ¹" ! ÐLicensing€requirements€in€connection€with€films€were€not€related€to€the€nature€of€the€film€shown€butÐ ¢#ò" Ðonly€to€such€matters€as€safety€standards€in€cinemas€or€conditions€for€engaging€in€trade.€€As€toÐ ‹$Û# Ðfreedom€of€expression,€he€said€that€only€the€abuse€of€that€right€was€punishable,€such€as€in€the€caseÐ t%Ä $ Ðof€slander,€libel€or€the€disturbance€of€public€order.€€The€case€law€regarding€press€offences€wasÐ ]&­!% Ðextremely€restrictive,€providing€that€only€private€individuals€could€bring€charges,€which€had€to€beÐ F'–"& Ðfiled€within€a€period€of€three€months€of€the€date€of€the€alleged€offence.€€The€residence€requirementÐ /(#' Ðapplicable€to€publishers€was€not€a€discriminatory€measure€but€one€relating€to€the€establishment€ofÐ )h$( Ðthe€chain€of€responsibility€„€from€author€to€distributor€to€printer,€and€lastly€to€the€publisher.€Ð *Q%) ÐConcerning€linguistic€pluralism,€he€explained€that,€although€Luxembourgish€was€established€inÐ ê*:&* Ðrecent€legislation€as€the€national€language,€government€services€would€also€continue€to€use€FrenchÐ Ó+#'+ Ðand€German,€with€Italian€and€Portuguese€often€being€used€for€correspondence,€especially€in€theÐ ¼, (, Ðlarger€towns€where€most€members€of€those€two€important€expatriate€communities€lived.Ð ¥-õ(- Ї93.€€Regarding€article€20,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant,€the€representative€explained€that€hisÐ ° Ðcountryððs€reservation€had€been€entered€because€the€authorities€considered€that€the€provision€posedÐ ™é Ðtoo€great€a€danger€to€freedom€of€expression€and€did€not€indicate€clearly€whether€war€propagandaÐ ‚Ò Ðwas€to€be€prohibited€by€a€general€law€or€in€a€case„by„case€basis.€€Concerning€the€Act€of€9€AugustÐ k» Ð1980,€he€indicated€that€the€law€had€been€adopted€as€a€measure€for€implementing€the€InternationalÐ T¤ ÐConvention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€Racial€Discrimination€and€was€aimed€at€areas€suchÐ =  Ðas€the€procurement€of€goods€and€services€and€the€publication€and€expression€of€ideas€„€spheres€inÐ & v Ðwhich€there€was€the€greatest€likelihood€of€discrimination.Ð  _ ÐÌ94.€€Responding€to€questions€by€members€relating€to€the€right€of€assembly,€the€representative€notedÐ á 1  Ðthat€open„air€meetings€were€not€subject€to€any€prior€authorization€except€for€the€need€to€observeÐ Ê   Ðsuch€communal€regulations€as€those€relating€to€traffic,€security,€public€health€and€public€order.Ð ³  ÐÌ95.€€In€connection€with€article€22€of€the€Covenant,€the€representative€stated€that€the€provisionÐ …Õ  Ðrequiring€legal€authorization€for€the€establishment€of€religious€corporations€applied€to€organizationsÐ n¾  Ðdirectly€engaged€in€worship€and€not€fringe€associations,€but€indicated€that€it€was€a€very€oldÐ W§  Ðprovision,€which€would€be€amended€when€the€Penal€Code€was€revised.€€Regarding€the€protectionÐ @ Ðof€trade„union€rights,€he€noted€that€Luxembourg€was€a€party€to€the€ILO€Convention€concerningÐ )y ÐFreedom€of€Association€and€Protection€of€the€Right€to€Organise,€of€1948(No.€87).€€òò7óó/€€In€the€absenceÐ b Ðof€any€comprehensive€regulations€the€form€of€trade„union€organization€remained€free.€€UnionÐ ûK Ðmembership€could€be€comprised€of€both€nationals€and€aliens.Ð ä4 ÐÌ96.€€Regarding€article€25€of€the€Covenant,€the€representative€explained€that€the€deprivation€of€civilÐ ¶ Ðand€political€rights€was€a€penalty€provided€for€in€the€Penal€Code€in€cases€of€particularly€serious€anti„Ð Ÿï Ðsocial€offences€entailing€sentences€to€hard€labour€in€excess€of€10€years.Ð ˆØ ÐÌ97.€€Responding€to€questions€raised€by€members€of€the€Committee€concerning€article€27€of€theÐ Zª ÐCovenant,€the€representative€stated€that€Luxembourg€had€no€minorities€within€the€meaning€of€theÐ C“ ÐCovenant,€but€did€have€a€large€alien€population,€constituting€more€than€25€per€cent€of€the€total.€Ð ,| ÐMeasures€had€been€taken€in€education,€audio„visual€techniques€and€cultural€life€to€promote€theirÐ e Ðintegration€and€to€safeguard€their€cultural€identity,€including€radio€and€television€programmes€inÐ þN ÐItalian€and€Portuguese€and€the€establishment€of€cultural€and€sporting€associations.€€Aliens€wereÐ ç 7 Ðassociated€with€public€life€through€an€Immigration€Council.