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ÐÓÓÌòòREPORT€ON€MEXICO€PRODUCED€BY€THE€COMMITTEE€UNDER€ARTICLE€20€OF€THEÐ o ¿ ÐCONVENTION,€AND€REPLY€FROM€THE€GOVERNMENT€OF€MEXICOóóÐ U ¥ ÐÓ#ÓÌÔ*’ƒw;xddd Xdd Xdd X‰%‰%’ÔÔ,dd ÔÔ,Àdd ÔÔ,ûdd ÔÔ,Ìdd ÔÔ+  ÔÐ ! q ! q ……Ðò òÓ  ÓCONTENTSó óÐ !… Õ   !ÐÓÓÐ  ÿO  ÐÐ  ÿO  „„ÐòòParagraphsóóÐ 'ÿO 3 „„'ÐòòPageóóÐ ÿO 3 ÐPART€ONEÐ  yÉ  ÐREPORT€OF€THE€COMMITTEEÐ  yÉ  „„Ð1€„€222Ð F<yÉ 3  @4„„‰@‰FÐ4Ð <20yÉ 3  @4 @ <ÐI.Ð  óC  ÐINTRODUCTIONÐ  óC  „„Ð1€„€2Ð 'óC 3 „„'Ð4Ð óC 3 ÐII.Ð  m½ ÐAPPLICATION€OF€THE€PROCEDUREÐ  m½ „„Ð3€„€15Ð F<m½3  @4„„‰@‰FÐ4Ð <20m½3  @4 @ <ÐIII.Ð  ç7 ÐVISIT€TO€MEXICO€FROM€23€AUGUST€TO€12Ð ç7 ÐSEPTEMBER€2001Ð  Í „„Ð16€„€21Ð F<ç73  @7„„‰@‰FÐ7Ð <20ç73  @7 @ <ÐÐ  G—  ÐA.€€Activities€of€the€Committee€members€during€the€visitÐ  G—! „„Ð16€„€19Ð F<G—"3  @7„„‰@‰FÐ7Ð <20G—#3  @7 @ <ÐÐ  Á$ ÐB.€€General€conditions€in€which€the€visit€took€placeÐ  Á% „„Ð20€„€21Ð F<Á&3   @8„„‰ @‰FÐ8Ð <20Á'3   @8  @ <ÐIV.Ð  ;‹( ÐCHARACTERISTICS€AND€FREQUENCY€OF€CASESÐ ;‹) ÐOF€TORTUREÐ  !q* „„Ð22€„€165Ð F<;‹+3   @8„„‰ @‰FÐ8Ð <20;‹,3   @8  @ <ÐÐ  ›ë- ÐA.€€Testimony€of€alleged€victims€or€their€direct€relativesÐ  ›ë. „„Ð23€„€46Ð F<›ë/3   @8„„‰ @‰FÐ8Ð <20›ë03   @8  @ <ÐÐ  e1 ÐB.€€Public€human€rights€bodiesÐ  e2 „„Ð47€„€79Ð G=e33  .@15„„‰.@‰GÐ15Ð =31e43  .@15 .@ =ÐÐ  ß5 ÐC.€€Information€from€non„governmental€organizationsÐ  ß6 „„Ð80€„€121Ð G=ß73  5@21„„‰5@‰GÐ21Ð =31ß83  5@21 5@ =ÐÐ   !Y9 ÐD.€€Information€from€State€and€Federal€governmentalÐ  !Y: ÐauthoritiesÐ  ï!?; „„Ð122€„€136Ð G= !Y<3  9@25„„‰9@‰GÐ25Ð =31 !Y=3  9@25 9@ =ÐÐ  i#¹> ÐE.€€General€observationsÐ  i#¹? „„Ð137€„€165Ð G=i#¹@3  =@29„„‰=@‰GÐ29Ð =31i#¹A3  =@29 =@ =ÐV.Ð  ã$3 B ÐLEGAL€MECHANISMS€OFFERING€PROTECTIONÐ ã$3 C ÐAGAINST€TORTURE,€AND€HOW€THEY€OPERATEÐ  É%!D „„Ð166€„€217Ð G=ã$3 E3  B@36„„‰B@‰GÐ36Ð =31ã$3 F3  B@36 B@ =ÐÐ  C'“"G ÐA.€€The€prohibition€of€torture€in€Mexican€legislationÐ  C'“"H „„Ð171€„€174Ð G=C'“"I3  €B@37„„‰€B@‰GÐ37Ð =31C'“"J3  €B@37 €B@ =ÐÐ  ½( $K ÐB.€€The€general€rule€requiring€a€court€order€beforeÐ ½( $L Ðdetention,€and€exceptions€to€itÐ  £)ó$M „„Ð175€„€179Ð G=½( $N3  €B@37„„‰€B@‰GÐ37Ð =31½( $O3  €B@37 €B@ =ÐÐ  +m&P ÐC.€€Time€limits€on€detention€at€police€and€PublicÐ +m&Q ÐProsecutorððs€Office€premisesÐ  ,S'R „„Ð180€„€184Ð G=+m&S3  C@38„„‰C@‰GÐ38â âÐ =31+m&T3  C@38 C@ =ÐÔ_ÔÐ  d ÐD.€€Lack€of€judicial€supervision€while€a€detainee€is€beingÐ d Ðâ âheld€by€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€OfficeÐ  úJ „„Ð185€„€186Ð G=d3  €C@39„„‰€C@‰GÐ39Ð =31d3  €C@39 €C@ =ÐÐ  tÄ ÐE.€€Obligation€to€register€every€detaineeÐ  tÄ „„Ð187€„€189Ð G=tÄ3  D@40„„‰D@‰GÐ40Ð =31tÄ 3  D@40 D@ =ÐÐ  î>  ÐF.€€Right€of€the€accused€to€defence€counselÐ  î>  „„Ð190€„€195Ð G=î> 3  D@40„„‰D@‰GÐ40Ð =31î> 3  D@40 D@ =ÐÐ  h ¸ ÐG.€€Detaineesðð€confessions,€the€authorities€competent€toÐ h ¸ Ðreceive€them€and€their€Ô_ÔevidentiaryÔ_Ô€valueÐ  N ž „„Ð196€„€203Ð G=h ¸3  €D@41„„‰€D@‰GÐ41Ð =31h ¸3  €D@41 €D@ =ÐÐ  È  ÐH.€€Investigation€of€reports€of€torture€and€punishment€ofÐ È  Ðthose€responsibleÐ  ® þ „„Ð204€„€217Ð G=È 3  €E@43„„‰€E@‰GÐ43Ð ]S1È 3  €E@43 €E@  ð?1.‰ð?‰]Ð1.Ð 4*((x   ð?1. ð? 4ЀCONCLUSIONS€AND€RECOMMENDATIONSÐ  (x  „„Ð218€„€220Ð G=(x 3  €F@45„„‰€F@‰GÐ45Ð =31(x 3  €F@45 €F@ =ÐVII.Ð  ¢ò  ÐADOPTION€OF€THE€REPORT€BY€THE€COMMITTEEÐ ¢ò  ÐAND€FOLLOW„UP€TO€THE€REPORTÐ ?5 ˆØ   k@221„„‰ k@‰?Ð221Ð g]2¢ò 3  k@221  k@  H@48„„‰H@‰gÐ48Ð =31¢ò 3  H@48 H@ =ÐVIII.Ð  R! ÐPUBLICATION€OF€THE€COMMITTEEððS€REPORTÐ R" ÐAND€REPLY€FROM€THE€GOVERNMENT€OFÐ è8# ÐMEXICOÐ ?5 Î$ Àk@222„„‰Àk@‰?Ð222Ð g]2R%3 Àk@222 Àk@  €H@49„„‰€H@‰gÐ49Ð =31R&3  €H@49 €H@ =ÐPART€TWO.Ð  H˜' ÐREPLY€FROM€THE€GOVERNMENT€OF€MEXICOÐ  H˜( „„Ð223€„€336Ð G=H˜)3  €H@49„„‰€H@‰GÐ49Ð =31H˜*3  €H@49 €H@ =ÐI.Ð  Â+ ÐINTRODUCTIONÐ  Â, „„Ð223€„€237Ð G=Â-3  €H@49„„‰€H@‰GÐ49Ð =31Â.3  €H@49 €H@ =ÐII.Ð  <Œ/ ÐGENERAL€COMMENTSÐ  <Œ0 „„Ð238€„€251Ð G=<Œ13  I@50„„‰I@‰GÐ50Ð =31<Œ23  I@50 I@ =ÐIII.Ð  ¶3 ÐCHARACTERISTICS€AND€FREQUENCY€OF€CASESÐ ¶4 ÐOF€TORTUREÐ  œì5 „„Ð252€„€279Ð G=¶63  €J@53„„‰€J@‰GÐ53Ð =31¶73  €J@53 €J@ =ÐIV.Ð  f8 ÐLEGAL€MECHANISMS€OFFERING€PROTECTIONÐ f9 ÐAGAINST€TORTURE,€AND€HOW€THEY€OPERATEÐ  üL: „„Ð280€„€284Ð G=f;3  N@60„„‰N@‰GÐ60Ð =31f<3  N@60 N@ =ÐV.Ð  vÆ= ÐCONCLUSIONS€AND€RECOMMENDATIONSÐ  vÆ> „„Ð285€„€336Ð G=vÆ?3  N@60„„‰N@‰GÐ60Ð A71vÆ@3  N@60 N@ ……AÐList€of€AnnexesÐ ! ð @A „„!ÐÐ G=ð @B3  ÀT@83„„‰ÀT@‰GÐ83ÐA75ð @C3  ÀT@83 ÀT@ AÐÐ  "VC ÐòòPART€ONE.€€REPORT€OF€THE€COMMITTEEÐ ° ÐÌóóI.€€òòINTRODUCTIONóóÐ |Ì ÐÓ  ÓÌ1.€€In€accordance€with€article€20€of€the€Convention,€if€the€Committee€receives€reliable€informationÐ H˜ Ðwhich€appears€to€it€to€contain€well-founded€indications€that€torture€is€being€systematically€practised€inÐ . ~ Ðthe€territory€of€a€State€party,€the€Committee€shall€invite€that€State€party€to€cooperate€in€the€examinationÐ  d Ðof€the€information€and,€to€this€end,€to€submit€observations€with€regard€to€the€information€concerned.€Ð ú J ÐThe€Committee€may€subsequently€decide€to€designate€one€or€more€of€its€members€to€make€aÐ à 0 Ðconfidential€inquiry€which€may€include€a€visit€to€the€territory€of€the€State€party€concerned,€with€itsÐ Æ   Ðagreement.€€All€these€proceedings€of€the€Committee€are€confidential€and€at€all€stages€of€the€proceedingsÐ ¬ ü  Ðthe€cooperation€of€the€State€party€is€sought.€€After€the€proceedings€have€been€completed,€the€CommitteeÐ ’â  Ðmay€decide€to€include€a€summary€account€of€their€results€in€its€annual€reports€to€the€States€parties€toÐ xÈ  Ðthe€Convention€and€the€General€Assembly.€Ð ^®  ÐÌ2.€€Mexico€ratified€the€Convention€on€23€January€1986.€€At€the€time€of€ratification€it€did€not€declare€thatÐ *z  Ðit€did€not€recognize€the€competence€of€the€Committee€provided€for€in€article€20€of€the€Convention,€asÐ ` Ðit€could€have€done€under€article€28€of€the€Convention.€€The€procedure€under€article€20€is,€therefore,Ð öF Ðapplicable€to€Mexico.Ð Ü, ÐÌII.€€òòAPPLICATION€OF€THE€PROCEDUREóóÐ ¨ø ÐÌ3.€€In€October€1998,€the€Committee€received€from€the€Human€Rights€Centre€Miguel€Ô_ÔAgustnÔ_Ô€Pro„Ô_ÔJurezÔ_ÔÐ tÄ Ð(Ô_ÔPRODHÔ_Ô),€a€non-governmental€organization€based€in€Mexico€City,€a€report€entitled€ð ðTorture:€Ð Zª ÐInstitutionalized€Violence€in€Mexico,€April€1997„September€1998ðð.€€The€report€contained€an€appeal€toÐ @ Ðthe€Committee€to€undertake€an€investigation€pursuant€to€article€20€of€the€Convention.Ð &v ÐÌ4.€€At€its€twenty„first€session€(November€1998,€the€Committee€requested€one€of€its€members,€Mr.