ÿWPC[ {„èRnXzÏX±«¥hbmê¦8al$„É뚶V3H § ºnÙtYxɧŽ·z Í™ËÑ x ø+yvœˆFQå¨pjÇÞû K!³ÁÓùñKÓÁZ˜og› ï„Î _̈½!¿(:Çf2ŸŸrÂÙà6¢†y’Dz}.äÇïÚbÍ¥•s‰’ñs’Žé4Znê^Y²¢ùœQ ŒƒÓï?„!1$[ëä%qÕæZÏšK×áUˆÎ¬=ëp“r!ȵïá°ƒFþEèZSuŠJõOÞÖ¼è6LÖöú ¥šüÂêb7ë{+§W Ò+òqú*©¬·¿”ÊV\p’üzE #Á¶UNw %Å 0:Ë^ w4)8 m:QNY˜HP LaserJet 4000 Series PSÈÙØÙÙØÈÙ0&Öd9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(ûœ$¡¡ÔUKUS.,Ô*h, ×~f,œwŸÈ>žœwŸ3|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ Ý ƒûœ!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ  ÓÔ€¼z8»XXÔò òLUXEMBOURGó óÐ ° ÐÌÌÓ  ÓÔ€X1VX»¼z8Ôò òÔ_ÔCERDÔ_Ô€€A/36/18€(1981)ó ó€€€€17/Ð á1 ÐÌÌÓ  Ó111.€€The€initial€report€of€Luxembourg€(Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/R.109€and€Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/45/Add.2)€was€introduced€byÐ Ÿ ï Ðthe€representative€of€the€reporting€State,€who€pointed€out€that€his€country€was€traditionally€open€toÐ ˆ Ø Ðimmigration€and€that€25€per€cent€of€its€present€population€was€of€foreign€origin€or€nationality.€€HeÐ q Á Ðalso€stated€that€the€policy€of€Luxembourg,€based€on€tolerance,€had€been€successful€and€racial€tensionÐ Z ª  Ðhad€never€arisen€in€his€country.€€Therefore€it€had€not€been€considered€necessary€to€pass€specific€lawsÐ C“  Ðconcerning€racial€discrimination;€besides,€the€Constitution€guaranteed€the€equality€of€rights€and€theÐ ,|  Ðinternational€human€rights€instruments€ratified€by€Luxembourg€were€incorporated€in€domestic€lawÐ e  Ðand€directly€applicable€before€the€national€courts.€€The€representative€also€informed€the€CommitteeÐ þN  Ðthat€the€two€new€articles,€454€and€455,€of€the€Penal€Code,€quoted€in€the€report,€had€been€adoptedÐ ç7  Ðby€parliament€and€had€entered€into€force€on€9€August€1980.Ð Ð  ÐÌ112.€€The€Committee€took€note€of€the€fact€that€the€Convention€was€directly€applicable€inÐ ¢ò ÐLuxembourg€as€a€result€of€its€ratification.€€It€observed,€however,€that€the€Convention€required€StatesÐ ‹Û Ðparties,€even€if€they€claimed€that€they€had€no€racial€problem,€to€enact€specific€legislation€to€preventÐ tÄ Ðracial€discrimination.€€One€member,€referring€to€the€statement€in€the€report€that€ð ðthe€GovernmentÐ ]­ Ðconsidered€it€unnecessary€to€make€provisions€for€a€completely€new€set€of€internal€regulationsÐ F– Ðspecifically€designed€to€banish€racial€discriminationðð,€drew€attention€to€the€fact€that€the€report€didÐ / Ðrefer€to€new€measures€which€had€been€€introduced€and€subsequently€become€law.€€Another€memberÐ h Ðexpressed€a€certain€surprise€at€the€statement€in€the€report€that€Luxembourg€had€become€a€party€toÐ Q Ðthe€Convention€in€order€to€engage€in€an€act€of€international€solidarity,€coming€as€it€did€from€aÐ ê: ÐGovernment€which€ought€to€be€well€aware€of€the€legal€implications€of€the€provisions€of€theÐ Ó# Ðconventions€it€ratified.Ð ¼  ÐÌ113.€€The€Committee€requested€information€on€the€demographic€composition€of€the€population,€inÐ ŽÞ Ðparticular€regarding€the€proportion€of€the€population€that€was€of€foreign€origin.€€Members€of€theÐ w Ç ÐCommittee€asked€how€the€rules€governing€immigration€affected€migrant€workers,€particularly€in€theÐ `!° Ðsteel€industry;€and€whether€Luxembourg€had€concluded€agreements€with€manpower„exportingÐ I"™  Ðcountries.€€Noting€the€comprehensive€social€insurance€schemes€existing€in€Luxembourg,€a€memberÐ 2#‚! Ðwondered€what€social€benefits€were€guaranteed€to€immigrant€workers€and€whether€there€wereÐ $k" Ðagencies€to€facilitate€their€social€and€cultural€adjustment,€particularly€in€the€case€of€workers€fromÐ %T # Ðless€developed€areas.€€Another€member€pointed€out€that€the€employment€of€large€numbers€ofÐ í%=!$ Ðimmigrant€workers€in€many€Western€countries€could€lead€to€racial€tension€in€periods€of€economicÐ Ö&&"% Ðcrisis,€as€a€result€of€competition€for€jobs,€and€stressed€the€need€for€measures€required€to€protectÐ ¿'#& Ðforeign€workers€and€to€help€them€to€adapt€to€their€new€situation€and€to€establish€contacts€with€theÐ ¨(ø#' Ðlocal€population.Ð ‘)á$( ÐÌ________________Ð c+³&* ÐÓ-°‚X'‚á4` ˜X°œX-Óà ' àòò17óó/à é àFor€consideration€of€the€second€periodic€report€of€Luxembourg€at€the€twenty„fourthÐ L,œ'+ Ðsession,€see€paras.€417„425€below.Ð 5-…(, ÐÔ_Ô‡He€expressed€his€assurance€that€Luxembourg€could€make€a€valuable€contribution€in€that€respect.Ð ° ÐÌ114.€€In€connection€with€article€3€of€the€Convention,€further€information€was€requested€onÐ ‚Ò ÐLuxembourgððs€relations€with€South€Africa.Ð k» ÐÌ115.€€With€reference€to€article€4€of€the€Convention,€a€number€of€comments€were€made€regarding€theÐ =  Ðnew€article€455€of€the€Penal€Code.€€While€welcoming€the€fact€that€articles€454€and€455€of€the€PenalÐ & v ÐCode€had€come€into€force,€the€Committee€was€of€the€view€that€all€the€requirements€of€article€4€ofÐ  _ Ðthe€Convention€had€not€been€fulfilled.€€Article€455€in€particular€did€not€provide€for€the€punishmentÐ ø H Ðof€acts€of€violence€or€incitement€to€such€acts€or€of€the€provision€of€assistance€to€racist€activities,Ð á 1  Ðreferred€to€in€article€4€(a)€of€the€Convention;€and€it€did€not€call€for€the€prohibition€of€organizationsÐ Ê   Ðpromoting€racial€discrimination€or€for€the€imposition€of€penalties€on€public€authorities€or€institutionsÐ ³  Ðguilty€of€such€discrimination,€as€required€by€paragraphs€(b)€and€(c)€respectively€of€article€4.Ð œì  ÐÌ116.€€Concerning€the€implementation€of€article€5€of€the€Convention,€a€member€of€the€committeeÐ n¾  Ðpointed€out€that,€under€the€Constitution€of€Luxembourg,€the€right€to€equality€before€the€law€wasÐ W§  Ðlimited€to€citizens€and€that€there€was€no€guarantee€of€equality€before€the€law€for€aliens;€he€regrettedÐ @ Ðthe€omission€of€this€point€in€the€report.€€Similarly,€the€right€to€education€was€not€guaranteed€to€aliensÐ )y Ðand€article€85€of€the€Luxembourg€Constitution€contained€a€special€reservation€concerning€theÐ b Ðpolitical€rights€of€aliens.Ð ûK ÐÌ117.€€Regarding€article€6€of€the€Convention,€more€information€was€requested€concerning€theÐ Í Ðorganization€of€the€judiciary€and€the€remedies€available€to€individuals€in€cases€of€racialÐ ¶ Ðdiscrimination.€€Questions€were€asked€as€to€the€powers€of€the€courts€and€the€procedures€for€theÐ Ÿï Ðsubmission€of€claims.€€Noting€that€Luxembourg€held€a€programme€for€trainee€magistrates€fromÐ ˆØ ÐSenegal,€a€member€of€the€Committee€requested€details€of€that€programme.Ð qÁ ÐÌ118.€€So€far€as€the€implementation€of€article€7€of€the€Convention€was€concerned€more€informationÐ C“ Ðwas€requested€on€its€implementation.€€Regarding€measures€taken€in€the€field€of€education€andÐ ,| Ðinformation,€in€particular,€it€was€asked€whether€there€were€any€special€programmes€for€ethnic€andÐ e Ðnational€groups€residing€in€Luxembourg€whose€presence€might€cause€tension€as€a€result€ofÐ þN Ðcompetition€for€employment;€and€whether€there€existed€programmes€to€inform€the€citizens€ofÐ ç 7 ÐLuxembourg€about€conditions€in€racially€different€countries.Ð Ð!   ÐÌ119.€€Finally,€the€Committee€expressed€the€hope€that€the€next€report€would€be€more€informative€andÐ ¢#ò" Ðwould€include€constitutional€provisions€and€laws€as€well€as€information€on€LuxembourgððsÐ ‹$Û# Ðinstitutions.