Ð Ð!   ÐÌÌ_____________Ð ‹$Û# Ðà ' àòò7óó/à  àInternational€Labour€Organisation,€òòInternational€Labour€Conventions€and€Recommendations,Ð t%Ä $ Ð1919„1981óó€€€(Geneva,€1982)Ð ]&­!% ÐÌÌ98.€€Several€members€thanked€the€representative€for€having€answered€most€of€the€questions,€but€feltÐ )h$( Ðthat€some€of€them€had€not€been€answered€or€needed€a€more€detailed€answer.€€They€thereforeÐ *Q%) Ðexpressed€the€hope€that€the€Government€could€provide€further€information€in€a€supplementary€orÐ ê*:&* Ða€subsequent€report.Ð Ó+#'+ ÐÌ99.€€In€conclusion,€the€representative€of€the€State€party€thanked€the€members€of€the€Committee€forÐ ¥-õ(- Ðtheir€kind€reception€of€his€delegation€and€expressed€the€hope€that€the€open€and€fruitful€dialogue€thatÐ ° Ðhad€been€initiated€between€Luxembourg€and€the€Committee€would€continue.€€He€had€taken€note€ofÐ ™é Ðthe€request€by€several€members€to€the€Committee€for€additional€information€on€a€number€of€pointsÐ ‚Ò Ðin€advance€of€the€date€of€submission€of€his€countryððs€second€periodic€report€and€would€transmit€theÐ k» Ðrequest€to€his€authorities.Ð T¤ ÐÌ100.€€The€Chairman€expressed€appreciation€to€the€representative€of€Luxembourg€and€requested€himÐ & v Ðto€inform€his€Government€of€the€Committeeððs€gratitude€for€the€spirit€of€co„operation€that€hadÐ  _ Ðprevailed€during€the€consideration€of€his€countryððs€report.Ð  ø H Ðò òCCPR€€A/48/40€(1993)ó óÐ ° ÐÌÌÔUSUK.,Ô115.€€The€Committee€considered€the€second€periodic€report€of€Luxembourg€(CCPR/C/57/Add.4)€andÐ l¼ Ðthe€core€document€(HRI/CORE/1/Add.10)€at€its€1187òòthóó€and€1188òòthóó€meetings,€held€on€26€OctoberÐ U¥ Ð1992€(CCPR/C/SR.1187€and€1188).€€(For€the€composition€of€the€delegation,€see€annex€XI.)€Ð > Ž ÐÌ116.€€The€report€was€introduced€by€the€representative€of€the€State€party,€who€pointed€out€that€underÐ  ` Ðarticle€111€of€the€Constitution€of€Luxembourg€all€foreigners€in€the€territory€enjoyed€the€protectionÐ ù I Ðof€their€fundamental€rights€subject€only€to€exceptions€established€by€law.€€Extensive€jurisprudenceÐ â 2  Ðon€the€matter€reflected€the€fact€that€foreigners€enjoyed€the€same€political€rights€as€citizens€ofÐ Ë   ÐLuxembourg.€Ð ´  ÐÌòòConstitutional€and€legal€framework€within€which€the€Covenant€is€implemented€andÐ †Ö  Ðnon-discrimination€and€equality€of€the€sexes€óóÐ o¿  ÐÌ117.€€With€respect€to€those€issues,€the€Committee€wished€to€know€whether€there€have€been€any€casesÐ A‘ Ðwhere€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant€had€been€directly€invoked€before€the€courts€or€referred€to€inÐ *z Ðcourt€decisions€and,€if€so,€what€the€relevant€details€were;€what€the€status€was€of€the€specialÐ c Ðcommissioner€appointed€to€enforce€decisions€taken€by€the€litigations€committee€of€the€Council€ofÐ üL ÐState€and€what€powers€were€vested€in€him;€whether€the€term€"foreigners"€referred€only€toÐ å5 Ðimmigrants€or€also€to€non-citizens€in€general,€including€asylum€seekers€or€even€tourists;€whetherÐ Î Ðappeals€could€be€made€against€decisions€of€the€military€courts€and,€if€so,€to€which€body;€whetherÐ · Ðdecisions€taken€by€the€Committee€under€the€Optional€Protocol€were€known€in€Luxembourg,Ð  ð Ðparticularly€among€members€of€the€legal€profession,€the€judiciary€and€government€officials;€and,Ð ‰Ù Ðwith€reference€to€paragraph€35€of€the€report,€whether€religious€ministers€remunerated€by€the€StateÐ r Ðbelonged€to€a€particular€religion.€Ð [« ÐÌ118.€€Members€of€the€Committee€also€wished€to€have€further€details€on€the€work€being€accomplishedÐ -} Ðby€the€special€consultative€commissions€of€the€various€communes,€referred€to€in€paragraph€48€of€theÐ f Ðreport,€including€information€on€the€support€they€received€from€communal€authorities;€on€theÐ ÿO Ðapplication€of€recent€laws€designed€to€protect€small€and€lesser-known€minorities;€on€restrictions€toÐ è 8 Ðthe€right€to€take€part€in€elections;€and€on€offences€that€could€result€in€a€person€being€deprived€of€theÐ Ñ!!  Ðright€to€vote.€Ð º" ! ÐÌ119.€€In€his€reply,€the€representative€of€the€State€party€said€that€there€had€been€a€number€of€casesÐ Œ$Ü# Ðwhere€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant€had€been€invoked€in€a€court€of€law.