Ð òB ÐÔ_ÔAlejandroÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔGonzlezÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔPobleteÔ_Ô,€to€consider€that€report€in€detail.€€He€did€so€in€the€light€of€other€informationÐ Ø( Ðavailable€to€the€Committee,€in€particular€the€information€provided€by€the€Government€in€connectionÐ ¾ Ðwith€the€consideration€of€its€third€periodic€report€and€the€report€of€the€Commission€on€Human€RightsððÐ ¤ô ÐSpecial€Rapporteur€on€torture€concerning€his€visit€to€Mexico€in€August€1997€(E/CN.4/1998/38/Add.2).Ð Š Ú ÐÌ5.€€In€the€light€of€his€consideration,€the€Committee€determined€that€the€information€submitted€byÐ V"¦! ÐÔ_ÔPRODHÔ_Ô€was€sound€and€gave€justifiable€grounds€for€believing€that€torture€was€systematically€practisedÐ <#Œ" Ðin€Mexico.€€In€accordance€with€article€20,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Convention€and€rule€76€of€its€Rules€ofÐ "$r# ÐProcedure,€the€Committee,€in€a€letter€dated€30€November€1998,€requested€the€Government€of€MexicoÐ %X $ Ðto€cooperate€in€the€examination€of,€and€comment€on,€the€information€in€question.Ð î%>!% ÐÌ6.€€On€1€and€19€March€1999,€the€Government€sent€the€Committee€documents€enumerating€theÐ º' #' Ðlegislation€in€force€and€the€measures€taken€by€the€authorities€at€various€levels€in€previous€years€toÐ  (ð#( Ðcombat€torture.€€It€described€the€information€from€Ô_ÔPRODHÔ_Ô€as€ð ðÔ_ÔbiasedÔ_Ô€and€tendentiousðð.€€Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌ7.€€At€its€twenty„second€session€(May€1999)€the€Committee€assigned€two€of€its€members,€Mr.€Ô_ÔAlejandroÔ_ÔÐ R+¢&+ ÐÔ_ÔGonzlezÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔPobleteÔ_Ô€and€Mr.€Antonio€Silva€Ô_ÔHenriquesÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔGasparÔ_Ô,€to€examine€the€Governmentððs€response.€Ð 8,ˆ', ÐThey€noted€that€the€Mexican€Government€reproached€the€Committee€with€acting€rashly€in€concludingÐ -n(- Ðthat€torture€was€being€practised€systematically€in€Mexico,€since€the€information€brought€to€theÐ ° ÐGovernmentððs€attention€referred€only€to€60€cases€involving€a€total€of€177€victims€in€12€of€the€countryððsÐ –æ Ð32€Federal€States.€€According€to€the€Government,€that€sample€was€not€representative€of€the€realÐ |Ì Ðsituation€in€Mexico.€€The€Government€also€pointed€out€that€the€cases€in€question€had€not€been€broughtÐ b² Ðto€the€attention€of€the€competent€authorities,€in€particular,€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office.€€TheÐ H˜ ÐCommitteeððs€representatives€dismissed€that€argument€since€the€information€from€Ô_ÔPRODHÔ_Ô€showed€thatÐ . ~ Ðalmost€all€the€cases€had€been€the€subject€of€complaints€either€to€the€National€Human€RightsÐ  d ÐCommission€or€to€its€counterparts€in€Federal€States.€€The€information€received€by€the€CommitteeÐ ú J Ðsuggested€that,€despite€the€legislative€and€administrative€measures€taken€by€the€Government,€tortureÐ à 0 Ðcontinued€to€be€practised€systematically,€in€particular€by€members€of€the€judicial€police€and€the€armedÐ Æ   Ðforces,€in€the€fight€against€subversive€groups.€€The€Special€Rapporteur€on€torture,òò1óó€the€Inter„AmericanÐ ¬ ü  ÐCommission€on€Human€Rightsòò2óó€and€the€non„governmental€organization€Human€Rights€Watchòò3óó€had€allÐ ’â  Ðreached€the€same€conclusion€in€their€reports€on€the€matter.€€In€its€reply€the€Government€had€providedÐ xÈ  Ðstatistics€on€all€the€recommendations€concerning€legal€system€employees€made€since€1990€by€humanÐ ^®  Ðrights€commissions,€but€had€given€no€indication€of€how€many€of€them€referred€to€cases€of€torture,€norÐ D”  Ðof€how€the€recommendations€had€been€followed€up.€€The€representatives€considered€that€the€CommitteeÐ *z  Ðshould€continue€its€procedure€under€article€20.€Ð ` ÐÌ8.€€During€the€same€session,€the€Committee€endorsed€that€conclusion€and€decided€to€undertake€aÐ Ü, Ðconfidential€inquiry€in€accordance€with€article€20,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Convention€and€rule€78€of€itsÐ Â ÐRules€of€Procedure,€designating€Mr.€Ô_ÔGonzlezÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔPobleteÔ_Ô€and€Mr.€Silva€Ô_ÔHenriquesÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔGasparÔ_Ô€for€the€purpose.€Ð ¨ø ÐIt€also€decided€to€invite€the€Mexican€Government,€in€accordance€with€article€20,€paragraph€3,€of€theÐ ŽÞ ÐConvention€and€rule€79€of€its€Rules€of€Procedure,€to€cooperate€with€it€in€the€conduct€of€the€inquiry.€Ð tÄ ÐLastly,€it€decided€to€request€the€Government€of€Mexico,€pursuant€to€article€20,€paragraph€3,€of€theÐ Zª ÐConvention€and€rule€80€of€its€Rules€of€Procedure,€to€allow€a€visit€to€take€place€in€September€1999.Ð @ ÐÌ9.€€In€a€note€Ô_ÔverbaleÔ_Ô€dated€29€June€1999,€the€Permanent€Mission€of€Mexico€to€the€United€Nations€OfficeÐ  \ Ðat€Geneva€expressed€the€Governmentððs€surprise€at€the€Committeeððs€decision,€since€the€Government€hadÐ òB Ðprovided€the€Committee€with€a€wealth€of€conclusive€evidence€showing€beyond€doubt€that€theÐ Ø( Ðinformation€supplied€by€Ô_ÔPRODHÔ_Ô€was€baseless,€unreliable,€distorted€facts€and€arguments,€was€atÐ ¾ Ðvariance€with€reality€in€the€country€and€did€not€support€the€conclusion€that€torture€was€systematicallyÐ ¤ô Ðpractised€in€Mexico.€€That€notwithstanding,€the€note€stated€the€Governmentððs€willingness€to€cooperateÐ Š Ú Ðwith€the€Committee€in€the€inquiry€and€to€provide€such€information€at€its€disposal€as€the€members€of€theÐ p!À  ÐCommittee€might€consider€of€help€in€examining€the€events€that€were€the€subject€of€the€inquiry.€€It€alsoÐ V"¦! Ðsaid€that€the€Government€would€assess€the€justification€for,€and€appropriateness€of€a€visit€to€the€countryÐ <#Œ" Ðonce€its€accredited€representative,€Ambassador€Miguel€Angel€Ô_ÔGonzlezÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔFlixÔ_Ô,€had€met€the€CommitteeððsÐ "$r# Ðdesignated€representatives.Ð %X $ ÐÌ10.€€The€meeting€between€Ambassador€Ô_ÔGonzlezÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔFlixÔ_Ô€and€the€two€Committee€members€assigned€toÐ Ô&$"& Ðconduct€the€inquiry€took€place€on€19€and€20€October€1999€in€Geneva.€€Besides€Ambassador€Ô_ÔGonzlezÔ_ÔÐ º' #' ÐÔ_ÔFlixÔ_Ô,€the€Government€of€Mexico€was€represented€by€Ms.€Ô_ÔPerlaÔ_Ô€Carvalho,€the€deputy€permanentÐ  (ð#( Ðrepresentative€at€the€Permanent€Mission€of€Mexico€to€the€United€Nations€Office€at€Geneva,€Ms.€AliciaÐ †)Ö$) ÐÔ_ÔPrezÔ_Ô€Duarte,€counsellor€at€the€Permanent€Mission,€Mr.