ÿWPC¡ :çT—|n~PùŠ*¹¥l2JIÆPèŠÃ_ ø͇ÔÕK„ç/Í¥¡…ÞLOYãøÝqÄ ÐŸ›Ò¥1ò®çÌOàà<¸qo)¡Î” Íbw±ð}mÞwŒ‚2§š Y:µ‚Bn'{×`ÄÂîbÛík);’< #P ïÑQ\yçÄ—õ Ç˜ÚûÅ5„è©“Ù’Œü {‡}¾ÓÑx›"\¥~«Û*L«GO»”Ó’hï’àͬî- GѼ£š}šÑ¶} Σ7•ÄeR3¥s,3B œ×ÏÃxM&E±.´¨Yh}’zÒ»­L§²f¦9}´Ò×»ß`¢Ó œ|–[ˆ‹ÅÁ)[jÞ0ÛdÂ#÷cœzQ~ëL; ’5ùt$r $Cãgy¥Î=bú¢ÁxÇw%Ý´Æý°é÷wôd‹#ù3ôž6Ý‚Ðr¥Ë×)Å0èåß»¼*×nÙ*ÕaH¥·œ‰ ª‚®¥÷§» ¶ŠŽM·•²–AH—Æ&̨ºá•;ÚÓ àŠéÅÅ°:/_ìwCs=ÅF¦”ë{|ŸÉFÿ »±ô`r¥h²r±×2ÏYØ”v¯Õ=h÷0ãÕt³ùiü ÈZO øš±–!I)•±qÎ&J´ÙGH/$#ÉøUNÁ % 0:^ Ow[4_s‚ m„›››››››››››››››››››››› 0š££ 0d=˜Acrobat PDFWriter,,,,,,,,0&Öd9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(ûœ$¡¡ÔUKUS.,Ô·¦³0— Ol§0T~Ÿ3|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ 62 %ÿÿ4heading 2Ñ  ÑÓ  Óò òÔ UK ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  Óó óÔ US ÔÑ  Ñ6ÿÿ4Body TextÑ  ÑÔ UK ÔÔ US ÔÑ  ÑÝ ƒûœ!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ  ÓÔ€¼ãX»XXÔò òLUXEMBOURGó óÐ ° ÐÌÌÓ  ÓÔ€X4aX»¼ãXÔò òCESCR€€E/1991/23ó óÐ øH ÐÌÌ87.€€The€Committee€considered€the€initial€report€of€Luxembourg€concerning€the€rights€covered€by€articlesÐ æ 6 Ð1€to€15€of€the€Covenant€(E/1990/5/Add.1)€at€its€33òòrdóó€to€36òòthóó€meetings€held€on€29€and€30€November€andÐ à 0 Ð3€December€1990€(E/C.12/1990/SR.33€to€36).Ð Ú * ÐÌ88.€€The€representative€of€the€State€party€introduced€the€report€and€explained€that€his€Government€hadÐ Î  Ðratified€the€International€Covenants€on€Human€Rights€and€the€Optional€Protocol€in€1983,€after€havingÐ È  Ðdetermined€that€those€international€instruments€were€compatible€with€the€European€instruments€to€whichÐ Â  ÐLuxembourg€had€previously€acceded,€and€after€having€taken€the€necessary€measures€to€guarantee€theÐ ¼  Ðexercise€within€the€territory€of€Luxembourg€of€the€rights€established€by€the€Covenant.Ð ¶ ÐÌòòGeneral€mattersóóÐ ªú ÐÌ89.€€As€regards€the€general€framework€in€which€the€Covenant€was€being€implemented,€members€of€theÐ žî ÐCommittee€requested€information€on€the€land€and€people€of€Luxembourg;€its€general€political€structure;€itsÐ ˜è Ðeconomic,€social€and€cultural€characteristics;€and€the€general€legal€framework€within€which€human€rightsÐ ’â Ðwere€protected.€€They€further€asked€what€information€and€publicity€was€given€to€the€Covenant€and€theÐ ŒÜ Ðreport€of€Luxembourg€and€what€the€legal€status€was€of€international€treaties,€particularly€of€the€Covenant.€Ð †Ö ÐInformation€was€also€requested€on€the€demographic€distribution€of€the€migrant€population€of€Luxembourg.Ð €Ð ÐÌ90.€€Noting€that€individuals€could€invoke€EEC€legislation€before€the€courts€in€Luxembourg,€but€could€notÐ tÄ Ðdo€the€same€with€the€Covenant,€members€of€the€Committee€asked€why€the€Covenantððs€applicability€inÐ n¾ ÐLuxembourgððs€judicial€system€was€subjected€to€such€a€restrictive€interpretation;€whether€there€had€beenÐ h¸ Ðpublic€discussion€relating€to€the€preparation€of€the€report;€whether€trade€unions€and€other€institutions€hadÐ b ² Ðtaken€part€in€it;€and€whether€the€report€had€been€widely€disseminated.€€It€was€observed€that€the€reportÐ \!¬ Ðmade€no€mention€of€how€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant€were€implemented€in€practice€and€it€was€askedÐ V"¦ Ðwhether€Luxembourg€had€encountered€any€problems€in€this€regard€and€whether€it€had€adapted€or€intendedÐ P#  Ðto€adapt€its€legislation€in€order€to€meet€the€requirements€of€the€provisions€of€article€2€of€the€Covenant.Ð J$š  ÐÌ91.€€The€representative€of€the€State€party€emphasized€that€the€principal€Human€rights€and€fundamentalÐ >&Ž!" Ðfreedoms€were€directly€incorporated€in€his€countryððs€Constitution.€€He€went€on€to€describe€the€GrandÐ 8'ˆ"# ÐDuchy€and€its€demographic,€linguistic,€administrative€and€political€structures.€€He€drew€attention€to€the€factÐ 2(‚#$ Ðthat€foreigners€represented€27.5€per€cent€of€the€population€of€Luxembourg€and€that€the€independence€ofÐ ,)|$% Ðthe€three€powers€„€legislative,€executive€and€judicial€„€was€exercised€in€a€context€of€a€representativeÐ &*v%& Ðdemocracy€in€the€form€of€a€constitutional€monarchy.Ð  +p&' ÐÌ92.€€He€also€provided€detailed€information€on€the€economic,€social€and€cultural€characteristics€of€hisÐ -d() Ðcountry€which€made€possible€both€the€expansion€of€the€productive€sector€and€an€equitable€distribution€ofÐ ° Ðthe€national€product.€€He€pointed€out€that€while€Luxembourg€had€a€negative€balance€in€its€foreign€trade,€theÐ ªú Ðdeficit€was€largely€offset€by€the€favourable€balance€of€trade€in€services.€€Moreover,€social€progress€hadÐ ¤ô Ðbeen€achieved€through€the€establishment€of€new€public€services€and€public€employment.€€At€the€same€time,Ð žî Ðthe€number€of€non„wage„earning€members€of€the€working€population€had€slowly€but€steadily€decreased.€Ð ˜è ÐThe€expansion€of€wage„earning€employment€was€due€to€the€increase€in€the€number€of€cross„frontierÐ ’ â Ðworkers,€to€the€increasing€amount€of€part„time€work€and€to€the€growth€of€female€employment.€€TheÐ Œ Ü Ðunemployment€rate€was€currently€1.4€per€cent.€€The€remuneration€of€workers,€particularly€wages,€wereÐ † Ö Ðrising€steadily€and€the€minimum€social€wage€had€been€increased€by€3.5€per€cent.Ð € Ð ÐÌ93.€€The€representative€furnished€information€on€the€increasing€funds€which€the€Government€of€LuxembourgÐ tÄ  Ðhad€allocated€to€the€Ministry€of€Cultural€Affairs,€especially€for€maintenance€of€the€cultural€infrastructure€andÐ n¾  Ðfor€the€dissemination€of€culture€and€science.€€He€also€referred€to€the€measures€taken€to€preserve€the€cultureÐ h¸  Ðof€the€Portuguese€and€Italian€linguistic€minorities€and€to€his€countryððs€legislation€designed€to€protect€theÐ b²  Ðmoral€and€material€interests€resulting€from€any€scientific,€literary€or€artistic€output.€€He€then€referred€to€aÐ \¬  Ðnumber€of€international€conventions€on€industrial€property€and€on€scientific€and€cultural€co„operation€toÐ V¦ Ðwhich€Luxembourg€was€a€party.Ð P  ÐÌ94.€€He€stated€that€most€of€the€rights€recognized€in€the€International€Covenant€on€Economic,€Social€andÐ D” ÐCultural€Rights€were€incorporated€in€the€Constitution€of€Luxembourg.€€The€Covenant€had€been€reproducedÐ >Ž Ðin€the€òòJournal€officielóó€and,€pursuant€to€the€Constitution,€had€become€an€integral€part€of€the€internal€law.€Ð 8ˆ ÐHowever,€it€was€clear€from€the€Covenantððs€purpose€and€objectives€that€its€provisions€were€not€directlyÐ 2‚ Ðapplicable€in€the€internal€juridical€order€and€the€authorities€of€Luxembourg€had€emphasized,€upon€approvingÐ ,| Ðthe€Covenant,€that€that€instrument€contained€no€provision€which€could€be€directly€invoked€by€individualsÐ &v Ðand€that€it€committed€only€the€contracting€parties.