€€The€judicial€authoritiesÐ u%Å $ Ðin€all€such€cases€had€held€that€the€provisions€of€international€instruments€took€precedence€even€overÐ ^&®!% Ðthe€provisions€of€the€Constitution€and€also,€therefore,€over€existing€laws€and€regulations.€€WhereÐ G'—"& Ðdomestic€legislation€was€not€in€line€with€international€instruments,€the€courts€had€the€authority€toÐ 0(€#' Ðdeclare€the€provision€in€question€illegal€in€relation€to€a€specific€case€brought€by€a€given€claimant.€Ð )i$( ÐThe€legislation€itself€was€not€declared€illegal,€however.€€Currently€there€was€no€provision€forÐ *R%) Ðmonitoring€legislation€to€see€if€it€was€in€accord€with€the€Constitution€and€international€instruments,Ð ë*;&* Ðwhich€admittedly€represented€a€serious€gap€in€the€country's€legal€system.€Ð Ô+$'+ ÐÌ120.€€Unfortunately,€Luxembourg's€citizens€were€not€well€aware€of€the€rights€contained€in€theÐ ¦-ö(- ÐCovenant€and€even€lawyers€who€could€have€invoked€human€rights€instruments€in€legal€proceedingsÐ ° Ðhad€failed€to€do€so€because€of€their€unfamiliarity€with€the€relevant€conventions.€€Although€theÐ ™é Ðcompetent€ministries€had€considered€the€reports€of€the€Committee,€only€limited€publicity€was€givenÐ ‚Ò Ðto€such€reports.€€The€representative€indicated€that€he€would€make€the€necessary€recommendationsÐ k» Ðto€the€authorities€on€these€points.€Ð T¤ ÐÌ121.€€A€variety€of€measures€had€been€taken€in€order€to€improve€the€participation€of€foreigners€inÐ & v Ðcommunal€life.€€Foreigners€would€be€accorded€the€right€to€vote€in€communal€elections,€as€a€resultÐ  _ Ðof€the€Treaty€on€European€Union,€signed€in€Maastricht€on€7€February€1992,€and€would€also€be€ableÐ ø H Ðto€vote€in€professional€organizations€and€chambers€of€commerce,€pursuant€to€a€recent€decision€ofÐ á 1  Ðthe€Council€of€State.€€While€there€were€no€problems€concerning€housing,€health€and€social€services,Ð Ê   Ðthere€were€difficulties€in€the€field€of€education,€where€efforts€were€being€made€to€better€integrateÐ ³  Ðforeign€children€into€the€school€system.€Ð œì  ÐÌ122.€€There€were€presently€three€officially€recognized€religions€in€Luxembourg:€€Catholicism,Ð n¾  ÐProtestantism€and€Judaism.€€The€status€of€"official€religion"€entitled€ministers€of€such€religions€toÐ W§  Ðbe€remunerated€as€State€employees€on€the€basis€of€conventions€signed€with€the€State.€€To€beÐ @ Ðrecognized€as€an€official€religion,€other€religions€would€have€to€take€steps€to€conclude€similarÐ )y Ðconventions€with€the€State.€Ð b ÐÌòòTreatment€of€prisoners€and€other€detainees€and€right€to€a€fair€trialóó€Ð ä4 ÐÌ123.€€With€reference€to€those€issues,€the€Committee€wished€to€have€further€information€on€theÐ ¶ Ðfunctions€and€activities€of€liaison€officers€who€supervised€places€of€detention,€as€referred€to€inÐ Ÿï Ðparagraph€10€of€the€report;€on€guarantees€provided€under€the€Acts€of€16€June€and€7€July€1989€toÐ ˆØ Ðsafeguard€the€interests€of€persons€under€arrest;€on€the€implementation€in€practice€of€article€9,Ð qÁ Ðparagraph€3,€of€the€Covenant;€on€the€activities€of€the€official€appointed€in€mental€healthÐ Zª Ðestablishments€to€inform€and€advise€mentally-ill€patients€of€their€rights;€and€on€the€procedure€andÐ C“ Ðcriteria€for€selecting€magistrates€and€appellate€court€judges.€Ð ,| ÐÌ124.€€With€respect€to€regulations€pertaining€to€the€application€of€isolation€to€detainees,€members€ofÐ þN Ðthe€Committee€wished€to€know€what€offences€gave€rise€to€isolation€as€a€punishment;€who€decidedÐ ç 7 Ðwhen€it€would€be€applied;€how€were€prisoners€defined€as€"dangerous"€and€for€how€long€could€theyÐ Ð!   Ðbe€held€in€isolation;€whether€a€decision€to€place€a€detainee€in€isolation€could€be€appealed;€whyÐ ¹" ! Ðisolation€also€included€a€prohibition€against€reading€literature;€how€many€people€had€been€placedÐ ¢#ò" Ðin€isolation€in€1992;€and€whether€it€was€regarded€as€satisfactory€that€prisoners€in€isolation€wereÐ ‹$Û# Ðallowed€only€one€hour's€exercise€per€day€out€of€their€cell.€Ð t%Ä $ ÐÌ125.