€Florencio€Madariaga,€the€AssistantÐ l*¼%* ÐAttorney-General€of€the€State€of€Ô_ÔChiapasÔ_Ô,€and€Mr.€Ô_ÔJoaqunÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔGonzlezÔ_Ô€Casanova,€the€Director€for€HumanÐ R+¢&+ ÐRights€at€the€Office€of€the€Attorney-General€of€the€Republic.Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- Ð11.€€The€Committee€members€gave€the€delegation€a€list€of€394€suspected€cases€of€torture.€€Of€these,€316Ð ° Ðhad€been€selected€from€reports€by€the€Special€Rapporteur,€and€78€from€the€information€supplied€byÐ –æ ÐÔ_ÔPRODHÔ_Ô.€€The€breakdown€of€the€cases€by€State€was:€€Campeche,€15;€Ô_ÔChiapasÔ_Ô,€78;€Chihuahua,€9;Ð |Ì ÐÔ_ÔGuanajuatoÔ_Ô,€5;€Ô_ÔGuerreroÔ_Ô,€89;€Hidalgo,€11;€Ô_ÔJaliscoÔ_Ô,€1;€Mexico,€10;€Ô_ÔMorelosÔ_Ô,€18;€Oaxaca,€83;€Puebla,€2;Ð b² ÐSonora,€3;€Tabasco,€8;€Ô_ÔTamaulipasÔ_Ô,€11;€Veracruz,€16;€Federal€District,€31.€€In€four€cases,€the€State€wasÐ H˜ Ðunknown.€€Government€replies€had€been€received€concerning€many€of€the€cases€mentioned€in€theÐ . ~ ÐSpecial€Rapporteurððs€reports€and€the€Committee€members€had€taken€them€into€account.Ð  d ÐÌ12.€€The€members€of€the€delegation€reiterated€their€Governmentððs€willingness€to€continue€cooperatingÐ à 0 Ðwith€the€Committee.€€They€reviewed€the€human€rights€measures€taken€since€1990,€when€the€NationalÐ Æ   ÐHuman€Rights€Commission€(Ô_ÔCNDHÔ_Ô)€had€been€established.€€Those€measures€included:€€the€holding€ofÐ ¬ ü  Ðexpert€workshops€to€identify€factors€conducive€to€recourse€to€torture;€the€establishment€of€human€rightsÐ ’â  Ðcommissions€in€every€Mexican€State;€the€entry€into€force€of€the€Federal€law€on€torture€and€ofÐ xÈ  Ðcorresponding€laws€in€virtually€all€the€States;€the€establishment€of€human€rights€departments€inÐ ^®  Ðattorney-generalsðð€offices;€and€the€conduct€by€the€human€rights€commissions€and€the€Office€of€theÐ D”  ÐAttorney„General€of€the€Republic€of€a€campaign€encouraging€the€population€to€report€any€human€rightsÐ *z  Ðabuses.€€They€had€resulted€in€a€significant€decline€in€the€numbers€of€cases€reported.€€Torture€had€rankedÐ ` Ðsecond€among€the€types€of€violation€covered€in€the€first€Ô_ÔCNDHÔ_Ô€report€(1990),€whereas€it€ranked€32ndÐ öF Ðin€the€most€recent€one€(December€1998),€with€28€complaints€lodged€and€six€recommendations€againstÐ Ü, Ðpublic€servants.€€In€addition,€the€judicial€system€had€started€a€clear€trend€towards€the€rejection€of€tortureÐ Â Ðand€the€punishment€of€those€responsible€for€it,€and€progress€was€being€made€towards€ensuring€thatÐ ¨ø Ðvictims€of€human€rights€violations€were€compensated€in€cases€where€a€State€was€jointly€liable€for€lossÐ ŽÞ Ðor€damage€caused€by€its€officials.€€The€delegation€explained€the€procedures€followed€by€the€judicialÐ tÄ Ðauthorities€in€the€light€of€recommendations€of€the€human€rights€commissions€and€said€that€the€authorityÐ Zª Ðvested€in€the€commissionsðð€inspectors€was€such€that€the€evidence€they€collected€could€be€used€in€court.Ð @ ÐÌ13.€€The€Committee€members€told€the€delegation€of€their€concern€at€the€lack€of€information€on€theÐ  \ Ðoutcome€of€cases€in€which€there€had€been€a€torture€investigation,€especially€the€prosecution€andÐ òB Ðpunishment€of€those€responsible.€€In€cases€where€there€had€been€a€recommendation€from€Ô_ÔCNDHÔ_Ô€or€aÐ Ø( ÐState€commission€it€was€not€known€to€what€action€the€recommendation€had€given€rise.€€There€was€aÐ ¾ Ðconsiderable€difference€between€the€number€of€complaints€and€the€number€of€cases€in€which€criminalÐ ¤ô Ðproceedings€had€been€instituted€and€the€perpetrators€had€been€punished.€€The€delegation€emphasizedÐ Š Ú Ðhow€hard€it€was€to€gather€this€information,€largely€owing€to€Mexicoððs€Federal€structure.€€Even€so,€theÐ p!À  ÐGovernment€would€do€all€it€could€to€provide€the€Committee€with€up„to„date€replies€on€the€394€cases.òò4óó€Ð V"¦! ÐÌ14.€€The€delegation€said€that,€if€the€Committee€members€wished€to€insist€on€visiting€Mexico,€it€wouldÐ "$r# Ðbe€advisable€for€them€not€to€make€their€trip€before€the€presidential€elections€to€be€held€on€2€July€2000,Ð %X $ Ðsince€such€a€visit€could€be€used€for€political€ends€by€groups€with€an€interest€in€the€electoral€contest.€Ð î%>!% ÐFurthermore,€the€new€administration€would€not€be€in€place€before€November€2000.€€While€agreeing€thatÐ Ô&$"& Ðit€might€not€be€appropriate€to€visit€the€country€during€the€electoral€period,€the€Committee€members€saidÐ º' #' Ðthat€they€did€not€think€it€would€be€appropriate€either€to€postpone€their€visit€until€after€the€installationÐ  (ð#( Ðof€the€new€administration.€€They€suggested,€therefore,€that€the€visit€should€take€place€in€August€2000.€Ð †)Ö$) ÐThey€emphasized€that€the€authorities€should€not€view€the€visit€as€anything€negative:€€it€formed€part€ofÐ l*¼%* Ðthe€process€and€was€a€means€of€gaining€the€most€objective€and€well„founded€opinion€possibleÐ R+¢&+ Ðconcerning€the€actual€state€of€affairs€in€the€country.€Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- Ð15.€€On€30€January€2001,€the€Government€invited€the€Committee€members€to€visit€the€country.€€TheÐ ° Ðmembers€suggested€a€visit€between€23€August€and€12€September€2001;€the€Government€accepted€thoseÐ –æ Ðdates.€€In€the€mean€time,€the€Committee€had€designated€another€of€its€members,€Mr.€Ole€Ô_ÔVedelÔ_ÔÐ |Ì ÐRasmussen,€to€take€part€in€the€visit€along€with€the€two€designated€previously.€€In€the€end,€Mr.€SilvaÐ b² ÐÔ_ÔHenriquesÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔGasparÔ_Ô€was€prevented€by€personal€reasons€from€taking€part€in€the€visit.€€The€CommitteeÐ H˜ Ðmembers€were€accompanied€by€two€members€of€the€Office€of€the€United€Nations€High€CommissionerÐ . ~ Ðfor€Human€Rights,€Ms.€Carmen€Rosa€Ô_ÔRuedaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔCastað;ðnÔ_Ô,€the€Committee€Secretary,€and€Ms.€MercedesÐ  d ÐMorales€Ô_ÔFernndezÔ_Ô.Ð ú J ÐÌIII.€€òòVISIT€TO€MEXICO€FROM€23€AUGUST€TO€12€SEPTEMBER€2001óóÐ Æ   ÐÌA.€€òòActivities€of€the€Committee€members€during€the€visitóóÐ ’â  ÐÌ16.€€During€their€stay€in€Mexico€the€Committee€members€visited€the€Federal€District,€where€they€heldÐ ^®  Ðdiscussions€with€the€following€officials:€€the€President€and€judges€of€the€Supreme€Court;€the€FederalÐ D”  ÐDirector€of€Public€Security;€the€Attorney„General€of€the€Republic;€the€Director€of€Public€Security€ofÐ *z  Ðthe€Government€of€the€Federal€District;€the€Federal€District€Attorney-General;€the€MilitaryÐ ` ÐProsecutor-General;€the€President€and€board€of€inspectors€of€the€National€Human€Rights€Commission;Ð öF Ðthe€President€and€inspectors€of€the€Federal€District€Human€Rights€Commission;€and€theÐ Ü, ÐInterdepartmental€Commission€to€Monitor€Mexicoððs€International€Human€Rights€Commitments.