ÿWPC'n   æ'e²eÉzj´°AõoŠk'®ïc|i^S_ƒy’³e؈Tdà2½žèà)Ýö•KGf^û€!êûNnOØ‹ilíRi*À°ðy®Š¥Ä…,»Ù®±÷ŒÎŒÊQM³f•¬…ƒËsMzª†ÿ!c.BϨ3.3àŠNiM¸Ñýl7èñl.µ¬––3Gq‚@ÿÒ¸H}^(Î{½-ˆ Wˆ c·´Yvë#¥ß?¨oO^7‰áêÍèüÛ&½œ]t$r넊ܘ>%NíÌOÚ»÷еûËõN÷ü3!’é3koŒþÙ_j‹?;G½T\¥ »hˆE=‡›—ãj¸$s¹r–ͬEŸªÆ$ö0䃫Śn¢¢ð×ø›i8Ž•5bøUоàg¹\=ªà–\q¼màá® ûÊš¼á€¬·ÞF[g±A3d­ Oùt\“+:$ChŒ ¼°6Á±€;VdÑks~ Ÿ¦X'(ÝrÑŒnû¨÷¼¬lH(÷_ãzä/þÚÁ…¶©Ç ýàp(·®nNûU<ƺˆ6jÙzàÅúƒ‘”GļHXån/ðGügç! „ÚÆ¸´ï\†*àüMó4¾ÏnAu&˜·­f%Ý©U >>–| 0 0ý 0ý 0ú  0ú 0÷! 0÷÷! 0ôî" 0ôâ# 0îÖ$ 0ëÄ% 0ë¯& 0èš' 0è‚( 0åj) 0åO* 0â4+ 0â, 0íø, 0êå- 0êÏ. 0ç¹/ 0ç 0 0ä‡1 0äk2 0áO3 0á04 0Ü5 0Œí5 0vy6 0vï6 0|e7 0|á7 0Œ]8 0pé8 0pY9 0<É9 0«: 0«°: 0 [; 0w{< 0íò< 08ß= 0\? 0Rs? 0\Å? 08!@ 0êYA 0XCB 0V›B 0çñB 0ïØC 02ÇDU6ùE 0w/F 0ЦF B0G 0 MG 0´íG^ ¡HÆ­H 0ãsI 0(VJ D+~J AM©J 0ÇöJ 0Û½K 0ï˜Lw‡M4‹M 0ãŸM‚N m„N 0D›N 0ãßO 0CÂPfQaQ 00Q 0<KQ 0¾‡Q 1UER 7 šR 0>¦R 0väR 0`ZS 0`ºS 0`T 0`zT 0`ÚT 08:U 0ÒrU 02DV 0üvV 0:rW 0Y¬W 0_XfdXafX BB+zXf¥Xa§X 0 »X 0jÅY 0„/[ B*³\ D/Ý\ 0„ ] D/^ 0ο^ 06_ 0Ã_ 0:Ë` 0^a 0<caU*ŸafÉaaËa 1‡ßa 72fb 1‡˜b 72cccccccccccccccccccccfQcaScfgcaicf}cacf“ca•cf©ca«cf¿caÁcfÕca×cfëcaícfdadfdadf-da/dfCdaEdfYda[dfodaqdf…da‡df›daddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd 0C±d±d 0Lôd 0F@f†g 0È–g#É^hUN'k %ukM{k(kN§k 1u©k 72l 1‰Pl 72ÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙlÙl 1‡ m 72’m 0‡cÄmô\  `‹&Times New Roman' 0342102 White0Brown . CAT/C/75 2S+P ÿÿ0_level1Ó Ôþ ÓÓ , ÓÓ;1µµµá9 ‘ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$;ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ  ÓÓ8.‰‰á9 ‘ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$8ÓÓ Ôþ Ó2P+P ÿÿ0_level2Ó Ôþ ÓÓ X ÓÓ8.ááá9 ‘ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$8ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ  ÓÓ8.‰‰á9 ‘ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$8ÓÓ Ôþ Ó2P+P ÿÿ0_level3Ó Ôþ ÓÓ „ ÓÓ8.  9 ‘ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$8ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ  ÓÓ8.‰‰á9 ‘ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$8ÓÓ Ôþ Ó2M+P ÿÿ0_level4Ó Ôþ ÓÓ ° ÓÓ5+9 9 9 ‘ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$5ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ  ÓÓ8.‰‰á9 ‘ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$8ÓÓ Ôþ Ó2M+P ÿÿ0_level5Ó Ôþ ÓÓ Ü ÓÓ5+e e e ‘ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$5ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ  ÓÓ8.‰‰á9 ‘ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$8ÓÓ Ôþ Ó2J+P ÿÿ0_level6Ó Ôþ ÓÓ  ÓÓ2(‘ ‘ ‘ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$2ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ  ÓÓ8.‰‰á9 ‘ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$8ÓÓ Ôþ Ó2J+P ÿÿ0_level7Ó Ôþ ÓÓ 4 ÓÓ2(½ ½ ½ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$2ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ  ÓÓ8.‰‰á9 ‘ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$8ÓÓ Ôþ Ó2G+P ÿÿ0_level8Ó Ôþ ÓÓ ` ÓÓ/%é ééA™ñI¡ùQ©!$/ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ  ÓÓ8.‰‰á9 ‘ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$8ÓÓ Ôþ Ó2G+P ÿÿ0_level9Ó Ôþ ÓÓ Œ ÓÓ/% A™ñI¡ùQ©!$/ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ  ÓÓ8.‰‰á9 ‘ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$8ÓÓ Ôþ Ó2SP ÿÿ0_levsl1Ó Ôþ ÓÓ , ÓÓ;1µµµá9 ‘ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$;ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó  ÓÓ8.‰‰á9 ‘ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$8ÓÓ Ôþ Ó2PP ÿÿ0_levsl2Ó Ôþ ÓÓ X ÓÓ8.ááá9 ‘ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$8ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó  ÓÓ8.‰‰á9 ‘ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$8ÓÓ Ôþ Ó2PP ÿÿ0_levsl3Ó Ôþ ÓÓ „ ÓÓ8.  9 ‘ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$8ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó  ÓÓ8.‰‰á9 ‘ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$8ÓÓ Ôþ Ó2MP ÿÿ0_levsl4Ó Ôþ ÓÓ ° ÓÓ5+9 9 9 ‘ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$5ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó  ÓÓ8.‰‰á9 ‘ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$8ÓÓ Ôþ Ó2MP ÿÿ0_levsl5Ó Ôþ ÓÓ Ü ÓÓ5+e e e ‘ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$5ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó  ÓÓ8.‰‰á9 ‘ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$8ÓÓ Ôþ Ó2JP ÿÿ0_levsl6Ó Ôþ ÓÓ  ÓÓ2(‘ ‘ ‘ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$2ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó  ÓÓ8.‰‰á9 ‘ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$8ÓÓ Ôþ Ó2JP ÿÿ0_levsl7Ó Ôþ ÓÓ 4 ÓÓ2(½ ½ ½ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$2ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó  ÓÓ8.‰‰á9 ‘ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$8ÓÓ Ôþ Ó2GP ÿÿ0_levsl8Ó Ôþ ÓÓ ` ÓÓ/%é ééA™ñI¡ùQ©!$/ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó  ÓÓ8.‰‰á9 ‘ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$8ÓÓ Ôþ Ó2GP ÿÿ0_levsl9Ó Ôþ ÓÓ Œ ÓÓ/% A™ñI¡ùQ©!$/ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó  ÓÓ8.‰‰á9 ‘ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$8ÓÓ Ôþ Ó2SP ÿÿ0_levnl1Ó Ôþ ÓÓ , ÓÓ;1µµµá9 ‘ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$;ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ  ÓÓ8.‰‰á9 ‘ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$8ÓÓ Ôþ Ó2PP ÿÿ0_levnl2Ó Ôþ ÓÓ X ÓÓ8.ááá9 ‘ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$8ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ  ÓÓ8.‰‰á9 ‘ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$8ÓÓ Ôþ Ó2PP ÿÿ0_levnl3Ó Ôþ ÓÓ „ ÓÓ8.  9 ‘ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$8ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ  ÓÓ8.‰‰á9 ‘ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$8ÓÓ Ôþ Ó2MP ÿÿ0_levnl4Ó Ôþ ÓÓ ° ÓÓ5+9 9 9 ‘ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$5ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ  ÓÓ8.‰‰á9 ‘ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$8ÓÓ Ôþ Ó2MP ÿÿ0_levnl5Ó Ôþ ÓÓ Ü ÓÓ5+e e e ‘ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$5ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ  ÓÓ8.‰‰á9 ‘ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$8ÓÓ Ôþ Ó2JP ÿÿ0_levnl6Ó Ôþ ÓÓ  ÓÓ2(‘ ‘ ‘ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$2ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ  ÓÓ8.‰‰á9 ‘ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$8ÓÓ Ôþ Ó2JP ÿÿ0_levnl7Ó Ôþ ÓÓ 4 ÓÓ2(½ ½ ½ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$2ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ  ÓÓ8.‰‰á9 ‘ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$8ÓÓ Ôþ Ó2GP ÿÿ0_levnl8Ó Ôþ ÓÓ ` ÓÓ/%é ééA™ñI¡ùQ©!$/ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ  ÓÓ8.‰‰á9 ‘ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$8ÓÓ Ôþ Ó2GP ÿÿ0_levnl9Ó Ôþ ÓÓ Œ ÓÓ/% A™ñI¡ùQ©!$/ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ  ÓÓ8.‰‰á9 ‘ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$8ÓÓ Ôþ Ó6S Fÿÿ4Heading 1Ó ÈÓÔ UK ÔÔ€XXXÔò òòòÓ  ÓÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ ÈÓÓ  Óó óóóÔ€XXXÔÔ UK Ô6+ 4Heading 2Ó ÈÓò òÓ  ÓÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ ÈÓÓ  Óó ó6 ÿÿ4Heading 3Ó ÈÓò òÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ ÈÓó ó6 ÿÿ4Heading 4Ó ÈÓòòÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ ÈÓóó6# ÿÿ4Heading 5Ó ÈÓò òòòÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ ÈÓó óóó6# ÿÿ4Heading 6Ó ÈÓò òòòÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ ÈÓó óóó6+ ÿÿ4Heading 7Ó ÈÓòòÓ  ÓÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ ÈÓÓ  Óóó6 ÿÿ4Heading 8Ó ÈÓÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ ÈÓ6 ÿÿ4Heading 9Ó ÈÓÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ ÈÓ<ÿÿ:Default Para0*Qÿÿ.HeaderÓ ÈÓÓ‰‰™©!$ÓÓ ÈÓÓA7‰1‰á9 ‘ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$AÓ0*Qÿÿ.FooterÓ ÈÓÓ‰‰™©!$ÓÓ ÈÓÓA7‰1‰á9 ‘ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$AÓ,i+` ÿÿ*Rom1Ó ÈÓÓ þ ÓÙ  ÙÓ ° ÓÓ5+: : : ‘ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$5ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ ÈÓÓ  ÓÓ8.‰‰á9 ‘ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$8ÓÓ þ Ó,+ ÿÿ*Rom2Ó ÈÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ ÈÓ2H+H ÿÿ0ParaNo.Ó ÈÓÓ8.‰‰ï9 ‘ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$8ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ ÈÓÓ8.‰‰á9 ‘ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$8Ó<~~ÿÿ:Footnote RefÔ US ÔÔ€XXXÔÔS€ô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔò òòòÔ UK Ôó óóóÔS€ô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔÔ€XXXÔ< ÿÿ:Footnote TexÓ ÈÓÓ ÈÓ: ÿÿ8Page NumberÔ US ÔÔ UK Ô< ÿÿ:Endnote TextÓ ÈÓÓ ÈÓ<~~™ :Endnote RefeÔ US ÔÔ€XXXÔÔS€ô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔò òòòÔ UK Ôó óóóÔS€ô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔÔ€XXXÔ<WW ÿÿ:Body Text InÓ ÈÓò òÓ ó ÓÓ8.}}}9 ‘ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$8ÓÓ ÈÓÓ  ÓÓ8.‰‰á9 ‘ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$8Óó ó8 ÿÿ6Plain TextÓ ÈÓÓ ÈÓ6ÿÿ4Body TextÓ ÈÓÓ ÈÓ<WT ÿÿ:Body Text I1Ó €dÓÓ ë ÓÓ;1uuuá9 ‘ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$;ÓÓ ÈÓÓ  ÓÓ8.‰‰á9 ‘ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$8Ó8W` ÿÿ6Block TextÓ ÈÓÓ ° ÓÓ ° ÓÓ/%9 9 9 ‘ éA™ñI¡ùQ/ÓÓ ÈÓÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÓ8.‰‰á9 ‘ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$8Ó8~|ÿÿ6tw4winMarkÔB  ÔÔ€XXXÔÔK€8<þ6X9`(‹Courier NewKÔòòÔ  ÔÔ€XXXÔÔS€ô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔóóÔ  Ô<þ6X9`(‹Courier New(Oé;$µµà0  àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚaÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0` (#(#à(b·¤$¶¶à0  àà0` (#(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0¸ ` (#` (#à  d(xir$··à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  Ú0Ú  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0¸ (#¸ (#à(ŒÜ$¸¸à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  ÚaÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0h(#(#àœ½{/—  Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(»2@+$££Ý ƒØc!ÝÒ‰°ÒÒŰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔUKUS.,ÔÔ€ÚXtaXXÚXÔÔ€XtaXXÚXtaÔÝ  Ý(ÿÿ$’’'dxd?@ABA<< cÿÿ(ŸF$¹¹à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  ÚÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0Àh(#h(#à(³Àô$ººà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0À(#À(#à(ǵ{$»»à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚaÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0p(#(#པu/XäK(»2@+$¨¨Ý ƒØc!ÝÒ‰°ÒÒŰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔUKUS.,ÔÔ€ÚXtaXXÚXÔÔ€XtaXXÚXtaÔÝ  ÝQÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ(F$ïïà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0p(#(#àÔ2#ÔÙ ÙÚ  ÚÚ  ÚÙ Ù)Ô3  Ôà0Èp(#p(#àÙ Ù(»2@+$§§Ý ƒØc!ÝÒ‰°ÒÒŰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔUKUS.,ÔÔ€ÚXtaXXÚXÔÔ€XtaXXÚXtaÔÝ  Ý(ÿÿ$‘‘òòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÃTABLE A0ÿÿ.Normal<ÿÿ:Definition T<AAÿÿ:Definition LÓ , ÓÓ5+Ü Ü` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5Ó ÿÿ359=AEIMQ1· o§ · o§ · oT § 8ÿÿ6Definitionòòóó(''ÿÿ&H1ò òÔ  ÔÔ‡°°°Ôó óÔ  ÔÔ‡XXXÔ(ÿÿ&H2ò òÔ‡„„„Ôó óÔ‡XXXÔ(ÿÿ&H3ò òÔ‡¼¼¼Ôó óÔ‡XXXÔ(ÿÿ&H4ò òÔ‡XXXÔó óÔ‡XXXÔ(ÿÿ&H5ò òÔ‡ôôôÔó óÔ‡XXXÔ(ÿÿ&H6ò òÔ‡Ôó óÔ‡XXXÔ2ÿÿ0Addressòòóó8MMÿÿ6BlockquoteÓ , ÓÓ , ÓÓ5+Ü Ü` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5Ó,ÿÿ*CITEòòóó,dlÿÿ*CODEÔ‡ôôôÔÔK‡8<þ6X9`(‹Courier NewKÔÔ‡XXXÔÔS‡ô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔ4ÿÿ2Emphasisòòóó6ÿÿ4HyperlinkóóòòÔ ÿ ÔóóÔ  Ô<ÿÿ:FollowedHypeóóòòÔ €€ ÔóóÔ  ÔTable_B'Single1 dTable_C4goÿÿ2Keyboardò òÔ‡ôôôÔÔK‡8<þ6X9`(‹Courier NewKÔó óÔ‡XXXÔÔS‡ô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔ<“›ÿÿ:PreformattedÓ/%° °Ïî ,KkŠ©È %#/ÓÔ‡ôôôÔÔK‡8<þ6X9`(‹Courier NewKÔÔ‡XXXÔÔS‡ô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔÓ/%° °Ïî ,KkŠ©È %#/Ó<š®ÿÿ:z©Bottom of Ó7€m(€X7ÓÓ  ÓÔ‡ÔÔ?