€€Members€of€the€Committee€also€wished€to€know€whether€there€were€any€maximum€limits€onÐ F'–"& Ðthe€length€of€pre-trial€detention;€whether€the€draft€bill€on€the€protection€of€youth€had€been€adoptedÐ /(#' Ðby€the€Chamber€of€Deputies;€whether€consideration€was€being€given€to€changing€the€interpretativeÐ )h$( Ðdeclaration€made€by€Luxembourg€in€respect€of€article€10,€paragraph€(2)€(b),€of€the€Covenant;Ð *Q%) Ðwhether€the€prison€population€included€drug€abusers€and€how€necessary€care€was€administered€toÐ ê*:&* Ðsuch€persons;€and€whether€the€Constitution€had€been€modified€to€reflect€the€decision,€adoptedÐ Ó+#'+ Ðpursuant€to€the€law€of€20€June€1979,€to€abolish€the€death€penalty.€Ð ¼, (, ÐÐ ¥-õ(- Ð126.€€In€his€reply,€the€representative€of€the€State€party€said€that€the€public€prosecutor€and€a€liaisonÐ ° Ðofficer,€who€was€always€a€judge€of€the€ordinary€courts,€monitored€compliance€with€the€internalÐ ™é Ðregulations€of€penal€institutions.€€Complaints€from€prisoners€were€always€heard€by€the€publicÐ ‚Ò Ðprosecutor.€€Existing€procedures€concerning€pre-trial€detention€provided€that€a€detainee's€immediateÐ k» Ðrelease€had€to€be€ordered€if€no€court€decision€had€been€reached€within€one€month€of€the€detainee'sÐ T¤ Ðinitial€interrogation.€€Victims€of€unlawful€arrest€or€detention€had€a€right€to€compensation,€which€wasÐ =  Ðultimately€decided€upon€by€the€Minister€of€Justice.€Ð & v ÐÌ127.€€Resort€to€the€isolation€of€prisoners€was€very€exceptional,€and€was€a€disciplinary€rather€thanÐ ø H Ða€punitive€measure.€€The€decision€to€impose€isolation€could€be€made€only€by€the€public€prosecutor,Ð á 1  Ðtaking€into€account€the€advice€of€a€doctor.€€The€detainee's€lawyer€could€appeal€the€decision,Ð Ê   Ðparticularly€on€the€grounds€that€the€imposition€of€isolation€would€endanger€the€physical€andÐ ³  Ðpsychological€well-being€of€the€detainee.€€Any€disciplinary€measure€of€such€a€serious€nature€couldÐ œì  Ðbe€appealed€to€the€judge€responsible€for€monitoring€prison€conditions.€€Detainees€were€always€ableÐ …Õ  Ðto€communicate€with€their€families,€lawyers€or€with€the€public€prosecutor,€except€where€suchÐ n¾  Ðcommunication€was€expressly€forbidden€by€the€examining€judge.€€Such€decisions€were€made€strictlyÐ W§  Ðin€accordance€with€the€penal€code.€€The€sentence€of€hard€labour,€which€was€still€provided€for€underÐ @ Ðthe€penal€code,€was€never€applied€in€practice.€Ð )y ÐÌ128.€€The€Law€of€12€November€1971€relating€to€the€protection€of€minors€had€been€recently€replacedÐ ûK Ðby€a€new€law,€which€would€be€provided€to€members€of€the€Committee.€€Minors€in€detention€wereÐ ä4 Ðseparated€from€contact€with€adult€prisoners€except€in€workshops€or€similar€activities€in€which€theÐ Í Ðminors€had€chosen€to€participate.€€Steps€for€the€social€rehabilitation€of€delinquent€minors€had€beenÐ ¶ Ðelaborated€by€the€Minister€of€Social€Assistance€in€consultation€with€experts€and€specialists€inÐ Ÿï Ðpsychology.€€In€general,€good€results€had€been€obtained€by€the€system,€although€it€was€alwaysÐ ˆØ Ðdifficult€to€eliminate€the€problem€of€repeat€offenders.€Prisoners€who€were€drug€addicts€could€obtainÐ qÁ Ðspecialized€treatment€for€their€problem€on€request.€€Drug€addicts€could€also€be€placed€in€isolationÐ Zª Ðfrom€other€prisoners€for€their€own€protection.€€The€death€penalty€had€been€abolished€from€the€PenalÐ C“ ÐCode,€although€the€reference€to€it€in€the€Constitution€had€been€maintained.€€In€practice€this€meansÐ ,| Ðthat€it€cannot€be€applied€by€the€courts.€Ð e ÐÌòòFreedom€of€movement€and€expulsion€of€aliens€and€freedom€of€expression€and€assemblyóó€Ð ç 7 ÐÌ129.€€Regarding€those€issues,€the€Committee€wished€to€know€how€many€aliens€have€been€refusedÐ ¹" ! Ðpermission€to€settle€in€Luxembourg€or€had€had€their€identity€cards€withdrawn€or€their€renewalÐ ¢#ò" Ðrefused€because€they€failed€to€fulfil€legal€obligations€towards€their€families;€how€compatibility€withÐ ‹$Û# Ðarticle€21€of€the€Covenant€by€communal€authorities€who€were€authorized€to€issue€regulationsÐ t%Ä $ Ðrelating€to€the€exercise€of€the€right€to€freedom€of€assembly€was€ensured;€and€what€administrativeÐ ]&­!% Ðarrangements€had€been€established€for€the€detention€of€aliens€awaiting€expulsion.€Ð F'–"& ÐÌ130.€€In€his€response,€the€representative€stated€that€no€alien€had€been€refused€permission€to€settle€inÐ )h$( ÐLuxembourg€or€had€had€his€or€her€identity€card€withdrawn€or€its€renewal€refused€because€of€theÐ *Q%) Ðfailure€to€fulfil€legal€obligations€towards€the€family.