€€TheyÐ Â Ðalso€had€discussions€with€representatives€of€non-governmental€organizations€and€visited€Mexico€CityððsÐ ¨ø ÐÔ_ÔReclusorioÔ_Ô€Norte€prison.€€They€alsomet€the€Human€Rights€and€Civic€Protection€Attorney€of€the€StateÐ ŽÞ Ðof€Baja€California,€who€was€in€Mexico€City€at€the€time.€€Lastly,€they€visited€the€La€Palma€FederalÐ tÄ ÐCentre€for€Social€Rehabilitation€(Ô_ÔAlmoloyaÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔJurezÔ_Ô,€Mexico€State).Ð Zª ÐÌ17.€€They€also€visited€the€States€of€Ô_ÔTamaulipasÔ_Ô,€Oaxaca€and€Ô_ÔGuerreroÔ_Ô.€€In€Ciudad€Victoria,€the€capitalÐ &v Ðof€Ô_ÔTamaulipasÔ_Ô,€they€met€a€number€of€State€officials:€€the€Director€of€Judicial€Police,€theÐ  \ ÐAttorney-General,€the€Deputy€Director€of€Expert€Services,€the€President€and€three€members€of€theÐ òB ÐSupreme€Court€and€the€President€of€the€State€human€rights€commission.€€In€the€towns€of€Reynosa€andÐ Ø( ÐMiguel€Ô_ÔAlemnÔ_Ô€they€had€discussions€with€representatives€of€non-governmental€organizations€andÐ ¾ Ðvisited€the€social€rehabilitation€centres;òò5óó€€in€Reynosa€they€also€visited€the€premises€of€the€judicial€andÐ ¤ô Ðpreventive€police€and€met€the€Commander€of€the€Eighth€Military€Zone.Ð Š Ú ÐÌ18.€€In€Oaxaca,€they€met€the€President€and€a€number€of€members€of€the€High€Court,€the€Director€ofÐ V"¦! ÐPublic€Security€and€Civic€Protection,€the€Director€of€Prevention€and€Social€Rehabilitation,€theÐ <#Œ" ÐAttorney-General,€the€Director€of€Judicial€Police€and€officials€of€the€Forensic€Medicine€Service,€theÐ "$r# ÐCommander€of€the€Twenty„eighth€Military€Zone€and€the€President€and€inspectors€of€the€State€humanÐ %X $ Ðrights€commission.€€They€also€had€discussions€with€non-governmental€organizations€and€visited€theÐ î%>!% Ðsocial€rehabilitation€centres€at€Ô_ÔIxcotelÔ_Ô€and€Ô_ÔEtlaÔ_Ô.Ð Ô&$"& ÐÌ19.€€In€Ô_ÔGuerreroÔ_Ô,€they€had€discussions€in€the€capital,€Ô_ÔChilpancingoÔ_Ô,€with€the€President€of€the€High€Court,Ð  (ð#( Ðthe€Director€of€Public€Security€and€Civic€Protection,€the€Director€of€Prevention€and€SocialÐ †)Ö$) ÐRehabilitation,€the€Attorney„General,€the€Commander€of€the€Thirty„fifth€Military€Zone€and€theÐ l*¼%* ÐPresident€and€inspectors€of€the€State€human€rights€commission.€€They€also€had€discussions€with€non„Ð R+¢&+ Ðgovernmental€organizations€and€visited€the€social€rehabilitation€centres€at€Ô_ÔChilpancingoÔ_Ô,€Acapulco€andÐ 8,ˆ', ÐÔ_ÔIgualaÔ_Ô.Ð -n(- ÐÓÌ$ÓÌB.€€òòGeneral€conditions€in€which€the€visit€took€placeóóÐ –æ ÐÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÌ20.€€Before€starting€their€visit,€the€Committee€members€agreed€with€the€authorities€that€it€would€takeÐ b² Ðplace€according€to€the€following€principles:€€access€to€any€place€where€there€might€be€persons€deprivedÐ H˜ Ðof€liberty;€guaranteed€access€in€all€such€places€to€all€premises,€not€just€cells;€access€to€any€writtenÐ . ~ Ðdocument€that€the€members€might€feel€it€useful€to€consult,€including€registers€of€detainees;€possibilityÐ  d Ðof€private€conversations€with€anybody,€including€detainees€and€officials€of€detention€centres,€whom€theÐ ú J Ðmembers€might€wish€to€interview;€possibility€of€returning€to€places€of€detention€that€had€already€beenÐ à 0 Ðvisited.Ð Æ   ÐÌ21.€€The€Mexican€Government€supported€the€visit€to€the€full€and€was€very€cooperative€throughout.€€ItÐ ’â  Ðrespected€the€above€principles€and,€both€in€the€Federal€District€and€in€the€States,€took€the€measuresÐ xÈ  Ðnecessary€to€enable€the€members€to€carry€out€their€programme€of€work€and,€when€necessary,€toÐ ^®  Ðguarantee€their€security.€€As€a€result,€the€Committee€members€were€able€to€visit€places€of€detention€atÐ D”  Ðlittle€(one€or€two€hoursðð)€or€no€notice.€€They€were€able€to€talk€in€private€with€all€the€detainees€they€askedÐ *z  Ðto€see.€€They€were€also€able€to€hold€unimpeded€discussions€with€relatives,€former€detainees€andÐ ` Ðrepresentatives€of€non„governmental€organizations.€€They€informed€all€the€people€they€spoke€with€ofÐ öF Ðthe€purpose€of€their€visit€and€of€its€confidential€nature.€Ð Ü, ÐÌIV.€€òòCHARACTERISTICS€AND€FREQUENCY€OF€CASES€OF€TORTUREóóÐ ¨ø ÐÌ22.€€In€order€to€determine€the€characteristics€and€frequency€of€cases€of€torture€in€Mexico,€the€CommitteeÐ tÄ Ðmembers€took€as€their€basis€the€following€sources€of€information:€€Ð Zª ÐÌÓ€ á¨9:<=DEFL(ty3ßÓÝ"‚¨3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚¨3£õ|ÝÔ2tÔððÔ3  Ôà0 á àÝ  ÝThe€testimony€of€alleged€victims€or€their€direct€relatives;݃¨3£õ|"}ÝŒÐ&vá%á% ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚¨3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚¨3£æ}ÝÔ2tÔððÔ3  Ôà0 á àÝ  ÝInformation€from€public€agencies€for€the€protection€and€defence€of€human€rights;݃¨3£æ}~݌Р\á%á% ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚¨3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚¨3£ì~ÝÔ2tÔððÔ3  Ôà0 á àÝ  ÝInformation€from€non„governmental€human€rights€organizations;݃¨3£ì~ÝŒÐòBá%á% ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚¨3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚¨3£àÝÔ2tÔððÔ3  Ôà0 á àÝ  ÝInformation€from€State€and€Federal€governmental€authorities.݃¨3£à €ÝŒÐØ(á%á% ÐŒÝ  ÝÌA.€€òòTestimony€of€alleged€victims€or€their€direct€relativesóóÐ ¤ô ÐÌ23.€€In€the€course€of€their€visit€to€Mexico,€the€Committee€members€interviewed€91€detainees.€€TheseÐ p!À  Ðinterviewees€were€selected€according€to€two€criteria:€€(1)€information€had€already€been€received€to€theÐ V"¦! Ðeffect€that€they€had€been€tortured;€(2)€it€was€apparent€from€medical€and€legal€records€at€places€ofÐ <#Œ" Ðdetention€covering€the€months€preceding€the€visit€that€the€individuals€in€question€had€arrived€withÐ "$r# Ðinjuries.€€Of€the€interviewees,€59€stated€that€they€had€been€treated€in€a€way€that€the€Committee€membersÐ %X $ Ðconsidered€to€fall€within€the€definition€of€article€1€of€the€Convention.€€In€many€of€these€cases,€thereÐ î%>!% Ðwere€medical€reports€that€tallied€with€the€intervieweesðð€accounts.€€Two€other€individuals€stated€that,Ð Ô&$"& Ðwhile€they€had€not€been€tortured,€they€had€been€subjected€to€strong€psychological€pressure.