‡v%ä2¼A`‹Arial?ÔÓ7€B(€X7ÓÓ  ÓÔ‡XXXÔÔS‡ô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔ&ÿÿ  d dl)1dxd<š®ÿÿ:z©Top of ForÓ7€o(€X7ÓÓ  ÓÔ‡ÔÔ?‡v%ä2¼A`‹Arial?ÔÓ7€B(€X7ÓÓ  ÓÔ‡XXXÔÔS‡ô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔl)2dxd0KSÿÿ.SampleÔK‡8<þ6X9`(‹Courier NewKÔÔS‡ô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔ0ÿÿ.Strongò òó ó8dlÿÿ6TypewriterÔ‡ôôôÔÔK‡8<þ6X9`(‹Courier NewKÔÔ‡XXXÔÔS‡ô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔ4ÿÿ2Variableòòóó: ÿÿ8HTML MarkupÔB  ÔÔ ÿ ÔÔ  Ô2 ÿÿ0CommentÔB  Ô%ä2¼A`‹Arial(ÉTABLE B(š½CEKQW]cioAutoList2A.A.A.A.A.A.A.A.yA.(ª½CEKQW]cioAutoList3A.A.A.A.A.A.A.A.{A.Table_DTable_ETable_FTable_GTable_HTable_I Table_J Table_K Table_L Table_M Table_NTable_OTable_PTable_QTable_RTable_S(ÿÿ$òòÚ  ÚÚ  Úóó( 2f$¤¤Ý ƒØc!ÝÒ‰°ÒÒŰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔUKUS.,ÔÔ€ÚXtaXXÚXÔÔ€XtaXXÚXtaÔÝ  ÝÓÓÔ€taXXXtaÔÒ°‰ÒÒ°ÅÒòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(2?w$¥¥Ý ƒØc!ÝÒ‰°ÒÒŰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔUKUS.,ÔÔ€ÚXtaXXÚXÔÔ€XtaXXÚXtaÔÝ  ÝÓÓÔ€taXXXtaÔÒ°‰ÒÒ°ÅÒÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú#|x( c$¡¡Ò‰°ÒÒŰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔUKUS.,ÔÔ€ÚXfÕXXÚXÔÔ€XfÕXXÚXfÕÔ˜\\YORK_UNIVERSITY\q_hrts_hp4000tnÒV,,,,ÒV0(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularÚX3#37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)ßi)¨9:<=DEFxtGaeimquy}Bullet ListBullets ListáL(5hCEKQW]cioAutoList1I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.¦I.(;3£$´´Ô2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  àÝ ƒØc!ÝÒ‰°ÒÒŰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔUKUS.,ÔÔ€ÚXtaXXÚXÔÔ€XtaXXÚXtaÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ  Óò òÔ‡¼H»XXtaÔMEXICOÔ#†XtaX»¼HÚ#ÔÐ ° ÐÌÓËÓó óÔSõE¢òÔÔUSUK.,ÔÓÈÓò òCAT€Article€20€Examinations€Re:€Systematic€TortureÐ õE ÐÓÈÓÔUK.,US.,`ÔÌCAT€€CAT/C/75€(2003)ó óÐ £ó ÐÓÓÌòòREPORT€ON€MEXICO€PRODUCED€BY€THE€COMMITTEE€UNDER€ARTICLE€20€OF€THEÐ o ¿ ÐCONVENTION,€AND€REPLY€FROM€THE€GOVERNMENT€OF€MEXICOóóÐ U ¥ ÐÓ#ÓÌÔ*’ƒw;xddd Xdd Xdd X‰%‰%’ÔÔ,dd ÔÔ,Àdd ÔÔ,ûdd ÔÔ,Ìdd ÔÔ+  ÔÐ ! q ! q ……Ðò òÓ  ÓCONTENTSó óÐ !… Õ   !ÐÓÓÐ  ÿO  ÐÐ  ÿO  „„ÐòòParagraphsóóÐ 'ÿO 3 „„'ÐòòPageóóÐ ÿO 3 ÐPART€ONEÐ  yÉ  ÐREPORT€OF€THE€COMMITTEEÐ  yÉ  „„Ð1€„€222Ð F<yÉ 3  @4„„‰@‰FÐ4Ð <20yÉ 3  @4 @ <ÐI.Ð  óC  ÐINTRODUCTIONÐ  óC  „„Ð1€„€2Ð 'óC 3 „„'Ð4Ð óC 3 ÐII.Ð  m½ ÐAPPLICATION€OF€THE€PROCEDUREÐ  m½ „„Ð3€„€15Ð F<m½3  @4„„‰@‰FÐ4Ð <20m½3  @4 @ <ÐIII.Ð  ç7 ÐVISIT€TO€MEXICO€FROM€23€AUGUST€TO€12Ð ç7 ÐSEPTEMBER€2001Ð  Í „„Ð16€„€21Ð F<ç73  @7„„‰@‰FÐ7Ð <20ç73  @7 @ <ÐÐ  G—  ÐA.€€Activities€of€the€Committee€members€during€the€visitÐ  G—! „„Ð16€„€19Ð F<G—"3  @7„„‰@‰FÐ7Ð <20G—#3  @7 @ <ÐÐ  Á$ ÐB.€€General€conditions€in€which€the€visit€took€placeÐ  Á% „„Ð20€„€21Ð F<Á&3   @8„„‰ @‰FÐ8Ð <20Á'3   @8  @ <ÐIV.Ð  ;‹( ÐCHARACTERISTICS€AND€FREQUENCY€OF€CASESÐ ;‹) ÐOF€TORTUREÐ  !q* „„Ð22€„€165Ð F<;‹+3   @8„„‰ @‰FÐ8Ð <20;‹,3   @8  @ <ÐÐ  ›ë- ÐA.€€Testimony€of€alleged€victims€or€their€direct€relativesÐ  ›ë. „„Ð23€„€46Ð F<›ë/3   @8„„‰ @‰FÐ8Ð <20›ë03   @8  @ <ÐÐ  e1 ÐB.€€Public€human€rights€bodiesÐ  e2 „„Ð47€„€79Ð G=e33  .@15„„‰.@‰GÐ15Ð =31e43  .@15 .@ =ÐÐ  ß5 ÐC.€€Information€from€non„governmental€organizationsÐ  ß6 „„Ð80€„€121Ð G=ß73  5@21„„‰5@‰GÐ21Ð =31ß83  5@21 5@ =ÐÐ   !Y9 ÐD.€€Information€from€State€and€Federal€governmentalÐ  !Y: ÐauthoritiesÐ  ï!?; „„Ð122€„€136Ð G= !Y<3  9@25„„‰9@‰GÐ25Ð =31 !Y=3  9@25 9@ =ÐÐ  i#¹> ÐE.€€General€observationsÐ  i#¹? „„Ð137€„€165Ð G=i#¹@3  =@29„„‰=@‰GÐ29Ð =31i#¹A3  =@29 =@ =ÐV.Ð  ã$3 B ÐLEGAL€MECHANISMS€OFFERING€PROTECTIONÐ ã$3 C ÐAGAINST€TORTURE,€AND€HOW€THEY€OPERATEÐ  É%!D „„Ð166€„€217Ð G=ã$3 E3  B@36„„‰B@‰GÐ36Ð =31ã$3 F3  B@36 B@ =ÐÐ  C'“"G ÐA.€€The€prohibition€of€torture€in€Mexican€legislationÐ  C'“"H „„Ð171€„€174Ð G=C'“"I3  €B@37„„‰€B@‰GÐ37Ð =31C'“"J3  €B@37 €B@ =ÐÐ  ½( $K ÐB.€€The€general€rule€requiring€a€court€order€beforeÐ ½( $L Ðdetention,€and€exceptions€to€itÐ  £)ó$M „„Ð175€„€179Ð G=½( $N3  €B@37„„‰€B@‰GÐ37Ð =31½( $O3  €B@37 €B@ =ÐÐ  +m&P ÐC.€€Time€limits€on€detention€at€police€and€PublicÐ +m&Q ÐProsecutorððs€Office€premisesÐ  ,S'R „„Ð180€„€184Ð G=+m&S3  C@38„„‰C@‰GÐ38â âÐ =31+m&T3  C@38 C@ =ÐÔ_ÔÐ  d ÐD.€€Lack€of€judicial€supervision€while€a€detainee€is€beingÐ d Ðâ âheld€by€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€OfficeÐ  úJ „„Ð185€„€186Ð G=d3  €C@39„„‰€C@‰GÐ39Ð =31d3  €C@39 €C@ =ÐÐ  tÄ ÐE.€€Obligation€to€register€every€detaineeÐ  tÄ „„Ð187€„€189Ð G=tÄ3  D@40„„‰D@‰GÐ40Ð =31tÄ 3  D@40 D@ =ÐÐ  î>  ÐF.€€Right€of€the€accused€to€defence€counselÐ  î>  „„Ð190€„€195Ð G=î> 3  D@40„„‰D@‰GÐ40Ð =31î> 3  D@40 D@ =ÐÐ  h ¸ ÐG.€€Detaineesðð€confessions,€the€authorities€competent€toÐ h ¸ Ðreceive€them€and€their€Ô_ÔevidentiaryÔ_Ô€valueÐ  N ž „„Ð196€„€203Ð G=h ¸3  €D@41„„‰€D@‰GÐ41Ð =31h ¸3  €D@41 €D@ =ÐÐ  È  ÐH.€€Investigation€of€reports€of€torture€and€punishment€ofÐ È  Ðthose€responsibleÐ  ® þ „„Ð204€„€217Ð G=È 3  €E@43„„‰€E@‰GÐ43Ð ]S1È 3  €E@43 €E@  ð?1.‰ð?‰]Ð1.Ð 4*((x   ð?1. ð? 4ЀCONCLUSIONS€AND€RECOMMENDATIONSÐ  (x  „„Ð218€„€220Ð G=(x 3  €F@45„„‰€F@‰GÐ45Ð =31(x 3  €F@45 €F@ =ÐVII.Ð  ¢ò  ÐADOPTION€OF€THE€REPORT€BY€THE€COMMITTEEÐ ¢ò  ÐAND€FOLLOW„UP€TO€THE€REPORTÐ ?5 ˆØ   k@221„„‰ k@‰?Ð221Ð g]2¢ò 3  k@221  k@  H@48„„‰H@‰gÐ48Ð =31¢ò 3  H@48 H@ =ÐVIII.Ð  R! ÐPUBLICATION€OF€THE€COMMITTEEððS€REPORTÐ R" ÐAND€REPLY€FROM€THE€GOVERNMENT€OFÐ è8# ÐMEXICOÐ ?5 Î$ Àk@222„„‰Àk@‰?Ð222Ð g]2R%3 Àk@222 Àk@  €H@49„„‰€H@‰gÐ49Ð =31R&3  €H@49 €H@ =ÐPART€TWO.Ð  H˜' ÐREPLY€FROM€THE€GOVERNMENT€OF€MEXICOÐ  H˜( „„Ð223€„€336Ð G=H˜)3  €H@49„„‰€H@‰GÐ49Ð =31H˜*3  €H@49 €H@ =ÐI.Ð  Â+ ÐINTRODUCTIONÐ  Â, „„Ð223€„€237Ð G=Â-3  €H@49„„‰€H@‰GÐ49Ð =31Â.3  €H@49 €H@ =ÐII.Ð  <Œ/ ÐGENERAL€COMMENTSÐ  <Œ0 „„Ð238€„€251Ð G=<Œ13  I@50„„‰I@‰GÐ50Ð =31<Œ23  I@50 I@ =ÐIII.Ð  ¶3 ÐCHARACTERISTICS€AND€FREQUENCY€OF€CASESÐ ¶4 ÐOF€TORTUREÐ  œì5 „„Ð252€„€279Ð G=¶63  €J@53„„‰€J@‰GÐ53Ð =31¶73  €J@53 €J@ =ÐIV.Ð  f8 ÐLEGAL€MECHANISMS€OFFERING€PROTECTIONÐ f9 ÐAGAINST€TORTURE,€AND€HOW€THEY€OPERATEÐ  üL: „„Ð280€„€284Ð G=f;3  N@60„„‰N@‰GÐ60Ð =31f<3  N@60 N@ =ÐV.Ð  vÆ= ÐCONCLUSIONS€AND€RECOMMENDATIONSÐ  vÆ> „„Ð285€„€336Ð G=vÆ?3  N@60„„‰N@‰GÐ60Ð A71vÆ@3  N@60 N@ ……AÐList€of€AnnexesÐ ! ð @A „„!ÐÐ G=ð @B3  ÀT@83„„‰ÀT@‰GÐ83ÐA75ð @C3  ÀT@83 ÀT@ AÐÐ  "VC ÐòòPART€ONE.€€REPORT€OF€THE€COMMITTEEÐ ° ÐÌóóI.€€òòINTRODUCTIONóóÐ |Ì ÐÓ  ÓÌ1.€€In€accordance€with€article€20€of€the€Convention,€if€the€Committee€receives€reliable€informationÐ H˜ Ðwhich€appears€to€it€to€contain€well-founded€indications€that€torture€is€being€systematically€practised€inÐ . ~ Ðthe€territory€of€a€State€party,€the€Committee€shall€invite€that€State€party€to€cooperate€in€the€examinationÐ  d Ðof€the€information€and,€to€this€end,€to€submit€observations€with€regard€to€the€information€concerned.€Ð ú J ÐThe€Committee€may€subsequently€decide€to€designate€one€or€more€of€its€members€to€make€aÐ à 0 Ðconfidential€inquiry€which€may€include€a€visit€to€the€territory€of€the€State€party€concerned,€with€itsÐ Æ   Ðagreement.€€All€these€proceedings€of€the€Committee€are€confidential€and€at€all€stages€of€the€proceedingsÐ ¬ ü  Ðthe€cooperation€of€the€State€party€is€sought.€€After€the€proceedings€have€been€completed,€the€CommitteeÐ ’â  Ðmay€decide€to€include€a€summary€account€of€their€results€in€its€annual€reports€to€the€States€parties€toÐ xÈ  Ðthe€Convention€and€the€General€Assembly.€Ð ^®  ÐÌ2.€€Mexico€ratified€the€Convention€on€23€January€1986.€€At€the€time€of€ratification€it€did€not€declare€thatÐ *z  Ðit€did€not€recognize€the€competence€of€the€Committee€provided€for€in€article€20€of€the€Convention,€asÐ ` Ðit€could€have€done€under€article€28€of€the€Convention.€€The€procedure€under€article€20€is,€therefore,Ð öF Ðapplicable€to€Mexico.Ð Ü, ÐÌII.€€òòAPPLICATION€OF€THE€PROCEDUREóóÐ ¨ø ÐÌ3.€€In€October€1998,€the€Committee€received€from€the€Human€Rights€Centre€Miguel€Ô_ÔAgustnÔ_Ô€Pro„Ô_ÔJurezÔ_ÔÐ tÄ Ð(Ô_ÔPRODHÔ_Ô),€a€non-governmental€organization€based€in€Mexico€City,€a€report€entitled€ð ðTorture:€Ð Zª ÐInstitutionalized€Violence€in€Mexico,€April€1997„September€1998ðð.€€The€report€contained€an€appeal€toÐ @ Ðthe€Committee€to€undertake€an€investigation€pursuant€to€article€20€of€the€Convention.Ð &v ÐÌ4.€€At€its€twenty„first€session€(November€1998,€the€Committee€requested€one€of€its€members,€Mr.Ð òB ÐÔ_ÔAlejandroÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔGonzlezÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔPobleteÔ_Ô,€to€consider€that€report€in€detail.€€He€did€so€in€the€light€of€other€informationÐ Ø( Ðavailable€to€the€Committee,€in€particular€the€information€provided€by€the€Government€in€connectionÐ ¾ Ðwith€the€consideration€of€its€third€periodic€report€and€the€report€of€the€Commission€on€Human€RightsððÐ ¤ô ÐSpecial€Rapporteur€on€torture€concerning€his€visit€to€Mexico€in€August€1997€(E/CN.4/1998/38/Add.2).Ð Š Ú ÐÌ5.€€In€the€light€of€his€consideration,€the€Committee€determined€that€the€information€submitted€byÐ V"¦! ÐÔ_ÔPRODHÔ_Ô€was€sound€and€gave€justifiable€grounds€for€believing€that€torture€was€systematically€practisedÐ <#Œ" Ðin€Mexico.€€In€accordance€with€article€20,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Convention€and€rule€76€of€its€Rules€ofÐ "$r# ÐProcedure,€the€Committee,€in€a€letter€dated€30€November€1998,€requested€the€Government€of€MexicoÐ %X $ Ðto€cooperate€in€the€examination€of,€and€comment€on,€the€information€in€question.Ð î%>!% ÐÌ6.€€On€1€and€19€March€1999,€the€Government€sent€the€Committee€documents€enumerating€theÐ º' #' Ðlegislation€in€force€and€the€measures€taken€by€the€authorities€at€various€levels€in€previous€years€toÐ  (ð#( Ðcombat€torture.€€It€described€the€information€from€Ô_ÔPRODHÔ_Ô€as€ð ðÔ_ÔbiasedÔ_Ô€and€tendentiousðð.€€Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌ7.€€At€its€twenty„second€session€(May€1999)€the€Committee€assigned€two€of€its€members,€Mr.€Ô_ÔAlejandroÔ_ÔÐ R+¢&+ ÐÔ_ÔGonzlezÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔPobleteÔ_Ô€and€Mr.€Antonio€Silva€Ô_ÔHenriquesÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔGasparÔ_Ô,€to€examine€the€Governmentððs€response.€Ð 8,ˆ', ÐThey€noted€that€the€Mexican€Government€reproached€the€Committee€with€acting€rashly€in€concludingÐ -n(- Ðthat€torture€was€being€practised€systematically€in€Mexico,€since€the€information€brought€to€theÐ ° ÐGovernmentððs€attention€referred€only€to€60€cases€involving€a€total€of€177€victims€in€12€of€the€countryððsÐ –æ Ð32€Federal€States.€€According€to€the€Government,€that€sample€was€not€representative€of€the€realÐ |Ì Ðsituation€in€Mexico.€€The€Government€also€pointed€out€that€the€cases€in€question€had€not€been€broughtÐ b² Ðto€the€attention€of€the€competent€authorities,€in€particular,€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office.€€TheÐ H˜ ÐCommitteeððs€representatives€dismissed€that€argument€since€the€information€from€Ô_ÔPRODHÔ_Ô€showed€thatÐ . ~ Ðalmost€all€the€cases€had€been€the€subject€of€complaints€either€to€the€National€Human€RightsÐ  d ÐCommission€or€to€its€counterparts€in€Federal€States.€€The€information€received€by€the€CommitteeÐ ú J Ðsuggested€that,€despite€the€legislative€and€administrative€measures€taken€by€the€Government,€tortureÐ à 0 Ðcontinued€to€be€practised€systematically,€in€particular€by€members€of€the€judicial€police€and€the€armedÐ Æ   Ðforces,€in€the€fight€against€subversive€groups.€€The€Special€Rapporteur€on€torture,òò1óó€the€Inter„AmericanÐ ¬ ü  ÐCommission€on€Human€Rightsòò2óó€and€the€non„governmental€organization€Human€Rights€Watchòò3óó€had€allÐ ’â  Ðreached€the€same€conclusion€in€their€reports€on€the€matter.€€In€its€reply€the€Government€had€providedÐ xÈ  Ðstatistics€on€all€the€recommendations€concerning€legal€system€employees€made€since€1990€by€humanÐ ^®  Ðrights€commissions,€but€had€given€no€indication€of€how€many€of€them€referred€to€cases€of€torture,€norÐ D”  Ðof€how€the€recommendations€had€been€followed€up.€€The€representatives€considered€that€the€CommitteeÐ *z  Ðshould€continue€its€procedure€under€article€20.