€€The€attention€of€the€government€was€also€drawn€to€the€revised€guidelines€to€beÐ t%Ä $ Ðfollowed€in€the€preparation€of€reports€and€the€hope€was€expressed€that€the€second€periodic€reportÐ ]&­!% Ðof€Luxembourg€would€be€submitted€in€time€for€consideration€by€the€Committee€at€its€next€sessionÐ F'–"& Ðin€August€1981.Ð /(#' ÐÌ120.€€The€representative€of€the€reporting€State€answered€some€of€the€questions€raised€and€assuredÐ *Q%) Ðthe€Committee€that€he€would€convey€the€rest€of€the€questions€to€his€Government.€€Furthermore,Ð ê*:&* Ðefforts€would€be€made€to€provide€information€on€immigrant€workers€in€the€next€report.€€Equality€ofÐ Ó+#'+ Ðtreatment€of€workers€was€guaranteed€in€the€Constitution€and€there€were€special€provisionsÐ ¼, (, Ðconcerning€the€treatment€of€workers€of€certain€European€countries.€€Bilateral€agreements€existedÐ ¥-õ(- Ðwith€Portugal€and€Spain€which€ensured€equivalent€treatment€of€workers€from€those€countries.Ð ° ÐÌ121.€€Touching€upon€the€rights€of€aliens,€the€representative€stated€that,€although€equal€treatment€ofÐ ‚Ò Ðall€residents€before€the€law€was€limited€in€the€Constitution€to€Luxembourg€citizens,€it€could€beÐ k» Ðconcluded€from€the€international€conventions€to€which€Luxembourg€was€a€party€and€which€wereÐ T¤ Ðdirectly€applicable€in€Luxembourgððs€courts€that€freedom€of€access€to€the€courts€was€guaranteed€toÐ =  Ðall€residents.Ð & v ÐÌ122.€€Explaining€the€statement€in€the€report€that€one€of€the€motives€for€ratification€of€the€ConventionÐ ø H Ðwas€a€desire€to€engage€in€international€solidarity,€the€representative€said€that€this€did€not€mean€thatÐ á 1  ÐLuxembourg€was€unwilling€to€give€full€effect€to€the€Convention€in€its€own€territory,€as€it€had€alreadyÐ Ê   Ðundertaken€to€do€so€as€a€State€party.Ð ³  ÐÐ  œì  Ðò òÔ_ÔCERDÔ_Ô€€A/36/18€(1981)ó óÐ ° ÐÌÌòòLuxembourgóó€òò18óó/Ð l¼ ÐÌ417.€€The€Committee€considered€the€second€periodic€report€of€Luxembourg€(Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/72/Add.2)Ð > Ž Ðtogether€with€the€introductory€statement€by€the€representative€of€the€reporting€State.Ð ' w ÐÌ418.€€Members€of€the€Committee€congratulated€the€Government€of€Luxembourg€which€had€comeÐ ù I Ða€long€way€in€its€report€towards€meeting€the€recommendations€of€the€Committee.€€They€welcomed,Ð â 2  Ðin€particular,€the€provisions€described€for€migrant€workers€and€expressed€the€wish€that€theÐ Ë   ÐCommittee€should€be€kept€informed€about€the€progress€of€those€efforts.Ð ´  ÐÌ419.€€In€connection€with€article€2,€paragraph€1€(a)€of€the€Convention,€reference€was€made€toÐ †Ö  Ðsafeguards€provided€to€persons€under€the€jurisdiction€of€Luxembourg€by€article€14€of€the€EuropeanÐ o¿  ÐConvention€on€the€Protection€of€Human€Rights€and€Fundamental€Freedoms,€and€it€was€observed€thatÐ X¨  ÐÔ_ÔthatÔ_Ô€article€simply€guaranteed€the€implementation€of€articles€1€to€13€of€that€Convention€withoutÐ A‘ Ðdiscrimination,€but€it€could€not€be€considered€a€safeguard€as€far€as€the€International€Convention€onÐ *z Ðthe€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€Racial€Discrimination€was€concerned.Ð c ÐÌ420.€€With€regard€to€article€3€of€the€Convention,€it€was€asked€whether€Luxembourg€had€any€relationsÐ å5 Ðwith€the€Government€of€South€Africa,€whether€it€upheld€United€Nations€sanctions€and€what€materialÐ Î Ðand€moral€support€it€provided€to€the€national€liberation€movements€in€southern€Africa€which€wereÐ · ÐÔ_ÔcombatingÔ_Ô€racial€discrimination€and€òòapartheidóó.Ð  ð ÐÌ421.€€In€respect€to€article€4€of€the€Convention,€additional€information€was€requested€on€the€scopeÐ r Ðof€articles€454€and€455€of€the€Luxembourg€Penal€Code€implementing€the€provisions€of€that€article.€Ð [« ÐIt€was€noted,€in€particular,€that€article€455€of€the€Penal€Code€punished€incitement€to€racialÐ D” Ðdiscrimination;€however,€it€was€observed€that€the€first€part€of€article€4€(a)€of€the€Convention€spokeÐ -} Ðnot€only€of€incitement€but€also€of€disseminating€ideas€based€on€racial€superiority€or€hatred.€€AsÐ f Ðregards€article€4€(b)€of€the€Convention,€it€was€observed€that,€despite€the€fact€that€penalties€wereÐ ÿO Ðprovided€under€article€455€of€the€Penal€Code€for€people€belonging€to€organizations€which€promotedÐ è 8 Ðracial€discrimination,€such€organizations€were€not€declared€illegal€and€it€was€hoped€that€legislationÐ Ñ!!  Ðwould€be€adopted€in€Luxembourg€to€meet€all€the€requirements€of€article€4€(b)€and€that€theÐ º" ! ÐCommittee€would€be€kept€informed€about€the€steps€taken€by€the€Minister€of€Justice€in€this€regard.€Ð £#ó" ÐInformation€was€also€requested€concerning€the€implementation€of€article€4€(c)€of€the€Convention€andÐ Œ$Ü# Ðit€was€asked,€in€particular,€whether€cases€of€discrimination€committed€by€public€officials€wereÐ u%Å $ Ðpunishable€under€existing€legislation.Ð ^&®!% ÐÌ422.€€With€regard€to€article€5€of€the€Convention,€more€extensive€information€was€requested€on€theÐ 0(€#' Ðimplementation€by€Luxembourg€of€that€article€and€on€the€legal€texts€in€force€in€the€country€whichÐ )i$( ÐprotectedÐ *R%) Ð______________Ð ë*;&* Ðà ' àòò18óó/€à é àFor€consideration€of€the€initial€report€of€Luxembourg€at€the€twenty„third€session,€seeÐ Ô+$'+ Ðparas.€111„122€above.Ð ½, (, ÐÐ ¦-ö(- Ðthe€relevant€rights,€especially€in€view€of€the€fact€that€political€rights€were€clearly€reserved€forÐ ° Ðcitizens,€without€discrimination.€€It€was€noted,€in€this€connection,€that€on€the€basis€of€the€practiceÐ ™é Ðof€the€courts,€the€principle€of€equality€before€the€law€was€also€applied€to€foreigners,€provided€thatÐ ‚Ò Ða€distinction€based€on€nationality€was€not€expressly€made€by€the€law,€and€additional€information€wasÐ k» Ðrequested€on€such€distinctions€and€whether€any€rights€other€than€political€rights,€mentioned€in€articleÐ T¤ Ð5,€paragraph€(c),€of€the€Convention,€were€expressly€denied€to€foreigners.€€Furthermore,€attention€wasÐ =  Ðdrawn€to€the€information€on€the€demographic€composition€of€Luxembourg€and€to€the€act€of€28Ð & v ÐMarch€1972€dealing€òòinter€aliaóó,€with€the€entry€and€residence€of€foreigners,€and€it€was€asked€whetherÐ  _ Ðany€quota€system€had€been€established€for€nationals€from€certain€countries,€whether€any€otherÐ ø H Ðdifferences€existed€among€the€foreigners€by€virtue€of€European€Conventions,€whether,€for€instance,Ð á 1  Ðthe€situation€of€migrant€workers€from€non„EEC€countries€was€more€or€less€favourable€than€that€ofÐ Ê   Ðmigrant€workers€from€EEC€countries.€€It€was€also€asked€what€the€percentage€of€foreigners€who€hadÐ ³  Ðcome€to€Luxembourg€seeking€asylum€was;€whether€the€problem€of€new€foreign€migrant€workers€inÐ œì  ÐLuxembourg€concerned€only€certain€foreign€workers€or,€if€ethnic€minorities€were€also€involved,Ð …Õ  Ðwhat€aspects€of€the€problem€had€not€been€overcome;€what€the€Government€planned€in€order€toÐ n¾  Ðensure€equal€conditions€for€all€people€living€in€Luxembourg;€what€were€the€programmes€ofÐ W§  Ðeconomic€and€social€assistance€for€foreign€workers€especially€with€a€view€to€solving€theirÐ @ Ðeducational€and€housing€problems;€whether€foreign€workers€could€form€social,€political€or€labourÐ )y Ðorganizations€in€accordance€with€Luxembourg€law;€what€the€activities€of€the€Advisory€CommitteeÐ b Ðfor€Immigrants€entailed€in€practice;€whether€they€maintained€contact€with€groups€of€foreigners€inÐ ûK ÐLuxembourg.