€€In€twoÐ º' #' Ðcases,€it€is€questionable€whether€the€treatment€meted€out€falls€within€the€definitions€given€in€articles€1Ð  (ð#( Ðand€16€of€the€Convention.€Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌ24.€€The€Committee€members€also€heard€testimony€concerning€17€other€victims€of€torture.€Some€ofÐ R+¢&+ Ðthem€were€at€liberty,€but€others€were€in€detention,€in€which€event€the€testimony€came€from€directÐ 8,ˆ', Ðrelatives.€Ð -n(- Ð1.€€òòTestimony€of€persons€deprived€of€libertyóóÐ ° ÐÌ(a)€€òòÔ_ÔTamaulipasÔ_ÔóóÐ |Ì ÐÌ25.€€During€their€visit€to€the€Reynosa€Ô_ÔCERESOÔ_Ô,€the€Committee€members€interviewed€13€inmates,€11Ð H˜ Ðof€whom€reported€that€they€had,€at€the€time€of€their€detention€at€various€points€in€the€State,€undergoneÐ . ~ Ðtreatment€that€the€Committee€members€considered€to€be€torture.€€Three€had€been€taken€into€detentionÐ  d Ðin€1999€and€the€others€between€January€and€June€2001.€€All€said€that€they€had€been€struck€repeatedlyÐ ú J Ðat€the€time€of€their€arrest€or€for€several€hours€or€days€thereafter.€€The€only€exception€was€the€soleÐ à 0 Ðwoman,€who€said€that€she€had€been€threatened€with€being€thrown€into€a€canal€and€had€been€forced€toÐ Æ   Ðwatch€as€her€husband€was€tortured.€€Two€of€the€detainees€said€that€their€hearing€had€been€damaged€byÐ ¬ ü  Ðthe€beatings€and€two€others€that€they€had€been€bedridden€for€several€weeks.€€Three€said€that€plastic€bagsÐ ’â  Ðhad€been€placed€over€their€heads€and€one€that€water€containing€chilli€powder€had€been€poured€into€hisÐ xÈ  Ðnose€and€mouth.€€One€said€he€had€twice€been€taken€to€a€riverbank€and€threatened€with€being€thrown€in.€Ð ^®  ÐFive€said€that€those€responsible€belonged€to€the€judicial€police,€one,€the€Federal€judicial€police,€five,Ð D”  Ðpolice€patrols€and€one,€the€Army.Ð *z  ÐÌ26.€€The€Committee€members€also€interviewed€three€people€who€had€been€taken€into€detention€a€fewÐ öF Ðhours€earlier€and€were€being€held€in€judicial€police€cells€in€Reynosa.€€These€said€that€they€had€not€beenÐ Ü, Ðtortured€or€mistreated.Ð Â ÐÌ27.€€At€the€Miguel€Ô_ÔAlemnÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔCERESOÔ_Ô,€the€Committee€members€interviewed€seven€inmates.€€Two€ofÐ ŽÞ Ðthem,€who€had€been€in€custody€since€August€2001,€said€that€they€had€been€beaten€by€members€of€theÐ tÄ Ðjudicial€police€during€their€arrests;€medical€certificates€issued€on€imprisonment€mentioned€the€presenceÐ Zª Ðof€injuries.€€One,€who€had€been€in€custody€since€November€2000,€said€he€had€been€repeatedly€beatenÐ @ Ðby€municipal€police€officers.€€The€other€four€said€they€had€not€been€tortured€or€ill„treated.€Ð &v ÐÌ(b)€€òòOaxacaóóÐ òB ÐÌ28.€€During€their€visit€to€the€Santa€Mara€Ô_ÔIxcotelÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔCERESOÔ_Ô,€the€Committee€members€interviewed€14Ð ¾ Ðinmates.€€Three€of€them,€who€had€been€in€custody€since€August€2001,€said€that€they€had€been€beatenÐ ¤ô Ðby€police€patrols€when€they€were€detained,€although€two€of€them€said€they€had€not€resisted€arrest.€€FiveÐ Š Ú Ðsaid€that€they€had€been€arrested€by€the€judicial€police€in€the€Ô_ÔLoxichaÔ_Ô€region€on€various€dates,€namelyÐ p!À  Ðone€in€1996,€two€in€1998,€one€in€1999€and€one€in€June€2001;€all€of€them€„€except€one,€who€said€he€hadÐ V"¦! Ðbeen€forced,€under€threat€of€death,€to€sign€blank€sheets€of€paper€but€had€not€been€beaten€„€said€that€theyÐ <#Œ" Ðhad€repeatedly€been€beaten€and€threatened;€one€said€that€he€had€received€electric€shocks.€€AnotherÐ "$r# Ðinmate,€who€had€been€arrested€in€September€1999€in€Oaxaca€by€a€police€patrol,€said€that€he€had€beenÐ %X $ Ðbeaten€when€detained€and€during€his€arrest€and€during€his€time€in€the€judicial€police€cells,€where€he€hadÐ î%>!% Ðalso€been€threatened€in€order€to€force€him€to€confess€to€participation€in€a€case€of€bodily€injury€and€rape.€Ð Ô&$"& ÐThe€other€five€interviewees€said€that€they€had€not€been€tortured€or€ill„treated.Ð º' #' ÐÌ29.€€During€their€visit€to€the€Ô_ÔEtlaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔCERESOÔ_Ô,€the€Committee€members€met€nine€inmates.€€Of€theseÐ †)Ö$) Ðinmates,€two€indigenous€men€from€the€Ô_ÔLoxichaÔ_Ô€region€said€that€they€had€been€severely€beaten€on€beingÐ l*¼%* Ðarrested€by€the€judicial€police€in€1997,€one€of€them€in€Oaxaca€and€the€other€in€Ô_ÔPutladeÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔGuerreroÔ_Ô,€onÐ R+¢&+ Ðcharges€of€belonging€to€subversive€groups€and€committing€various€offences€in€connection€with€theÐ 8,ˆ', Ðgroupsðð€activities;€one€of€them€said€that€he€had€been€subjected€to€electric€shocks,€that€carbonated€waterÐ -n(- Ðhad€been€poured€into€his€nose€and€that€a€plastic€bag€had€been€placed€over€his€head.€€A€third€man€saidÐ ° Ðthat€he€had€been€kicked€by€the€police€when€detained€and€had€been€obliged€to€sign€blank€sheets€of€paper.€Ð –æ ÐThe€other€inmates€said€that€they€had€not€been€tortured€or€ill„treated.Ð |Ì ÐÌÔ_Ô(cÔ_Ô)€€òòÔ_ÔGuerreroÔ_ÔóóÐ H˜ ÐÌ30.€€During€their€visit€to€the€Ô_ÔChilpancingoÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔCERESOÔ_Ô,€the€Committee€members€interviewed€11€inmatesÐ  d Ðwho€had€been€arrested€in€various€parts€of€the€State.€€Of€the€arrests,€two€had€taken€place€in€1998,€twoÐ ú J Ðin€1999,€one€in€2000€and€the€rest€between€May€and€June€2001.€€One€of€the€men€arrested€in€1998€saidÐ à 0 Ðthat€he€had€been€subjected€to€psychological,€but€not€to€physical€pressure;€three€said€that€they€had€beenÐ Æ   Ðhit€repeatedly;€the€others€said€that€they€had€been€hit,€threatened€and€subjected€to€other€forms€of€torture,Ð ¬ ü  Ðsuch€as€the€pouring€of€water€into€their€noses€or€mouths,€the€placing€of€plastic€bags€(which€in€one€caseÐ ’â  Ðcontained€lime)€over€their€heads,€or€mock€executions.€€One€woman€said€that€she€had€been€rapedÐ xÈ  Ðrepeatedly,€an€assertion€borne€out€by€the€medical€examinations€carried€out€when€she€entered€the€prison.€Ð ^®  ÐThe€perpetrators€of€those€acts€had€been:€€in€seven€cases,€members€of€the€judicial€police,€in€two€cases,Ð D”  Ðmembers€of€the€judicial€police€and€police€patrols,€in€one€case,€members€of€the€municipal€police,€andÐ *z  Ðin€one€case,€members€of€a€police€patrol.€€Ð ` ÐÌ31.€€During€their€visit€to€the€Acapulco€Ô_ÔCERESOÔ_Ô,€the€Committee€members€interviewed€nine€inmatesÐ Ü, Ðwho€said€they€had€been€hit€or€had€suffered€other€forms€of€torture.€€All€of€them€said€that€they€had€beenÐ Â Ðarrested€in€Acapulco;€the€exception€was€the€only€woman€to€have€been€interviewed,€who€said€that€sheÐ ¨ø Ðhad€been€arrested€in€Ô_ÔApangoÔ_Ô.