€€The€right€of€peaceful€assembly€was€guaranteedÐ ê*:&* Ðunder€article€25€of€the€Constitution.€€Open-air€public€assemblies,€whether€political,€religious€orÐ Ó+#'+ Ðotherwise,€were€subject€to€laws€and€regulations€of€the€police€and€communal€authorities.€€RelevantÐ ¼, (, Ðcommunal€regulations€were€subject€to€the€approval€of€the€Minister€of€the€Interior€and€persons€orÐ ¥-õ(- Ðorganizations€affected€by€such€Ministerial€decisions€could€contest€the€legality€of€the€decision€beforeÐ ° Ðan€administrative€judge.€€Police€regulations€applicable€to€such€matters,€had€been€established€inÐ ™é Ðconformity€with€the€limitations€foreseen€in€article€21€of€the€Covenant.€Ð ‚Ò ÐÌòòProtection€of€the€family,€right€to€vote€and€rights€of€persons€belonging€to€minoritiesóó€Ð T¤ ÐÌ131.€€Concerning€those€issues,€the€Committee€wished€to€have€further€information€on€existingÐ & v Ðlegislative€or€administrative€arrangements€for€protecting€the€interests€of€children€in€cases€of€familyÐ  _ Ðseparation,€other€than€those€described€in€paragraph€37€of€the€report,€and€on€the€ways€and€means€byÐ ø H Ðwhich€the€Immigration€Council€integrated€aliens€into€society.€€Regarding€the€deprivation€of€votingÐ á 1  Ðrights€as€part€of€sentencing€in€some€cases,€members€of€the€Committee€wanted€to€know€how€long€theÐ Ê   Ðdeprivation€of€the€right€to€vote€lasted€and€whether€the€sentence€was€applied€routinely€for€certainÐ ³  Ðtypes€of€crimes€or€whether€it€was€employed€only€as€an€exceptional€measure.€Ð œì  ÐÌ132.€€In€his€reply,€the€representative€of€the€State€party€pointed€out€that€among€Luxembourg's€378,000Ð n¾  Ðinhabitants€more€than€80€nationalities€were€represented,€a€situation€which€made€it€difficult€to€speakÐ W§  Ðof€specific€minorities.€€Immigrants€did€not€constitute€ethnic€minorities€under€Luxembourg€law€andÐ @ Ðwere€extended€the€same€rights€as€citizens.€€Foreigners,€including€nationals€of€other€EuropeanÐ )y ÐCommunity€States,€were€part€of€the€national€community€regardless€of€their€race,€nationality,€colourÐ b Ðor€religion.€€As€such,€they€were€extended€the€same€rights€as€citizens€in€matters€pertaining€to€socialÐ ûK Ðsecurity,€sickness,€pensions€and€retirement,€with€the€exception€of€the€right€to€vote.€€The€exclusionÐ ä4 Ðof€convicted€criminals€from€voting€was€regulated€under€article€53€of€the€Constitution,€whichÐ Í Ðprovided€that€persons€convicted€and€sentenced€for€a€variety€of€crimes€could€lose€their€right€to€vote.€Ð ¶ ÐIn€cases€of€serious€crimes,€such€as€murder€or€rape,€the€deprivation€could€be€mandatory€whereas€forÐ Ÿï Ðminor€crimes€the€right€to€vote€could€be€temporarily€suspended€at€the€discretion€of€the€sentencingÐ ˆØ Ðjudge.€€In€all€cases,€voting€rights€could€be€restored€by€decision€of€the€Grand€Duke.€Ð qÁ ÐÌòòConcluding€observations€by€individual€membersóó€Ð C“ ÐÌ133.€€Members€of€the€Committee€thanked€the€delegation€of€Luxembourg€for€its€frankness€andÐ e Ðcooperation€in€helping€the€Committee€to€better€understand€Luxembourg's€legal€system.€€It€was€notedÐ þN Ðthat€while€the€general€situation€with€respect€to€the€application€of€the€Covenant€was€satisfactory,Ð ç 7 Ðcertain€problems€had€persisted.€€In€this€regard,€members€considered€that€the€practice€of€includingÐ Ð!   Ða€suspension€of€voting€rights€as€part€of€sentencing€raised€a€number€of€problems€under€article€21€ofÐ ¹" ! Ðthe€Covenant.€€Members€also€expressed€concern€over€practices€in€Luxembourg€regarding€theÐ ¢#ò" Ðapplication€of€isolation€to€detainees€including,€in€particular,€the€length€of€isolation,€the€prohibitionÐ ‹$Û# Ðof€reading€materials€to€isolated€detainees€and€the€fact€that€they€were€allowed€only€one€hour€out€ofÐ t%Ä $ Ðtheir€cell€each€day€for€exercise.€€It€was€also€noted€that€the€use€of€preventive€detention€should€notÐ ]&­!% Ðbecome€routine€nor€should€it€lead€to€excessive€periods€of€detention€or€infringe€upon€the€presumptionÐ F'–"& Ðof€innocence.€€Members€were€satisfied€that€the€death€penalty€had€been€abolished€in€practice€but€noneÐ /(#' Ðthe€less€expressed€the€hope€that€it€would€be€abolished€at€the€level€of€the€Constitution€in€the€nearÐ )h$( Ðfuture.€Ð *Q%) ÐÌ134.€€Concern€was€also€expressed€over€the€position€of€religious€sects€which€had€not€entered€into€aÐ Ó+#'+ Ðcovenant€with€the€State€and€which,€therefore,€were€at€a€disadvantage€relative€to€sects€that€had€doneÐ ¼, (, Ðso€and€were€supported€by€the€State.