Ð ä4 ÐÌ423.€€In€response€to€article€6€of€the€Convention,€the€wish€was€expressed€that€detailed€informationÐ ¶ Ðwould€be€provided€with€regard€to€all€the€remedies€available€to€individuals€or€to€groups€inÐ Ÿï ÐLuxembourg€in€the€event€of€violations€of€the€rules€established€in€the€Convention€and€on€theÐ ˆØ Ðprovisions€and€peculiarities€of€Luxembourg€procedure€regarding€the€individualððs€right€to€seekÐ qÁ Ðredress.€€It€was€not€clear€from€the€report€if€the€victim€himself€could€start€the€prosecution€procedureÐ Zª Ðor€at€least€bring€a€case€before€the€civil€court,€if€the€criminal€court€or€the€administrative€court€couldÐ C“ Ðitself€grant€compensation,€or€what€sort€of€criminal€penalties€were€authorized€by€laws€in€the€case€ofÐ ,| Ðpublic€officials.€€It€was€also€asked€whether€migrant€workers€in€Luxembourg€were€protected€againstÐ e Ðany€acts€of€racial€discrimination€by€the€national€tribunals.Ð þN ÐÌ424.€€With€regard€to€article€7€of€the€Convention,€the€hope€was€expressed€that€the€Government€ofÐ Ð!   ÐLuxembourg€would€provide€more€extensive€information€on€the€implementation€of€its€provisions,€inÐ ¹" ! Ðparticular€about€general€school€activities€and€about€related€problems.€€It€was€also€asked€under€whatÐ ¢#ò" Ðprovisions€the€press€could€criticize€the€State€for€unfairness€in€terms€of€human€rights.Ð ‹$Û# ÐÌ425.€€The€representative€of€Luxembourg€stated,€with€regard€to€article€3€of€the€Convention,€that€inÐ ]&­!% Ðhis€Governmentððs€view€diplomatic€and€economic€relations€with€the€racist€Ô_ÔrgimeÔ_Ô€of€South€AfricaÐ F'–"& Ðwere€problems€which€did€not€fall€within€the€competence€of€the€Committee€and€that€it€generallyÐ /(#' Ðshared€the€position€taken€by€the€countries€of€the€European€Economic€Community€on€questions€ofÐ )h$( Ðpolitical€co„operation.€€He€also€assured€the€members€of€the€Committee€that€he€would€forward€theirÐ *Q%) Ðquestions,€comments€and€suggestions€to€his€Government.Ð  ê*:&* Ðò òÔ_ÔCERDÔ_Ô€€A/39/18€(1984)ó óÐ ° ÐÌÌ185.€€The€third€periodic€report€of€Luxembourg€(Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/103/Add.2)€was€introduced€by€theÐ l¼ Ðrepresentative€of€the€reporting€State€who€recalled€that€the€principle€of€the€primacy€of€internationalÐ U¥ Ðlaw€was€recognized€in€the€legal€system€of€his€country:€€international€conventions€thus€formed€anÐ > Ž Ðintegral€part€of€national€legislation€and€individuals€might€invoke€them€directly€or€by€way€ofÐ ' w Ðexception€to€prevent€impairment€of€their€rights.€€During€the€period€under€consideration,€there€hadÐ  ` Ðbeen€no€major€changes€in€legislation€or€jurisprudence€in€Luxembourg€with€regard€to€theÐ ù I Ðimplementation€of€the€Convention€and€no€sentence€had€been€passed€under€articles€454€and€455€ofÐ â 2  Ðthe€Penal€code,€which€prohibited€discrimination€or€incitement€to€discrimination.€€The€representativeÐ Ë   Ðalso€explained€that€foreigners€enjoyed€the€same€social€benefits€as€Luxembourg€nationals,€as€well€asÐ ´  Ðthe€freedom€of€association€and€expression€guaranteed€to€nationals€under€the€Constitution.€€AdvisoryÐ í  Ðcommittees€for€immigrants,€in€which€workers€and€managers€met€on€equal€terms,€were€currentlyÐ †Ö  Ðfunctioning€in€17€communes€of€Luxembourg€and€the€new€communal€law€called€for€the€establishmentÐ o¿  Ðof€such€committees€in€communes€having€a€specific€percentage€of€immigrants.Ð X¨  ÐÌ186.€€The€Committee€expressed€its€satisfaction€with€the€excellent€report€submitted€by€theÐ *z ÐGovernment€of€Luxembourg€which€had€followed€the€Committeeððs€guidelines€and€welcomes,€inÐ c Ðparticular,€the€information€on€provisions€to€regulate€the€situation€of€immigrants€who€constituted€aÐ üL Ðlarge€proportion€of€the€resident€population€of€that€State.€€Referring€to€the€primacy€of€internationalÐ å5 Ðlaw€in€the€legal€system€of€Luxembourg,€members€of€the€Committee€requested€more€information€onÐ Î Ðthe€incorporation€of€the€Convention€into€Luxembourgððs€legislation€and€on€the€Conventionððs€primacyÐ · Ðover€it.€€They€wished€to€know,€in€particular,€how€the€principle€of€the€primacy€of€international€normsÐ  ð Ðin€the€legal€order€of€the€country€was€applied€to€the€Constitution€of€Luxembourg.€€They€wonderedÐ ‰Ù Ðwhether€it€would€not€be€safer€to€adopt€legislation€when€the€Convention€so€required€and€asked€whatÐ r Ðprocedure€was€applied€when€the€courts€found€a€law€to€be€in€contradiction€with€the€provisions€of€theÐ [« ÐConvention.Ð D” ÐÌ187.€€With€reference€to€the€implementation€of€articles€2€and€5€of€the€Convention,€members€of€theÐ f ÐCommittee€Ô_ÔfocusedÔ_Ô€their€attention€particularly€on€the€status€of€foreigners€and€immigrant€workersÐ ÿO Ðwho€constituted€almost€a€third€of€the€population€of€Luxembourg.€€They€wished€to€know€whatÐ è 8 Ðprovisions€existed€in€Luxembourg€to€implement€the€constitutional€principle€of€equality€before€theÐ Ñ!!  Ðlaw€for€nationals€and€foreigners€and,€since€article€11€of€the€Constitution€provided€that€certain€rightsÐ º" ! Ðcould€be€enjoyed€only€by€nationals,€in€what€instances€restrictions€were€applied€to€foreigners.€€It€wasÐ £#ó" Ðalso€asked€whether€the€figure€provided€with€regard€to€foreign€residents€in€Luxembourg€included€theÐ Œ$Ü# Ðentire€bureaucracy€of€the€European€Economic€Community,€whether€foreigners€could€apply€forÐ u%Å $ ÐLuxembourg€nationality,€whether€the€status€of€foreigners€would€be€maintained,€what€the€situationÐ ^&®!% Ðof€children€of€foreigners€was,€whether€Luxembourg€followed€the€principle€of€òòjus€sanguinisóó€or€theÐ G'—"& Ðprinciple€of€òòjus€soli€óóand€whether€there€were€provisions€for€implementing€the€principle€of€non„Ð 0(€#' Ðdiscrimination€once€a€foreigner€had€acquired€Luxembourg€nationality.€€In€addition,€information€wasÐ )i$( Ðrequested€on€the€policy€of€Luxembourg€with€regard€to€refugees.Ð *R%) ÐÌ188.€€Concerning€specifically€the€protection€of€the€rights€of€immigrant€workers,€members€of€theÐ Ô+$'+ ÐCommittee€asked€what€steps€had€been€taken€to€make€judges€and€legal€officials€aware€of€theÐ ½, (, Ðinternational€norms€and€to€enable€them€to€interpret€those€norms€in€favour€of€persons€who€had€beenÐ ¦-ö(- Ðvictims€of€racial€discrimination,€whether€the€courts€had€Ô_ÔhadÔ_Ô€occasion€to€hear€cases€relating€toÐ ° Ðdiscrimination€in€the€matter€of€housing,€employment,€access€to€public€places,€transport€andÐ ™é Ðeducation,€what€type€of€cases€were€most€frequently€brought€before€the€courts,€what€decisions€hadÐ ‚Ò Ðbeen€taken€on€them€and€whether€the€legislation€contained€provisions€for€the€translation€of€courtÐ k» Ðproceedings€into€other€languages.€€Furthermore,€members€of€the€Committee€wished€to€receive€moreÐ T¤ Ðinformation€on€the€National€Immigration€Council,€in€particular,€on€the€procedure€for€electing€theÐ =  Ðmembers€representing€the€various€national€groups,€the€achievements€of€the€Council€since€itsÐ & v Ðestablishment€and€it€relations€with€the€local€authorities.