€€Two€of€the€arrests€took€place€in€July€2000€and€the€remainder€in€2001.€Ð ŽÞ ÐOne€of€the€male€detainees€said€that€he€had€been€burnt€with€a€cigarette€lighter;€another€had€suffered€aÐ tÄ Ðcut€ear,€and€several,€including€the€woman,€had€Ô_ÔhadÔ_Ô€a€bag€placed€over€their€head€and/or€carbonated€waterÐ Zª Ðor€water€containing€chilli€powder€poured€into€their€nose;€one€man€had€been€given€electric€shocks.€€TheÐ @ Ðperpetrators€of€those€acts€had€been:€€in€six€cases€members€of€the€judicial€police,€in€two€cases,€policeÐ &v Ðpatrols,€and€in€one€case,€members€of€the€municipal€police.€€The€worst€forms€of€torture€had€been€inflictedÐ  \ Ðby€members€of€the€judicial€police.€€In€addition€to€those€nine€inmates,€the€Committee€membersÐ òB Ðinterviewed€three€detainees€who€said€they€had€not€been€tortured€or€ill„treated.Ð Ø( ÐÌ32.€€During€their€visit€to€the€Ô_ÔIgualaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔCERESOÔ_Ô,€the€Committee€members€interviewed€seven€inmates,€fiveÐ ¤ô Ðof€whom€said€that€they€had€been€tortured.€€Two€of€them,€who€had€been€arrested€by€police€patrols€atÐ Š Ú ÐÔ_ÔAtoyacÔ_Ô€in€May€2001,€said€that€they€had€been€beaten,€particularly€on€the€ears,€subjected€to€mockÐ p!À  Ðexecutions€and€electric€shocks,€had€plastic€bags€placed€over€their€heads,€water€poured€into€their€nosesÐ V"¦! Ðand€bandages€tied€very€tightly€around€their€heads€and€wrists.€€One€said€that€he€had€been€arrested€by€theÐ <#Œ" Ðjudicial€police€in€August€2001€and€had€been€beaten,€had€water€poured€into€his€nose€and€been€subjectedÐ "$r# Ðto€electric€shocks,€the€marks€of€which€were€still€visible.€Ð %X $ ÐÌ33.€€The€other€two€inmates€who€said€that€they€had€been€tortured€were€Rodolfo€Ô_ÔMontielÔ_Ô€and€TeodoroÐ Ô&$"& ÐCabrera,€both€members€of€the€Ô_ÔOrganizacið;ðnÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔCampesinosÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔEcologistasÔ_Ô€de€la€Sierra€de€Ô_ÔPetatlnÔ_Ô€yÐ º' #' ÐÔ_ÔCoyucaÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔCatalnÔ_Ô€(Organization€of€Peasant€Environmentalists€of€Sierra€de€Ô_ÔPetatlnÔ_Ô€and€Ô_ÔCoyucaÔ_Ô€deÐ  (ð#( ÐÔ_ÔCatalnÔ_Ô),€a€body€formed€in€1998€with€a€view€to€halting€the€excessive€logging€in€the€area.€€They€reportedÐ †)Ö$) Ðthat,€on€2€May€1999,€they€had€been€detained€without€a€warrant€in€the€village€of€Ô_ÔPizotlaÔ_Ô€in€the€Ô_ÔAjuchitlnÔ_ÔÐ l*¼%* Ðdel€Ô_ÔProgresoÔ_Ô€area€of€Ô_ÔGuerreroÔ_Ô€State,€by€members€of€the€Armyððs€Fortieth€Infantry€Battalion.€€On€beingÐ R+¢&+ Ðdetained€they€had€been€thrown€to€the€ground,€beaten,€threatened€with€execution€and€dragged€along€byÐ 8,ˆ', Ðthe€hair.€€After€being€taken€to€an€army€post€on€the€banks€of€the€Ô_ÔPizotlaÔ_Ô€River,€they€had€been€tied€handÐ -n(- Ðand€foot€and€forced€to€lie€face€down€for€several€hours,€after€which€Mr.€Ô_ÔMontielÔ_Ô€had€been€taken€to€aÐ ° Ðplace€close€by€to€be€interrogated.€€He€had€been€kept,€blindfolded,€on€his€back€while€being€tortured€asÐ –æ Ðfollows:€€his€head€was€forced€back€by€someone€pulling€on€his€jaw;€someone€stood€on€his€shoulders;€heÐ |Ì Ðwas€hit€in€the€abdomen€and€the€lumbar€region;€someone€tugged€repeatedly€at€his€testicles,€causing€himÐ b² Ðto€lose€consciousness€several€times;€electric€shocks€were€administered€to€his€right€thigh,€which€hadÐ H˜ Ðpreviously€been€sprayed€with€water;€he€and€his€family€were€threatened€with€death.€€During€thisÐ . ~ Ðtreatment,€which€lasted€between€one€and€two€hours,€he€had€been€interrogated€about€his€activities€andÐ  d Ðtold€he€must€confess€to€belonging€to€an€armed€opposition€group.€€He€had€been€then€returned€to€whereÐ ú J ÐMr.€Cabrera€was,€and€Mr.€Cabrera€had€been€taken€in€turn€to€a€place€where,€after€being€blindfolded€andÐ à 0 Ðmade€to€lie€on€the€floor,€he€had€been€tortured€in€a€similar€way€to€Mr.Ô_ÔMontielÔ_Ô.€Both€men€hadÐ Æ   Ðsubsequently€been€taken€to€the€Fortieth€Infantry€Battalionððs€headquarters€at€Ô_ÔAltamiranoÔ_Ô,€where€they€hadÐ ¬ ü  Ðagain€been€threatened€with€death,€struck,€and€forced€to€confess€to€possessing€and€growing€drugs€andÐ ’â  Ðillegally€possessing€weapons.€€On€4€May€1999,€they€had€been€brought€before€the€Public€ProsecutorððsÐ xÈ  ÐOffice€in€Ô_ÔCoyucaÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔCatalnÔ_Ô€and€then€before€a€judge.€€They€had€been€held€in€the€Ô_ÔCoyucaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔCERESOÔ_Ô€forÐ ^®  Ða€month€before€being€transferred€to€the€Ô_ÔIgualaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔCERESOÔ_Ô.€€In€November€2001,€a€presidential€decree€hadÐ D”  Ðordered€their€release€on€humanitarian€grounds.€Ð *z  ÐÌ34.€€On€14€July€2000,€the€National€Human€Rights€Commission€issued€recommendation€8/2000€to€theÐ öF ÐSecretary€for€National€Defence,€acknowledging€human€rights€violations€against€the€community€ofÐ Ü, ÐÔ_ÔPizotlaÔ_Ô€and€Mr.€Ô_ÔMontielÔ_Ô€and€Mr.€Cabrera.€€It€concluded€that€the€detention€of€the€two€men€had€beenÐ Â Ðillegal€and€that€the€weapons€found€in€their€possession€had€been€ð ðplantedðð€by€Army€personnel.€€TheÐ ¨ø ÐCommission€also€said€that,€as€the€Army€had€persistently€remained€silent€in€order€to€avoid€providing€itÐ ŽÞ Ðwith€the€information€it€had€requested,€it€could€be€considered€certain€that€the€men€had€been€tortured.€Ð tÄ ÐAlthough€the€only€evidence€against€them€was€their€confessions€extracted€under€torture,€the€fifth€districtÐ Zª Ðcourt€found€them€guilty€on€28€August€2000.€€Teodoro€Cabrera€was€sentenced€to€10€years€in€prison€forÐ @ Ðcarrying€a€weapon€intended€solely€for€Army€use,€and€Rodolfo€Ô_ÔMontielÔ_Ô€was€given€6€years€and€8€monthsÐ &v Ðin€prison€for€planting€marijuana,€carrying€a€weapon€without€a€licence€and€carrying€a€weapon€intendedÐ  \ Ðsolely€for€Army€use.€€The€verdict€was€confirmed€on€appeal€in€October€2000€and,€after€òòÔ_ÔamparoÔ_ÔóóÐ òB Ðproceedings,€reconfirmed€in€July€2001€by€the€Circuit€Court.€€The€Circuit€Court€took€no€account€of€theÐ Ø( Ðmedical€certificate€issued€in€July€2000€by€two€foreign€forensic€experts€belonging€to€Physicians€forÐ ¾ ÐHuman€Rights€Denmark€at€the€request€of€Cabrera€and€Ô_ÔMontielÔ_Ôððs€lawyers,€which€stated€that€the€findingsÐ ¤ô Ðof€their€physical€examination€tallied€with€the€stated€times€and€methods€of€torture€employed.€€The€reportÐ Š Ú Ðof€torture€submitted€by€the€two€menððs€lawyers€to€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€was€referred€to€theÐ p!À  ÐOffice€of€the€Military€Prosecutor.€Ð V"¦! ÐÌ(d)€€òòFederal€DistrictóóÐ "$r# ÐÌ35.