€Ð ` ÐÌ8.€€During€the€same€session,€the€Committee€endorsed€that€conclusion€and€decided€to€undertake€aÐ Ü, Ðconfidential€inquiry€in€accordance€with€article€20,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Convention€and€rule€78€of€itsÐ Â ÐRules€of€Procedure,€designating€Mr.€Ô_ÔGonzlezÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔPobleteÔ_Ô€and€Mr.€Silva€Ô_ÔHenriquesÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔGasparÔ_Ô€for€the€purpose.€Ð ¨ø ÐIt€also€decided€to€invite€the€Mexican€Government,€in€accordance€with€article€20,€paragraph€3,€of€theÐ ŽÞ ÐConvention€and€rule€79€of€its€Rules€of€Procedure,€to€cooperate€with€it€in€the€conduct€of€the€inquiry.€Ð tÄ ÐLastly,€it€decided€to€request€the€Government€of€Mexico,€pursuant€to€article€20,€paragraph€3,€of€theÐ Zª ÐConvention€and€rule€80€of€its€Rules€of€Procedure,€to€allow€a€visit€to€take€place€in€September€1999.Ð @ ÐÌ9.€€In€a€note€Ô_ÔverbaleÔ_Ô€dated€29€June€1999,€the€Permanent€Mission€of€Mexico€to€the€United€Nations€OfficeÐ  \ Ðat€Geneva€expressed€the€Governmentððs€surprise€at€the€Committeeððs€decision,€since€the€Government€hadÐ òB Ðprovided€the€Committee€with€a€wealth€of€conclusive€evidence€showing€beyond€doubt€that€theÐ Ø( Ðinformation€supplied€by€Ô_ÔPRODHÔ_Ô€was€baseless,€unreliable,€distorted€facts€and€arguments,€was€atÐ ¾ Ðvariance€with€reality€in€the€country€and€did€not€support€the€conclusion€that€torture€was€systematicallyÐ ¤ô Ðpractised€in€Mexico.€€That€notwithstanding,€the€note€stated€the€Governmentððs€willingness€to€cooperateÐ Š Ú Ðwith€the€Committee€in€the€inquiry€and€to€provide€such€information€at€its€disposal€as€the€members€of€theÐ p!À  ÐCommittee€might€consider€of€help€in€examining€the€events€that€were€the€subject€of€the€inquiry.€€It€alsoÐ V"¦! Ðsaid€that€the€Government€would€assess€the€justification€for,€and€appropriateness€of€a€visit€to€the€countryÐ <#Œ" Ðonce€its€accredited€representative,€Ambassador€Miguel€Angel€Ô_ÔGonzlezÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔFlixÔ_Ô,€had€met€the€CommitteeððsÐ "$r# Ðdesignated€representatives.Ð %X $ ÐÌ10.€€The€meeting€between€Ambassador€Ô_ÔGonzlezÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔFlixÔ_Ô€and€the€two€Committee€members€assigned€toÐ Ô&$"& Ðconduct€the€inquiry€took€place€on€19€and€20€October€1999€in€Geneva.€€Besides€Ambassador€Ô_ÔGonzlezÔ_ÔÐ º' #' ÐÔ_ÔFlixÔ_Ô,€the€Government€of€Mexico€was€represented€by€Ms.€Ô_ÔPerlaÔ_Ô€Carvalho,€the€deputy€permanentÐ  (ð#( Ðrepresentative€at€the€Permanent€Mission€of€Mexico€to€the€United€Nations€Office€at€Geneva,€Ms.€AliciaÐ †)Ö$) ÐÔ_ÔPrezÔ_Ô€Duarte,€counsellor€at€the€Permanent€Mission,€Mr.€Florencio€Madariaga,€the€AssistantÐ l*¼%* ÐAttorney-General€of€the€State€of€Ô_ÔChiapasÔ_Ô,€and€Mr.€Ô_ÔJoaqunÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔGonzlezÔ_Ô€Casanova,€the€Director€for€HumanÐ R+¢&+ ÐRights€at€the€Office€of€the€Attorney-General€of€the€Republic.Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- Ð11.€€The€Committee€members€gave€the€delegation€a€list€of€394€suspected€cases€of€torture.€€Of€these,€316Ð ° Ðhad€been€selected€from€reports€by€the€Special€Rapporteur,€and€78€from€the€information€supplied€byÐ –æ ÐÔ_ÔPRODHÔ_Ô.€€The€breakdown€of€the€cases€by€State€was:€€Campeche,€15;€Ô_ÔChiapasÔ_Ô,€78;€Chihuahua,€9;Ð |Ì ÐÔ_ÔGuanajuatoÔ_Ô,€5;€Ô_ÔGuerreroÔ_Ô,€89;€Hidalgo,€11;€Ô_ÔJaliscoÔ_Ô,€1;€Mexico,€10;€Ô_ÔMorelosÔ_Ô,€18;€Oaxaca,€83;€Puebla,€2;Ð b² ÐSonora,€3;€Tabasco,€8;€Ô_ÔTamaulipasÔ_Ô,€11;€Veracruz,€16;€Federal€District,€31.€€In€four€cases,€the€State€wasÐ H˜ Ðunknown.€€Government€replies€had€been€received€concerning€many€of€the€cases€mentioned€in€theÐ . ~ ÐSpecial€Rapporteurððs€reports€and€the€Committee€members€had€taken€them€into€account.Ð  d ÐÌ12.€€The€members€of€the€delegation€reiterated€their€Governmentððs€willingness€to€continue€cooperatingÐ à 0 Ðwith€the€Committee.€€They€reviewed€the€human€rights€measures€taken€since€1990,€when€the€NationalÐ Æ   ÐHuman€Rights€Commission€(Ô_ÔCNDHÔ_Ô)€had€been€established.€€Those€measures€included:€€the€holding€ofÐ ¬ ü  Ðexpert€workshops€to€identify€factors€conducive€to€recourse€to€torture;€the€establishment€of€human€rightsÐ ’â  Ðcommissions€in€every€Mexican€State;€the€entry€into€force€of€the€Federal€law€on€torture€and€ofÐ xÈ  Ðcorresponding€laws€in€virtually€all€the€States;€the€establishment€of€human€rights€departments€inÐ ^®  Ðattorney-generalsðð€offices;€and€the€conduct€by€the€human€rights€commissions€and€the€Office€of€theÐ D”  ÐAttorney„General€of€the€Republic€of€a€campaign€encouraging€the€population€to€report€any€human€rightsÐ *z  Ðabuses.€€They€had€resulted€in€a€significant€decline€in€the€numbers€of€cases€reported.€€Torture€had€rankedÐ ` Ðsecond€among€the€types€of€violation€covered€in€the€first€Ô_ÔCNDHÔ_Ô€report€(1990),€whereas€it€ranked€32ndÐ öF Ðin€the€most€recent€one€(December€1998),€with€28€complaints€lodged€and€six€recommendations€againstÐ Ü, Ðpublic€servants.€€In€addition,€the€judicial€system€had€started€a€clear€trend€towards€the€rejection€of€tortureÐ Â Ðand€the€punishment€of€those€responsible€for€it,€and€progress€was€being€made€towards€ensuring€thatÐ ¨ø Ðvictims€of€human€rights€violations€were€compensated€in€cases€where€a€State€was€jointly€liable€for€lossÐ ŽÞ Ðor€damage€caused€by€its€officials.€€The€delegation€explained€the€procedures€followed€by€the€judicialÐ tÄ Ðauthorities€in€the€light€of€recommendations€of€the€human€rights€commissions€and€said€that€the€authorityÐ Zª Ðvested€in€the€commissionsðð€inspectors€was€such€that€the€evidence€they€collected€could€be€used€in€court.Ð @ ÐÌ13.€€The€Committee€members€told€the€delegation€of€their€concern€at€the€lack€of€information€on€theÐ  \ Ðoutcome€of€cases€in€which€there€had€been€a€torture€investigation,€especially€the€prosecution€andÐ òB Ðpunishment€of€those€responsible.€€In€cases€where€there€had€been€a€recommendation€from€Ô_ÔCNDHÔ_Ô€or€aÐ Ø( ÐState€commission€it€was€not€known€to€what€action€the€recommendation€had€given€rise.€€There€was€aÐ ¾ Ðconsiderable€difference€between€the€number€of€complaints€and€the€number€of€cases€in€which€criminalÐ ¤ô Ðproceedings€had€been€instituted€and€the€perpetrators€had€been€punished.€€The€delegation€emphasizedÐ Š Ú Ðhow€hard€it€was€to€gather€this€information,€largely€owing€to€Mexicoððs€Federal€structure.€€Even€so,€theÐ p!À  ÐGovernment€would€do€all€it€could€to€provide€the€Committee€with€up„to„date€replies€on€the€394€cases.òò4óó€Ð V"¦! ÐÌ14.€€The€delegation€said€that,€if€the€Committee€members€wished€to€insist€on€visiting€Mexico,€it€wouldÐ "$r# Ðbe€advisable€for€them€not€to€make€their€trip€before€the€presidential€elections€to€be€held€on€2€July€2000,Ð %X $ Ðsince€such€a€visit€could€be€used€for€political€ends€by€groups€with€an€interest€in€the€electoral€contest.€Ð î%>!% ÐFurthermore,€the€new€administration€would€not€be€in€place€before€November€2000.€€While€agreeing€thatÐ Ô&$"& Ðit€might€not€be€appropriate€to€visit€the€country€during€the€electoral€period,€the€Committee€members€saidÐ º' #' Ðthat€they€did€not€think€it€would€be€appropriate€either€to€postpone€their€visit€until€after€the€installationÐ  (ð#( Ðof€the€new€administration.€€They€suggested,€therefore,€that€the€visit€should€take€place€in€August€2000.€Ð †)Ö$) ÐThey€emphasized€that€the€authorities€should€not€view€the€visit€as€anything€negative:€€it€formed€part€ofÐ l*¼%* Ðthe€process€and€was€a€means€of€gaining€the€most€objective€and€well„founded€opinion€possibleÐ R+¢&+ Ðconcerning€the€actual€state€of€affairs€in€the€country.€Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- Ð15.€€On€30€January€2001,€the€Government€invited€the€Committee€members€to€visit€the€country.€€TheÐ ° Ðmembers€suggested€a€visit€between€23€August€and€12€September€2001;€the€Government€accepted€thoseÐ –æ Ðdates.€€In€the€mean€time,€the€Committee€had€designated€another€of€its€members,€Mr.€Ole€Ô_ÔVedelÔ_ÔÐ |Ì ÐRasmussen,€to€take€part€in€the€visit€along€with€the€two€designated€previously.€€In€the€end,€Mr.€SilvaÐ b² ÐÔ_ÔHenriquesÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔGasparÔ_Ô€was€prevented€by€personal€reasons€from€taking€part€in€the€visit.€€The€CommitteeÐ H˜ Ðmembers€were€accompanied€by€two€members€of€the€Office€of€the€United€Nations€High€CommissionerÐ . ~ Ðfor€Human€Rights,€Ms.€Carmen€Rosa€Ô_ÔRuedaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔCastað;ðnÔ_Ô,€the€Committee€Secretary,€and€Ms.€MercedesÐ  d ÐMorales€Ô_ÔFernndezÔ_Ô.Ð ú J ÐÌIII.€€òòVISIT€TO€MEXICO€FROM€23€AUGUST€TO€12€SEPTEMBER€2001óóÐ Æ   ÐÌA.€€òòActivities€of€the€Committee€members€during€the€visitóóÐ ’â  ÐÌ16.€€During€their€stay€in€Mexico€the€Committee€members€visited€the€Federal€District,€where€they€heldÐ ^®  Ðdiscussions€with€the€following€officials:€€the€President€and€judges€of€the€Supreme€Court;€the€FederalÐ D”  ÐDirector€of€Public€Security;€the€Attorney„General€of€the€Republic;€the€Director€of€Public€Security€ofÐ *z  Ðthe€Government€of€the€Federal€District;€the€Federal€District€Attorney-General;€the€MilitaryÐ ` ÐProsecutor-General;€the€President€and€board€of€inspectors€of€the€National€Human€Rights€Commission;Ð öF Ðthe€President€and€inspectors€of€the€Federal€District€Human€Rights€Commission;€and€theÐ Ü, ÐInterdepartmental€Commission€to€Monitor€Mexicoððs€International€Human€Rights€Commitments.€€TheyÐ Â Ðalso€had€discussions€with€representatives€of€non-governmental€organizations€and€visited€Mexico€CityððsÐ ¨ø ÐÔ_ÔReclusorioÔ_Ô€Norte€prison.€€They€alsomet€the€Human€Rights€and€Civic€Protection€Attorney€of€the€StateÐ ŽÞ Ðof€Baja€California,€who€was€in€Mexico€City€at€the€time.€€Lastly,€they€visited€the€La€Palma€FederalÐ tÄ ÐCentre€for€Social€Rehabilitation€(Ô_ÔAlmoloyaÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔJurezÔ_Ô,€Mexico€State).Ð Zª ÐÌ17.€€They€also€visited€the€States€of€Ô_ÔTamaulipasÔ_Ô,€Oaxaca€and€Ô_ÔGuerreroÔ_Ô.€€In€Ciudad€Victoria,€the€capitalÐ &v Ðof€Ô_ÔTamaulipasÔ_Ô,€they€met€a€number€of€State€officials:€€the€Director€of€Judicial€Police,€theÐ  \ ÐAttorney-General,€the€Deputy€Director€of€Expert€Services,€the€President€and€three€members€of€theÐ òB ÐSupreme€Court€and€the€President€of€the€State€human€rights€commission.€€In€the€towns€of€Reynosa€andÐ Ø( ÐMiguel€Ô_ÔAlemnÔ_Ô€they€had€discussions€with€representatives€of€non-governmental€organizations€andÐ ¾ Ðvisited€the€social€rehabilitation€centres;òò5óó€€in€Reynosa€they€also€visited€the€premises€of€the€judicial€andÐ ¤ô Ðpreventive€police€and€met€the€Commander€of€the€Eighth€Military€Zone.Ð Š Ú ÐÌ18.€€In€Oaxaca,€they€met€the€President€and€a€number€of€members€of€the€High€Court,€the€Director€ofÐ V"¦! ÐPublic€Security€and€Civic€Protection,€the€Director€of€Prevention€and€Social€Rehabilitation,€theÐ <#Œ" ÐAttorney-General,€the€Director€of€Judicial€Police€and€officials€of€the€Forensic€Medicine€Service,€theÐ "$r# ÐCommander€of€the€Twenty„eighth€Military€Zone€and€the€President€and€inspectors€of€the€State€humanÐ %X $ Ðrights€commission.€€They€also€had€discussions€with€non-governmental€organizations€and€visited€theÐ î%>!% Ðsocial€rehabilitation€centres€at€Ô_ÔIxcotelÔ_Ô€and€Ô_ÔEtlaÔ_Ô.Ð Ô&$"& ÐÌ19.€€In€Ô_ÔGuerreroÔ_Ô,€they€had€discussions€in€the€capital,€Ô_ÔChilpancingoÔ_Ô,€with€the€President€of€the€High€Court,Ð  (ð#( Ðthe€Director€of€Public€Security€and€Civic€Protection,€the€Director€of€Prevention€and€SocialÐ †)Ö$) ÐRehabilitation,€the€Attorney„General,€the€Commander€of€the€Thirty„fifth€Military€Zone€and€theÐ l*¼%* ÐPresident€and€inspectors€of€the€State€human€rights€commission.€€They€also€had€discussions€with€non„Ð R+¢&+ Ðgovernmental€organizations€and€visited€the€social€rehabilitation€centres€at€Ô_ÔChilpancingoÔ_Ô,€Acapulco€andÐ 8,ˆ', ÐÔ_ÔIgualaÔ_Ô.Ð -n(- ÐÓÌ$ÓÌB.€€òòGeneral€conditions€in€which€the€visit€took€placeóóÐ –æ ÐÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÌ20.