Ð  p ÐÌ95.€€The€representative€pointed€out€that€the€migrant€population€of€Luxembourg€constituted€27.5€per€centÐ d Ðof€the€total€population€and€was€composed€mainly€of€Portuguese,€Italians,€French,€Belgians€and€Germans.€Ð ^ ÐHe€also€stated€that€his€Governmentððs€report€had€been€prepared€on€the€basis€of€the€information€furnishedÐ  X Ðby€the€ministries€concerned,€without€consultation€of€other€bodies.Ð !R ÐÌòòArticle€6:€€Right€to€workóóÐ ö"F ÐÌ96.€€Members€of€the€Committee€wished€to€know€how€ð ðunemploymentðð€was€defined€in€Luxembourg€andÐ ê$: ! Ðwhether€it€comprised€people€looking€for€part„time€work€of€20€hours€per€week€or€less;€what€stepsÐ ä%4!" ÐLuxembourg€had€taken€to€create€jobs€for€less€qualified€employees;€how€Luxembourg€had€coped€with€theÐ Þ&."# Ðunemployment€problems€generated€by€the€crisis€in€the€steel€industry;€what€had€been€done€to€reduce€theÐ Ø'(#$ Ðunemployment€of€young€people€and€whether€there€were€any€specific€training€programmes€to€increase€theirÐ Ò("$% Ðchances€in€the€labour€market.€€They€also€asked€what€had€been€done€to€reduce€unemployment€amongÐ Ì)%& Ðwomen;€whether€there€were€increased€opportunities€for€part„time€employment€and€whether€there€were€anyÐ Æ*&' Ðsteps€taken€to€increase€the€employment€of€disabled€persons.Ð À+'( ÐÌ97.€€Furthermore,€information€was€requested€on€the€evolution€of€employment€and€unemployment€inÐ ´-)* ÐLuxembourg€since€1988,€when€the€report€had€been€prepared,€and€additional€information€was€requestedÐ ° Ðon€the€legislation€governing€protection€against€dismissal.Ð ªú ÐÌ98.€€The€representative€of€the€State€party€said€that€unemployment€was€defined€in€Luxembourg€as€the€factÐ žî Ðof€not€having€work€for€reasons€beyond€oneððs€control.€€In€that€connection,€he€furnished€details€of€theÐ ˜è Ðlegislation€on€unemployment€that€applied€since€June€1987€to€workers€who€had€lost€regular€employmentÐ ’ â Ðwhich€they€had€held€on€a€full„time€or€part„time€basis.€€He€added€that€Luxembourg€had€not€created€jobs€forÐ Œ Ü Ðunskilled€persons,€but€sought€rather€to€improve€the€vocational€training€of€such€persons.€€A€modernizationÐ † Ö Ðand€rationalization€programme€had€been€introduced€to€deal€with€the€crisis€in€the€iron€and€steel€industry€andÐ € Ð Ðlegislative€measures€had€been€taken€to€maintain€employment,€to€employ€surplus€labour€in€special€workÐ z Ê  Ðprojects€of€public€benefit,€to€retrain€iron€and€steel€workers€for€work€in€other€sectors€and€to€establish€anÐ tÄ  Ðexpanded€system€of€early€retirement.€€Under€a€Grand€Ducal€regulation€of€1978,€vocational€training,Ð n¾  Ðreadaptation€and€general€education€courses€had€been€organized€for€young€unemployed€persons€andÐ h¸  Ðworkers€whose€employment€was€threatened.€€The€female€unemployment€rate€in€Luxembourg€was€no€higherÐ b²  Ðthan€the€male€rate.€€Nevertheless,€a€bill€to€deal€with€the€problem€of€female€unemployment€was€currently€inÐ \¬  Ðpreparation.€€Furthermore,€a€placement€and€rehabilitation€office€dealt€with€the€question€of€the€occupationalÐ V¦ Ðand€social€reintegration€of€disabled€persons.€€Since€1988€the€unemployment€rate€showed€a€declining€trend.€Ð P  ÐImproper€dismissal€from€employment€had€been€defined€in€Luxembourg€law€by€the€Act€of€24€May€1989,Ð Jš Ðwhich€also€provided€for€remedies.Ð D” ÐÌòòArticle€7:€€Right€to€just€and€favourable€conditions€of€workóóÐ 8ˆ ÐÌ99.€€Members€of€the€Committee€wished€to€know€how€the€minimum€wage€was€determined€in€Luxembourg;Ð ,| Ðhow€the€decline€in€real€wages€in€industry€was€explained;€and€whether€wage€increases€were€regulated€onlyÐ &v Ðby€law€or€were€also€subject€to€collective€bargaining.Ð  p ÐÌ100.€€In€addition€they€wished€to€receive€comparative€figures€for€migrant€workers€from€the€EEC€and€fromÐ d Ðnon„Community€countries€in€Luxembourg€and€asked€whether€working€conditions€and€social€securityÐ ^ Ðprovisions€differed€for€the€two€groups.€€They€further€asked€how€real€wages€paid€by€enterprises€were€takenÐ  X Ðinto€account€in€determining€the€guaranteed€minimum€income€and€requested€details€concerning€measuresÐ !R Ðtaken€to€adjust€remuneration€to€variations€in€the€index€published€by€the€Government.Ð ü!L ÐÌ101.€€In€his€reply,€the€representative€of€the€State€party€referred€to€the€Act€of€12€March€1973€on€the€reformÐ ð#@  Ðof€the€minimum€social€wage,€which€was€mentioned€in€his€Governmentððs€report,€and€to€the€Act€of€12€JuneÐ ê$: ! Ð1965€on€collective€labour€agreements,€which€laid€down€the€requirements€for€pay€increases.€€He€said€thatÐ ä%4!" Ðthe€system€of€automatic€adaptation€of€the€minimum€wage€according€to€movements€of€the€cost„of€„livingÐ Þ&."# Ðindex€made€a€reduction€of€the€real€value€of€wages€virtually€impossible.Ð Ø'(#$ ÐÌ102.€€Referring€to€the€treatment€of€foreign€workers€in€matters€of€social€security,€the€representative€said€thatÐ Ì)%& Ðthe€social€legislation€of€Luxembourg€established€the€principle€of€equality€among€all€wage„earners€withoutÐ Æ*&' Ðdistinction.€€Nevertheless,€under€the€provisions€of€the€Treaty€of€Rome,€nationals€of€States€members€of€theÐ À+'( ÐEEC€were€fully€assimilated€to€Luxembourg€workers,€whereas€nationals€of€other€countries€were€coveredÐ º, () Ðby€relevant€bilateral€or€multilateral€conventions.€€He€gave€some€particulars€of€the€system€of€responsibilityÐ ´-)* Ðfor€payment€of€wages€where€leave€was€granted€for€educational€purposes€in€the€private€and€public€sectors.Ð ° ÐÌ103.€€The€minimum€wage€was€the€same€for€everyone€and€was€not€determined€according€to€the€profitabilityÐ ¤ô Ðof€the€employing€enterprise.€€Pay€was€indexed€to€the€cost€of€living€both€in€the€public€sector€and€in€theÐ žî Ðprivate€sector.Ð ˜è ÐÌòòArticle€8:€€Trade€union€rightsóóÐ Œ Ü ÐÌ104.€€Members€of€the€Committee€asked€what€was€the€definition€of€a€ð ðlegitimate€and€lawful€strikeðð;€whatÐ € Ð Ðwere€the€lawful€reasons€for€a€strike;€whether€public€servants€had€the€right€to€strike,€and€if€so,€under€whatÐ z Ê  Ðlimitations;€and€what€the€function€of€the€National€Conciliation€Office€was.Ð tÄ  ÐÌ105.€€They€also€wished€to€know€whether€law€or€practice€required€a€strike€ballot€before€the€right€to€strikeÐ h¸  Ðcould€be€exercised;€whether€persons€going€on€strike€before€the€conciliation€procedures€had€been€exhaustedÐ b²  Ðcould€be€sent€to€prison;€what€sort€of€system€existed€to€determine€which€unions€were€most€representative;Ð \¬  Ðand€what€was€the€percentage€of€union€membership€among€workers€in€Luxembourg.