€€It€was€also€asked€whether€the€function€ofÐ  _ Ðthe€Council€was€purely€to€promote€improvements€in€race€relations€or€whether€it€acted€as€a€mediatorÐ ø H Ðbetween€opposing€persons€or€groups,€whether€its€role€was€merely€advisory€or€whether€it€had€someÐ á 1  Ðeffective€influence€over€policies€and€whether€a€policy€concerning€minorities€had€been€adopted€inÐ Ê   ÐLuxembourg€to€deal€with€problems€raised€by€the€presence€in€the€country€of€different€customs,Ð ³  Ðtraditions€and€languages.€€In€addition,€more€information€was€requested€in€the€advisory€offices€andÐ œì  Ðthe€role€they€played€in€promoting€interaction€between€the€national€population€and€new€immigrants.Ð …Õ  ÐÌ189.€€As€regards€article€3€of€the€Convention,€some€members€of€the€Committee€asked€for€clarificationÐ W§  Ðon€Luxembourgððs€relations€with€South€Africa.€€They€wished€to€know,€in€particular,€what€theÐ @ Ðpractical€consequences€of€Luxembourgððs€condemnation€of€òòapartheidóó€were,€whether€Luxembourg€hadÐ )y Ðinvestments€in€South€Africa€and€whether€it€provided€assistance€to€the€victims€of€òòapartheidóó.Ð b ÐÌ190.€€With€respect€to€article€7€of€the€Convention€members€of€the€Committee€wished€to€know€howÐ ä4 Ðthe€principles€of€the€Convention€had€been€incorporated€into€the€educational€system€of€Luxembourg,Ð Í Ðwhether€there€were€agencies€in€Luxembourg€which€informed€foreign€workers€and€immigrants€of€theÐ ¶ Ðexistence€of€the€international€instrument,€among€them€the€Convention,€which€protected€them,€whatÐ Ÿï Ðlegal€and€other€measures€had€been€adopted€by€the€Government€of€Luxembourg€in€the€field€ofÐ ˆØ Ðteaching,€particularly€with€regard€to€the€training€of€teachers€or€to€promote€better€understandingÐ qÁ Ðbetween€nationals€and€foreigners€in€general.€€It€was€noted€that€Luxembourg€had€recently€given€itsÐ Zª Ðdialect€the€status€of€a€language€and€it€was€asked€whether,€in€addition€to€French€and€German,€theÐ C“ ÐLuxembourg€language€would€begin€to€be€officially€taught€in€the€country,€for€example,€to€immigrantÐ ,| Ðworkers€residing€therein.Ð e ÐÌ191.€€Replying€to€some€of€the€questions€raised€by€members€of€the€committee,€the€representative€ofÐ ç 7 ÐLuxembourg€pointed€out,€in€relation€to€the€application€of€the€principle€of€the€primacy€ofÐ Ð!   Ðinternational€law€in€his€country,€that€courts€did€not€have€the€task€of€determining€the€constitutionalityÐ ¹" ! Ðof€the€laws;€however,€they€could€refuse€to€apply€laws€which€were€contrary€to€either€the€ConstitutionÐ ¢#ò" Ðof€the€country€or€an€international€convention€to€which€Luxembourg€was€a€party.€€They€could€alsoÐ ‹$Û# Ðrevoke€regulations€adopted€by€the€executive€branch€in€order€to€apply€law.Ð t%Ä $ ÐÌ192.€€As€regard€the€question€of€the€acquisition€of€Luxembourg€nationality,€he€explained€that€the€lawÐ F'–"& Ðwhich€set€forth€requirements€concerning€residency€and€knowledge€of€the€Luxembourg€language€wasÐ /(#' Ðapplied€without€any€discrimination.€€Once€Luxembourg€nationality€was€acquired,€there€was€noÐ )h$( Ðdistinction€made€between€those€born€in€the€country€and€naturalized€citizens€and€all€were€equalÐ *Q%) Ðbefore€the€law.Ð ê*:&* ÐÌ193.€€Referring€to€article€3€of€the€Convention,€he€stated€that€there€was€neither€racial€segregation€norÐ ¼, (, Ðòòapartheidóó€in€the€territory€of€Luxembourg€and€that€Luxembourg€had€long€condemned€the€òòapartheidóóÐ ¥-õ(- ÐÔ_ÔrgimeÔ_Ô€of€South€Africa.€€However,€his€Government€maintained€its€position€that€the€Convention€didÐ ° Ðnot€give€the€Committee€the€authority€to€examine€the€foreign€relations€of€States,€since€the€studyÐ ™é Ðcarried€out€by€the€Committee€was€legal€and€not€political€in€nature.Ð ‚Ò ÐÌ194.€€With€reference€to€article€7€of€the€Convention,€he€confirmed€that€Luxembourg€had€in€fact€givenÐ T¤ Ðits€dialect€the€status€of€a€national€language€and€said€that€his€country€would€maintain€its€flexible€andÐ =  Ðpragmatic€€attitude€with€regard€to€the€teaching€of€the€Luxembourg€language€and€other€relatedÐ & v Ðquestions.Ð  _ ÐÌ195.€€The€representative€finally€stated€that€the€other€questions€raised€by€the€Committee€would€beÐ á 1  Ðtaken€into€account€by€his€Government€in€the€preparation€of€its€next€periodic€report.Ð  Ê   Ðò òÔ_ÔCERDÔ_Ô€€A/42/18€(1987)ó óÐ ° ÐÌÌ605.€€The€fourth€periodic€report€of€Luxembourg€(Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/128/Add.2)€was€considered€by€theÐ l¼ ÐCommittee€at€its€790òòthóó€meeting€on€11€March€1987€(Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/SR.790).Ð U¥ ÐÌ606.€€The€report€was€introduced€by€the€representative€of€Luxembourg,€who€highlighted€parts€thereof.Ð ' w ÐÌ607.€€Members€of€the€Committee€congratulated€the€representative€of€Luxembourg€on€an€excellentÐ ù I Ðreport.€€They€asked€what€privileged€treatment€was€extended€to€nationals€of€EEC€countries€comparedÐ â 2  Ðto€nationals€of€other€countries,€and€whether€the€nationals€of€European€countries€which€were€notÐ Ë   Ðmembers€of€EEC€enjoyed€special€treatment€compared€with€nationals€of€other€countries€of€the€world.Ð ´  ÐÌ608.€€Members€noted€that€aliens€accounted€for€26€per€cent€of€the€population€and€asked€whether€theirÐ †Ö  Ðpresence€caused€any€xenophobic€or€racist€reactions.€€Additional€information€was€requested€regardingÐ o¿  Ðthe€measures€adopted€by€the€Government€to€assist€resident€aliens.Ð X¨  ÐÌ609.€€In€relation€to€article€3€of€the€Convention,€clarification€was€requested€concerning€the€statementÐ *z Ðin€the€report€to€the€effect€that€trade€and€foreign€policy€did€not€fall€under€the€provisions€of€theÐ c ÐConvention€itself.€€It€was€asked€whether€Luxembourg€maintained€trade€and€diplomatic€relations€withÐ üL ÐSouth€Africa.Ð å5 ÐÌ610.€€Concerning€articles€4€and€6€of€the€Convention,€members€wished€to€know€what€progress€hadÐ · Ðbeen€made€in€the€implementation€of€the€Convention,€since€it€was€not€itself€directly€applicable€andÐ  ð Ðviolations€of€its€provisions€were€punishable€only€through€domestic€legislation.€€It€was€asked€whatÐ ‰Ù Ðspecific€provisions€had€been€enacted€to€ensure€implementation€of€the€provisions€of€article€4,€andÐ r Ðwhether€legislation€publishing€acts€of€racial€discrimination€was€intended€to€apply€only€to€publicÐ [« Ðofficials€or€also€to€ordinary€citizens.€€It€was€asked€whether€the€European€Convention€on€HumanÐ D” ÐRights€was€frequently€invoked€before€the€courts€and€whether€judges€applied€the€provisions€of€thatÐ -} ÐConvention€readily€or€reluctantly.€€A€copy€of€the€Act€of€9€August€1980€mentioned€in€the€report€wasÐ f Ðrequested€for€information.Ð ÿO ÐÌ611.€€It€was€observed€that€nationality€was€acquired€primarily€according€to€the€rule€of€òòjus€sanguinisóóÐ Ñ!!  Ðbut€that€in€some€cases€preference€had€been€given€to€the€rule€of€òòjus€solióó.€€Additional€information€wasÐ º" ! Ðrequested€in€that€regard.Ð £#ó" ÐÌ612.€€It€was€asked€whether€the€Government€was€contemplating€making€the€declaration€under€articleÐ u%Å $ Ð14€of€the€Convention€recognizing€the€competence€of€the€Committee€to€deal€with€individualÐ ^&®!% Ðcommunications.Ð G'—"& ÐÌ613.€€In€reply€to€the€questions€raised€and€comments€made€by€the€members€of€the€Committee,€theÐ )i$( Ðrepresentative€of€Luxembourg€stated€that€the€term€ð ðprivileged€treatmentðð€used€in€the€report€referredÐ *R%) Ðto€the€principle€of€free€movement€of€persons€established€by€the€Treaty€of€Rome.