€€Before€starting€their€visit,€the€Committee€members€agreed€with€the€authorities€that€it€would€takeÐ b² Ðplace€according€to€the€following€principles:€€access€to€any€place€where€there€might€be€persons€deprivedÐ H˜ Ðof€liberty;€guaranteed€access€in€all€such€places€to€all€premises,€not€just€cells;€access€to€any€writtenÐ . ~ Ðdocument€that€the€members€might€feel€it€useful€to€consult,€including€registers€of€detainees;€possibilityÐ  d Ðof€private€conversations€with€anybody,€including€detainees€and€officials€of€detention€centres,€whom€theÐ ú J Ðmembers€might€wish€to€interview;€possibility€of€returning€to€places€of€detention€that€had€already€beenÐ à 0 Ðvisited.Ð Æ   ÐÌ21.€€The€Mexican€Government€supported€the€visit€to€the€full€and€was€very€cooperative€throughout.€€ItÐ ’â  Ðrespected€the€above€principles€and,€both€in€the€Federal€District€and€in€the€States,€took€the€measuresÐ xÈ  Ðnecessary€to€enable€the€members€to€carry€out€their€programme€of€work€and,€when€necessary,€toÐ ^®  Ðguarantee€their€security.€€As€a€result,€the€Committee€members€were€able€to€visit€places€of€detention€atÐ D”  Ðlittle€(one€or€two€hoursðð)€or€no€notice.€€They€were€able€to€talk€in€private€with€all€the€detainees€they€askedÐ *z  Ðto€see.€€They€were€also€able€to€hold€unimpeded€discussions€with€relatives,€former€detainees€andÐ ` Ðrepresentatives€of€non„governmental€organizations.€€They€informed€all€the€people€they€spoke€with€ofÐ öF Ðthe€purpose€of€their€visit€and€of€its€confidential€nature.€Ð Ü, ÐÌIV.€€òòCHARACTERISTICS€AND€FREQUENCY€OF€CASES€OF€TORTUREóóÐ ¨ø ÐÌ22.€€In€order€to€determine€the€characteristics€and€frequency€of€cases€of€torture€in€Mexico,€the€CommitteeÐ tÄ Ðmembers€took€as€their€basis€the€following€sources€of€information:€€Ð Zª ÐÌÓ€ á¨9:<=DEFL(ty3ßÓÝ"‚¨3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚¨3£õ|ÝÔ2tÔððÔ3  Ôà0 á àÝ  ÝThe€testimony€of€alleged€victims€or€their€direct€relatives;݃¨3£õ|"}ÝŒÐ&vá%á% ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚¨3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚¨3£æ}ÝÔ2tÔððÔ3  Ôà0 á àÝ  ÝInformation€from€public€agencies€for€the€protection€and€defence€of€human€rights;݃¨3£æ}~݌Р\á%á% ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚¨3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚¨3£ì~ÝÔ2tÔððÔ3  Ôà0 á àÝ  ÝInformation€from€non„governmental€human€rights€organizations;݃¨3£ì~ÝŒÐòBá%á% ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚¨3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚¨3£àÝÔ2tÔððÔ3  Ôà0 á àÝ  ÝInformation€from€State€and€Federal€governmental€authorities.݃¨3£à €ÝŒÐØ(á%á% ÐŒÝ  ÝÌA.€€òòTestimony€of€alleged€victims€or€their€direct€relativesóóÐ ¤ô ÐÌ23.€€In€the€course€of€their€visit€to€Mexico,€the€Committee€members€interviewed€91€detainees.€€TheseÐ p!À  Ðinterviewees€were€selected€according€to€two€criteria:€€(1)€information€had€already€been€received€to€theÐ V"¦! Ðeffect€that€they€had€been€tortured;€(2)€it€was€apparent€from€medical€and€legal€records€at€places€ofÐ <#Œ" Ðdetention€covering€the€months€preceding€the€visit€that€the€individuals€in€question€had€arrived€withÐ "$r# Ðinjuries.€€Of€the€interviewees,€59€stated€that€they€had€been€treated€in€a€way€that€the€Committee€membersÐ %X $ Ðconsidered€to€fall€within€the€definition€of€article€1€of€the€Convention.€€In€many€of€these€cases,€thereÐ î%>!% Ðwere€medical€reports€that€tallied€with€the€intervieweesðð€accounts.€€Two€other€individuals€stated€that,Ð Ô&$"& Ðwhile€they€had€not€been€tortured,€they€had€been€subjected€to€strong€psychological€pressure.€€In€twoÐ º' #' Ðcases,€it€is€questionable€whether€the€treatment€meted€out€falls€within€the€definitions€given€in€articles€1Ð  (ð#( Ðand€16€of€the€Convention.€Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌ24.€€The€Committee€members€also€heard€testimony€concerning€17€other€victims€of€torture.€Some€ofÐ R+¢&+ Ðthem€were€at€liberty,€but€others€were€in€detention,€in€which€event€the€testimony€came€from€directÐ 8,ˆ', Ðrelatives.€Ð -n(- Ð1.€€òòTestimony€of€persons€deprived€of€libertyóóÐ ° ÐÌ(a)€€òòÔ_ÔTamaulipasÔ_ÔóóÐ |Ì ÐÌ25.€€During€their€visit€to€the€Reynosa€Ô_ÔCERESOÔ_Ô,€the€Committee€members€interviewed€13€inmates,€11Ð H˜ Ðof€whom€reported€that€they€had,€at€the€time€of€their€detention€at€various€points€in€the€State,€undergoneÐ . ~ Ðtreatment€that€the€Committee€members€considered€to€be€torture.€€Three€had€been€taken€into€detentionÐ  d Ðin€1999€and€the€others€between€January€and€June€2001.€€All€said€that€they€had€been€struck€repeatedlyÐ ú J Ðat€the€time€of€their€arrest€or€for€several€hours€or€days€thereafter.€€The€only€exception€was€the€soleÐ à 0 Ðwoman,€who€said€that€she€had€been€threatened€with€being€thrown€into€a€canal€and€had€been€forced€toÐ Æ   Ðwatch€as€her€husband€was€tortured.€€Two€of€the€detainees€said€that€their€hearing€had€been€damaged€byÐ ¬ ü  Ðthe€beatings€and€two€others€that€they€had€been€bedridden€for€several€weeks.€€Three€said€that€plastic€bagsÐ ’â  Ðhad€been€placed€over€their€heads€and€one€that€water€containing€chilli€powder€had€been€poured€into€hisÐ xÈ  Ðnose€and€mouth.€€One€said€he€had€twice€been€taken€to€a€riverbank€and€threatened€with€being€thrown€in.€Ð ^®  ÐFive€said€that€those€responsible€belonged€to€the€judicial€police,€one,€the€Federal€judicial€police,€five,Ð D”  Ðpolice€patrols€and€one,€the€Army.Ð *z  ÐÌ26.€€The€Committee€members€also€interviewed€three€people€who€had€been€taken€into€detention€a€fewÐ öF Ðhours€earlier€and€were€being€held€in€judicial€police€cells€in€Reynosa.€€These€said€that€they€had€not€beenÐ Ü, Ðtortured€or€mistreated.Ð Â ÐÌ27.€€At€the€Miguel€Ô_ÔAlemnÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔCERESOÔ_Ô,€the€Committee€members€interviewed€seven€inmates.€€Two€ofÐ ŽÞ Ðthem,€who€had€been€in€custody€since€August€2001,€said€that€they€had€been€beaten€by€members€of€theÐ tÄ Ðjudicial€police€during€their€arrests;€medical€certificates€issued€on€imprisonment€mentioned€the€presenceÐ Zª Ðof€injuries.€€One,€who€had€been€in€custody€since€November€2000,€said€he€had€been€repeatedly€beatenÐ @ Ðby€municipal€police€officers.€€The€other€four€said€they€had€not€been€tortured€or€ill„treated.€Ð &v ÐÌ(b)€€òòOaxacaóóÐ òB ÐÌ28.€€During€their€visit€to€the€Santa€Mara€Ô_ÔIxcotelÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔCERESOÔ_Ô,€the€Committee€members€interviewed€14Ð ¾ Ðinmates.€€Three€of€them,€who€had€been€in€custody€since€August€2001,€said€that€they€had€been€beatenÐ ¤ô Ðby€police€patrols€when€they€were€detained,€although€two€of€them€said€they€had€not€resisted€arrest.€€FiveÐ Š Ú Ðsaid€that€they€had€been€arrested€by€the€judicial€police€in€the€Ô_ÔLoxichaÔ_Ô€region€on€various€dates,€namelyÐ p!À  Ðone€in€1996,€two€in€1998,€one€in€1999€and€one€in€June€2001;€all€of€them€„€except€one,€who€said€he€hadÐ V"¦! Ðbeen€forced,€under€threat€of€death,€to€sign€blank€sheets€of€paper€but€had€not€been€beaten€„€said€that€theyÐ <#Œ" Ðhad€repeatedly€been€beaten€and€threatened;€one€said€that€he€had€received€electric€shocks.€€AnotherÐ "$r# Ðinmate,€who€had€been€arrested€in€September€1999€in€Oaxaca€by€a€police€patrol,€said€that€he€had€beenÐ %X $ Ðbeaten€when€detained€and€during€his€arrest€and€during€his€time€in€the€judicial€police€cells,€where€he€hadÐ î%>!% Ðalso€been€threatened€in€order€to€force€him€to€confess€to€participation€in€a€case€of€bodily€injury€and€rape.€Ð Ô&$"& ÐThe€other€five€interviewees€said€that€they€had€not€been€tortured€or€ill„treated.Ð º' #' ÐÌ29.€€During€their€visit€to€the€Ô_ÔEtlaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔCERESOÔ_Ô,€the€Committee€members€met€nine€inmates.€€Of€theseÐ †)Ö$) Ðinmates,€two€indigenous€men€from€the€Ô_ÔLoxichaÔ_Ô€region€said€that€they€had€been€severely€beaten€on€beingÐ l*¼%* Ðarrested€by€the€judicial€police€in€1997,€one€of€them€in€Oaxaca€and€the€other€in€Ô_ÔPutladeÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔGuerreroÔ_Ô,€onÐ R+¢&+ Ðcharges€of€belonging€to€subversive€groups€and€committing€various€offences€in€connection€with€theÐ 8,ˆ', Ðgroupsðð€activities;€one€of€them€said€that€he€had€been€subjected€to€electric€shocks,€that€carbonated€waterÐ -n(- Ðhad€been€poured€into€his€nose€and€that€a€plastic€bag€had€been€placed€over€his€head.€€A€third€man€saidÐ ° Ðthat€he€had€been€kicked€by€the€police€when€detained€and€had€been€obliged€to€sign€blank€sheets€of€paper.€Ð –æ ÐThe€other€inmates€said€that€they€had€not€been€tortured€or€ill„treated.Ð |Ì ÐÌÔ_Ô(cÔ_Ô)€€òòÔ_ÔGuerreroÔ_ÔóóÐ H˜ ÐÌ30.€€During€their€visit€to€the€Ô_ÔChilpancingoÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔCERESOÔ_Ô,€the€Committee€members€interviewed€11€inmatesÐ  d Ðwho€had€been€arrested€in€various€parts€of€the€State.€€Of€the€arrests,€two€had€taken€place€in€1998,€twoÐ ú J Ðin€1999,€one€in€2000€and€the€rest€between€May€and€June€2001.€€One€of€the€men€arrested€in€1998€saidÐ à 0 Ðthat€he€had€been€subjected€to€psychological,€but€not€to€physical€pressure;€three€said€that€they€had€beenÐ Æ   Ðhit€repeatedly;€the€others€said€that€they€had€been€hit,€threatened€and€subjected€to€other€forms€of€torture,Ð ¬ ü  Ðsuch€as€the€pouring€of€water€into€their€noses€or€mouths,€the€placing€of€plastic€bags€(which€in€one€caseÐ ’â  Ðcontained€lime)€over€their€heads,€or€mock€executions.€€One€woman€said€that€she€had€been€rapedÐ xÈ  Ðrepeatedly,€an€assertion€borne€out€by€the€medical€examinations€carried€out€when€she€entered€the€prison.€Ð ^®  ÐThe€perpetrators€of€those€acts€had€been:€€in€seven€cases,€members€of€the€judicial€police,€in€two€cases,Ð D”  Ðmembers€of€the€judicial€police€and€police€patrols,€in€one€case,€members€of€the€municipal€police,€andÐ *z  Ðin€one€case,€members€of€a€police€patrol.€€Ð ` ÐÌ31.€€During€their€visit€to€the€Acapulco€Ô_ÔCERESOÔ_Ô,€the€Committee€members€interviewed€nine€inmatesÐ Ü, Ðwho€said€they€had€been€hit€or€had€suffered€other€forms€of€torture.€€All€of€them€said€that€they€had€beenÐ Â Ðarrested€in€Acapulco;€the€exception€was€the€only€woman€to€have€been€interviewed,€who€said€that€sheÐ ¨ø Ðhad€been€arrested€in€Ô_ÔApangoÔ_Ô.€€Two€of€the€arrests€took€place€in€July€2000€and€the€remainder€in€2001.€Ð ŽÞ ÐOne€of€the€male€detainees€said€that€he€had€been€burnt€with€a€cigarette€lighter;€another€had€suffered€aÐ tÄ Ðcut€ear,€and€several,€including€the€woman,€had€Ô_ÔhadÔ_Ô€a€bag€placed€over€their€head€and/or€carbonated€waterÐ Zª Ðor€water€containing€chilli€powder€poured€into€their€nose;€one€man€had€been€given€electric€shocks.€€TheÐ @ Ðperpetrators€of€those€acts€had€been:€€in€six€cases€members€of€the€judicial€police,€in€two€cases,€policeÐ &v Ðpatrols,€and€in€one€case,€members€of€the€municipal€police.€€The€worst€forms€of€torture€had€been€inflictedÐ  \ Ðby€members€of€the€judicial€police.€€In€addition€to€those€nine€inmates,€the€Committee€membersÐ òB Ðinterviewed€three€detainees€who€said€they€had€not€been€tortured€or€ill„treated.Ð Ø( ÐÌ32.€€During€their€visit€to€the€Ô_ÔIgualaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔCERESOÔ_Ô,€the€Committee€members€interviewed€seven€inmates,€fiveÐ ¤ô Ðof€whom€said€that€they€had€been€tortured.€€Two€of€them,€who€had€been€arrested€by€police€patrols€atÐ Š Ú ÐÔ_ÔAtoyacÔ_Ô€in€May€2001,€said€that€they€had€been€beaten,€particularly€on€the€ears,€subjected€to€mockÐ p!À  Ðexecutions€and€electric€shocks,€had€plastic€bags€placed€over€their€heads,€water€poured€into€their€nosesÐ V"¦! Ðand€bandages€tied€very€tightly€around€their€heads€and€wrists.€€One€said€that€he€had€been€arrested€by€theÐ <#Œ" Ðjudicial€police€in€August€2001€and€had€been€beaten,€had€water€poured€into€his€nose€and€been€subjectedÐ "$r# Ðto€electric€shocks,€the€marks€of€which€were€still€visible.€Ð %X $ ÐÌ33.€€The€other€two€inmates€who€said€that€they€had€been€tortured€were€Rodolfo€Ô_ÔMontielÔ_Ô€and€TeodoroÐ Ô&$"& ÐCabrera,€both€members€of€the€Ô_ÔOrganizacið;ðnÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔCampesinosÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔEcologistasÔ_Ô€de€la€Sierra€de€Ô_ÔPetatlnÔ_Ô€yÐ º' #' ÐÔ_ÔCoyucaÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔCatalnÔ_Ô€(Organization€of€Peasant€Environmentalists€of€Sierra€de€Ô_ÔPetatlnÔ_Ô€and€Ô_ÔCoyucaÔ_Ô€deÐ  (ð#( ÐÔ_ÔCatalnÔ_Ô),€a€body€formed€in€1998€with€a€view€to€halting€the€excessive€logging€in€the€area.