€€It€was€noted€thatÐ V¦ ÐLuxembourg€had€ratified€ILO€Conventions€98€of€1949€and€151€of€1978€concerning,€òòinter€aliaóó,€collectiveÐ P  Ðbargaining€in€the€public€sector€and€information€was€requested€on€the€application€of€those€Conventions€andÐ Jš Ðon€the€collective€bargaining€machinery€existing€in€Luxembourg€to€deal€with€that€sector.€€It€was€also€askedÐ D” Ðwho€decide€whether€the€conciliation€procedures€had€been€exhausted€and€whether€there€was€any€time„limitÐ >Ž Ðwithin€which€that€decision€had€to€be€taken.Ð 8ˆ ÐÌ106.€€The€representative€of€the€State€party€explained€that,€in€the€event€of€a€collective€labour€dispute,€aÐ ,| Ðcompulsory€conciliation€procedure€was€initiated€by€the€National€Conciliation€Office€composed€ofÐ &v Ðrepresentatives€of€the€Ministry€of€Labour,€employersðð€organizations€and€trade€union€organizations.€€At€theÐ  p Ðconclusion€of€the€negotiations,€the€National€Conciliation€Office€submitted€to€the€parties€concerned€aÐ j Ðproposal€which€could€lead€to€the€conclusion€of€a€new€collective€agreement€or,€in€the€event€of€rejection€ofÐ d Ðthe€proposal,€to€arbitration.€€Under€Luxembourg€law,€legitimate€grounds€for€a€strike€could€be€of€anÐ ^ Ðoccupational€nature€only.€€Public€sector€workers€enjoyed€the€right€to€strike,€with€the€exception€of€certainÐ  X Ðcategories,€such€as€heads€of€departments,€members€of€the€judiciary,€medical€personnel€of€the€custodialÐ !R Ðservices,€etc.€€Personal€requisition€orders€were€provided€for€in€the€legislation€regulating€the€right€to€strikeÐ ü!L Ðin€the€public€service.€€Criminal€or€disciplinary€penalties€and€fines€were€also€provided€for€in€the€case€of€non„Ð ö"F Ðobservance€of€this€legislation.Ð ð#@  ÐÌ107.€€He€explained€that€strikes€were€fairly€rare€in€Luxembourg€and€were€called€only€after€a€ballot€by€theÐ ä%4!" Ðtrade€union€members€concerned.€€Participants€in€unlawful€strikes€were€liable€to€disciplinary€penalties,€butÐ Þ&."# Ðnot€to€imprisonment.€€Under€Luxembourg€law,€a€strike€was€considered€lawful€if€there€were€legitimateÐ Ø'(#$ Ðgrounds€for€it,€if€it€had€been€preceded€by€negotiation€between€the€employers€and€the€trade€unionÐ Ò("$% Ðorganizations€and€that€negotiation€had€failed,€and€if€conciliation€and€arbitration€procedures€had€also€failed.€Ð Ì)%& ÐThe€representativeness€of€a€trade€union€was€defined€by€the€Act€of€12€June€1965.Ð Æ*&' Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àÌòòArticle€9:€€Right€to€social€securityóóÐ º, () ÐÐ ´-)* Ð108.€€Members€of€the€Committee€wished€to€know€how€Luxembourgððs€old„age€pension€scheme€dealt€withÐ ° Ðthe€problem€of€divorce,€in€particular€the€splitting€of€pension€claims€in€cases€where€one€spouse€had€notÐ ªú Ðacquired€a€prior€claim€on€a€pension;€whether€long„term€unemployed€women€and€other€groups€with€difficultÐ ¤ô Ðaccess€to€the€labour€market€were€disadvantaged€by€any€rules€requiring€a€minimum€time€of€insurance;Ð žî Ðwhether€there€were€any€social€security€benefits€which€were€not€available€to€foreigners€and,€if€so,€whichÐ ˜è Ðones;€and€what€the€reasons€were€for€excluding€non„citizens.€€It€was€also€asked€whether€pensioners€inÐ ’ â ÐLuxembourg€were€as€able€to€meet€basic€needs€as€were€wage„earners.Ð Œ Ü ÐÌ109.€€The€representative€of€the€State€party€said€that€Luxembourgððs€current€social€security€legislationÐ € Ð Ðestablished€the€right€of€a€divorced€spouse€to€receive€a€survivorððs€pension€on€the€basis€of€the€principle€ofÐ z Ê  Ðequal€treatment€for€men€and€women.€€Such€survivorsðð€pensions€amounted€to€a€proportion€of€the€normalÐ tÄ  Ðsurvivorððs€pension.€€The€legislation€of€Luxembourg€did€not€provide€for€a€division€of€the€pension€entitlementsÐ n¾  Ðwhere€one€of€the€divorced€spouses€had€not€acquired€a€claim€on€an€old„age€pension€prior€to€the€divorce.€Ð h¸  ÐHe€also€pointed€out€that€persons€who€were€no€longer€entitled€to€an€unemployment€benefit€received€aÐ b²  Ðguaranteed€minimum€income€that€was€payable€only€to€persons€who€had€paid€their€unemployment€insuranceÐ \¬  Ðcontributions.€€He€also€referred€to€the€measures€taken€in€Luxembourg€to€facilitate€the€reintegration€intoÐ V¦ Ðemployment€of€wage„earning€mothers€who€had€ceased€working€in€order€to€care€for€their€children.Ð P  ÐÌ110.€€With€regard€to€social€security€benefits,€foreigners€were€entitled€to€equality€of€treatment€withoutÐ D” Ðexception,€on€condition€that€they€exercised€an€occupation€or€profession€or€had€a€contract€of€employment.€Ð >Ž ÐThere€was€a€link,€in€Luxembourg,€between€the€amount€of€the€retirement€pension€and€the€amount€of€theÐ 8ˆ Ðsalary€or€wage.Ð 2‚ ÐÌòòArticle€10:€€Protection€of€the€family,€mothers€and€childrenóóÐ &v ÐÌ111.€€Members€of€the€Committee€asked€whether€maternity€payments€were€independent€of€the€income€ofÐ j Ðthe€mother€(or€father)€of€the€child;€who€paid€the€wages/salaries€during€maternity€leaves,€whether€it€was€theÐ d Ðemployer€or€the€State;€whether€there€were€any€programmes€for€mothers€who€wished€to€take€leave€ofÐ ^ Ðabsence€for€two€to€three€years€to€raise€their€child;€whether€their€jobs€were€guaranteed€or€whether€the€re„Ð  X Ðentry€to€employment€was€supported€in€some€other€way€and€what€the€situation€of€these€women€was€in€theÐ !R Ðsocial€security€system.Ð ü!L ÐÌ112.€€It€was€also€asked€whether€the€law€provided€for€paternity€leave,€whether€family€allowances€wereÐ ð#@  Ðadequate€to€cover€the€cost€of€bringing€up€a€child€and€whether€consumer€assistance€was€available€to€theÐ ê$: ! Ðunemployed€and€to€retired€people.€€In€addition,€statistical€information€was€requested€on€marriage€andÐ ä%4!" Ðdivorce€rates€and€the€percentage€of€natural€children€as€compared€with€children€born€in€wedlock.€Ð Þ&."# ÐInformation€was€also€requested€on€the€treatment€of€juvenile€delinquents.Ð Ø'(#$ ÐÌ113.€€The€representative€of€the€State€party€provided€information€on€maternity€allowance€which€had€beenÐ Ì)%& Ðintroduced€in€Luxembourg€in€1973.€€Maternity€payments€were€made€by€the€health€insurance€scheme€andÐ Æ*&' Ðlater€reimbursed€by€the€State.€€They€were€not€independent€of€the€motherððs€income.€€The€maternityÐ À+'( Ðallowance€covered€a€period€up€to€12€weeks€and€was€payable€to€any€pregnant€woman€or€any€woman€whoÐ º, () Ðgave€birth€in€Luxembourg€provided€they€had€lived€there€for€a€year€before€the€birth€of€her€child.