€€There€was€noÐ ë*;&* Ðdiscrimination€between€nationals€of€the€12€member€States€of€EEC.Ð Ô+$'+ ÐÌ614.€€The€people€of€Luxembourg€did€not€show€any€hostility€towards€foreigners,€though€minorÐ ¦-ö(- Ðisolated€instances€of€friction€might€occur€from€time€to€time.Ð ° ÐÌ615.€€It€was€evident€that€foreign€policy€could€not€disregard€human€rights€violations.€€òòApartheid€óówasÐ ‚Ò Ða€special€case.€€The€report€enumerated€the€measures€agreed€upon€by€EEC€and€adopted€byÐ k» ÐLuxembourg.Ð T¤ ÐÌ616.€€With€regard€to€the€implementation€of€the€Convention€in€Luxembourg€law,€articles€454€and€455Ð & v Ðof€the€Penal€Code€had€been€amended€to€bring€them€in€line€with€the€general€principles€of€theÐ  _ ÐConvention.€€As€to€the€implementation€of€the€European€Convention€on€Human€Rights,€any€needyÐ ø H Ðperson€charged€with€an€offence,€whether€a€national€or€an€alien,€was€entitled€to€legal€assistance,€andÐ á 1  Ðaliens€were€granted€the€services€of€professional€interpreters€appointed€by€the€court.€€LuxembourgÐ Ê   Ðhad€endeavoured€to€give€effect€to€the€Convention€through€domestic€legislation.Ð ³  ÐÌ617.€€The€bill€on€the€acquisition€of€Luxembourg€nationality,€mentioned€in€the€report,€had€becomeÐ …Õ  Ðlaw€on€23€December€1986.€€In€view€of€the€comprehensive€nature€of€the€Act,€it€was€difficult€to€giveÐ n¾  Ða€very€precise€and€technical€answer€on€that€point.€€Nationality€was€basically€acquired€according€toÐ W§  Ðthe€rule€of€òòjus€sanguinisóó,€but€naturally€the€rule€of€òòjus€solióó€also€applied,€particularly€in€the€case€ofÐ @ Ðchildren€born€of€foreign€parents€on€Luxembourg€soil€who€lived€there€for€a€certain€time;€they€wereÐ )y Ðat€an€advantage€if€they€wished€to€acquire€Luxembourg€nationality.Ð b ÐÌ618.€€In€order€to€facilitate€the€integration€of€aliens,€the€Government€had€issued€a€model€statute€forÐ ä4 Ðthe€Communal€Consultative€Commissions€for€Immigrants.Ð Í ÐÐ  ¶ Ðò òÔ_ÔCERDÔ_Ô€€A/44/18€(1989)ó óÐ ° ÐÌÌ332.€€The€fifth€periodic€report€of€Luxembourg€(Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/155/Add.2)€was€considered€by€theÐ l¼ ÐCommittee€at€its€846òòthóó€meeting,€held€on€17€August€1989€(Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/SR.846).Ð U¥ ÐÌ333.€€The€report€was€introduced€by€the€representative€of€the€reporting€State,€who€expressed€hisÐ ' w Ðwillingness€to€provide€any€further€information€that€might€be€requested€by€the€Committee.Ð  ` ÐÌ334.€€Members€of€the€Committee€welcomed€the€fifth€periodic€report€of€Luxembourg,€which€they€saidÐ â 2  Ðwas€a€further€illustration€of€the€countryððs€outstanding€record€in€the€observance€of€human€rights.Ð Ë   ÐÌ335.€€With€reference€to€article€2€of€the€Convention,€members€asked€for€clarification€on€the€directÐ í  Ðapplicability€of€international€treaties€within€the€countryððs€legal€system,€particularly€since€thereÐ †Ö  Ðappeared€to€be€a€contradiction€in€the€report€on€the€applicability€of€the€Convention.Ð o¿  ÐÌ336.€€With€regard€to€article€3,€members€congratulated€the€Government€on€the€various€restrictiveÐ A‘ Ðmeasures€taken,€in€conjunction€with€the€European€Communities,€against€apartheid.€€They€wishedÐ *z Ðto€know,€however,€whether€Luxembourg€had€any€trade€or€diplomatic€relations€with€South€Africa,Ð c Ðand€whether€the€Government€could€provide€any€relevant€information€that€had€become€availableÐ üL Ðsince€the€submission€of€the€report.Ð å5 ÐÌ337.€€Several€questions€were€raised,€under€article€5,€on€the€situation€of€aliens€and€foreign€workersÐ · Ðin€Luxembourg.€€Members€sought€clarification€on€the€right€of€foreigners€to€vote€or€hold€publicÐ  ð Ðoffices.€€They€also€wished€to€know€if€a€distinction€was€made€between€State€and€local€elections.Ð ‰Ù ÐÌ338.€€Turning€to€article€14,€members€requested€the€Government€of€Luxembourg€to€study€theÐ [« Ðdeclarations€made€under€this€article€by€other€State€parties,€and€to€consider€whether€they€could€alsoÐ D” Ðmake€the€declaration.Ð -} ÐÌ339.€€Finally,€members€suggested€that€the€next€periodic€report€of€Luxembourg€should€be€a€brief,Ð ÿO Ðupdating€document,€and€that€the€seventh€periodic€report€should€be€more€comprehensive.Ð è 8 ÐÌ340.€€In€response€to€questions€raised,€the€representative€informed€the€Committee,€with€respect€toÐ º" ! Ðarticle€2,€that€all€ratified€international€treaties€formed€an€integral€part€of,€and€were€fully€operationalÐ £#ó" Ðin,€the€domestic€legal€system€of€his€country.€€Therefore,€in€any€conflict€between€domestic€law€andÐ Œ$Ü# Ðthe€Convention,€the€provisions€of€the€Convention€would€prevail.Ð u%Å $ ÐÌ341.€€Responding€to€questions€on€article€3,€the€representative€stated€that€his€country€had€limitedÐ G'—"& Ðdiplomatic€relations€with€South€Africa,€which€were€intended€to€influence€that€Government€toÐ 0(€#' Ðabandon€its€òòapartheidóó€policies.€€He€was€unable€to€provide€figures€on€trade€relations€between€the€twoÐ )i$( Ðcountries,€but€stated€that€his€Government€strongly€discouraged€such€relations.€€The€representativeÐ *R%) Ðconfirmed€his€Governmentððs€consistent€condemnation€of€òòapartheidóó.€€He€also€confirmed€that€heÐ ë*;&* Ðwould€transmit€to€his€Government€the€Committeeððs€request€for€further€relevant€information€sinceÐ Ô+$'+ Ðthe€submission€of€the€report.Ð ½, (, ÐÐ ¦-ö(- Ð342.€€With€reference€to€questions€on€article€5,€the€representative€stated€that€the€large€number€ofÐ ° Ðforeigners€living€in€Luxembourg€made€the€situation€a€special€one.€€He€said€that€a€law€had€beenÐ ™é Ðadopted€in€December€1988€which€envisaged€that,€in€communities€where€foreign€residents€formedÐ ‚Ò Ðmore€than€20€per€cent€of€the€population,€councils€would€be€set€up,€with€both€national€and€foreignÐ k» Ðmembers,€to€consider€the€conditions€of€foreign€residents.€€He€informed€the€Committee€thatÐ T¤ Ðforeigners€could€be€employed€in€the€public€service€without€actually€becoming€public€officials,€andÐ =  Ðstated€that€25€per€cent€of€the€staff€on€the€Ministry€of€Foreign€Affairs€were€foreigners.€€HeÐ & v Ðemphasizes€that€the€situation€regarding€foreigners€would€continue€to€be€given€serious€considerationÐ  _ Ðby€his€Government;€one€of€the€possible€results€of€this€could€be€an€eventual€distinction€between€StateÐ ø H Ðand€local€elections.Ð á 1  ÐÌ343.€€The€representative€assured€the€members€that€he€would€inform€his€Government€of€theÐ ³  Ðimportance€the€Committee€attached€to€article€14€of€the€Convention,€and€would€inform€them€of€theÐ œì  Ðresult€of€any€decision€taken€on€this€subject.Ð  …Õ  Ðò òÔ_ÔCERDÔ_Ô€€A/49/18€(1994)ó óÐ ° ÐÌÌ411.€€The€Committee€considered€the€combined€sixth€and€seventh€reports€and€the€eighth€report€ofÐ l¼ ÐLuxembourg€(Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/206/Add.1€and€Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/236/Add.1,€respectively)€at€its€1051st€meeting,€onÐ U¥ Ð8€August€1994€(see€Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/SR.1051).Ð > Ž ÐÌ412.€€The€reports€were€introduced€by€the€representative€of€the€State€party,€who€provided€informationÐ  ` Ðon€developments€since€the€examination€of€the€previous€report€of€the€State€party.