€€They€reportedÐ †)Ö$) Ðthat,€on€2€May€1999,€they€had€been€detained€without€a€warrant€in€the€village€of€Ô_ÔPizotlaÔ_Ô€in€the€Ô_ÔAjuchitlnÔ_ÔÐ l*¼%* Ðdel€Ô_ÔProgresoÔ_Ô€area€of€Ô_ÔGuerreroÔ_Ô€State,€by€members€of€the€Armyððs€Fortieth€Infantry€Battalion.€€On€beingÐ R+¢&+ Ðdetained€they€had€been€thrown€to€the€ground,€beaten,€threatened€with€execution€and€dragged€along€byÐ 8,ˆ', Ðthe€hair.€€After€being€taken€to€an€army€post€on€the€banks€of€the€Ô_ÔPizotlaÔ_Ô€River,€they€had€been€tied€handÐ -n(- Ðand€foot€and€forced€to€lie€face€down€for€several€hours,€after€which€Mr.€Ô_ÔMontielÔ_Ô€had€been€taken€to€aÐ ° Ðplace€close€by€to€be€interrogated.€€He€had€been€kept,€blindfolded,€on€his€back€while€being€tortured€asÐ –æ Ðfollows:€€his€head€was€forced€back€by€someone€pulling€on€his€jaw;€someone€stood€on€his€shoulders;€heÐ |Ì Ðwas€hit€in€the€abdomen€and€the€lumbar€region;€someone€tugged€repeatedly€at€his€testicles,€causing€himÐ b² Ðto€lose€consciousness€several€times;€electric€shocks€were€administered€to€his€right€thigh,€which€hadÐ H˜ Ðpreviously€been€sprayed€with€water;€he€and€his€family€were€threatened€with€death.€€During€thisÐ . ~ Ðtreatment,€which€lasted€between€one€and€two€hours,€he€had€been€interrogated€about€his€activities€andÐ  d Ðtold€he€must€confess€to€belonging€to€an€armed€opposition€group.€€He€had€been€then€returned€to€whereÐ ú J ÐMr.€Cabrera€was,€and€Mr.€Cabrera€had€been€taken€in€turn€to€a€place€where,€after€being€blindfolded€andÐ à 0 Ðmade€to€lie€on€the€floor,€he€had€been€tortured€in€a€similar€way€to€Mr.Ô_ÔMontielÔ_Ô.€Both€men€hadÐ Æ   Ðsubsequently€been€taken€to€the€Fortieth€Infantry€Battalionððs€headquarters€at€Ô_ÔAltamiranoÔ_Ô,€where€they€hadÐ ¬ ü  Ðagain€been€threatened€with€death,€struck,€and€forced€to€confess€to€possessing€and€growing€drugs€andÐ ’â  Ðillegally€possessing€weapons.€€On€4€May€1999,€they€had€been€brought€before€the€Public€ProsecutorððsÐ xÈ  ÐOffice€in€Ô_ÔCoyucaÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔCatalnÔ_Ô€and€then€before€a€judge.€€They€had€been€held€in€the€Ô_ÔCoyucaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔCERESOÔ_Ô€forÐ ^®  Ða€month€before€being€transferred€to€the€Ô_ÔIgualaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔCERESOÔ_Ô.€€In€November€2001,€a€presidential€decree€hadÐ D”  Ðordered€their€release€on€humanitarian€grounds.€Ð *z  ÐÌ34.€€On€14€July€2000,€the€National€Human€Rights€Commission€issued€recommendation€8/2000€to€theÐ öF ÐSecretary€for€National€Defence,€acknowledging€human€rights€violations€against€the€community€ofÐ Ü, ÐÔ_ÔPizotlaÔ_Ô€and€Mr.€Ô_ÔMontielÔ_Ô€and€Mr.€Cabrera.€€It€concluded€that€the€detention€of€the€two€men€had€beenÐ Â Ðillegal€and€that€the€weapons€found€in€their€possession€had€been€ð ðplantedðð€by€Army€personnel.€€TheÐ ¨ø ÐCommission€also€said€that,€as€the€Army€had€persistently€remained€silent€in€order€to€avoid€providing€itÐ ŽÞ Ðwith€the€information€it€had€requested,€it€could€be€considered€certain€that€the€men€had€been€tortured.€Ð tÄ ÐAlthough€the€only€evidence€against€them€was€their€confessions€extracted€under€torture,€the€fifth€districtÐ Zª Ðcourt€found€them€guilty€on€28€August€2000.€€Teodoro€Cabrera€was€sentenced€to€10€years€in€prison€forÐ @ Ðcarrying€a€weapon€intended€solely€for€Army€use,€and€Rodolfo€Ô_ÔMontielÔ_Ô€was€given€6€years€and€8€monthsÐ &v Ðin€prison€for€planting€marijuana,€carrying€a€weapon€without€a€licence€and€carrying€a€weapon€intendedÐ  \ Ðsolely€for€Army€use.€€The€verdict€was€confirmed€on€appeal€in€October€2000€and,€after€òòÔ_ÔamparoÔ_ÔóóÐ òB Ðproceedings,€reconfirmed€in€July€2001€by€the€Circuit€Court.€€The€Circuit€Court€took€no€account€of€theÐ Ø( Ðmedical€certificate€issued€in€July€2000€by€two€foreign€forensic€experts€belonging€to€Physicians€forÐ ¾ ÐHuman€Rights€Denmark€at€the€request€of€Cabrera€and€Ô_ÔMontielÔ_Ôððs€lawyers,€which€stated€that€the€findingsÐ ¤ô Ðof€their€physical€examination€tallied€with€the€stated€times€and€methods€of€torture€employed.€€The€reportÐ Š Ú Ðof€torture€submitted€by€the€two€menððs€lawyers€to€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€was€referred€to€theÐ p!À  ÐOffice€of€the€Military€Prosecutor.€Ð V"¦! ÐÌ(d)€€òòFederal€DistrictóóÐ "$r# ÐÌ35.€€During€their€visit€to€Ô_ÔReclusorioÔ_Ô€Norte€prison€in€the€Federal€District,€the€Committee€membersÐ î%>!% Ðinterviewed€nine€inmates€who€had€been€arrested€between€July€and€August€2001€and€for€whom€theÐ Ô&$"& Ðmedical€certificates€issued€on€entry€to€the€establishment€referred€to€the€presence€of€injuries.€€Three€saidÐ º' #' Ðthey€had€not€been€tortured€or€ill„treated.€€Five€said€they€had€been€beaten,€sometimes€hard,€at€the€timeÐ  (ð#( Ðof€their€arrest€by€police€patrols€or€the€municipal€police.€€Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌ36.€€One€inmate€said€that€he€had€been€arrested€by€the€judicial€police€who€beat€him€even€though€heÐ R+¢&+ Ðoffered€no€resistance.€€The€forensic€physician€had€ordered€him€to€be€taken€to€hospital€for€chest€X-rays.€Ð 8,ˆ', ÐAt€the€hospital€he€was€given€stitches€but,€the€police€officers€prevented€the€X-rays€from€being€made€andÐ -n(- Ðtore€up€a€prescription€issued€to€him.€€On€return€to€the€police€premises,€a€policeman€had€kicked€him€andÐ ° Ðforced€him€to€do€squat€jumps.€€The€medical€certificate€issued€by€the€doctor€assigned€to€the€DepartmentÐ –æ Ðof€Expert€Services€of€the€Office€of€the€Federal€District€Attorney-General€mentioned€numerous€bruisesÐ |Ì Ðon€various€parts€of€the€body€and€abrasions€on€both€legs.Ð b² ÐÌ(e)€€òòLa€Palma€Ô_ÔCEFERESOÔ_Ô€(Mexico€State)óóÐ . ~ ÐÌ37.€€During€their€visit€to€the€La€Palma€Ô_ÔCEFERESOÔ_Ô€the€Committee€members€interviewed€six€inmates.€Ð ú J ÐOf€these,€one€man€said€that€he€had€been€arrested€in€October€1999€in€the€Federal€District€by€men€whoÐ à 0 Ðhad€not€identified€themselves€and€whom€he€had€been€unable€to€see€because€he€had€been€blindfoldedÐ Æ   Ðthroughout.€€He€thought,€however,€that€the€men€were€judicial€police€and€the€place€they€took€him€to€wasÐ ¬ ü  Ða€military€camp.€€For€several€days€he€had€been€beaten,€subjected€to€mock€suffocation€and€given€electricÐ ’â  Ðshocks€while€wrapped€in€a€wet€sheet,€during€which€time€he€had€been€interrogated€about€his€and€otherÐ xÈ  Ðpersonsðð€alleged€membership€of€the€Popular€Revolutionary€Army.Ð ^®  ÐÌ38.€€One€of€the€interviewees€said€that€he€had€been€arrested€by€men€from€the€Federal€Preventive€PoliceÐ *z  Ðand€the€Army€who,€as€a€punitive€measure,€had€shot€him€in€the€hand,€as€a€result€of€which€he€had€lost€theÐ ` Ðuse€of€a€finger.€€Another€man€said€that€he€had€been€arrested€by€staff€of€the€Office€of€the€Attorney„Ð öF ÐGeneral€of€the€Republic€in€August€2001,€had€been€struck€on€the€ears€and€had€Ô_ÔhadÔ_Ô€a€plastic€bag€placedÐ Ü, Ðover€his€head.€€The€sixth€inmate,€who€had€been€arrested€in€the€Federal€District€in€2001€by€staff€of€theÐ Â ÐFederal€judicial€police€Organized€Crime€Unit,€said€that€he€had€been€beaten€and€threatened€and€that€hisÐ ¨ø Ðnose€and€mouth€had€been€blocked€up€with€a€rag€to€which€water€had€been€added€until€he€nearly€lostÐ ŽÞ Ðconsciousness.Ð tÄ ÐÌ39.€€Two€of€the€interviewees€had€been€arrested€in€the€Federal€District€on€9€and€10€May€2000Ð @ Ðrespectively€by€men€from€the€Federal€judicial€police€assigned€to€the€Organized€Crime€Unit€who€hadÐ &v Ðaccused€them€of€involvement€in€a€kidnapping.€€In€the€vehicle€taking€them€to€the€Office€of€the€Attorney„Ð  \ ÐGeneral€of€the€Republic,€they€had€been€hit€and€threatened,€their€hands€had€been€tied€behind€their€backsÐ òB Ðand€they€had€been€blindfolded.€€On€arrival,€they€were€beaten€repeatedly€on€different€parts€of€their€bodiesÐ Ø( Ðand€had€plastic€bags€placed€over€their€heads€and€their€heads€held€underwater€while€they€were€beingÐ ¾ Ðthreatened.€€They€reported€that€other€detainees€in€the€same€place€had€suffered€similar€treatment.€€TheyÐ ¤ô Ðhad€also€been€deprived€of€sleep€and€food€and€of€contact€(including€telephone€contact)€with€theirÐ Š Ú Ðfamilies,€who€were€told€they€were€not€being€held€there.€€They€were€brought€before€an€official€of€theÐ p!À  ÐPublic€Prosecutorððs€Office€several€times,€but€as€they€refused€to€confess€to€the€offences€with€which€theyÐ V"¦! Ðwere€charged,€the€police€had€brought€them€back€to€where€they€had€been€held€since€their€arrest€(a€sortÐ <#Œ" Ðof€garage)€and€gone€on€beating€them.€€They€eventually€signed€statements€whose€contents€they€were€notÐ "$r# Ðallowed€to€read.€€Only€after€signing€the€statements€were€they€taken€to€cells€and€their€families€allowedÐ %X $ Ðto€see€them.€€The€Committee€members€found€that€the€medical€reports€by€the€expert€of€the€Office€of€theÐ î%>!% ÐAttorney-General€of€the€Republic,€like€those€issued€on€the€intervieweesðð€arrival€at€the€prison,€referredÐ Ô&$"& Ðto€injuries.€€One€of€the€detainees€told€the€Committee€members€that€the€judge€in€his€case€had€said€thatÐ º' #' Ðthe€certificates€were€not€enough€to€prove€that€there€had€been€torture€and€that€it€was€for€him,€the€accused,Ð  (ð#( Ðto€supply€other€evidence€to€prove€that€the€injuries€were€the€result€of€torture.Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌÌÌÐ -n(- Ð2.€òò€Testimony€of€persons€at€libertyóóÐ ° ÐÌ40.€€The€Committee€members€heard€testimony€from€people€who€had€been€tortured€in€detention€butÐ |Ì Ðsubsequently€released,€and€from€relatives€of€people€who€had€been€tortured€and€were€still€in€detention.€Ð b² ÐIn€two€instances,€the€testimony€was€given€in€the€Federal€District.€€In€one,€the€person€testifying€was€aÐ H˜ Ðmale€juvenile€who€had€been€arrested€in€Ô_ÔQuirogaÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔMichoacnÔ_Ô,€in€November€2000€and€tortured€by€theÐ . ~ Ðjudicial€police€by€being€beaten€and€having€a€plastic€bag€placed€over€his€head.€€Because€of€the€torture,Ð  d Ðhe€had€implicated€a€friend€in€the€robbery€of€which€he€had€been€accused.Ð ú J ÐÌ41.€€In€the€second€instance€the€testimony€concerned€three€young€people,€two€males€and€a€female,€whoÐ Æ   Ðhad€been€arrested€in€Puebla€in€April€2001€and€tortured€in€various€ways€by€the€judicial€police,€who€hadÐ ¬ ü  Ðaccused€them€of€killing€a€woman€in€January€of€the€same€year.€€The€testimony€was€given€by€the€fatherÐ ’â  Ðof€one€of€the€detainees€and€the€mother€of€another.€€The€complaint€filed€with€the€Public€ProsecutorððsÐ xÈ  ÐOffice€describes€the€arrest€of€one€of€the€men€as€follows:€Ð ^®  ÐÌà0 á àð ðAs€he€was€waiting€for€the€minibus€to€go€to€class€(...),€two€men€came€up€and€immediately,Ð *z  Ðwithout€saying€a€word,€began€to€hit€him€on€the€head€and€threw€him€on€the€ground.€€When€heÐ ` Ðtried€to€get€up,€they€hit€him€on€various€parts€of€the€body.€€Almost€immediately,€a€van€drew€upÐ öF Ð(...),€several€people€got€out€and€forced€him€into€it,€while€continuing€to€hit€him.€€They€threw€himÐ Ü, Ðface€down€on€the€floor€of€the€van€and€two€of€them€put€their€feet€on€his€head€and€back,Ð Â Ðimmobilizing€him€completely.€€When€asked€what€they€wanted€of€him,€one€replied€ððshut€up,€Ô_ÔberkÔ_Ô,Ð ¨ø Ðthis€is€a€kidnappingðð€and€promptly€put€a€balaclava€over€his€face.€€Having€reached€a€place€thatÐ ŽÞ Ðhe€could€not€identify,€they€removed€the€balaclava,€blindfolded€him,€and€took€off€his€clothes,Ð tÄ Ðleaving€him€in€his€underpants.€€Then€they€began€to€wet€him€and€threw€him€on€the€floor,€and€oneÐ Zª Ðof€them€said€ððYouððre€going€to€talk,€or€itððll€cost€youðð.€€They€asked€him€how€many€times€heððdÐ @ Ðstolen€something.€€When€he€said€never,€they€started€hitting€him€again,€put€a€plastic€bag€on€hisÐ &v Ðface€and€poured€water€on€him.€€When€they€saw€that€he€was€having€difficulty€breathing€they€letÐ  \ Ðhim€rest,€then€resumed€hitting€him.€€They€did€this€over€and€over€again€(...).€€Later,€one€of€themÐ òB Ðordered€that,€as€he€was€going€to€cooperate,€he€should€be€taken€to€the€public€attorneyððs€officeÐ Ø( Ð(òòÔ_ÔProcuradoraÔ_Ôóó)€(...)€and€once€he€was€in€an€office€he€started€to€retract€and€so€they€started€to€hitÐ ¾ Ðhim€again€(...).€€Between€blows€and€threats,€they€said€ððYouððd€better€pray€that€we€can€pick€upÐ ¤ô Ðyour€friends,€or€weððll€have€to€put€you€downðð€(...)