€€Additionally,€members€noted€that,€under€article€27€of€theÐ ¥-õ(- ÐCovenant,€ethnic,€religious€and€linguistic€minorities€had€a€right€to€their€own€cultural€life€and€thatÐ ° Ðthe€exercise€of€that€right€needed€to€be€guaranteed€and€monitored€by€the€State.€€It€was€also€noted€that,Ð ™é Ðin€general,€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant€were€not€adequately€publicized€in€Luxembourg.€€In€thisÐ ‚Ò Ðregard,€it€was€suggested€that€the€Government€facilitate€a€greater€awareness€among€the€general€publicÐ k» Ðand,€in€particular,€among€members€of€the€judiciary€and€the€legal€profession.€Ð T¤ ÐÌ135.€€In€concluding€the€consideration€of€the€second€periodic€report€of€Luxembourg,€the€ChairmanÐ & v Ðexpressed€his€appreciation€for€the€delegation's€competence€and€candour€in€responding€to€theÐ  _ Ðquestions€and€concerns€raised€by€the€Committee,€as€well€as€his€confidence€that€those€concerns€wouldÐ ø H Ðbe€taken€into€account€by€the€Government.€€He€observed€that€in€as€much€as€judges€were€able€toÐ á 1  Ðoverturn€national€laws€they€considered€incompatible€with€treaty€law,€it€would€be€desirable€ifÐ Ê   Ðmembers€of€the€judiciary€could€be€made€more€familiar€with€the€Covenant€and€the€way€its€provisionsÐ ³  Ðwere€interpreted€by€the€Committee,€particularly€through€its€general€comments€and€its€decisionsÐ œì  Ðunder€the€Optional€Protocol.€Ð …Õ  ÐÌòòComments€of€the€Committeeóó€Ð W§  ÐÌ136.€€At€its€1203òòrdóó€€meeting€(forty-sixth€session),€held€on€5€November€1992,€the€Committee€adoptedÐ )y Ðthe€following€comments.€Ð b ÐÌòòIntroduction€óóÐ ä4 ÐÌ137.€€The€Committee€commends€the€State€party€on€its€report€which€contains€clear€and€basicÐ ¶ Ðinformation€on€laws€relating€to€the€implementation€of€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant.€€TheÐ Ÿï ÐCommittee,€however,€regrets€that€the€report€lacks€information€concerning€the€actual€situation€on€theÐ ˆØ Ðground,€including€factors€and€difficulties€which€may€affect€the€implementation€of€the€Covenant.€Ð qÁ ÐÌ138.€€The€Committee€also€commends€Luxembourg€for€the€core€document€(HRI/CORE/1/Add.10)Ð C“ Ðsubmitted€in€accordance€with€the€consolidated€guidelines€for€the€initial€part€of€reports€submittedÐ ,| Ðunder€the€various€international€human€rights€instruments€(HRI/1991/1).€Ð e ÐÌ139.€€The€Committee€expresses€its€appreciation€for€the€high-level€delegation€which€represented€theÐ ç 7 ÐState€party€during€the€consideration€of€its€report.€€The€competence€of€that€delegation€and€theÐ Ð!   Ðcooperation€it€demonstrated€in€responding€to€requests€for€further€information€facilitated€aÐ ¹" ! Ðconstructive€dialogue€between€the€Committee€and€the€State€party.€Ð ¢#ò" ÐÌòòPositive€aspectsóó€Ð t%Ä $ ÐÌ140.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€position€accorded€to€the€Covenant€within€the€hierarchy€of€theÐ F'–"& ÐState€party's€national€law.€€The€Committee€has€noted€the€delegation's€statement€that€the€provisionsÐ /(#' Ðof€the€Covenant€may€be€directly€invoked€in€the€courts€and€that,€where€there€is€a€conflict€betweenÐ )h$( Ðthose€provisions€and€national€law,€the€Covenant€is€accorded€supremacy.€€The€Committee€alsoÐ *Q%) Ðwelcomes€the€initiative€taken€to€ensure€the€abolition€of€the€death€penalty.€Ð ê*:&* ÐÌòòPrincipal€subjects€of€concernóó€Ð ¼, (, ÐÔ_ÔÐ ¥-õ(- Ð141.€€The€Committee€expresses€its€concern€over€the€insufficient€publicity€given€to€the€CovenantÐ ° Ðamong€persons€in€those€professions€most€concerned€with€its€application€and€among€the€generalÐ ™é Ðpublic,€who€thus€may€not€be€adequately€informed€of€the€protection€afforded€by€the€Covenant€andÐ ‚Ò Ðof€the€possibility€of€submitting€individual€communications€under€the€Optional€Protocol.€Ð k» ÐÌ142.€€With€respect€to€the€treatment€of€prisoners,€the€Committee€is€concerned€over€present€practicesÐ =  Ðpertaining€to€solitary€confinement€which€are€incompatible€with€article€10€of€the€Covenant.€Ð & v ÐAdditionally€there€is€no€remedy€available€with€regard€to€the€decision€of€the€Prosecutor€General€toÐ  _ Ðapply€solitary€confinement.