€€With€regardÐ ´-)* Ðto€programmes€for€mothers€wishing€to€take€leave€of€absence€to€raise€their€child,€the€representative€referredÐ ° Ðto€the€information€provided€under€article€9€of€the€Covenant.Ð ªú ÐÌ114.€€He€said€that€under€Luxembourg€law€a€person€recognized€as€an€illegitimate€child€by€one€of€its€parentsÐ žî Ðwas€treated€in€the€same€way€as€a€legitimate€child€as€far€as€social€security€was€concerned,€the€child€beingÐ ˜è Ðsimply€regarded€as€a€dependant.€€The€falling€birth€rate€had€been€the€reason€for€the€fairly€frequentÐ ’ â Ðmodifications€of€the€family€allowances,€which€had€been€considerably€extended€over€the€years.€€The€divorceÐ Œ Ü Ðrate€in€Luxembourg€had€risen€considerably.€€In€1989,€40€per€cent€of€marriages€had€ended€in€divorce.Ð † Ö ÐÌòòArticle€11:€€Right€to€an€adequate€standard€of€livingóóÐ z Ê  ÐÌ115.€€Members€of€the€Committee€requested€a€description€in€more€detail€of€the€system€of€rent€control€inÐ n¾  ÐLuxembourg.€€They€asked,€in€particular,€whether€in€case€of€heavy€increases€in€the€capital€value€of€buildingsÐ h¸  Ðthe€rent€ceiling€rose€accordingly,€and€whether€there€were€any€homeless€people€in€Luxembourg.€€In€addition,Ð b²  Ðmore€information€was€requested€about€the€adequacy€of€the€guaranteed€minimum€income€for€a€singleÐ \¬  Ðpersonððs€standard€of€living.€€It€was€also€asked€whether€any€bench„marks€had€been€established€for€theÐ V¦ Ðquality€of€housing€in€Luxembourg€and€whether€there€were€any€statistics€indicating€the€extent€to€which€theÐ P  Ðavailable€housing€did€not€measure€up€to€such€bench„marks.Ð Jš ÐÌ116.€€The€representative€of€the€State€party€stated€that€low„cost€housing€was€scarce€in€Luxembourg€andÐ >Ž Ðthat€the€Government€had€taken€steps€to€promote€home€ownership€and€to€provide€housing€for€the€leastÐ 8ˆ Ðadvantage€sectors€of€the€population.€€Under€an€Act€of€1955,€amended€in€1987,€rent€control€committeesÐ 2‚ Ðhad€been€established.€€Housing€subsidies€were€available€for€families€with€an€income€below€a€certain€levelÐ ,| Ðand€interest€subsidies€could€be€granted€to€persons€who€borrowed€to€build€or€buy€a€dwelling€under€certainÐ &v Ðconditions.€€In€Luxembourg,€there€were€no€homeless€people,€however,€the€authorities€had€occasionallyÐ  p Ðdiscovered€that€clandestine€migrant€workers€occupied€dwellings€which€did€not€meet€minimum€standards.Ð j ÐÌòòArticle€12:€€Right€to€physical€and€mental€healthóóÐ ^ ÐÌ117.€€Members€of€the€Committee€asked€how€the€medical€insurance€system€coped€with€the€problem€ofÐ !R Ðextreme€increases€in€medical€costs€and€whether€the€health€care€facilities€available€in€Luxembourg€wereÐ ü!L Ðconsidered€adequate.€€Information€was€also€requested€on€measures€taken€in€Luxembourg€to€ensure€theÐ ö"F Ðhuman€rights€of€individuals€affected€by€AIDS;€to€reduce€alcohol€consumption;€and€to€combat€cardiovascularÐ ð#@  Ðdiseases.€€It€was€also€asked€whether€the€bill€on€occupational€medicine€referred€to€in€paragraph€62€of€theÐ ê$: ! Ðreport€had€already€been€adopted;€What€preventive€measures€were€taken€against€endemic€and€epidemicÐ ä%4!" Ðdiseases;€and€what€were€the€proportions€of€public€and€private€medicine€in€the€health€sector.Ð Þ&."# ÐÌ118.€€The€representative€of€Luxembourg€stated€that€in€his€country€the€medical€insurance€branch€of€the€socialÐ Ò("$% Ðsecurity€service€was€in€chronic€difficulty.€€Various€cost„cutting€measures€had€been€adopted.€€However,Ð Ì)%& Ðthose€measures€had€not€succeeded€in€reducing€the€cost€of€health€services.€€Doctors€tended€to€over„Ð Æ*&' Ðprescribe€and€Luxembourg€was€in€the€process€of€introducing€measures€under€which€the€frequency€ofÐ À+'( Ðprescription€of€various€medicines€was€monitored.€€Those€measures€were€intended€solely€to€promoteÐ º, () Ðtherapeutic€discretion.€€In€1991,€insurance€contributions€from€citizens€would€be€increased€to€overcome€theÐ ´-)* Ðlarge€deficit€in€insurance€revenues€of€the€State.€€Ample€facilities€were€already€available€for€health€care,Ð ° Ðparticularly€for€elderly€persons.Ð ªú ÐÌ119.€€He€also€referred€to€various€measures€which€had€been€considered€in€Luxembourg€in€order€toÐ žî Ðovercome€a€certain€backwardness€in€the€area€of€preventive€medicine.€€The€medical€insurance€schemes€hadÐ ˜è Ðsuggested€the€introduction€of€a€special€tax€on€tobacco€and€alcohol,€but€the€idea€had€been€rejected.€€He€alsoÐ ’ â Ðreferred€to€social€projects€envisaged€by€the€Government€which€aimed,€òòinter€aliaóó,€to€provide€greaterÐ Œ Ü Ðprotection€for€elderly€persons€and€disabled€workers.Ð † Ö ÐÌòòArticles€13€and€14:€€Right€to€educationóóÐ z Ê  ÐÌ120.€€Members€of€the€Committee€wished€to€know€how€children€of€migrant€workers€were€integrated€in€theÐ n¾  ÐLuxembourg€educational€system€and€what€provision€was€made€for€the€preservation€of€the€cultural€andÐ h¸  Ðlanguage€differences€of€immigrant€children€and€the€children€of€migrant€workers.€€They€noted€that€publicÐ b²  Ðexpenditure€on€education€in€Luxembourg€represented€2.6€per€cent€of€GNP€in€1984,€down€from€6.0€perÐ \¬  Ðcent€in€1980„1982€and€they€asked€what€the€reasons€were€for€targeting€the€funding€of€education€with€suchÐ V¦ Ðsevere€budget€cuts€during€the€recent€austerity€measures.€€In€addition,€information€was€requested€regardingÐ P  Ðthe€number€of€Luxembourg€citizens€attending€university€or€receiving€post„graduate€education€outside€theÐ Jš Ðcountry€and€concerning€special€schools€for€the€disabled.Ð D” ÐÌ121.€€It€was€also€asked€what€was€being€done€in€Luxembourg€to€ensure€that€secondary€and€higher€educationÐ 8ˆ Ðwas€gradually€made€free€of€charge;€who€was€responsible€for€providing€in„school€instruction€on€religious€orÐ 2‚ Ðsecular€ethics;€whether€any€decision€had€been€taken€as€a€result€of€the€debate€on€religious€education€in€theÐ ,| Ðschools;€what€measures€had€been€taken€to€help€adult€refugees€and€migrant€workers€who€had€not€receivedÐ &v Ðany€basic€education€in€their€own€countries;€and€what€influence€Luxembourgððs€geographical€position€andÐ  p Ðdemographic€situation€had€on€its€culture€and€environment.€€More€information€was€requested€on€the€numberÐ j Ðof€private€schools,€in€particular€religious€schools;€the€drop„out€rate€in€compulsory€education;€and€theÐ d Ðproportion€of€the€national€budget€allocated€to€education€at€present.Ð ^ ÐÌ122.€€The€representative€of€the€State€party€said€that€approximately€one€third€of€the€children€enrolled€inÐ !R Ðprimary€schools€in€Luxembourg€were€aliens,€mainly€from€Portugal.