€€During€their€visit€to€Ô_ÔReclusorioÔ_Ô€Norte€prison€in€the€Federal€District,€the€Committee€membersÐ î%>!% Ðinterviewed€nine€inmates€who€had€been€arrested€between€July€and€August€2001€and€for€whom€theÐ Ô&$"& Ðmedical€certificates€issued€on€entry€to€the€establishment€referred€to€the€presence€of€injuries.€€Three€saidÐ º' #' Ðthey€had€not€been€tortured€or€ill„treated.€€Five€said€they€had€been€beaten,€sometimes€hard,€at€the€timeÐ  (ð#( Ðof€their€arrest€by€police€patrols€or€the€municipal€police.€€Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌ36.€€One€inmate€said€that€he€had€been€arrested€by€the€judicial€police€who€beat€him€even€though€heÐ R+¢&+ Ðoffered€no€resistance.€€The€forensic€physician€had€ordered€him€to€be€taken€to€hospital€for€chest€X-rays.€Ð 8,ˆ', ÐAt€the€hospital€he€was€given€stitches€but,€the€police€officers€prevented€the€X-rays€from€being€made€andÐ -n(- Ðtore€up€a€prescription€issued€to€him.€€On€return€to€the€police€premises,€a€policeman€had€kicked€him€andÐ ° Ðforced€him€to€do€squat€jumps.€€The€medical€certificate€issued€by€the€doctor€assigned€to€the€DepartmentÐ –æ Ðof€Expert€Services€of€the€Office€of€the€Federal€District€Attorney-General€mentioned€numerous€bruisesÐ |Ì Ðon€various€parts€of€the€body€and€abrasions€on€both€legs.Ð b² ÐÌ(e)€€òòLa€Palma€Ô_ÔCEFERESOÔ_Ô€(Mexico€State)óóÐ . ~ ÐÌ37.€€During€their€visit€to€the€La€Palma€Ô_ÔCEFERESOÔ_Ô€the€Committee€members€interviewed€six€inmates.€Ð ú J ÐOf€these,€one€man€said€that€he€had€been€arrested€in€October€1999€in€the€Federal€District€by€men€whoÐ à 0 Ðhad€not€identified€themselves€and€whom€he€had€been€unable€to€see€because€he€had€been€blindfoldedÐ Æ   Ðthroughout.€€He€thought,€however,€that€the€men€were€judicial€police€and€the€place€they€took€him€to€wasÐ ¬ ü  Ða€military€camp.€€For€several€days€he€had€been€beaten,€subjected€to€mock€suffocation€and€given€electricÐ ’â  Ðshocks€while€wrapped€in€a€wet€sheet,€during€which€time€he€had€been€interrogated€about€his€and€otherÐ xÈ  Ðpersonsðð€alleged€membership€of€the€Popular€Revolutionary€Army.Ð ^®  ÐÌ38.€€One€of€the€interviewees€said€that€he€had€been€arrested€by€men€from€the€Federal€Preventive€PoliceÐ *z  Ðand€the€Army€who,€as€a€punitive€measure,€had€shot€him€in€the€hand,€as€a€result€of€which€he€had€lost€theÐ ` Ðuse€of€a€finger.€€Another€man€said€that€he€had€been€arrested€by€staff€of€the€Office€of€the€Attorney„Ð öF ÐGeneral€of€the€Republic€in€August€2001,€had€been€struck€on€the€ears€and€had€Ô_ÔhadÔ_Ô€a€plastic€bag€placedÐ Ü, Ðover€his€head.€€The€sixth€inmate,€who€had€been€arrested€in€the€Federal€District€in€2001€by€staff€of€theÐ Â ÐFederal€judicial€police€Organized€Crime€Unit,€said€that€he€had€been€beaten€and€threatened€and€that€hisÐ ¨ø Ðnose€and€mouth€had€been€blocked€up€with€a€rag€to€which€water€had€been€added€until€he€nearly€lostÐ ŽÞ Ðconsciousness.Ð tÄ ÐÌ39.€€Two€of€the€interviewees€had€been€arrested€in€the€Federal€District€on€9€and€10€May€2000Ð @ Ðrespectively€by€men€from€the€Federal€judicial€police€assigned€to€the€Organized€Crime€Unit€who€hadÐ &v Ðaccused€them€of€involvement€in€a€kidnapping.€€In€the€vehicle€taking€them€to€the€Office€of€the€Attorney„Ð  \ ÐGeneral€of€the€Republic,€they€had€been€hit€and€threatened,€their€hands€had€been€tied€behind€their€backsÐ òB Ðand€they€had€been€blindfolded.€€On€arrival,€they€were€beaten€repeatedly€on€different€parts€of€their€bodiesÐ Ø( Ðand€had€plastic€bags€placed€over€their€heads€and€their€heads€held€underwater€while€they€were€beingÐ ¾ Ðthreatened.€€They€reported€that€other€detainees€in€the€same€place€had€suffered€similar€treatment.€€TheyÐ ¤ô Ðhad€also€been€deprived€of€sleep€and€food€and€of€contact€(including€telephone€contact)€with€theirÐ Š Ú Ðfamilies,€who€were€told€they€were€not€being€held€there.€€They€were€brought€before€an€official€of€theÐ p!À  ÐPublic€Prosecutorððs€Office€several€times,€but€as€they€refused€to€confess€to€the€offences€with€which€theyÐ V"¦! Ðwere€charged,€the€police€had€brought€them€back€to€where€they€had€been€held€since€their€arrest€(a€sortÐ <#Œ" Ðof€garage)€and€gone€on€beating€them.€€They€eventually€signed€statements€whose€contents€they€were€notÐ "$r# Ðallowed€to€read.€€Only€after€signing€the€statements€were€they€taken€to€cells€and€their€families€allowedÐ %X $ Ðto€see€them.€€The€Committee€members€found€that€the€medical€reports€by€the€expert€of€the€Office€of€theÐ î%>!% ÐAttorney-General€of€the€Republic,€like€those€issued€on€the€intervieweesðð€arrival€at€the€prison,€referredÐ Ô&$"& Ðto€injuries.€€One€of€the€detainees€told€the€Committee€members€that€the€judge€in€his€case€had€said€thatÐ º' #' Ðthe€certificates€were€not€enough€to€prove€that€there€had€been€torture€and€that€it€was€for€him,€the€accused,Ð  (ð#( Ðto€supply€other€evidence€to€prove€that€the€injuries€were€the€result€of€torture.Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌÌÌÐ -n(- Ð2.€òò€Testimony€of€persons€at€libertyóóÐ ° ÐÌ40.€€The€Committee€members€heard€testimony€from€people€who€had€been€tortured€in€detention€butÐ |Ì Ðsubsequently€released,€and€from€relatives€of€people€who€had€been€tortured€and€were€still€in€detention.€Ð b² ÐIn€two€instances,€the€testimony€was€given€in€the€Federal€District.€€In€one,€the€person€testifying€was€aÐ H˜ Ðmale€juvenile€who€had€been€arrested€in€Ô_ÔQuirogaÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔMichoacnÔ_Ô,€in€November€2000€and€tortured€by€theÐ . ~ Ðjudicial€police€by€being€beaten€and€having€a€plastic€bag€placed€over€his€head.€€Because€of€the€torture,Ð  d Ðhe€had€implicated€a€friend€in€the€robbery€of€which€he€had€been€accused.Ð ú J ÐÌ41.€€In€the€second€instance€the€testimony€concerned€three€young€people,€two€males€and€a€female,€whoÐ Æ   Ðhad€been€arrested€in€Puebla€in€April€2001€and€tortured€in€various€ways€by€the€judicial€police,€who€hadÐ ¬ ü  Ðaccused€them€of€killing€a€woman€in€January€of€the€same€year.€€The€testimony€was€given€by€the€fatherÐ ’â  Ðof€one€of€the€detainees€and€the€mother€of€another.€€The€complaint€filed€with€the€Public€ProsecutorððsÐ xÈ  ÐOffice€describes€the€arrest€of€one€of€the€men€as€follows:€Ð ^®  ÐÌà0 á àð ðAs€he€was€waiting€for€the€minibus€to€go€to€class€(...),€two€men€came€up€and€immediately,Ð *z  Ðwithout€saying€a€word,€began€to€hit€him€on€the€head€and€threw€him€on€the€ground.€€When€heÐ ` Ðtried€to€get€up,€they€hit€him€on€various€parts€of€the€body.