€€Another€area€of€concern€is€the€application€of€pre-trial€detention€whichÐ ø H Ðmay€lead€to€excessive€periods€of€detention€and€which€may€infringe€upon€the€presumption€ofÐ á 1  Ðinnocence.€Ð Ê   ÐÌ143.€€Other€areas€of€concern€include€article€18€of€the€Constitution€which€still€presupposes€theÐ œì  Ðexistence€of€the€death€penalty;€the€lack€of€a€remedy€to€decisions€of€the€Prosecutor€General€regardingÐ …Õ  Ðinternment€of€the€mentally€ill;€the€deprivation€of€the€right€to€vote€as€a€further€sanction€in€criminalÐ n¾  Ðcases;€and€continuing€provision€in€the€law€for€hard€or€forced€Ô_ÔlabourÔ_Ô,€which€has€not€yet€beenÐ W§  Ðabolished.€€The€Committee€also€notes€that€care€must€be€taken€with€present€practices€for€financingÐ @ Ðreligious€minorities€to€ensure€that€they€remain€in€conformity€with€articles€2,€paragraph€1,€and€27€ofÐ )y Ðthe€Covenant.€Ð b ÐÌòòSuggestions€and€recommendationsóóÐ ä4 ÐÌ144.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€undertake€steps€to€disseminate€informationÐ ¶ Ðabout€the€Covenant€and€the€Optional€Protocol;€restrict€the€use€of€solitary€confinement€to€short,Ð Ÿï Ðtemporary€periods€and€only€where€necessary€as€part€of€disciplinary€measures;€provide€an€effectiveÐ ˆØ Ðremedy€for€those€who€have€been€subjected€to€solitary€confinement€in€a€prison€or€to€internment€inÐ qÁ Ða€facility€for€the€mentally€ill;€and€review€legislation€on€criminal€procedure€so€that€it€is€fully€in€lineÐ Zª Ðwith€provisions€concerning€pre-trial€detention€under€article€9€and€the€presumption€of€innocenceÐ C“ Ðunder€article€14€of€the€Covenant.€Ð ,| ÐÌ145.€€The€Committee€also€suggests€that€the€State€party€consider€abolishing€the€deprivation€of€theÐ þN Ðright€to€vote€as€part€of€legitimate€punishment;€consider€a€new€approach€to€guaranteeing€the€rightsÐ ç 7 Ðof€minorities,€particularly€in€regard€to€the€system€of€conventions€between€the€State€and€variousÐ Ð!   Ðreligious€communities;€and€consider€the€need€for€a€constitutional€remedy€to€further€clarify€situationsÐ ¹" ! Ðwhere€conflicts€may€seem€to€arise€between€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant€and€the€Constitution.€€TheÐ ¢#ò" ÐCommittee€also€invites€the€State€party€to€review€the€reservations€and€interpretative€declarations€itÐ ‹$Û# Ðmade€upon€ratification€with€a€view€to€withdrawing€them€as€far€as€possible.€ÔUK.,US.,I­ÔÐ t%Ä $ ÐÐ  ]&­!% ÐÔ_ÔÔCEUK.,ÔÌò òCCPR€A/58/40€(2003)ó óÐ ™é ÐÌ80.€€òòLuxembourgóóÐ l¼ ÐÌ(1)€€The€Committee€considered€the€third€periodic€report€of€Luxembourg€(CCPR/C/LUX/2002/3)€atÐ > Ž Ðits€2080th€and€2081st€meetings€(CCPR/C/SR.2080€and€CCPR/C/SR.2081),€held€on€24€March€2003,Ð ' w Ðand€adopted€the€following€concluding€observations€at€its€2089th€meeting€(CCPR/C/SR.2089)€on€28Ð  ` ÐMarch€2003.Ð ù I ÐÌòòIntroductionóóÐ Ë   ÐÌ(2)€€The€Committee€welcomes€with€satisfaction€the€third€periodic€report€of€Luxembourg.€€It€isÐ í  Ðpleased€to€be€able€to€resume€its€dialogue€with€the€State€party€over€10€years€after€the€considerationÐ †Ö  Ðof€the€preceding€report.€€It€regrets€that€the€third€report€did€not€go€into€detail€on€the€issues€of€nationalÐ o¿  Ðjurisprudence,€the€practical€aspects€of€the€implementation€of€the€Covenant€and€the€many€questionsÐ X¨  Ðraised€by€the€Committee€during€the€consideration€of€the€second€periodic€report.€€However,€itÐ A‘ Ðwelcomes€the€high€quality€of€the€written€and€oral€replies€provided€by€the€Luxembourg€delegation.Ð *z ÐÌòòPositive€aspectsóóÐ üL ÐÌ(3)€€The€Committee€has€taken€note€of€the€Luxembourg€delegationððs€position€that€the€Covenant€takesÐ Î Ðprecedence€over€internal€law,€including€the€Constitution.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€institutionalÐ · Ðchanges€the€State€party€is€making€in€prisons€in€order€to€prevent€suicides.€€It€has€also€taken€note€ofÐ  ð Ðthe€initiatives€in€the€form€of€bills€that€the€State€party€is€taking€in€order€to€ensure€better€protectionÐ ‰Ù Ðfor€the€victims€of€trafficking€in€persons€for€the€purposes€of€forced€prostitution€and€for€witnesses€inÐ r Ðjudicial€proceedings;€to€combat€family€violence;€and€to€change€the€law€relating€to€the€press€toÐ [« Ðembody€in€it€the€principle€of€proportionality.€€It€has€taken€note€of€the€State€partyððs€intention€not€onlyÐ D” Ðto€implement€the€relevant€legislative€provisions,€but€also€to€make€society,€and€victims€in€particular,Ð -} Ðaware€of€the€use€of€existing€protection€mechanisms.