€€He€indicated€thatÐ ù I Ð32.4€per€cent€of€the€population€was€composed€of€foreigners,€many€of€whom€were€nationals€of€theÐ â 2  ÐEuropean€Union.€€Since€foreign€children€made€up€over€40€percent€of€the€school€population,€aÐ Ë   Ðnumber€of€measures€had€been€taken€to€overcome€any€language€problems€encountered€by€theseÐ ´  Ðchildren.€€For€example,€the€number€of€pupils€per€class€had€been€reduced€and€an€additional€year€ofÐ í  Ðprimary€schooling€had€been€introduced.€€In€addition,€teaching€in€the€mother€tongue€of€foreign€pupilsÐ †Ö  Ðhad€been€included€in€the€primary€curriculum€in€some€communes€during€the€1993/1994€school€year.€Ð o¿  ÐThe€authorities,€through€the€school€inspectorate,€were€endeavouring€to€persuade€other€communalÐ X¨  Ðschool€boards€to€provide€such€teaching.€€In€addition,€the€Ministry€of€the€Family€gave€financialÐ A‘ Ðsupport€to€a€non-governmental€organization€promoting€Ô_ÔsocioÔ_Ô-cultural€activities.€€In€many€of€theÐ *z Ðcommunes€where€over€20€per€cent€of€the€population€were€aliens,€special€consultative€commissionsÐ c Ðresponsible€for€foreign€residents€had€already€been€established.€€Moreover,€information€and€servicesÐ üL Ðhad€been€provided€to€immigrants€on€their€rights€and€the€means€of€recourse€available€to€them.€Ð å5 ÐAlthough€a€vigorous€campaign€had€been€undertaken€to€encourage€citizens€of€the€European€UnionÐ Î Ðto€enter€their€names€on€the€electoral€rolls,€only€6,907€of€the€eligible€45,000€Union€citizens€hadÐ · Ðregistered.Ð  ð ÐÌ413.€€The€representative€said€that€an€act€concerning€the€integration€of€aliens€in€the€Grand€Duchy€ofÐ r ÐLuxembourg€had€been€adopted€on€27€July€1993;€its€purpose€was€to€facilitate€the€integration€of€aliensÐ [« Ðand€provide€for€their€social€welfare.€€The€act€provided€for€coordination€of€policy€concerning€aliensÐ D” Ðthrough€an€Ô_ÔinterministerialÔ_Ô€committee€and€the€Aliens€Commission.Ð -} ÐÌ414.€€He€also€informed€the€Committee€that€racist€and€xenophobic€acts€had€resurfaced€in€LuxembourgÐ ÿO Ðas€in€other€European€countries.€€The€most€serious€event€had€been€the€defacing€of€gravestones€in€aÐ è 8 ÐJewish€cemetery€by€the€inscription€of€swastikas€on€27€February€1994,€and€the€posting€of€anti-BlackÐ Ñ!!  Ðslogans.€€The€authors€of€those€acts€had€not€been€traced.€€In€addition,€there€were€15€official€policeÐ º" ! Ðreports€on€the€appearance€of€pro-Nazi€graffiti€in€1992,€4€in€1993€and€3€in€1994;€and€4€official€policeÐ £#ó" Ðreports€of€thefts€accompanied€by€pro-Nazi€graffiti€in€1992,€and€4€in€1993.€€In€response€to€suchÐ Œ$Ü# Ðdevelopments€the€authorities€had€stated€that€the€sale€or€wearing€of€Nazi€insignia€was€likely€to€causeÐ u%Å $ Ða€public€disturbance€and€as€such€was€against€the€law.Ð ^&®!% ÐÌ415.€€Members€of€the€Committee€expressed€their€appreciation€to€the€State€party€for€its€reports,Ð 0(€#' Ðprepared,€as€they€were,€in€accordance€with€the€reporting€guidelines,€and€for€the€additional€oralÐ )i$( Ðinformation€presented€by€the€State€party's€representatives,€which€enabled€the€Committee€to€gain€aÐ *R%) Ðfuller€appreciation€of€the€political,€legal€and€institutional€framework€in€Luxembourg.Ð ë*;&* ÐÌ416.€€Further€information€was€requested€on€the€status€of€the€Convention€in€domestic€law.€€Since€theÐ ½, (, ÐConstitution€contained€no€provisions€condemning€or€prohibiting€racial€discrimination,€the€StateÐ ¦-ö(- Ðparty€was€requested€to€consider€adding€such€a€provision€to€its€Constitution.Ð ° ÐÌ417.€€Members€of€the€Committee€expressed€interest€in€receiving€further€information€on€the€initiativeÐ ‚Ò Ðestablishing€consultative€commissions€for€aliens€at€the€communal€level,€particularly€with€regard€toÐ k» Ðtheir€functions,€and€why€certain€communes€had€failed€to€set€up€such€commissions.Ð T¤ ÐÌ418.€€Concern€was€expressed€that€national€legislation€did€not€fully€meet€the€requirements€of€articleÐ & v Ð4€of€the€Convention,€as€the€relevant€provisions€of€the€Penal€Code,€in€particular€its€articles€454€andÐ  _ Ð455,€neither€penalized€the€dissemination€of€ideas€based€on€racial€superiority€or€hatred,€in€theÐ ø H Ðbroadest€sense,€nor€did€they€prohibit€organizations€or€propaganda€activities€that€promoted€andÐ á 1  Ðincited€racial€discrimination.Ð Ê   ÐÌ419.€€With€respect€to€article€5€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€noted€the€highÐ œì  Ðproportion€of€foreign€students,€particularly€from€European€Union€countries,€in€schools€and€theÐ …Õ  Ðprovision€made€to€teach€them€in€their€mother€tongue€at€primary€school€level.€€It€was€asked€whatÐ n¾  Ðarrangements€had€been€made€to€teach€them€the€language€and€culture€of€their€countries€of€origin€inÐ W§  Ðsecondary€schools.€€In€addition,€members€of€the€Committee€observed€that€generally€a€distinction€wasÐ @ Ðmade€between€nationals€of€States€members€of€the€European€Union€and€those€of€other€countries€withÐ )y Ðregard€to€the€enjoyment€of€the€rights€provided€under€article€5€(e)€(Ô_ÔiÔ_Ô)€of€the€Convention;€and€that€suchÐ b Ða€practice€was€common€to€all€States€members€of€the€European€Union€in€view€of€the€trend€towardsÐ ûK ÐEuropean€integration.€€It€was€also€noted€that€other€regulations€existed€in€the€State€party€which€placedÐ ä4 Ðnationals€of€specified€third€party€States€on€the€same€footing€as€European€Union€citizens.€€MembersÐ Í Ðof€the€Committee€asked€for€clarification€on€those€matters€and€indicated€that€further€study€on€theÐ ¶ Ðissue€of€European€Union€policy€as€to€the€treatment€of€non-nationals€and€on€freedom€of€movementÐ Ÿï Ðand€its€relationship€to€the€Convention€was€required.€€More€information€was€also€requested€onÐ ˆØ Ðimmigration€to€the€State€party€of€persons€from€regions€other€than€Europe,€and€the€situation€ofÐ qÁ Ðrefugees€from€the€former€Yugoslavia€in€the€State€party.Ð Zª ÐÌ420.€€In€connection€with€article€6€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€requested€furtherÐ ,| Ðinformation€on€the€remedies€available€in€courts€and€other€national€bodies€in€the€event€of€any€act€ofÐ e Ðracial€discrimination.€€They€also€wished€to€know€more€about€the€sentences€handed€down€in€the€casesÐ þN Ðof€acts€of€racism€mentioned€in€paragraph€8€of€the€eighth€report€and€how€many€complaints€had€beenÐ ç 7 Ðfiled€on€alleged€acts€of€racism.€Ð Ð!   ÐÌ421.€€With€regard€to€article€7€of€the€Convention,€members€requested€further€information€on€theÐ ¢#ò" Ðmeasures€taken€in€the€areas€of€education,€culture€and€information€to€combat€prejudices€that€fosteredÐ ‹$Û# Ðdiscrimination€and€intolerance.€€In€that€regard,€particular€attention€was€drawn€to€the€phenomenonÐ t%Ä $ Ðof€the€involvement€of€younger€people€in€racist€movements€and€organizations.€€The€importance€ofÐ ]&­!% Ðincorporating€into€school€curricula€information€on€the€Convention€and€other€measures€to€preventÐ F'–"& Ðdiscrimination€was€emphasized.Ð /(#' ÐÌ422.€€Further€details€were€requested€concerning€the€work€of€national€human€rights€institutions.€€TheÐ *Q%) Ðquestion€was€also€asked€as€to€whether€the€State€party€had€notified€the€Secretary-General€of€itsÐ ê*:&* Ðacceptance€of€the€amendments€to€the€Convention€regarding€the€financing€of€the€meetings€of€theÐ Ó+#'+ ÐCommittee.