€€The€children€of€migrant€workers€usuallyÐ ü!L Ðattended€the€same€schools€as€Luxembourg€children.€€The€Government€and€the€local€authorities€had€takenÐ ö"F Ðmeasures€to€try€to€resolve€the€difficulties€encountered€by€the€children€of€migrant€workers€in€primary€school,Ð ð#@  Ðwhere€instruction€was€given€in€three€languages€(Luxembourgeois,€French€and€German).Ð ê$: ! ÐÌ123.€€The€representative€said€that€the€reduction€of€the€education€budget€was€attributable€to€the€decline€inÐ Þ&."# Ðspecial€service€allowances;€to€the€suspension€of€the€mechanism€linking€salaries€to€the€cost„of„living€index;Ð Ø'(#$ Ðand€to€a€reduction€of€the€funds€allocated€for€educational€establishments€and€for€the€purchase€of€teachingÐ Ò("$% Ðmaterials.€€Some€2,500€Luxembourg€students€were€currently€pursuing€university€studies€abroad.€€A€specialÐ Ì)%& Ðeducation€system€had€been€introduced€in€Luxembourg€which€also€benefited€disabled€children.€€Its€cost€wasÐ Æ*&' Ðborne€by€the€State.Ð À+'( ÐÌ124.€€The€representative€said€that€public€education€was€free€of€charge€in€Luxembourg€and€assistance,€asÐ ´-)* Ðwell€as€State€scholarships,€were€provided€for€students€who€had€to€pursue€university€studies€abroad.€€TheÐ ° Ðprivate€schools€were€almost€all€Catholic.€€Relations€between€the€Sate€and€the€educational€establishmentsÐ ªú Ðwere€governed€by€the€Acts€of€1912€and€1982.€€The€representative€also€provided€detailed€information€onÐ ¤ô Ðthe€composition€of€the€school€population,€which€included€a€large€number€of€foreign€children.€€No€specializedÐ žî Ðsystem€of€education€was€planned€in€Luxembourg€for€adult€refugees€or€migrants.Ð ˜è ÐòòÌArticle€15:€€Right€to€take€part€in€cultural€life€and€to€enjoy€the€benefits€of€scientific€progress€and€to€benefitÐ Œ Ü Ðfrom€the€protection€of€the€interests€of€authorsóóÐ † Ö ÐÌ125.€€Members€of€the€Committee€noted€that€the€report€did€not€deal€with€the€rights€enshrined€in€article€15Ð z Ê  Ðof€the€Covenant.€€They,€therefore,€asked€whether€this€omission€was€deliberate,€and,€if€so,€how€LuxembourgÐ tÄ  Ðjudged€this€omission€in€the€light€of€its€reporting€obligations€under€the€Covenant.Ð n¾  ÐÌ126.€€With€regard€to€the€lack€of€information€in€the€report€on€certain€points€relating€to€the€implementation€Ð b²  Ðof€the€Covenant,€the€representative€of€the€State€party€said€that€further€written€information€would€be€sentÐ \¬  Ðto€the€Committee.€€This€would€deal,€in€particular,€with€the€questions€of€religious€instruction€in€schools,€theÐ V¦ Ðinfluence€of€foreigners€residing€in€Luxembourg€on€the€countryððs€culture€an€the€implementation€of€ILOÐ P  ÐConventions€Nos.€98€of€1949€and€151€of€1978.Ð Jš ÐÌòòConcluding€observationsóóÐ >Ž ÐÌ127.€€The€Committee€was€of€the€view€that€the€report€submitted€by€Luxembourg€was€too€short,€insufficientlyÐ 2‚ Ðinformative€and€excessively€concerned€with€legislative€provisions€at€the€expense€of€practical€information€asÐ ,| Ðto€the€extent€of€enjoyment€of€economic,€social€and€cultural€rights.€€This€was€particularly€problematic€in€theÐ &v Ðcontext€of€an€initial€report.€€It€was€noted€that€article€15€of€the€Covenant€was€not€dealt€with€at€all€in€theÐ  p Ðreport.Ð j ÐÌ128.€€Nevertheless€the€Committee€observed€that€the€detailed€and€well„documented€oral€replies€given€byÐ ^ Ðthe€delegation€of€Luxembourg€had€largely€filled€the€gaps€in€the€report€itself.€€It€was€noted€that€the€situationÐ  X Ðof€economic,€social€and€cultural€rights€in€Luxembourg€appeared€to€be€generally€satisfactory€and€theÐ !R ÐCommittee€welcomed€the€fact€that€the€representative€had€undertaken€to€submit€information€in€January€1991Ð ü!L Ðto€reply€to€questions€which€had€remained€unanswered.Ð ö"F ÐÌ129.€€However,€the€constitutional€status€of€economic,€social€and€cultural€rights€in€Luxembourg€gave€riseÐ ê$: ! Ðto€considerable€debate.€€In€particular€the€fact€that€the€Covenant,€virtually€alone€among€applicableÐ ä%4!" Ðinternational€human€rights€treaties,€was€considered€to€be€non„self„executing€in€its€totality€was€questioned.€Ð Þ&."# ÐIt€was€observed€that,€by€contrast€to€this€approach,€the€Covenant€contained€a€number€of€provisions€whichÐ Ø'(#$ Ðthe€great€majority€of€observers€would€consider€to€be€self„executing.€€These€included€for€example,Ð Ò("$% Ðprovisions€dealing€with€non„discrimination,€the€right€to€strike€and€the€right€to€free€primary€education.€€In€thatÐ Ì)%& Ðconnection,€a€view€was€expressed€that€a€theory€according€to€which€every€State€should€have€its€own€systemÐ Æ*&' Ðof€interpretation€of€the€international€treaties€would€lead€to€chaos€and€would€destroy€the€very€essence€ofÐ À+'( Ðinternational€law.Ð  º, () Ðò òCESCR€€E/1998/22ó óÐ ° ÐÌÌÔUSUK.,Ô383.€€The€Committee€considered€the€second€periodic€report€of€Luxembourg€on€articles€1€to€15€of€theÐ žî ÐCovenant€(E/1990/6/Add.9)€at€its€48òòthóó€and€49òòthóó€meetings€on€2€December€1997€and,€at€its€54òòthóó€meeting€onÐ ˜è Ð5€December€1997,€adopted€the€following€concluding€observations.Ð ’ â ÐÌòòIntroductionóóÐ † Ö ÐÌ384.€€The€Committee€expresses€its€appreciation€to€the€State€party€for€its€second€periodic€report,€whichÐ z Ê  Ðcomplied€with€the€Committee's€guidelines.€€Nevertheless,€it€regrets€the€delay€in€the€submission€of€the€report.€Ð tÄ  ÐThe€Committee€also€appreciates€the€very€detailed€additional€information€provided€in€response€to€its€list€ofÐ n¾  Ðissues.€€It€welcomes€the€presence€of€a€high-level€delegation,€with€which€it€engaged€in€an€open€andÐ h¸  Ðconstructive€dialogue.Ð b²  ÐÌòòPositive€aspectsóóÐ V¦ ÐÌ385.€€The€Committee€notes€with€appreciation€the€State€party's€continuing€efforts€to€comply€with€itsÐ Jš Ðobligations€under€the€Covenant€through€its€law,€policies,€programmes€and€administrative€measures.Ð D” ÐÌ386.€€The€Committee€notes€with€satisfaction€the€existence€of€a€comprehensive€social€security€scheme€andÐ 8ˆ Ðthe€efforts€undertaken€by€the€State€party€to€improve€and€update€its€legislation€with€regard€to€economic€andÐ 2‚ Ðsocial€rights,€the€introduction€of€dependants'€insurance,€and€the€drafting€of€a€law€guaranteeing€enjoymentÐ ,| Ðof€the€right€to€health€care.Ð &v ÐÌ387.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€establishment€of€the€Tripartite€Coordination€Committee€as€aÐ j Ðmechanism€designed€to€promote€social€peace€and€stability.€€The€Committee€further€notes€the€State€party'sÐ d Ðefforts€to€address€the€problem€of€rising€unemployment.