Ð f ÐÌòòPrincipal€subjects€of€concern€and€recommendationsóóÐ è 8 ÐÌ(4)€€The€Committee€takes€note€of€the€Luxembourg€delegationððs€comments€on€the€limited,€or€evenÐ º" ! Ðtheoretical,€scope€of€the€reservations€formulated€by€the€State€party€to€various€provisions€of€theÐ £#ó" ÐCovenant.Ð Œ$Ü# ÐÌà0 ' àThe€State€party€should€reconsider€its€reservations€with€a€view€to€ensuring,€insofar€as€possible,Ð ^&®!% Ðthat€they€are€withdrawn.ÐG'—"&'(#'(# ÐÌ(5)€€The€Committee€regrets€the€lack€of€detailed€information€on€equality€of€men€and€women€in€theÐ )i$( Ðprivate€and€public€sectors€and,€in€particular,€on€obstacles€in€this€regard€(articles€3€and€26€of€theÐ *R%) ÐCovenant).Ð ë*;&* ÐÌà0 ' àThe€State€party€should€provide€the€Committee€with€a€detailed€analysis€of€the€question€in€its€nextÐ ½, (, ÐÔ_Ôreport.Ц-ö(-'(#'(# Ї(6)€€The€Committee€continues€to€be€concerned,€on€the€one€hand,€about€the€maximum€length€of€timeÐ ° Ðdetainees€may€be€held€in€solitary€confinement,€i.e.€six€months,€and€the€lack€of€information€on€theÐ ™é Ðconditions€in€which€such€treatment€is€applied€and,€on€the€other€hand,€by€the€holding€of€detaineesÐ ‚Ò Ðincommunicado,€even€though€this€has€happened€only€once€in€12€years.Ð k» ÐÌà0 ' àThe€State€party€should€ensure€that€practices€with€regard€to€the€treatment€of€detainees€are€inÐ =  Ðkeeping€with€articles€7,€9€and€10€of€the€Covenant.€€In€this€connection,€the€State€party€shouldÐ & v Ðadopt€legislation€regulating€and€limiting€incommunicado€detention€with€the€long„term€objectiveÐ  _ Ðof€eliminating€it€completely,€particularly€during€pre„trial€detention.Ðø H'(#'(# ÐÌ(7)€€The€Committee€notes,€on€the€one€hand,€that€the€State€party€grants€financial€assistance€to€theÐ Ê   ÐChristian€and€Jewish€communities€only€and,€on€the€other€hand,€that€the€criteria€applied€(such€asÐ ³  Ðmembership€of€a€religion€recognized€worldwide€and€officially€in€at€least€one€European€UnionÐ œì  Ðcountry)€may€give€rise€to€problems€as€far€as€their€compatibility€with€the€provisions€of€articles€18,Ð …Õ  Ð26€and€27€of€the€Covenant€is€concerned.Ð n¾  ÐÌà0 ' àThe€State€party€should€guarantee€non„discriminatory€treatment€of€communities€of€religion€andÐ @ Ðbelief€in€respect€of€financial€assistance€and,€to€this€end,€ensure€that€all€criteria€in€this€regard€areÐ )y Ðrevised€to€guarantee€that€they€are€in€keeping€with€the€Covenant.Ðb'(#'(# ÐÌ(8)€€The€Committee€remains€concerned€that,€for€a€large€number€of€offences,€the€systematicÐ ä4 Ðdeprivation€of€the€right€to€vote€is€an€additional€penalty€in€criminal€cases€(article€25€of€the€Covenant).Ð Í ÐÌà0 ' àThe€State€party€should€take€steps€to€bring€its€legislation€into€line€with€paragraph€14€of€generalÐ Ÿï Ðcomment€No.€25.ЈØ'(#'(# ÐÌ(9)€€The€Committee€notes€that€the€Civil€Code€still€draws€a€distinction€between€ð ðlegitimateðð€childrenÐ Zª Ðand€children€born€out€of€wedlock,€whereas€by€law,€they€are€entitled€to€the€same€rights€(article€26€ofÐ C“ Ðthe€Covenant).Ð ,| ÐÌà0 ' àThe€State€party€should€remove€this€obsolete€distinction€from€the€Civil€Code.ÐþN'(#'(# ÐÌ(10)€€While€taking€note€of€the€awareness„raising€efforts€being€made€by€the€State€party,€theÐ Ð!   ÐCommittee€regrets€that€the€Covenant€and€the€Optional€Protocol€are€still€not€well€known€to€the€public.Ð ¹" ! ÐÌà0 ' àThe€State€party€should€disseminate€the€Covenant€and€the€Optional€Protocol€more€widely.Ћ$Û#'(#'(# ÐÌ(11)€€The€State€party€should€disseminate€widely€the€text€of€its€third€periodic€report€and€the€presentÐ ]&­!% Ðconcluding€observations.Ð F'–"& ÐÌ(12)€€In€accordance€with€rule€70,€paragraph€5,€of€the€Committeeððs€rules€of€procedure,€the€State€partyÐ )h$( Ðshould€within€one€year€provide€information€on€the€implementation€of€the€recommendations€madeÐ *Q%) Ðby€the€Committee€in€paragraph€(6)€concerning€the€question€of€the€holding€of€detainees€in€solitaryÐ ê*:&* Ðconfinement.€€The€Committee€requests€the€State€party€to€provide€information€on€the€otherÐ Ó+#'+ Ðrecommendations€made€and€on€its€implementation€of€the€Covenant€as€a€whole€in€its€next€report,Ð ¼, (, Ðwhich€it€is€scheduled€to€submit€by€1€April€2008.ÔUK.,CE.,ÿ ÔÐ ¥-õ(- Ї