€Ð ¼, (, ÐÐ ¥-õ(- Ð423.€€Members€of€the€Committee€drew€the€attention€of€the€State€party€to€the€complementarityÐ ° Ðbetween€the€European€human€rights€system€and€the€United€Nations€system€with€regard€to€theÐ ™é Ðconsideration€of€communications€concerning€racial€discrimination.€€Thus,€members€of€theÐ ‚Ò ÐCommittee€wished€to€know€whether€the€State€party€was€considering€making€the€declarationÐ k» Ðrecognizing€the€Committee's€competence€to€receive€and€consider€petitions€under€article€14€of€theÐ T¤ ÐInternational€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€Racial€Discrimination.Ð =  ÐÌ424.€€Replying€to€the€questions€raised,€the€representative€of€the€State€party€indicated€that€theÐ  _ Ðprovisions€of€the€Convention€already€had€the€same€legal€force€as€the€Constitution€in€Luxembourg;Ð ø H Ðhowever,€he€would€recommend€to€his€Government€that€the€Convention€be€incorporated€in€theÐ á 1  ÐConstitution.Ð Ê   ÐÌ425.€€With€regard€to€the€matter€of€mother-tongue€education€in€secondary€schools,€the€CommitteeÐ œì  Ðwas€informed€that€pupils€in€secondary€schools€could€choose€between€instruction€in€Italian,Ð …Õ  ÐPortuguese,€English,€French€or€German.Ð n¾  ÐÌ426.€€Concerning€the€situation€of€refugees€from€the€former€Yugoslavia,€the€representative€stated,Ð @ Ðòòinter€aliaóó,€that€there€were€more€than€2,700€such€refugees€living€in€Luxembourg€and€that€their€statusÐ )y Ðhad€been€defined€after€consultations€with€the€Office€of€the€United€Nations€High€Commissioner€forÐ b ÐRefugees,€which€had€led€to€recognition€of€their€right€to€work€in€Luxembourg.€€The€representativeÐ ûK Ðof€the€State€party€also€indicated€that€his€Government's€next€report€to€the€Committee€would€containÐ ä4 Ðmore€information€on€the€consultative€commissions,€including€an€assessment€of€their€progress.€€InÐ Í Ðaddition,€it€would€provide€more€details€of€the€statistics€on€cases€of€racial€discrimination€and€anyÐ ¶ Ðpenalties€imposed€by€the€courts.Ð Ÿï ÐÌ427.€€Regarding€the€measures€taken€to€coordinate€the€activities€of€non-governmental€organizationsÐ qÁ Ðin€the€field€of€human€rights,€the€representative€stated€that€the€Luxembourg€Institute€for€HumanÐ Zª ÐRights€had€been€set€up€in€1992€to€coordinate€human€rights€activities.Ð C“ ÐÌ428.€€The€Committee€was€also€informed€by€the€representative€of€the€State€party€that€the€GovernmentÐ e Ðof€Luxembourg€was€in€favour€of€the€amendments€to€the€Convention€relating€to€the€financing€of€theÐ þN ÐCommittee's€work€from€the€regular€budget€of€the€United€Nations€and€as€such€his€Government€wouldÐ ç 7 Ðnotify€the€Secretary-General€of€its€acceptance€of€those€amendments.Ð Ð!   ÐÌòòConcluding€observationsóóÐ ¢#ò" ÐÌ429.€€At€its€1065th€meeting,€on€17€August€1994,€the€Committee€adopted€the€following€concludingÐ t%Ä $ Ðobservations.Ð ]&­!% ÐÌòòIntroductionóóÐ /(#' ÐÌ430.€€The€submission€of€reports€prepared€in€accordance€with€the€guidelines€on€reporting€under€theÐ *Q%) ÐConvention€is€appreciated.€€The€additional€oral€information€presented€by€a€high-level€delegation€isÐ ê*:&* Ðalso€welcomed.Ð Ó+#'+ ÐÌòòPositive€aspectsóóÐ ¥-õ(- Ї431.€€Note€is€taken€of€the€importance€the€State€party€attaches€to€the€protection€and€promotion€ofÐ ° Ðhuman€rights,€especially€through€its€contribution€in€international€and€regional€forums,€as€well€as€theÐ ™é Ðmeasures€being€taken€at€the€national€level.€€In€particular,€the€recent€information€programmesÐ ‚Ò Ðinstituted€by€the€Ministry€of€the€Family€to€inform€immigrants,€including€through€multilingual€radioÐ k» Ðbroadcasts,€of€their€rights€and€the€services€provided€and€benefits€available€to€them€are€welcomed.€Ð T¤ ÐThe€decision€of€the€Government€to€involve€the€non-governmental€community€in€the€disseminationÐ =  Ðof€information€against€intolerance,€racism€and€xenophobia€is€also€noted.Ð & v ÐÌ432.€€The€initiative€to€establish€consultative€commissions€in€communes€where€over€20€per€cent€ofÐ ø H Ðthe€resident€population€is€alien€is€also€noted€with€interest.€€Ð á 1  ÐÌòòPrincipal€subjects€of€concernóóÐ ³  ÐÌ433.€€It€is€noted€that€racist€and€xenophobic€acts,€though€very€few€in€number,€have€been€committedÐ …Õ  Ðin€Luxembourg.Ð n¾  ÐÌ434.€€Regret€is€expressed€at€the€lack€of€information€contained€in€the€State€party's€reports€on€theÐ @ Ðbreakdown€and€number€of€non-European€Union€members€residing€in€Luxembourg.Ð )y ÐÌ435.€€While€note€is€taken€of€the€provisions€of€articles€454€and€455€of€the€Penal€Code,€the€concernÐ ûK Ðremains€that€the€State€party€has€not€taken€sufficient€measures€to€implement€the€provisions€of€articleÐ ä4 Ð4€of€the€Convention.€Ð Í ÐÌ436.€€It€is€noted€with€regret€that€the€fullest€information€on€the€implementation€of€articles€5,€6€andÐ Ÿï Ð7€of€the€Convention€was€not€provided€in€the€reports€of€the€State€party.Ð ˆØ ÐÌòòSuggestions€and€recommendationsóóÐ Zª ÐÌ437.€€The€Committee€requests€that€the€State€party€provide€further€information€in€its€next€report€onÐ ,| Ðthe€breakdown€of€the€population,€particularly€with€regard€to€persons€who€are€not€nationals€of€StatesÐ e Ðmembers€of€the€European€Union,€as€well€as€on€its€immigration€policy.Ð þN ÐÌ438.€€The€Committee€would€appreciate€receiving€in€the€next€report€further€information€on€theÐ Ð!   Ðmeasures€taken€to€implement€all€the€provisions€of€article€4€of€the€Convention,€particularly€withÐ ¹" ! Ðregard€to€declaring€illegal€and€prohibiting€organizations€that€promote€and€incite€racialÐ ¢#ò" Ðdiscrimination.Ð ‹$Û# ÐÌ439.€€The€Committee€requests€that€further€clarification€be€provided€on€the€implementation€of€articleÐ ]&­!% Ð5€of€the€Convention€in€the€State€party€with€respect€to€persons€who€are€not€nationals€of€StatesÐ F'–"& Ðmembers€of€the€European€Union.Ð /(#' ÐÌ440.€€With€respect€to€article€6€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€would€appreciate€receiving€furtherÐ *Q%) Ðinformation€on€the€number€of€complaints€of€racial€discrimination,€the€outcome€of€the€prosecutionÐ ê*:&* Ðof€cases€of€racial€discrimination€and€the€redress,€if€any,€provided€to€persons€suffering€from€suchÐ Ó+#'+ Ðdiscrimination.Ð ¼, (, ÐÐ ¥-õ(- Ð441.€€The€Committee€requests€the€State€party€to€provide€further€information€in€its€next€report€on€theÐ ° Ðimplementation€of€article€7€of€the€Convention,€particularly€with€respect€to€the€measures€taken€in€theÐ ™é Ðfield€of€teaching€and€education€in€schools€for€Ô_ÔcombatingÔ_Ô€prejudice€and€promoting€tolerance€and€theÐ ‚Ò Ðinformation€being€disseminated€to€youths€in€this€regard.Ð k» ÐÌ442.€€The€Committee€encourages€the€State€party€to€consider€making€the€declaration€provided€forÐ =  Ðunder€article€14€of€the€Convention€concerning€the€acceptance€of€the€Committee's€competence€toÐ & v Ðreceive€and€consider€petitions.Ð  _ ÐÌ443.€€The€Committee€draws€the€attention€of€the€State€party€to€the€amendment€to€article€8,€paragraphÐ á 1  Ð6,€of€the€Convention,€which€was€approved€by€the€Fourteenth€Meeting€of€States€Parties€and€by€theÐ Ê   ÐGeneral€Assembly€in€its€resolution€47/111,€and€encourages€the€State€party€to€expedite€its€actionÐ ³  Ðformally€to€accept€that€amendment.