Ð ^ ÐÌ388.€€The€Committee€notes€the€large€number€of€foreigners€residing€in€the€State€party€and€welcomes€theÐ !R Ðmeasures€taken€by€the€authorities€to€ensure€the€enjoyment€of€their€economic,€social€and€cultural€rights.Ð ü!L ÐÌòòFactors€and€difficulties€impeding€the€implementation€of€the€CovenantóóÐ ð#@  ÐÌ389.€€The€Committee€notes€the€absence€of€any€significant€factors€or€difficulties€preventing€the€effectiveÐ ä%4!" Ðimplementation€of€the€Covenant€in€Luxembourg.Ð Þ&."# ÐÌòòPrincipal€subjects€of€concernóóÐ Ò("$% ÐÌ390.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€that€the€Covenant€has€not€been€given€the€status€of€domestic€law€andÐ Æ*&' Ðthat€there€have€been€no€judicial€decisions€relating€to€its€application€by€domestic€courts.€€Therefore,Ð À+'( Ðjurisprudence€on€the€implementation€of€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant€in€Luxembourg€is€lacking.Ð º, () ÐÐ ´-)* Ð391.€€The€Committee€expresses€its€concern€that€a€clear€definition€of€the€principle€of€gender€equality€is€notÐ ° Ðexpressly€entrenched€in€the€Constitution€and€notes€the€persistence€of€inequitable€gender€disparities,Ð ªú Ðparticularly€in€conditions€of€work€and€in€salary€scales€in€the€private€sector.Ð ¤ô ÐÌ392.€€The€Committee€notes€with€concern€that€the€provisions€of€ILO€Conventions€No.€77€(MedicalÐ ˜è ÐExamination€of€Young€Persons€(Industry)€Convention,€1946)€and€No.€78€(Medical€Examination€of€YoungÐ ’ â ÐPersons€(Non„Industrial€Occupations)€€Convention,€1946)€have€not€been€fully€incorporated€in€domesticÐ Œ Ü Ðlegislation,€especially€in€relation€to€the€regulation€of€employment€of€young€workers€in€domestic€service€andÐ † Ö Ðagriculture.Ð € Ð ÐÌ393.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€about€the€absence€of€a€comprehensive€and€specific€legal€frameworkÐ tÄ  Ðthat€promotes€and€protects€the€rights€of€persons€with€disabilities.Ð n¾  ÐÌ394.€€The€Committee€notes€with€concern€that€the€Civil€Code,€which€maintains€a€clear€distinction€betweenÐ b²  Ðð ðlegitimateðð€and€ð ðnaturalðð€children,€discriminates€against€children€born€out€of€wedlock.€Ð \¬  ÐÌ395.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€about€the€absence€of€a€comprehensive€programme€to€combat€all€formsÐ P  Ðof€sexual€exploitation€and€abuse€of€children€and€adolescents.Ð Jš ÐÌ396.€€The€Committee€notes€with€concern€the€occurrence€in€the€State€party€of€adolescent€health€problems,Ð >Ž Ðdue€in€particular€to€drug€abuse,€and€is€alarmed€about€the€high€incidence€of€suicide€among€young€people.Ð 8ˆ ÐÌ397.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€by€the€absence€of€specialized€geriatric€doctors€and€facilities€to€addressÐ ,| Ðthe€problems€of€the€large€ageing€population€in€the€State€party.Ð &v ÐÌ398.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€about€the€high€drop-out€rates€among€the€youth€of€secondary€school€age.Ð j ÐÌ399.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€about€the€absence€of€human€rights€education€in€school€curricula€and€theÐ ^ Ðlow€level€of€awareness€regarding€the€Covenant,€especially€among€the€judiciary€and€within€professionalÐ  X Ðgroups,€among€non€governmental€organizations€and€among€the€general€public.Ð !R ÐÌòòSuggestions€and€recommendationsóóÐ ö"F ÐÌ400.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€take€all€appropriate€measures€to€ensure€equalÐ ê$: ! Ðtreatment€of€men€and€women€in€employment,€especially€in€the€private€sector.€€Furthermore,€the€CommitteeÐ ä%4!" Ðencourages€the€State€party€to€pursue€its€intention€to€ratify€ILO€Convention€No.€111€(DiscriminationÐ Þ&."# Ð(Employment€and€Occupation)€Convention,€1958).Ð Ø'(#$ ÐÌ401.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€take€all€necessary€legal€measures€to€ensure€that€theÐ Ì)%& Ðprovisions€of€ILO€Conventions€Nos.€77€and€78€are€fully€recognized€by€domestic€law€and€are€implemented.Ð Æ*&' ÐÌ402.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party's€draft€law€on€the€rights€of€persons€with€disabilitiesÐ º, () Ðbe€adopted€in€order€to€enhance€the€promotion€and€protection€of€their€fundamental€rights.Ð ´-)* Ї403.€€The€Committee€strongly€recommends€that€any€existing€distinction€in€the€Civil€Code€regarding€childrenÐ ° Ðborn€out€of€wedlock€be€eliminated.Ð ªú ÐÌ404.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€adopt€more€effective€legislation€to€prevent€andÐ žî Ðprotect€children€and€adolescents€from€all€forms€of€sexual€exploitation€and€abuse.Ð ˜è ÐÌ405.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€continue€its€efforts€to€prevent€and€combat€drugÐ Œ Ü Ðabuse€and€suicide€among€the€youth€and,€where€necessary,€reinforce€existing€measures.Ð † Ö ÐÌ406.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€engage€in€a€review€process€with€a€view€toÐ z Ê  Ðdecreasing€the€high€number€of€school€drop-outs.€€The€Committee€further€encourages€the€State€party€toÐ tÄ  Ðadopt€the€draft€law€guaranteeing€the€right€to€continuing€education.Ð n¾  ÐÌ407.€€In€the€spirit€of€the€United€Nations€Decade€for€Human€Rights€Education,€the€Committee€encouragesÐ b²  Ðthe€State€party€to€include€human€rights€education€in€school€curricula.€€It€further€recommends€that€the€StateÐ \¬  Ðparty€undertake€measures€to€educate€the€judiciary,€professional€groups,€non€governmental€organizationsÐ V¦ Ðand€the€general€public€about€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant.Ð P  ÐÌ408.€€Finally,€the€Committee€recommends€that€the€concerns€expressed€in€the€present€concludingÐ D” Ðobservations,€as€well€as€the€issues€raised€during€the€discussion€of€the€second€periodic€report€whichÐ >Ž Ðremained€unanswered,€be€addressed€in€the€State€party's€third€periodic€report.€€It€urges€the€State€party€toÐ 8ˆ Ðdisseminate€widely€the€present€concluding€observations€adopted€by€the€Committee€following€itsÐ 2‚ Ðconsideration€of€the€State€party's€second€periodic€report.ÔUK.,US.,"ÔÐ ,| ÐÐ  &v ÐÌò òÔUSUK.,ÔÔ_ÔCESCRÔ_Ô€€E/2004/22ó ó€Ð ªú ÐÌÔUK.,US.,ñ¡Ô62.à  àThe€Committee€considered€the€third€periodic€report€of€Luxembourg€on€the€implementation€of€theÐ žî ÐCovenant€(E/1994/104/Add.24)€at€its€5th€and€6th€meetings,€held€on7May2003,€and€made€public,€at€itsÐ ˜è Ð29th€meeting,€held€on€23€May€2003,€the€following€concluding€observations.Ð ’ â ÐÌA.€€òòIntroductionóóÐ † Ö ÐÌ63.