€and€they€forced€him€to€sign€a€confession€thatÐ Š Ú Ðhe€had€never€made.€€The€torture€left€him€with€a€number€of€visible€injuries,€as€the€social€defenceÐ p!À  Ðjudge€of€the€Puebla€judicial€district€certified€after€submitting€her€preliminary€report€and€both€theÐ V"¦! Ðmedical€experts€for€the€defence€and€the€forensic€experts€present€at€the€examination€alsoÐ <#Œ" Ðrecognized.ððÐ"$r#á%á% ÐÌ42.€€In€Reynosa,€the€Committee€members€heard€testimony€from€a€person€who€had€been€arrested€thereÐ î%>!% Ðin€April€2001,€one€of€whose€ears€had€been€damaged€through€Ô_ÔkickingsÔ_Ô€and€beatings€by€the€preventiveÐ Ô&$"& Ðpolice.Ð º' #' ÐÌ43.€€In€Miguel€Ô_ÔAlemnÔ_Ô,€the€Committee€members€heard€testimony€concerning€the€torture€of€four€peopleÐ †)Ö$) Ðwho€had€been€arrested€in€2000€and€2001€and€repeatedly€beaten€by€military€personnel€(one€case),€aÐ l*¼%* Ðpolice€patrol€(one€case)€and€the€judicial€police€(one€case).€€The€fourth€case€was€that€of€a€person€takenÐ R+¢&+ Ðinto€custody€by€military€personnel,€whose€corpse€had€subsequently€been€found€bearing€marks€of€torture.Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- Ð44.€€In€Oaxaca,€the€Committee€members€heard€testimony€from€three€people€who€had€been€arrested€inÐ ° Ð1996,€1997€and€1998€respectively€on€charges€of€belonging€to€armed€groups€and€had€been€tortured€inÐ –æ Ðseveral€ways€by€the€judicial€police.Ð |Ì ÐÌ45.€€In€Ô_ÔChilpancingoÔ_Ô,€they€heard€testimony€from€two€men€who€said€that€they€had€been€arrested€in€2000Ð H˜ Ðand€2001€respectively€and€tortured€in€various€ways€by€the€judicial€police€and€the€municipal€policeÐ . ~ Ðrespectively.€€The€first€said€he€had€been€detained€in€a€murder€investigation.€€During€the€two€days€he€wasÐ  d Ðheld€at€the€Ô_ÔTlapaÔ_Ô€State€judicial€police€headquarters,€he€was€kept€blindfolded€with€his€hands€tied,€and€wasÐ ú J Ðhit€on€the€ears€and€in€the€stomach.€€On€three€occasions,€plastic€bags€had€been€put€over€his€head€until€heÐ à 0 Ðlost€consciousness.€€Throughout€the€period,€he€had€been€pressured€to€confess€to€the€murder.€€He€wasÐ Æ   Ðalso€put€into€a€tank€of€water€where€electrodes€were€used€to€administer€electric€shocks;€he€was€told€heÐ ¬ ü  Ðwould€be€set€on€fire,€and€was€denied€drink€and€food.€€He€was€never€permitted€to€use€the€telephone€andÐ ’â  Ðwhen€his€relatives€went€to€enquire€about€him,€they€were€told€that€he€was€not€in€detention.€€The€sameÐ xÈ  Ðpolice€officers€had€drawn€up€a€statement€that€they€made€him€sign,€but€he€did€so€with€a€false€signature.€Ð ^®  ÐHe€had€also€been€portrayed€to€the€press€as€the€culprit.€€For€fear€of€being€tortured€again,€he€had€notÐ D”  Ðinformed€the€doctor€or€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€about€the€treatment€he€had€received.€€He€had€onlyÐ *z  Ðtold€the€doctors€who€had€come€to€see€him€in€the€Ô_ÔCERESOÔ_Ô€and€the€judge,€whom€he€saw€when€he€wasÐ ` Ðalready€there.€€The€Ô_ÔGuerreroÔ_Ô€State€Commission€for€the€Defence€of€Human€Rights€had€issued€aÐ öF Ðrecommendation€concluding€that€torture€had€occurred€and€recommending€that€the€State€Attorney„Ð Ü, ÐGeneral€should€launch€administrative€disciplinary€proceedings.€€As€there€had€been€no€evidence€againstÐ Â Ðthe€detainee€other€than€the€statement€obtained€under€torture,€he€had€been€acquitted€after€spending€10Ð ¨ø Ðmonths€in€prison.òò6óóÐ ŽÞ ÐÌ46.€€The€Committee€members€also€heard€testimony€from€relatives€of€a€person€who€had€been€arrestedÐ Zª Ðby€members€of€the€judicial€police€in€Tierra€Ô_ÔColoradaÔ_Ô€in€June€2001.€€The€relatives€said€that€the€personÐ @ Ðhad€been€beaten€at€the€time€of€his€arrest€and€had€not€been€seen€since.€€Other€relatives€described€the€caseÐ &v Ðof€two€brothers€who€had€been€arrested€in€Ô_ÔTlapaÔ_Ô€in€December€2000€and€tortured€in€various€waysÐ  \ Ð(beatings,€plastic€bags€on€their€heads,€electric€shocks,€attempted€suffocation)€by€members€of€the€judicialÐ òB Ðpolice.€€Both€brothers€were€still€in€custody€and€the€relatives€therefore€had€no€means€of€subsistence.Ð Ø( ÐÌB.€€òòPublic€human€rights€bodiesóóÐ ¤ô ÐÌ47.€€As€mentioned€above,€the€Committee€members€interviewed€representatives€of€the€National€HumanÐ p!À  ÐRights€Commission€and€the€human€rights€commissions€of€each€of€the€States€visited,€as€well€as€theÐ V"¦! ÐHuman€Rights€Procurator€for€Baja€California,€whom€they€met€in€Mexico€City.€€All€of€them€providedÐ <#Œ" Ðthe€Committee€members€with€relevant€documentation,€notably€their€institutionsðð€latest€annual€reportsÐ "$r# Ðand€recommendations.€€The€Committee€members€also€had€access€to€the€annual€reports€of€the€Ô_ÔJaliscoÔ_ÔÐ %X $ ÐState€Human€Rights€Commission,€to€which€reference€will€be€made€in€this€chapter.Ð î%>!% ÐÌ1.€€òòNational€Human€Rights€CommissionóóÐ º' #' ÐÌ48.€€The€representatives€of€the€National€Human€Rights€Commission€(Ô_ÔCNDHÔ_Ô)€said€that€their€annualÐ †)Ö$) Ðstatistics€and€reports€included€only€those€cases€of€torture€in€which€the€facts€had€been€proved,€not€casesÐ l*¼%* Ðin€which€complaints€had€been€lodged€but€torture€had€not€been€established.€They€also€said€the€FederalÐ R+¢&+ Ðauthorities€„€the€authorities€that€fall€within€Ô_ÔCNDHÔ_Ôððs€jurisdiction€„€had€made€great€efforts€to€eradicateÐ 8,ˆ', Ðtorture,€but€that€cases€continued€to€occur.€€This€was€due€not€to€State€policy€but€rather€to€a€lack€ofÐ -n(- Ðtraining€for€police€officers,€a€problem€that€was€particularly€acute€in€those€public€attorneysðð€officesÐ ° Ðwhere€resources€were€scarce.€€Many€such€offices€did€not€even€have€any€expert€services,€a€situation€thatÐ –æ Ðonly€encouraged€the€use€of€torture.€€The€police€force€responsible€was€not€the€Federal€Preventive€Police,Ð |Ì Ðsince€it€had€no€detainees€in€its€charge,€but€the€judicial€police,€with€the€connivance€of€the€Attorney„Ð b² ÐGeneralððs€Office.€€They€also€said€there€was€a€ð ðhidden€totalðð€of€cases€of€torture€that€were€never€reportedÐ H˜ Ðto€any€human€rights€commission,€and€that€non„reporting€was€a€problem€Ô_ÔCNDHÔ_Ô€wished€to€investigate.€Ð . ~ ÐÌ49.€€According€to€the€report€covering€the€period€between€November€1999€and€November€2000,€theÐ ú J ÐCommission€registered€nine€new€dossiers€concerning€allegations€of€torture.òò7óó€€It€also€recorded€211Ð à 0 Ðcomplaints€of€cruel€and/or€degrading€treatment,€133€of€threats,€and€85€of€intimidation.òò8óó€€The€reportÐ Æ   Ðmentions€eight€recommendations€in€which€there€is€a€finding€of€excessive€force€used€during€detentionÐ ¬ ü  Ðor€abuse€of€authority€resulting€in€injury€or€inhuman€or€degrading€treatment€that€might€amount€to€tortureÐ ’â  Ð(recommendation€19/2000).€€One€of€the€recommendations,€11/2000,€refers€to€Ô_ÔMartnÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔZavalaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔLimð;ðnÔ_Ô,Ð xÈ  Ðwho€was€detained€on€11€August€1997€by€members€of€the€Public€Security€Directorate€of€the€municipalityÐ ^®  Ðof€Ô_ÔZapopanÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔJaliscoÔ_Ô,€and€brutally€beaten€to€death.€€Among€other€things,€the€Commission€notedÐ D”  Ðirregularities€in€the€initial€investigation€into€the€incident€on€the€part€of€the€Office€of€the€Ô_ÔJaliscoÔ_Ô€StateÐ *z  ÐAttorney„General.€€In€recommendation€19/2000,€the€Commission€also€considered€the€injuries€„€possiblyÐ ` Ðthe€result€of€torture€„€to€Mr.€Carlos€Montes€Ô_ÔVillaseorÔ_Ô,€who€was€detained€by€Army€personnel€on€13Ð öF ÐNovember€1998€in€El€Ô_ÔAchotalÔ_Ô,€a€township€in€Ô_ÔAtoyacÔ_Ô€de€Alvarez,€Ô_ÔGuerreroÔ_Ô.òò9óóÐ Ü, ÐÌ50.€€The€Ô_ÔCNDHÔ_Ô€representatives€also€said€that€they€had€recorded€six€complaints€of€torture€betweenÐ ¨ø ÐJanuary€and€August€2001.€€In€response€to€one,€the€Commission€had€issued€recommendation€8/2001€onÐ ŽÞ Ðthe€torture€inflicted€on€Norberto€Ô_ÔJessÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔSurezÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔGð;ðmezÔ_Ô,€a€former€public€attorney€in€Chihuahua,€byÐ tÄ Ðmembers€of€the€Federal€judicial€police€Organized€Crime€Unit€who€had€been€detailed€to€keep€watch€onÐ Zª Ðhim€in€a€safe€house€while€he€was€under€a€curfew€order.€€The€torture€consisted€basically€in€burns€to€theÐ @ Ðback,€inflicted€to€make€him€sign€certain€statements;€18€second„degree€burns€were€found.€€During€theÐ &v Ðsame€period,€Ô_ÔCNDHÔ_Ô€had€received€144€complaints€that€it€classified€as€cruel€or€degrading€treatment.€Ð  \ ÐThese€cases€were€still€open.Ð òB ÐÌ2.€€òòÔ_ÔJaliscoÔ_Ô€State€Human€Rights€CommissionóóÐ ¾ ÐÌ51.€€The€reports€for€2000€and€2001€contain€recommendations€on€the€following€cases€in€which€theÐ Š Ú ÐHuman€Rights€Commission€established€violations€of€the€right€to€physical€integrity€or€the€right€not€toÐ p!À  Ðbe€subjected€to€torture.€Ð V"¦! ÐÌ52.€€Jorge€Alberto€Ô_ÔGallegosÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔLupinÔ_Ô€was€detained€on€7€June€1998€in€Guadalajara€by€judicial€police€underÐ "$r# Ðthe€authority€of€the€Office€of€the€State€Attorney„General,€who€beat€him€and€put€a€plastic€bag€over€hisÐ %X $ Ðhead.€€The€Commissionððs€medical€expert€confirmed€the€presence€of€injuries.€€The€State€Attorney„Ð î%>!% ÐGeneral€was€recommended€to€launch€a€preliminary€investigation€on€grounds€of€abuse€of€authorityÐ Ô&$"& Ð(recommendation€4/2000€of€6€July€2000).Ð º' #' ÐÌ53.€€Ô_ÔIgnaciaÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔJessÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔCerveraÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔHortaÔ_Ô€was€detained€on€21€April€1999€by€members€of€the€Ô_ÔTonalÔ_ÔÐ †)Ö$) ÐDepartment€of€Public€Security,€who€beat€her,€breaking€one€arm€and€causing€bruising€in€various€placesÐ l*¼%* Ð(recommendation€6/2000).€Ð R+¢&+ ÐÌ54.€€On€4€November€1993,€13€demonstrators€belonging€to€a€group€known€as€El€Ô_ÔBarzð;ðnÔ_Ô€were€beaten€byÐ -n(- Ðmembers€of€the€State€Department€of€Public€Security,€which€resulted€in€injuries€of€various€kinds,€someÐ ° Ðof€them€serious,€according€to€a€medical€report€by€the€Ô_ÔJaliscoÔ_Ô€Institute€of€Forensic€ScienceÐ –æ Ð(recommendation€9/2000).Ð |Ì ÐÌ55.€€Jos€Ventura€Ô_ÔRosÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔGarcaÔ_Ô€was€detained€on€22€August€1999€in€Ô_ÔCoculaÔ_Ô€by€four€members€of€theÐ H˜ Ðmunicipal€police,€who€beat€him.€€The€relevant€medical€reports€confirmed€multiple€bruising€on€variousÐ . ~ Ðparts€of€the€body€caused€by€a€blunt€implement€(recommendation€12/2000).Ð  d ÐÌ56.€€Ô_ÔJessÔ_Ô€Cruz€Ô_ÔBriseoÔ_Ô€and€Roberto€Carlos€Ô_ÔDomnguezÔ_Ô€Robles,€aged€14,€were€detained€on€18€MayÐ à 0 Ð1997€in€Ô_ÔJalucoÔ_Ô,€in€the€municipality€of€Ô_ÔCihuatlnÔ_Ô,€by€members€of€the€State€judicial€police.€€The€policeÐ Æ   Ðbeat€them,€put€their€heads€in€buckets€of€water€and€made€them€do€squats,€to€make€them€confess€toÐ ¬ ü  Ðcomplicity€in€the€murder€of€a€young€man.€€The€youths€signed€a€statement€in€front€of€an€official€fromÐ ’â  Ðthe€public€attorneyððs€office,€without€reading€it.€€The€injuries€were€confirmed€by€the€reports€of€theÐ xÈ  Ðmunicipal€and€Human€Rights€Commission€medical€officers.€€Even€though€one€of€the€minors€informedÐ ^®  Ðthe€official€from€the€public€attorneyððs€office€that€his€head€had€been€put€in€a€bucket€of€water,€the€officialÐ D”  Ðdid€not€investigate€(recommendation€15/2000).Ð *z  ÐÌ57.€€Ô_ÔAlejandroÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔJessÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔRamrezÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔYezÔ_Ô€and€Guillermo€Ô_ÔDvalosÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔRoldnÔ_Ô€were€detained€on€30€NovemberÐ öF Ð1999€in€Guadalajara€by€members€of€the€State€judicial€police,€whom€they€had€approached€to€report€theÐ Ü, Ðtheft€of€an€item€belonging€to€them.€€Taking€them€to€a€deserted€spot,€the€police€bound€them€hand€andÐ Â Ðfoot,€covered€their€faces€with€cloths€and€doused€their€faces€with€water€from€a€hose.€€The€police€toldÐ ¨ø Ðthem€they€must€inform€the€public€attorney€that€they€had€organized€the€theft,€and€should€each€blame€theÐ ŽÞ Ðother.€€The€following€day€they€were€beaten.€€The€medical€officer€at€the€public€attorneyððs€office€certifiedÐ tÄ Ðthat€they€were€uninjured,€contrary€to€the€findings€of€the€Commissionððs€medical€officer€(recommendationÐ Zª Ð18/2000).