Ð  œì  Ðò òÔ_ÔCERDÔ_Ô€€A/52/18€Ô_Ô(1997)ó óÔ_ÔÐ ° ÐÌÌÔUSUK.,Ô126.€€The€Committee€considered€the€ninth€periodic€report€of€Luxembourg€(Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/277/Add.2),Ð l¼ Ðat€its€1193òòrdóó€and€1194th€meetings€(Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/SR.1193€and€1194),€held€on€7€March€1997.€€At€itsÐ U¥ Ð1210th€meeting,€held€on€19€March€1997,€it€adopted€the€following€concluding€observations.Ð > Ž ÐÌòòIntroductionóóÐ  ` ÐÌ127.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€detailed€report€submitted€by€the€Government€of€Luxembourg,Ð â 2  Ðwhich€contains€relevant€information€about€changes€and€developments€that€have€occurred€since€theÐ Ë   Ðconsideration€of€the€previous€periodic€report,€although€the€Committee€notes€that€the€form€of€theÐ ´  Ðreport€does€not€follow€the€revised€guidelines.€€The€Committee€notes€with€appreciation€that€the€StateÐ í  Ðparty,€in€the€preparation€of€the€ninth€periodic€report,€has€taken€into€account€the€Committee'sÐ †Ö  Ðconcluding€observations€with€respect€to€the€previous€report.òò10óó/€€The€Committee€also€expresses€itsÐ o¿  Ðappreciation€of€the€constructive€dialogue€with€the€delegation€and€the€comprehensive€and€thoroughÐ X¨  Ðanswers€given€to€the€range€of€questions€asked€by€its€members.Ð A‘ ÐÌòòFactors€and€difficulties€impeding€the€implementation€of€the€ConventionóóÐ c ÐÌ128.€€It€is€noted€that€there€are€no€significant€factors€or€difficulties€that€prevent€the€effectiveÐ å5 Ðimplementation€of€the€Convention€in€Luxembourg.Ð Î ÐÌòòPositive€aspectsóóÐ  ð ÐÌ129.€€The€high€standards€of€Luxembourg€regarding€the€promotion€and€protection€of€human€rightsÐ r Ðand€its€commitment€to€implementing€the€provisions€of€the€Convention€are€noted€with€appreciation,Ð [« Ðespecially€taking€into€account€the€very€high€proportion€of€foreign€residents€(over€35€per€cent)€in€theÐ D” Ðcountry.€€The€fact€that€Luxembourg€has€made€a€declaration€under€article€14€of€the€Convention€andÐ -} Ðis€the€first€State€party€to€implement€paragraph€2€of€article€14€by€establishing€a€standing€committeeÐ f Ðagainst€discrimination€in€May€1996€is€also€welcomed.Ð ÿO ÐÌ130.€€The€additional€steps€recently€undertaken€by€the€authorities€of€Luxembourg€to€bring€itsÐ Ñ!!  Ðlegislation€and€practice€into€line€with€the€Convention's€requirements€are€welcomed.€€In€addition€toÐ º" ! Ðthe€Aliens€Act€promulgated€on€27€July€1993,€the€current€efforts€being€undertaken€by€theÐ £#ó" ÐGovernment€to€amend€the€Penal€Code€are€welcomed.Ð Œ$Ü# ÐÌ131.€€The€Committee€noted€with€satisfaction€that€the€Government€collaborates€withÐ ^&®!% Ðnon-governmental€organizations€to€facilitate€the€integration€of€aliens€and€to€prevent€and€combat€allÐ G'—"& Ðtypes€of€racial€discrimination.€€In€this€regard,€note€is€taken€of€the€1993€working€agreement€betweenÐ 0(€#' Ðthe€Government€and€the€liaison€Committee€for€Aliens'€Associations.Ð )i$( Ð___________Ð *R%) Ðà ' àòò10óó/€à é à[òòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assemblyóó,]€òòForty„ninth€Session,€Supplement€No.€18óóÐ ë*;&* Ð(A/49/18),€paras.€429„443.Ð Ô+$'+ ÐÌÐ ¦-ö(- ÐÔ_Ô132.€€Satisfaction€is€expressed€in€relation€to€efforts€undertaken€by€Luxembourg€to€raise€awarenessÐ ° Ðand€to€promote€action€against€all€forms€of€racial€discrimination.€€Training€of€the€police€on€humanÐ ™é Ðrights€issues€is€also€welcomed.€€School€and€adult€education€policies€implemented€by€the€State€partyÐ ‚Ò Ðto€reflect€a€pluri-national€and€multilingual€population€are€a€source€of€satisfaction.€€The€radioÐ k» Ðbroadcasting€of€programmes€in€various€foreign€languages€is€also€welcomed€as€a€positive€trend.Ð T¤ ÐÌ133.€€The€Act€of€27€July€1993,€which,€òòinter€aliaóó,€provides€special€measures€to€promote€and€protectÐ & v Ðthe€right€to€housing€of€foreign€workers,€is€welcomed€in€the€light€of€article€5€of€the€Convention.Ð  _ ÐÌ134.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€activities€undertaken€and€planned€in€Luxembourg€on€theÐ á 1  Ðoccasion€of€the€European€Year€against€Racism€(1997).Ð Ê   ÐÌòòPrincipal€subjects€of€concernóóÐ œì  ÐÌ135.€€It€is€noted€with€regret€that€racist€and€xenophobic€acts€and€incidents€occurred€in€LuxembourgÐ n¾  Ðduring€1994.Ð W§  ÐÌ136.€€Although€noteworthy€steps€have€been€taken€in€the€period€under€review€towards€the€eliminationÐ )y Ðof€racial€discrimination€in€Luxembourg€and€to€strengthen€the€implementation€of€article€4€of€theÐ b ÐConvention,€it€is€noted€that€racist€organizations€are€not€yet€prohibited€by€law.Ð ûK ÐÌ137.€€Although€the€Committee€is€aware€of€the€positive€efforts€undertaken€by€the€State€party€in€theÐ Í Ðfield€of€education€against€racial€discrimination,€concern€is€expressed€about€the€absence€orÐ ¶ Ðinsufficiency€of€such€educational€measures€for€some€professional€groups,€such€as€judges,Ð Ÿï Ðmagistrates,€lawyers€and€civil€servants.Ð ˆØ ÐÌòòSuggestions€and€recommendationsóóÐ Zª ÐÌ138.€€In€the€light€of€article€4,€paragraph€(b),€of€the€Convention€and€of€the€current€process€ofÐ ,| Ðamending€the€Penal€Code€of€Luxembourg,€the€Committee€recommends€that€the€Government€amendÐ e Ðarticle€455€of€the€Penal€Code€to€bring€it€fully€into€line€with€the€requirements€of€the€Convention.Ð þN ÐÌ139.€€With€respect€to€articles€4€and€6€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€would€appreciate€receivingÐ Ð!   Ðfurther€information€on€the€number€of€complaints€of€racial€discrimination,€the€outcome€of€theÐ ¹" ! Ðprosecution€of€cases€of€racial€discrimination€and€the€redress,€if€any,€provided€to€persons€sufferingÐ ¢#ò" Ðfrom€such€discrimination.Ð ‹$Û# ÐÌ140.€€The€Committee€recommends€the€amendment€of€article€444€of€the€Penal€Code€with€a€view€toÐ ]&­!% Ðintroducing€stronger€penalties€for€acts€of€slander€and/or€defamation€of€a€racial€character.Ð F'–"& ÐÌ141.€€It€is€further€suggested€that€the€State€party€consider€providing€education€and€training€on€racialÐ )h$( Ðtolerance€and€human€rights€issues€to€professional€groups€such€as€judges,€magistrates,€lawyers€andÐ *Q%) Ðcivil€servants.Ð ê*:&* ÐÌ142.€€During€the€current€review€by€the€authorities€of€Luxembourg€of€national€legislation€relating€toÐ ¼, (, Ðfreedom€of€the€press€and€information,€the€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€takeÐ ¥-õ(- Ðappropriate€measures€to€ensure€that€all€of€the€provisions€of€the€International€Convention€on€theÐ ° ÐElimination€of€All€Forms€of€Racial€Discrimination€are€taken€into€account.Ð ™é ÐÌ143.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€give€publicity€in€the€country€to€its€ninthÐ k» Ðperiodic€report,€as€well€as€to€the€Committee's€concluding€observations€thereon.Ð T¤ ÐÌ144.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€ratify€the€amendments€to€article€8,€paragraphÐ & v Ð6,€of€the€Convention,€adopted€on€15€January€1992€at€the€Fourteenth€Meeting€of€States€Parties€to€theÐ  _ ÐConvention.Ð ø H ÐÌ145.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party's€next€periodic€report,€due€on€1€June€1997,Ð Ê   Ðbe€an€updating€report€and€that€it€address€all€the€points€raised€during€the€consideration€of€the€ninthÐ ³  Ðreport.ÔUK.,US.,ÜÔ