à  àThe€Committee€welcomes€the€third€periodic€report€of€the€State€party,€which€was€in€generalÐ z Ê  Ðprepared€in€conformity€with€the€Committeeððs€guidelines€although€the€information€provided€was€not€sufficientÐ tÄ  Ðfor€the€Committee€to€assess€developments€in€the€status€of€implementation€of€some€of€the€CovenantððsÐ n¾  Ðprovisions.€€In€particular,€the€Committee€regrets€thelack€of€comparative€and€Ô_ÔdisaggregatedÔ_Ô€statistical€data.Ð h¸  ÐÌ64.à  àThe€Committee€notes€with€appreciation€the€comprehensive€written€replies€given€by€the€State€party.€Ð \¬  ÐIt€regrets,€however,€that€the€replies€were€not€submitted€prior€to€the€session€and€were€only€available€inÐ V¦ ÐFrench.Ð P  ÐÌ65.à  àThe€Committee€welcomes€the€open€and€constructive€dialogue€with€the€delegation€of€the€State€party.€Ð D” ÐIt€regrets,€however,€that€the€delegation€did€not€include€more€experts,€which€would€have€allowed€for€aÐ >Ž Ðconstructive€dialogue€in€all€fields€covered€by€the€Covenant.Ð 8ˆ ÐÌB.€€òòPositive€aspectsóóÐ ,| ÐÌ66.à  àThe€Committee€notes€with€appreciation€the€State€partyððs€continuing€efforts€to€comply€with€itsÐ  p Ðobligations€under€the€Covenant€and€the€overall€high€level€of€protection€afforded€to€economic,€social€andÐ j Ðcultural€rights€in€Luxembourg.Ð d ÐÌ67.à  àThe€Committee€notes€with€satisfaction€that€Luxembourg€allocates€more€than€0.7€per€cent€of€itsÐ  X ÐGNP€to€official€development€assistance€and€is€thus€one€of€the€few€countries€to€have€gone€beyond€theÐ !R ÐUnited€Nations€target€for€development€aid.€€The€Committee€also€welcomes€the€goal€set€by€the€GovernmentÐ ü!L Ðto€gradually€increase€its€official€development€assistance€contribution€to1per€cent€of€its€GNP€by€2005.Ð ö"F ÐÌ68.à  àThe€Committee€welcomes€the€establishment€in€2000€of€the€Advisory€Commission€on€HumanÐ ê$: ! ÐRights,€charged€with€advising€the€Government€on€all€questions€concerning€human€rights,€including€economic,Ð ä%4!" Ðsocial€and€cultural€rights.Ð Þ&."# ÐÌ69.à  àThe€Committee€notes€with€satisfaction€that€the€unemployment€rate€in€the€State€party€remains€low.Ð Ò("$% ÐÌ70.à  àThe€Committee€notes€with€satisfaction€the€State€partyððs€ratification€of€ILO€Convention€No.€111Ð Æ*&' Ð(1958)€concerning€discrimination€in€respect€of€employment€and€occupation,€in€accordance€with€theÐ À+'( ÐCommitteeððs€previous€recommendations.Ð º, () ÐÐ ´-)* Ї71.à  àThe€Committee€welcomes€the€measures€taken€by€the€State€party€to€promote€equality€betweenÐ ° Ðwomen€and€men€at€the€workplace,€including€the€law€of€28€June€2001€reversing€the€burden€of€proof€in€casesÐ ªú Ðof€gender„based€discrimination.Ð ¤ô ÐÌ72.à  àThe€Committee€notes€with€appreciation€the€recent€draft€amendment€to€the€law€governing€jointÐ ˜è Ðenterprise€committees€in€the€private€sector,€by€which€foreign€workers€who€are€not€citizens€of€the€EuropeanÐ ’ â ÐUnion€but€have€a€one„year€work€permit€are€allowed€to€serve€on€joint€enterprise€committees.Ð Œ Ü ÐÌ73.à  àThe€Committee€welcomes€the€measures€undertaken€by€the€State€party€to€combat€trafficking€inÐ € Ð Ðpersons,€child€pornography€and€sexual€exploitation€of€women€and€children.€€In€particular,€the€CommitteeÐ z Ê  Ðwelcomes€the€extraterritorial€application€of€certain€provisions€of€the€Penal€Code,€allowing€for€the€criminalÐ tÄ  Ðprosecution€of€persons,€both€nationals€and€non„nationals,€for€sexual€crimes€committed€abroad.Ð n¾  ÐÌ74.à  àThe€Committee€notes€with€appreciation€the€increase€in€the€support€and€subsidies€given€by€the€StateÐ b²  Ðparty€to€cultural€associations€and€artists.Ð \¬  ÐÌC.€€òòFactors€and€difficulties€impeding€the€implementation€of€the€CovenantóóÐ P  ÐÌ75.à  àThe€Committee€notes€the€absence€of€any€significant€factors€or€difficulties€impeding€the€effectiveÐ D” Ðimplementation€of€the€Covenant€in€Luxembourg.Ð >Ž ÐÌD.€€òòPrincipal€subjects€of€concernóóÐ 2‚ ÐÌ76.à  àWhile€taking€note€of€the€information€provided€by€the€State€party€that€international€treaties€takeÐ &v Ðprecedence€over€national€laws,€the€Committee€regrets€that€the€Covenantððs€rights€have€not€been€invokedÐ  p Ðbefore€the€courts.Ð j ÐÌ77.à  àWhile€acknowledging€that€economic,€social€and€cultural€rights€of€asylum„seekers€are€generallyÐ ^ Ðprotected€in€the€State€party,€the€Committee€is€concerned€about€the€considerable€length€of€time€taken€toÐ  X Ðprocess€applications€for€asylum.Ð !R ÐÌ78.à  àThe€Committee€notes€that€the€State€party€still€has€not€revised€the€Constitution€in€order€to€includeÐ ö"F Ðthe€principle€of€equality€between€men€and€women.Ð ð#@  ÐÌ79.à  àWhile€noting€the€measures€taken€by€the€State€party€to€integrate€persons€with€disabilities€into€theÐ ä%4!" Ðlabour€market,€the€Committee€is€concerned€that€the€draft€law€(No.4827),€introduced€on27July€2001Ð Þ&."# Ðregarding€the€integration€of€persons€with€disabilities€into€the€labour€market,€has€still€not€been€adopted.Ð Ø'(#$ ÐÌ80.à  àThe€Committee€notes€with€concern€that,€despite€the€good€overall€employment€situation,€there€hasÐ Ì)%& Ðbeen€a€recent€increase€in€unemployment,€which€seems€mainly€to€affect€young€people.Ð Æ*&' ÐÌ81.à  àThe€Committee€is€concerned€about€the€situation€of€prisoners€who€work€for€private€companies€andÐ º, () Ðrecalls€that€under€ILO€Convention€No.€29€(1930)€concerning€forced€or€compulsory€labour,€when€a€privateÐ ´-)* Ðcompany€is€involved€with€work€carried€out€by€a€prisoner,€the€latter€must€consent€to€such€work€and€theÐ ° Ðconditions€of€work€(including€wages€and€social€security)€must€be€close€to€those€of€a€free€employmentÐ ªú Ðrelationship.Ð ¤ô ÐÌ82.à  àThe€Committee€notes€with€concern€that€the€State€party€has€not€ratified€a€number€of€ILOÐ ˜è Ðconventions€in€the€area€of€labour€rights€and€social€security,€including€Convention€No.€117€(1962)Ð ’ â Ðconcerning€basic€aims€and€standards€of€social€policy,€No.€118€(1962)€concerning€equality€of€treatment€ofÐ Œ Ü Ðnationals€and€non„nationals€in€social€security€and€No.€122€(1964)€concerning€employment€policy.Ð † Ö ÐÌ83.à  àThe€Committee€notes€with€concern€that€women€are€still€Ô_ÔunderrepresentedÔ_Ô€in€the€workforce.€€WhileÐ z Ê  Ðtaking€note€that€the€disparities€between€wages€of€men€and€women€have€been€reduced,€the€Committee€alsoÐ tÄ  Ðnotes€with€concern€that€the€current€level€of€wage€difference€(women€receiving€15€per€cent€lower€wages€thanÐ n¾  Ðmen)€remains€a€matter€of€concern.Ð h¸  ÐÌ84.à  àThe€Committee€remains€concerned€about€the€terminological€distinction€between€ð ðlegitimateðð€andÐ \¬  Ðð ðnaturalðð€children€in€the€Civil€Code.