Ð @ ÐÌ58.€€Samuel€Ramos€Ô_ÔRobladaÔ_Ô,€Rosario€Ô_ÔElasÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔPadillaÔ_Ô,€Jos€Ô_ÔRobladaÔ_Ô€Michel€and€Sebastin€de€la€CruzÐ  \ ÐÔ_ÔRobladaÔ_Ô€were€detained€in€Ô_ÔCuautitlnÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔGarcaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBarragnÔ_Ô€on€18€February€1999€by€members€of€the€StateÐ òB Ðjudicial€police€who,€at€the€building€shared€by€the€public€attorneyððs€office€and€the€judicial€police,€beatÐ Ø( Ðthem€and€put€them€in€a€trough€of€water€through€which€they€repeatedly€passed€electricity.€€The€policeÐ ¾ Ðput€pressure€on€the€municipal€medical€officer€not€to€report€the€electrical€burns€or€the€beatingsÐ ¤ô Ð(recommendation€3/2001).Ð Š Ú ÐÌ3.€€òòFederal€District€Human€Rights€CommissionóóÐ V"¦! ÐÌ59.€€The€President€of€the€Federal€District€Human€Rights€Commission€told€the€Committee€members€that,Ð "$r# Ðwhile€the€number€of€cases€in€the€Federal€District€had€declined€in€the€last€10€years,€torture€had€not€beenÐ %X $ Ðeliminated.€€Although€the€web€of€complicity€and€withholding€of€evidence€within€the€Office€of€theÐ î%>!% ÐAttorney„General€made€it€very€difficult€to€obtain€convictions,€convictions€had€nevertheless€been€securedÐ Ô&$"& Ðin€four€cases€covered€by€Commission€recommendations.Ð º' #' ÐÌ60.€€According€to€its€seventh€annual€report€(October€1999€to€September€2000),€in€the€seven€years€it€hadÐ †)Ö$) Ðbeen€in€operation,€the€Human€Rights€Commission€had€recorded€92€cases€of€torture€and€issued€15Ð l*¼%* Ðrecommendations.€€The€report€also€mentions€the€following€cases€of€torture€on€which€recommendationsÐ R+¢&+ Ðwere€issued€during€the€period€under€consideration.Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- Ð61.€€Luis€David€Ô_ÔVillavicencioÔ_Ô€Mares€was€detained€on€1€August€1998€in€the€Federal€District€and€takenÐ ° Ðto€judicial€police€investigations€office€No.€50€in€Arcos€de€Ô_ÔBelnÔ_Ô.€€There€he€was€beaten,€dislocating€hisÐ –æ Ðshoulder,€a€plastic€bag€was€placed€over€his€head€and€he€was€forced€to€drink€water,€after€which€he€wasÐ |Ì Ðhit€in€the€stomach.€€The€medical€officers€of€the€Attorney„Generalððs€Office€itself€and€of€the€HumanÐ b² ÐRights€Commission€confirmed€the€injuries€(recommendation€3/99).Ð H˜ ÐÌ62.€€A€person€detained€on€14€September€1988€in€Colonia€Ô_ÔCuauhtmocÔ_Ô,€in€the€Federal€District,€byÐ  d Ðmembers€of€the€Department€of€Public€Securityððs€financial€and€industrial€police,€resisted€arrest€and€wasÐ ú J Ðsubjected€to€a€beating€that€resulted€in€internal€abdominal€injuries€(recommendation€7/99).Ð à 0 ÐÌ63.€€Jos€Luis€Ô_ÔMndezÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBrianoÔ_Ô€and€Fernando€Ô_ÔMartnezÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBeltrnÔ_Ô€were€detained€on€24€June€2000€and€takenÐ ¬ ü  Ðto€the€Ô_ÔGustavoÔ_Ô€A.€Ô_ÔMaderoÔ_Ô€district€offices€of€the€judicial€police.€€They€were€beaten€repeatedly,Ð ’â  Ðparticularly€about€the€ears,€and€as€a€result€had€to€be€hospitalized.€€The€recommendation€that€the€FederalÐ xÈ  ÐDistrict€Attorney„General€should€launch€a€preliminary€investigation€into€torture€offences€was€notÐ ^®  Ðaccepted€(recommendation€7/2000).Ð D”  ÐÌ4.€€òòOaxaca€State€Human€Rights€CommissionóóÐ ` ÐÌ64.€€The€fourth€report€of€the€Oaxaca€State€Human€Rights€Commission,€which€covers€the€period€fromÐ Ü, ÐMay€2000€to€April€2001,€lists€the€five€recommendations€issued€by€the€Commission€in€torture€cases€sinceÐ Â Ð1994.€€However,€like€the€third€annual€report,€covering€the€period€from€May€1999€to€April€2000,€it€alsoÐ ¨ø Ðcontains€a€summary€of€all€the€recommendations€issued€during€that€period.€€One€of€the€recommendationsÐ ŽÞ Ðdescribes€the€incident€in€question€as€torture:€€ð ðIt€was€established€that€the€complainants€were€detainedÐ tÄ Ðby€State€judicial€police€officers€on€10€June€2000,€allegedly€while€carrying€out€a€robbery;€they€were€laterÐ Zª Ðbeaten€by€their€captors,€as€they€themselves€stated€and€as€stated€in€the€medical€certificates€issued€to€themÐ @ Ðby€the€(...)€medical€officer€of€the€Office€of€the€State€Attorney„General,€which€showed€that€they€hadÐ &v Ðsuffered€injuries€chiefly€to€the€front€and€back€of€the€abdomen€and€chest;€Mr.€Ô_ÔMelitð;ðnÔ_Ô€Ruiz€Ô_ÔRuizÔ_Ô€alsoÐ  \ Ðsuffered€second„degree€burns.ððòò10óóÐ òB ÐÌ65.€€Twenty„three€recommendations€described€the€incidents€concerned€as€involving€injuries.€TheÐ ¾ Ðsummaries€suggest€that,€the€State€Human€Rights€Commissionððs€descriptions€notwithstanding,€many€ofÐ ¤ô Ðthe€incidents€could€be€categorized€as€torture€under€article€1€of€the€Convention,€as€in€the€followingÐ Š Ú Ðexamples:Ð p!À  ÐÌà0 á àð ðThe€complainantððs€human€rights€had€been€violated€insofar€as€it€was€established€that€on€29€JulyÐ <#Œ" Ðhe€presented€changes€in€health€that€had€left€physical€marks€on€his€body;€the€senior€nurse€(ð8ð)Ð "$r# Ðat€the€prison€infirmary,€and€the€(...)€medical€expert€at€the€La€Costa€Regional€Deputy€PublicÐ %X $ ÐAttorneyððs€Office,€confirmed€that€the€prisoner€presented€unhealed€injuries,€which€had€probablyÐ î%>!% Ðbeen€inflicted€by€the€Director€of€the€Regional€Penitentiary€in€Santa€Catalina€Ô_ÔJuquilaÔ_Ô,€Oaxaca,Ð Ô&$"& Ðin€order€to€obtain€information€on€a€robbery€committed€at€the€prison€shop;€the€complainantððsÐ º' #' Ðversion€of€events€was€corroborated€by€medical€certificates€and€by€statements€from€otherÐ  (ð#( Ðprisoners.€€In€the€course€of€the€investigation€into€the€complaint,€it€emerged€that€the€PrisonÐ †)Ö$) ÐDirector€very€likely€also€encouraged€confrontations€between€prisoners€in€order€to€provokeÐ l*¼%* Ðattacks€on€the€people€who€had€spoken€against€him€to€the€public€attorneyððs€office€or€to€thisÐ R+¢&+ ÐCommission€and€identified€him€as€the€person€who€had€beaten€and€injured€the€complainant.ððòò11óóÐ8,ˆ',á%á% ÐÐ -n(- Ðà0 á àð ðThe€human€rights€of€Carlos€Fernando€Romero€Luna€were€found€to€have€been€violated€whenÐ ° Ðthe€complainant€was€detained€by€members€of€the€municipal€police€in€a€street€in€the€centre€ofÐ –æ ÐSalina€Cruz,€Oaxaca,€for€throwing€stones€at€the€rooks€in€the€trees.€€Following€his€detention,€heÐ |Ì Ðwas€taken€to€the€municipal€police€headquarters,€where€he€sustained€injuries;€according€to€theÐ b² Ðmedical€certificate€he€had€a€fracture€in€the€middle€third€of€the€left€humerus.ððòò12óóÐH˜á%á% ÐÌà0 á àð ðThe€complainantððs€human€rights€were€found€to€have€been€violated,€insofar€as€injuries€wereÐ  d Ðinflicted€by€members€of€the€State€judicial€police€stationed€in€Ô_ÔTuxtepecÔ_Ô,€Oaxaca;€according€toÐ ú J Ðthe€complainantððs€statement€to€the€medical€officer€at€the€Regional€Penitentiary€in€Ô_ÔTuxtepecÔ_Ô,€heÐ à 0 Ðwas€beaten€and€dragged€along€the€ground€by€the€police€at€the€time€of€his€arrest€and€sustainedÐ Æ   Ðbruising€to€his€front€left€side,€injuries€to€the€right€eye,€livid€bruising€and€secondary€muscularÐ ¬ ü  Ðpains;€in€addition,€in€his€initial€statement€to€the€Second€Criminal€Court,€Ô_ÔTuxtepecÔ_Ô,€Oaxaca,€heÐ ’â  Ðstated,€among€other€things,€that€he€had€been€detained€by€members€of€the€judicial€police,€whoÐ xÈ  Ðtook€him€to€the€Ô_ÔPapaloapanÔ_Ô€River,€placed€a€black€plastic€bag€over€his€head€down€to€the€neck,Ð ^®  Ðthen€put€him€in€the€water,€beat€him€all€over,€kicked€him€and€dragged€him€along€the€ground;Ð D”  Ðreddish€grazes€were€confirmed€on€the€front€left€side,€as€well€as€grazes€on€the€right€side€of€theÐ *z  Ðface,€around€the€cheekbone€(between€the€right€cheekbone€and€ear),€inflammation€of€the€rightÐ ` Ðeye€and€bruising€beneath€the€right€eye,€reddish€horizontal€grazing€on€the€abdomen,€grazing€onÐ öF Ðthe€left€forearm,€grazing€on€the€right€side€of€the€neck,€grazing€on€the€left€lumbar€region€and€onÐ Ü, Ðthe€right€forearm,€and€grazing€and€inflammation€on€both€wrists.ððòò13óóÐÂá%á% ÐÌà0 á àð ðThe€judicial€police€(ð8ð)€violated€the€complainantsðð€human€rights€since,€while€it€is€true€that€aÐ ŽÞ Ðwarrant€had€been€issued€for€the€arrest€of€Jose€Manuel€Ô_ÔSaavedraÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔLzaroÔ_Ô,€and€that€the€intentionÐ tÄ Ðof€the€police€was€to€serve€that€warrant,€it€is€also€true€that€the€warrant€did€not€authorize€them€toÐ Zª Ðenter€anyoneððs€home,€to€abuse€their€authority€or€to€make€excessive€use€of€the€force€they€areÐ @ Ðauthorized€to€use,€which€is€what€they€did€by€entering€the€property€of€Ms.€Virginia€Ô_ÔDazÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔDazÔ_ÔÐ &v Ðwithout€permission€or€consent;€by€using€unwarranted€brute€force€against€the€complainant€in€theÐ  \ Ðcourse€of€arresting€him;€and€by€gloating€as€they€beat€him€and€caused€him€a€number€of€injuries;Ð òB Ðthe€police€officers€also€fired€a€gun,€wounding€Ô_ÔMs.ConsueloÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔLzaroÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔDazÔ_Ô.ððòò14óóÐØ(á%á% ÐÌ66.€€The€municipal€police€of€San€Antonio€de€la€Cal€ð ðviolated€the€complainantsðð€human€rights,€not€onlyÐ ¤ô Ðby€detaining€them€without€legal€grounds,€but€also€by€beating€them€and€causing€the€injuries€theyÐ Š Ú Ðpresented,€which€were€certified€by€the€deputy€inspector€dealing€with€the€case€and€by€the€State€forensicÐ p!À  Ðmedical€expert.€€This€Commission€finds€that€the€members€of€the€police€force€of€this€municipalityÐ V"¦! Ðrepeatedly€and€daily€abuse€the€authority€to€use€force€vested€in€them€by€assaulting€and€meting€outÐ <#Œ" Ðunwarranted€punishment€to€individuals€they€are€required€to€detain€for€any€reasonðð.òò15óóÐ "$r# ÐÌ67.€€In€the€course€of€his€interview€with€the€members€of€the€Committee,€the€President€of€the€State€HumanÐ î%>!% ÐRights€Commission€said€that,€although€the€practice€of€torture€had€declined€considerably€in€Mexico,Ð Ô&$"& Ðincidents€still€occurred,€involving€mainly€the€judicial€police,€and€that€training€programmes€wereÐ º' #' Ðinadequate.€€He€also€said€that€it€was€necessary€to€make€judiciary€staff€aware€of€the€problem€of€torture,Ð  (ð#( Ðso€that€they€would€classify€incidents€correctly,€which€was€not€always€the€case€at€present.€€He€said€thatÐ †)Ö$) Ðbetween€January€and€August€2001,€he€had€received€17€complaints€of€abuse€of€authority€by€policeÐ l*¼%* Ðpatrols€and€20€of€abuse€of€authority€by€the€judicial€police.€€He€had€also€received€five€in€which€the€ArmyÐ R+¢&+ Ðwas€allegedly€responsible.Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- Ð5.€€òòÔ_ÔGuerreroÔ_Ô€State€Commission€for€the€Defence€of€Human€RightsóóÐ ° ÐÌ68.€€The€ninth€annual€report€of€the€Ô_ÔGuerreroÔ_Ô€State€Commission,€covering€the€period€from€NovemberÐ |Ì Ð1998€to€October€1999,€indicates€that€the€Commission€issued€nine€recommendations€relating€to€torture,Ð b² Ðfour€to€injuries,€one€to€threats€and€one€to€intimidation.òò16óó€€The€tenth€report€(November€1999„OctoberÐ H˜ Ð2000)€refers€to€12€recommendations€relating€to€injuries,€6€to€threats€and€7€to€torture.€€The€torture€casesÐ . ~ Ðwere€attributed€to€the€State€judicial€police.€€In€addition,€views€and€proposals€were€issued€in€48€cases€ofÐ  d Ðbodily€injury,€9€of€torture,€5€of€beating,€17€of€intimidation€and€16€of€threats.òò17óóÐ ú J ÐÌ69.€€In€the€course€of€his€interview€with€the€members€of€the€Committee,€the€President€of€the€StateÐ Æ   ÐCommission€said€that,€although€it€had€declined,€torture€had€not€been€eradicated€either€in€Mexico€as€aÐ ¬ ü  Ðwhole€or€in€Ô_ÔGuerreroÔ_Ô€State;€those€responsible€were€generally€members€of€the€judicial€police€and€theÐ ’â  ÐOffice€of€the€Attorney„General€was€doing€nothing€to€punish€the€perpetrators.Ð xÈ  ÐÌ6.€€òòÔ_ÔTamaulipasÔ_Ô€State€Human€Rights€CommissionóóÐ D”  ÐÌ70.€€The€President€of€the€Ô_ÔTamaulipasÔ_Ô€State€Human€Rights€Commission€also€informed€the€CommitteeÐ ` Ðmembers€that€torture€had€declined€during€the€1990s,€but€that€incidents€continued€to€occur.€€If€suchÐ öF Ðtreatment€was€inflicted€for€the€purpose€of€obtaining€information,€the€Commission€classified€it€as€tortureÐ Ü, Ðunder€State€law.€€If€that€was€not€the€purpose,€it€was€categorized€differently,€for€example€as€abuse€ofÐ Â Ðauthority€or€bodily€injury.òò18óóÐ ¨ø ÐÌ71.€€The€Commissionððs€annual€report€for€2000€contains€the€following€summary€of€some€of€theÐ tÄ Ðcomplaints€it€received€of€violations€of€the€right€to€personal€integrity€and€security:Ð Zª ÐÌÔ*–ƒde ‰d!ddd Àdd Àûdd ûÌdd Ìw;x‰%‰%–ÔÔ,×^VÔÔ,^^ÔÔ+  ÔÐ 8€fff'&v&v €€‚‚ƒƒ„„8ÐComplaintsÐ ?€ffff,!.~"fff „„?ÐTotalÐ U€fffD,.~"   ffff €€‚‚ƒƒ„„UÐOffences€against€honour€(blows€or€minor€acts€of€physical€violence;€insults;Ð $t Ðdefamation;€and€other€forms€of€humiliation)Ð 6€ffff# Zfff „„6Ð114Ð U€fffD,$t"   ffff €€‚‚ƒƒ„„UÐBodily€injuryÐ 6€ffff#Pfff „„6Ð114Ð U€fffD,P "   ffff €€‚‚ƒƒ„„UÐIntimidationÐ V€ffffCöF!fff  @U@85„„‰@U@‰VÐ85Ð t€fffcKöF""  @U@85   @U@ffff €€‚‚ƒƒ„„tÐThreatsÐ V€ffffCì<#fff  @S@77„„‰@S@‰VÐ77Ð t€fffcKì<$"  @S@77   @S@ffff €€‚‚ƒƒ„„tÐTortureÐ V€ffffCâ 2%fff  €@@33„„‰€@@‰VÐ33Ð[QOâ 2&"  €@@33    €@@ffff [ÐÌ72.€€The€report€also€contains€a€summary€of€the€157€recommendations€issued€by€the€Commission€duringÐ ¶"' Ðthe€year.€€Some€45€of€them€categorize€the€incidents€as,€among€other€things,€bodily€injury€or,€to€a€lesserÐ œ#ì( Ðextent,€torture,€excessive€use€of€force€or€violation€of€the€right€to€personal€integrity.€Ð ‚$Ò) ÐÌ73.€€The€1999€report€gives€the€following€figures€for€complaints€received:Ð N&ž!+ ÐÌÔ*pƒgh ‰d‰d×^V×^^de‰%‰%pÔÔ,^VÔÔ,b^^ÔÔ+  ÔÐ 8€fff'(j#-(j# €€‚‚ƒƒ„„8ÐComplaintsÐ ?€ffff,!"(r#."fff „„?ÐTotalÐ U€fffD,"(r#/"   ffff €€‚‚ƒƒ„„UÐBeatingsÐ W€ffffD)h$0fff @Y@101„„‰@Y@‰WÐ101Ð u€fffdL)h$1" @Y@101   @Y@ffff €€‚‚ƒƒ„„uÐBodily€injuryÐ V€ffffC*^%2fff  ÀT@83„„‰ÀT@‰VÐ83Ð t€fffcK*^%3"  ÀT@83   ÀT@ffff €€‚‚ƒƒ„„tÐThreatsÐ V€ffffC+T&4fff  @S@77„„‰@S@‰VÐ77Ð t€fffcK+T&5"  @S@77   @S@ffff €€‚‚ƒƒ„„tÐIntimidationÐ V€ffffCú+J'6fff  €P@66„„‰€P@‰VÐ66Ð t€fffcKú+J'7"  €P@66   €P@ffff €€‚‚ƒƒ„„tÐPhysical€violenceÐ V€ffffCð,@(8fff  I@50„„‰I@‰VÐ50Ð t€fffcKð,@(9"  I@50   I@ffff €€‚‚ƒƒ„„tÐTortureÐ V€ffffCæ-6):fff  A@34„„‰A@‰VÐ34Ð t€fffcKæ-6);"  A@34   A@ffff €€‚‚ƒƒ„„tÐViolation€of€the€right€to€personal€integrity€and€securityÐ V€ffffC¸fff  @@32„„‰@@‰VÐ32Ð[QO¸"  @@32    @@ffff [ÐÌ74.€€According€to€the€report,€recommendations€were€issued€on€the€following€violations:€€beatings€(28),Ð ŒÜ Ðtorture€(7),€harassment€(6),€bodily€injury€(6),€ill„treatment€(4),€threats€(2),€abuse€of€authority€(1).òò19óóÐ r ÐÌ75.€€The€members€of€the€Committee€consider€that,€the€Commissionððs€classification€notwithstanding,Ð > Ž Ðmany€of€these€cases€may€constitute€torture€under€article€1€of€the€Convention.Ð $ t ÐÌ76.€€According€to€information€provided€to€the€Committee€members€by€the€Office€of€the€Ô_ÔTamaulipasÔ_ÔÐ ð @  ÐState€Attorney-General,€21€of€the€Commissionððs€135€recommendations€to€the€Office€in€1999,€2000€andÐ Ö &  Ðthe€first€few€months€of€2001€concerned€beatings,€bodily€injury€and€torture.Ð ¼  ÐÌ7.€€òòOffice€of€the€Baja€California€State€Procurator€for€Human€Rights€and€Civic€ProtectionóóÐ ˆØ  ÐÌ77.€€The€Procurator€informed€the€Committee€members€that€his€Office€had€received€four€complaints€ofÐ T¤  Ðtorture€during€2000,€in€one€of€which€it€was€established€that€the€authorities€were€not€responsible.€Ð :Š  ÐBetween€1€January€and€30€June€2001,€however,€his€Office€had€received€12€complaints,€most€of€whichÐ  p Ðwere€still€being€investigated.€€The€incidents€had€taken€place€in€Tijuana€in€seven€of€the€cases€and€inÐ V ÐMexicali€in€five.€€Members€of€the€State€judicial€police€were€alleged€to€be€responsible€in€all€cases€butÐ ì< Ðone,€which€was€attributed€to€the€Federal€judicial€police.€€Ð Ò" ÐÌ78.€€One€of€the€complaints€concerned€Isidro€Ô_ÔCarrilloÔ_Ô€Vega,€who€died€in€Tijuana€on€24€May€2001,Ð žî Ðapparently€as€a€result€of€torture€by€members€of€the€judicial€police€who€had€detained€him€on€suspicionÐ „Ô Ðof€committing€a€bank€robbery.€€An€autopsy€by€the€Forensic€Medicine€Service€showed€the€cause€of€deathÐ jº Ðto€be€a€rupturing€of€the€bowel€and€fractures€resulting€from€severe€blows€to€the€abdominal€region€andÐ P  Ðrib€cage.€€Four€other€people€detained€in€connection€with€the€same€incident€stated€that€they€had€beenÐ 6† Ðtortured€and€bore€physical€injuries.òò20óó€Ð l ÐÌ79.€€On€9€June€2001€the€Office€issued€a€statement€addressed€to€the€State€Congress,€the€High€Court,€theÐ è8 ÐGovernor€and€the€Attorney-General,€expressing€its€concern€at€the€practice€of€torture€in€the€State:€€Ð Î ÐÌà0 á àð ðDespite€the€State€authoritiesðð€official€declarations€that€violence€has€been€banished€from€theÐ š ê  Ðconduct€of€government€affairs,€detainees€in€the€cells€and€isolation€wings€of€the€State€judicialÐ €!Ð! Ðpolice,€which€is€a€department€of€the€Office€of€the€Baja€California€State€Attorney-General,€areÐ f"¶" Ðbeing€tortured€to€confess€to€the€offences€they€have€been€charged€with€or€to€incriminate€thirdÐ L#œ# Ðparties€in€offences€of€various€kinds.ððÐ2$‚$á%á% ÐÌC.€€òòInformation€from€non-governmental€organizationsóóÐ þ%N!& ÐÌ80.€€The€non-governmental€organizations€(Ô_ÔNGOsÔ_Ô)€interviewed€by€Committee€members€provided€writtenÐ Ê'#( Ðinformation€on€cases€of€torture,€among€other€things.€€One€national€organization€provided€details€ofÐ °($) Ðincidents€in€26€States€between€September€1998€and€June€2001,€73€of€which€had€been€taken€from€pressÐ –)æ$* Ðreports€and€concerned€a€total€of€177€presumed€victims.€€A€further€26€had€been€reported€directly€toÐ |*Ì%+ ÐÔ_ÔNGOsÔ_Ô;€there€were€a€total€of€40€alleged€victims.€€State-level€Ô_ÔNGOsÔ_Ô€also€provided€the€Committee€withÐ b+²&, Ðinformation€on€individual€cases€they€had€dealt€with.€€The€following€are€some€of€the€most€recent€andÐ H,˜'- Ðrepresentative€cases;€they€differ€from€those€reported€in€the€preceding€sections.€€The€names€of€allegedÐ .-~(. Ðvictims€and€other€details€concerning€their€detention€can€be€found€in€the€documentation€received€by€theÐ ° ÐCommittee€members.Ð –æ ÐÌòòÔ_ÔCoahuilaÔ_ÔóóÐ b² ÐÌ81.€€Two€people€detained€on€10€February€2001€in€Torreð;ðn€by€judicial€police:€€beatings,€plastic€bags€overÐ . ~ Ðthe€head,€electric€shocks€and€threats€used€to€force€them€to€sign€a€document€they€were€not€allowed€toÐ  d Ðread.€€The€case€was€submitted€to€the€State€Human€Rights€Commission.Ð ú J ÐÌòòColimaóóÐ Æ   ÐÌ82.€€A€man€detained€on€24€April€2001€in€Ô_ÔTecomnÔ_Ô€by€members€of€the€judicial€police€of€the€Office€ofÐ ’â  Ðthe€State€Attorney-General,€who€beat€him€severely€in€front€of€his€10-year-old€son€until€he€requiredÐ xÈ  Ðhospitalization.€€While€he€was€in€hospital,€police€officers€ripped€out€his€drip€and€took€him€to€the€socialÐ ^®  Ðrehabilitation€centre€(Ô_ÔCERESOÔ_Ô).€€The€case€was€submitted€to€the€State€Human€Rights€Commission.Ð D”  ÐÌòòÔ_ÔChiapasÔ_ÔóóÐ ` ÐÌ83.€€Three€people€detained€on€18€May€2001€in€Ô_ÔVenustianoÔ_Ô€Carranza€by€the€State€judicial€police€andÐ Ü, Ðsubjected€to€beatings,€plastic€bags€over€the€head€and€threats.€€One€was€burnt€on€the€wrist,€another€wasÐ Â Ðbeaten€about€the€ears.€€The€case€was€submitted€to€the€State€Human€Rights€Commission.Ð ¨ø ÐÌ84.€€A€person€detained€on€7€June€2001€in€Ô_ÔComitnÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔDomnguezÔ_Ô€by€the€State€judicial€police:€€beaten,Ð tÄ Ðespecially€about€the€ears,€plastic€bag€over€the€head€and€threatened€with€drowning€in€a€river.€€TheÐ Zª Ðindividual€had€to€be€hospitalized€as€a€result.Ð @ ÐÌ85.€€A€person€detained€on€8€June€2001€in€Ô_ÔComitnÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔDomnguezÔ_Ô€by€the€State€judicial€police:€€beatings,Ð  \ Ðplastic€bags€over€the€head€„€six€at€a€time€„€threats€of€electric€shocks€and€beatings€about€the€ears.Ð òB ÐÌ86.€€Two€indigenous€Ô_ÔCholeÔ_Ô€people€detained€on€8€May€2001€in€Ô_ÔPalenqueÔ_Ô€by€members€of€the€municipalÐ ¾ Ðpolice:€€brutally€beaten€and€threatened€with€death.Ð ¤ô ÐÌòòChihuahuaóóÐ p!À  ÐÌ87.€€A€minor€aged€17€detained€on€17€August€2001€in€the€city€of€Chihuahua€by€municipal€police€andÐ <#Œ" Ðsubjected€to€a€beating€leading,€among€other€things,€to€broken€ribs.Ð "$r# ÐÌ88.€€A€person€detained€on€20€May€2000€in€the€city€of€Chihuahua€by€municipal€police€and€subjected€toÐ î%>!% Ða€beating€that€caused€multiple€head€injuries.€€Died€some€days€later.€€The€State€Human€RightsÐ Ô&$"& ÐCommission€recommended€that€charges€should€be€brought€against€the€perpetrators.Ð º' #' ÐÌÔ_ÔòòGuerreroÔ_ÔóóÐ †)Ö$) ÐÌ89.€€Three€people€detained€on€24€October€2000€in€the€village€of€El€Ô_ÔCamarð;ðnÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔPetatlnÔ_Ô,€by€the€StateÐ R+¢&+ Ðjudicial€police:€€beatings,€plastic€bags€over€the€head€and€mineral€water€up€the€nose.€€They€were€broughtÐ 8,ˆ', Ðbefore€the€court€seven€days€after€arrest.Ð -n(- Ї90.€€Two€women€raped€by€members€of€the€Army€on€21€April€1999€while€searching€for€their€minorÐ ° Ðchildren,€who€had€disappeared€the€previous€day€in€the€village€of€Barrio€Nuevo,€Ô_ÔTlacoachistlahuacaÔ_Ô.Ð –æ ÐÌ91.€€A€person€detained€on€21€February€1999€in€the€village€of€Los€Ô_ÔAchotesÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔZihuatanejoÔ_Ô,€by€FederalÐ b² Ðjudicial€police.€€His€body€was€found€on€the€Los€Ô_ÔAchotesÔ_Ô€waste€tip;€he€had€been€castrated€and€showedÐ H˜ Ðsigns€of€torture,€and€had€been€shot€in€the€neck.Ð . ~ ÐÌ92.€€A€person€detained€on€22€August€1999€in€Ô_ÔTlapaÔ_Ô€by€State€traffic€police€and€beaten€on€various€partsÐ ú J Ðof€the€body,€losing€consciousness€as€a€result.Ð à 0 ÐÌ93.€€A€person€detained€on€13€July€2001€in€Ô_ÔChilapaÔ_Ô€de€Alvarez€by€a€police€patrol€and€beaten€on€variousÐ ¬ ü  Ðparts€of€the€body.€€The€case€was€reported€to€the€State€Human€Rights€Commission.Ð ’â  ÐÌ94.€€Five€people€detained€on€30€April€2000€in€El€Ô_ÔLuceritoÔ_Ô,€municipality€of€Ô_ÔAtlixtacÔ_Ô,€by€State€judicialÐ ^®  Ðpolice€from€the€Ô_ÔTlapaÔ_Ô€regional€headquarters:€€blindfolded€and€hands€tied;€beaten€on€various€parts€of€theÐ D”  Ðbody;€water€up€the€nose€and€in€the€mouth.€€The€case€was€reported€to€the€State€Human€RightsÐ *z  ÐCommission.Ð ` ÐÌ95.€€Two€people€detained€on€22€November€2000€in€Ô_ÔTlapaÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔComonfortÔ_Ô€by€judicial€police:€€treatmentÐ Ü, Ðincluded€plastic€bags€over€the€head,€blows€to€the€abdomen,€being€hung€up,€vinegar€in€the€mouth,€beingÐ Â Ðducked€under€water€and€being€threatened€with€a€gun€to€the€head.Ð ¨ø ÐÌ96.€€Three€people€detained€on€9€January€2001€in€Ô_ÔZoquitlanÔ_Ô,€municipality€of€Ô_ÔAtlixtacÔ_Ô,€by€members€of€theÐ tÄ ÐArmy,€and€beaten€on€various€parts€of€the€body.€€The€case€was€reported€to€the€National€Human€RightsÐ Zª ÐCommission.Ð @ ÐÌ97.€€Three€women€detained€on€2€March€2001€in€Ô_ÔZoyatlanÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔJurezÔ_Ô,€municipality€of€Ô_ÔAlcozaucaÔ_Ô,€by€theÐ  \ ÐState€judicial€police.€€They€were€dragged€along€the€ground€by€the€hair€and€beaten€with€rifle€butts.€€OneÐ òB Ðsuffered€an€attempted€rape.Ð Ø( ÐÌ98.€€A€person€detained€in€Ô_ÔChilpancingoÔ_Ô€on€30€October€2000€by€State€judicial€police:€€blindfolded€andÐ ¤ô Ðsubjected€to€insults,€threats€of€being€disappeared,€and€blows€to€the€face€and€body.€€Also€water€up€theÐ Š Ú Ðnose€(to€the€point€of€asphyxiation)€with€someone€treading€on€the€stomach€at€the€same€time,€andÐ p!À  Ðsimulated€rape.€€The€aim€was€to€obtain€a€confession€to€abduction€and€rape.Ð V"¦! ÐÌ99.€€A€person€detained€on€16€January€2000€in€Ô_ÔHuamuxtitlnÔ_Ô€by€State€judicial€police:€€blindfolded,€hitÐ "$r# Ðin€the€abdomen;€plastic€bag€over€the€head.Ð %X $ ÐÌòòMexico€StateóóÐ Ô&$"& ÐÌ100.€€An€indigenous€Ô_ÔMazatecÔ_Ô€detained€by€State€police€on€10€February€2001€in€Ô_ÔTlalnepantlaÔ_Ô.€Ð  (ð#( ÐThreatened,€hit€in€the€face,€legs€and€stomach,€and€forced€to€sign€a€document€he€could€not€read.€€He€hadÐ †)Ö$) Ðno€interpreter€or€lawyer€at€the€public€attorneyððs€office.Ð l*¼%* ÐÌ101.€€Two€people€detained€on€28€April€2000€by€members€of€the€State€judicial€police€assigned€to€vehicleÐ 8,ˆ', Ðrecovery€in€Ô_ÔIxtapalucaÔ_Ô.€€Blindfolded,€beaten,€threatened;€water€up€the€nose.€€The€police€held€themÐ -n(- Ðincommunicado€for€about€30€hours€before€bringing€them€before€the€public€attorney.Ð ° ÐÌòòNuevo€Leð;ðnóóÐ |Ì ÐÌ102.€€A€person€detained€on€14€July€1999€in€Monterrey€by€the€State€judicial€police:€€hit€in€the€mouth,Ð H˜ Ðresulting€in€the€loss€of€several€teeth,€and€on€other€parts€of€the€body.€€Following€release,€found€dead€inÐ . ~ ÐÔ_ÔMont