€€While€the€distinction€does€not€imply€a€difference€in€protection€of€rights,Ð V¦ Ðthe€Committee€expresses€its€concern€about€the€terminologyððs€pejorative€connotations.Ð P  ÐÌ85.à  àThe€Committee€reiterates€its€concern€about€adolescent€health€problems,€owing€in€particular€to€drugÐ D” Ðabuse€and€high€rates€of€alcohol€and€tobacco€consumption.Ð >Ž ÐÌ86.à  àThe€Committee€is€concerned€about€the€high€incidence€of€suicide€in€the€State€party,€especiallyÐ 2‚ Ðamong€young€people.Ð ,| ÐÌE.€€òòSuggestions€and€recommendationsóóÐ  p ÐÌ87.à  àThe€Committee€recommends€that€effective€measures€be€taken€by€the€State€party€to€ensure€that€legalÐ d Ðand€judicial€training€takes€full€account€of€the€Ô_ÔjusticiabilityÔ_Ô€of€Covenant€rights€and€promotes€the€use€of€theÐ ^ ÐCovenant€as€a€source€of€law€in€domestic€courts.€€In€this€respect,€the€Committee€draws€the€attention€of€theÐ  X ÐState€party€to€its€general€comment€No.€9€(1998)€on€domestic€application€of€the€Covenant.Ð !R ÐÌ88.à  àThe€Committee€invites€the€State€party€to€submit,€in€its€next€periodic€report,€its€views€andcommentsÐ ö"F Ðon€the€proposal€for€an€optional€protocol€to€the€Covenant€to€beò ò€ó óexamined€by€the€Open-Ended€WorkingÐ ð#@  ÐGroup€established€by€the€Commission€on€Human€Rights€at€its€fifty-ninthsession€in€2003.Ð ê$: ! ÐÌ89.à  àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€take€effective€measures€to€expedite€the€processingÐ Þ&."# Ðof€applications€for€asylum€so€that€the€persons€concerned€may€enjoy€all€the€rights€that€refugee€status€confersÐ Ø'(#$ Ðupon€them.Ð Ò("$% ÐÌ90.à  àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€approve€the€constitutional€reform€that€willÐ Æ*&' Ðguarantee€the€principle€of€equality€between€men€and€women.Ð À+'( ÐÌ91.à  àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€accelerate€the€adoption€of€draft€law€No.4827Ð ´-)* Ðregarding€the€integration€of€persons€with€disabilities€into€the€labour€market.Ð ° ÐÌ92.à  àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€intensify€its€efforts€to€reduce€the€unemploymentÐ ¤ô Ðrate€among€young€people.Ð žî ÐÌ93.à  àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€ensure€that€a€prisoner€may€only€perform€workÐ ’ â Ðfor€a€private€company€when€such€work€has€been€consented€to€and€the€labour€conditions€are€close€to€thoseÐ Œ Ü Ðof€a€free€working€relationship€as€regards€wages€and€social€security.Ð † Ö ÐÌ94.à  àThe€Committee€encourages€the€State€party€to€ratify€ILO€Conventions€Nos.€117€(1962),118Ð z Ê  Ð(1962)€and€122€(1964).Ð tÄ  ÐÌ95.à  àThe€Committee€calls€upon€the€State€party€to€implement€effectively€the€measures€outlined€in€theÐ h¸  Ðnational€plan€of€action€for€employment€aimed€at€increasing€the€level€of€participation€of€women€in€the€labourÐ b²  Ðmarket€and€to€ensure€equal€treatment€between€men€and€women,€including€equal€remuneration€for€work€ofÐ \¬  Ðequal€value.Ð V¦ ÐÌ96.à  àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€provide€information€in€its€fourth€periodic€reportÐ Jš Ðon€how€it€monitors€social€services€provided€by€private€organizations€that€use€public€funds,€so€as€to€ensureÐ D” Ðthat€they€conform€to€the€requirements€of€the€Covenant.Ð >Ž ÐÌ97.à  àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€enact€as€soon€as€possible€the€draft€law€onÐ 2‚ Ðdomestic€violence€introduced€in€May€2001,€by€which€a€violent€spouse€may€be€forced€to€leave€the€familyÐ ,| Ðhome.Ð &v ÐÌ98.à  àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€reference€to€ð ðlegitimateðð€and€ð ðnaturalðð€children€in€the€CivilÐ j ÐCode€be€replaced€by€ð ðchildren€born€in€wedlockðð€and€ð ðchildren€born€out€of€wedlockðð,€respectively.Ð d ÐÌ99.à  àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€strengthen€its€efforts€to€prevent€and€combat€drugÐ  X Ðabuse,€especially€among€young€people,€and€step€up€its€campaign€against€alcohol€and€tobacco€abuse.Ð !R ÐÌ100.à  àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€take€measures€to€address€the€high€incidence€ofÐ ö"F Ðsuicide,€especially€among€young€people.Ð ð#@  ÐÌ101.à  àThe€Committee€requests€the€State€party€to€provide€Ô_ÔdisaggregatedÔ_Ô€figures€on€the€incidence€ofÐ ä%4!" Ðoccupational€diseases,€showing€changes€during€the€reporting€period,€and€refers€the€State€party€in€this€regardÐ Þ&."# Ðto€the€Committeeððs€general€comment€No.€14€(2000)€on€the€right€to€the€highest€attainable€standard€of€healthÐ Ø'(#$ Ð(art.€12€of€the€Covenant),€in€particular€paragraphs€43€and€44€regarding€core€obligations.Ð Ò("$% ÐÌ102.à  àThe€Committee€requests€the€State€party€to€provide€in€its€next€periodic€report€information€on€theÐ Æ*&' Ðimplementation€of€the€pilot€project€on€early€childhood€education€currently€carried€out€in€a€number€ofÐ À+'( Ðcommunes€with€a€view€to€providing€an€opportunity€for€working€parents€to€reconcile€professional€and€familyÐ º, () Ðresponsibilities.Ð ´-)* Ї103.à  àThe€Committee€notes€the€imminent€establishment€of€a€national€university€(Ô_ÔUniversitÔ_Ô€deÐ ° ÐLuxembourg)€and€recommends€that€education€at€the€university€be€free€from€the€outset,€or€that€tuition€feesÐ ªú Ðbe€kept€at€a€minimum€level€with€a€view€to€introducing€progressively€free€higher€education,€as€required€byÐ ¤ô Ðarticle€13,€paragraph€2€Ô_Ô(òòcÔ_Ôóó),€of€the€Covenant.Ð žî ÐÌ104.à  àThe€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€continue€and€strengthen€its€efforts€to€support€andÐ ’ â Ðsubsidize€cultural€associations,€including€those€of€migrants.Ð Œ Ü ÐÌ105.à  àThe€Committee€encourages€the€State€party€to€provide€human€rights€education€in€schools€at€all€levelsÐ € Ð Ðand€to€raise€awareness€about€human€rights,€in€particular€economic,€social€and€cultural€rights,€among€StateÐ z Ê  Ðofficials€and€the€judiciary.Ð tÄ  ÐÌ106.à  àThe€Committee€requests€the€State€party€to€disseminate€widely€the€present€concluding€observationsÐ h¸  Ðamong€all€levels€of€society,€including€among€State€officials€and€the€judiciary,€and€to€inform€the€CommitteeÐ b²  Ðof€all€steps€taken€to€implement€them€in€its€next€periodic€report.€€It€also€encourages€the€State€party€toÐ \¬  Ðcontinue€to€consult€with€non„governmental€organizations€and€other€members€of€civil€society€in€theÐ V¦ Ðpreparation€of€its€fourth€periodic€report.Ð P  ÐÌ107.à  àThe€Committee€requests€the€State€party€to€submit€its€fourth€periodic€report€by30June2008.ÔUSUK.,ÔÐ D” ÐÔUK.,US.,XÞÔ