€€Almost€immediately,€a€van€drew€upÐ öF Ð(...),€several€people€got€out€and€forced€him€into€it,€while€continuing€to€hit€him.€€They€threw€himÐ Ü, Ðface€down€on€the€floor€of€the€van€and€two€of€them€put€their€feet€on€his€head€and€back,Ð Â Ðimmobilizing€him€completely.€€When€asked€what€they€wanted€of€him,€one€replied€ððshut€up,€Ô_ÔberkÔ_Ô,Ð ¨ø Ðthis€is€a€kidnappingðð€and€promptly€put€a€balaclava€over€his€face.€€Having€reached€a€place€thatÐ ŽÞ Ðhe€could€not€identify,€they€removed€the€balaclava,€blindfolded€him,€and€took€off€his€clothes,Ð tÄ Ðleaving€him€in€his€underpants.€€Then€they€began€to€wet€him€and€threw€him€on€the€floor,€and€oneÐ Zª Ðof€them€said€ððYouððre€going€to€talk,€or€itððll€cost€youðð.€€They€asked€him€how€many€times€heððdÐ @ Ðstolen€something.€€When€he€said€never,€they€started€hitting€him€again,€put€a€plastic€bag€on€hisÐ &v Ðface€and€poured€water€on€him.€€When€they€saw€that€he€was€having€difficulty€breathing€they€letÐ  \ Ðhim€rest,€then€resumed€hitting€him.€€They€did€this€over€and€over€again€(...).€€Later,€one€of€themÐ òB Ðordered€that,€as€he€was€going€to€cooperate,€he€should€be€taken€to€the€public€attorneyððs€officeÐ Ø( Ð(òòÔ_ÔProcuradoraÔ_Ôóó)€(...)€and€once€he€was€in€an€office€he€started€to€retract€and€so€they€started€to€hitÐ ¾ Ðhim€again€(...).€€Between€blows€and€threats,€they€said€ððYouððd€better€pray€that€we€can€pick€upÐ ¤ô Ðyour€friends,€or€weððll€have€to€put€you€downðð€(...)€and€they€forced€him€to€sign€a€confession€thatÐ Š Ú Ðhe€had€never€made.€€The€torture€left€him€with€a€number€of€visible€injuries,€as€the€social€defenceÐ p!À  Ðjudge€of€the€Puebla€judicial€district€certified€after€submitting€her€preliminary€report€and€both€theÐ V"¦! Ðmedical€experts€for€the€defence€and€the€forensic€experts€present€at€the€examination€alsoÐ <#Œ" Ðrecognized.ððÐ"$r#á%á% ÐÌ42.€€In€Reynosa,€the€Committee€members€heard€testimony€from€a€person€who€had€been€arrested€thereÐ î%>!% Ðin€April€2001,€one€of€whose€ears€had€been€damaged€through€Ô_ÔkickingsÔ_Ô€and€beatings€by€the€preventiveÐ Ô&$"& Ðpolice.Ð º' #' ÐÌ43.€€In€Miguel€Ô_ÔAlemnÔ_Ô,€the€Committee€members€heard€testimony€concerning€the€torture€of€four€peopleÐ †)Ö$) Ðwho€had€been€arrested€in€2000€and€2001€and€repeatedly€beaten€by€military€personnel€(one€case),€aÐ l*¼%* Ðpolice€patrol€(one€case)€and€the€judicial€police€(one€case).€€The€fourth€case€was€that€of€a€person€takenÐ R+¢&+ Ðinto€custody€by€military€personnel,€whose€corpse€had€subsequently€been€found€bearing€marks€of€torture.Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- Ð44.€€In€Oaxaca,€the€Committee€members€heard€testimony€from€three€people€who€had€been€arrested€inÐ ° Ð1996,€1997€and€1998€respectively€on€charges€of€belonging€to€armed€groups€and€had€been€tortured€inÐ –æ Ðseveral€ways€by€the€judicial€police.Ð |Ì ÐÌ45.€€In€Ô_ÔChilpancingoÔ_Ô,€they€heard€testimony€from€two€men€who€said€that€they€had€been€arrested€in€2000Ð H˜ Ðand€2001€respectively€and€tortured€in€various€ways€by€the€judicial€police€and€the€municipal€policeÐ . ~ Ðrespectively.€€The€first€said€he€had€been€detained€in€a€murder€investigation.€€During€the€two€days€he€wasÐ  d Ðheld€at€the€Ô_ÔTlapaÔ_Ô€State€judicial€police€headquarters,€he€was€kept€blindfolded€with€his€hands€tied,€and€wasÐ ú J Ðhit€on€the€ears€and€in€the€stomach.€€On€three€occasions,€plastic€bags€had€been€put€over€his€head€until€heÐ à 0 Ðlost€consciousness.€€Throughout€the€period,€he€had€been€pressured€to€confess€to€the€murder.€€He€wasÐ Æ   Ðalso€put€into€a€tank€of€water€where€electrodes€were€used€to€administer€electric€shocks;€he€was€told€heÐ ¬ ü  Ðwould€be€set€on€fire,€and€was€denied€drink€and€food.€€He€was€never€permitted€to€use€the€telephone€andÐ ’â  Ðwhen€his€relatives€went€to€enquire€about€him,€they€were€told€that€he€was€not€in€detention.€€The€sameÐ xÈ  Ðpolice€officers€had€drawn€up€a€statement€that€they€made€him€sign,€but€he€did€so€with€a€false€signature.€Ð ^®  ÐHe€had€also€been€portrayed€to€the€press€as€the€culprit.€€For€fear€of€being€tortured€again,€he€had€notÐ D”  Ðinformed€the€doctor€or€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€about€the€treatment€he€had€received.€€He€had€onlyÐ *z  Ðtold€the€doctors€who€had€come€to€see€him€in€the€Ô_ÔCERESOÔ_Ô€and€the€judge,€whom€he€saw€when€he€wasÐ ` Ðalready€there.€€The€Ô_ÔGuerreroÔ_Ô€State€Commission€for€the€Defence€of€Human€Rights€had€issued€aÐ öF Ðrecommendation€concluding€that€torture€had€occurred€and€recommending€that€the€State€Attorney„Ð Ü, ÐGeneral€should€launch€administrative€disciplinary€proceedings.€€As€there€had€been€no€evidence€againstÐ Â Ðthe€detainee€other€than€the€statement€obtained€under€torture,€he€had€been€acquitted€after€spending€10Ð ¨ø Ðmonths€in€prison.òò6óóÐ ŽÞ ÐÌ46.€€The€Committee€members€also€heard€testimony€from€relatives€of€a€person€who€had€been€arrestedÐ Zª Ðby€members€of€the€judicial€police€in€Tierra€Ô_ÔColoradaÔ_Ô€in€June€2001.€€The€relatives€said€that€the€personÐ @ Ðhad€been€beaten€at€the€time€of€his€arrest€and€had€not€been€seen€since.€€Other€relatives€described€the€caseÐ &v Ðof€two€brothers€who€had€been€arrested€in€Ô_ÔTlapaÔ_Ô€in€December€2000€and€tortured€in€various€waysÐ  \ Ð(beatings,€plastic€bags€on€their€heads,€electric€shocks,€attempted€suffocation)€by€members€of€the€judicialÐ òB Ðpolice.€€Both€brothers€were€still€in€custody€and€the€relatives€therefore€had€no€means€of€subsistence.Ð Ø( ÐÌB.€€òòPublic€human€rights€bodiesóóÐ ¤ô ÐÌ47.€€As€mentioned€above,€the€Committee€members€interviewed€representatives€of€the€National€HumanÐ p!À  ÐRights€Commission€and€the€human€rights€commissions€of€each€of€the€States€visited,€as€well€as€theÐ V"¦! ÐHuman€Rights€Procurator€for€Baja€California,€whom€they€met€in€Mexico€City.€€All€of€them€providedÐ <#Œ" Ðthe€Committee€members€with€relevant€documentation,€notably€their€institutionsðð€latest€annual€reportsÐ "$r# Ðand€recommendations.€€The€Committee€members€also€had€access€to€the€annual€reports€of€the€Ô_ÔJaliscoÔ_ÔÐ %X $ ÐState€Human€Rights€Commission,€to€which€reference€will€be€made€in€this€chapter.Ð î%>!% ÐÌ1.€€òòNational€Human€Rights€CommissionóóÐ º' #' ÐÌ48.€€The€representatives€of€the€National€Human€Rights€Commission€(Ô_ÔCNDHÔ_Ô)€said€that€their€annualÐ †)Ö$) Ðstatistics€and€reports€included€only€those€cases€of€torture€in€which€the€facts€had€been€proved,€not€casesÐ l*¼%* Ðin€which€complaints€had€been€lodged€but€torture€had€not€been€established.€They€also€said€the€FederalÐ R+¢&+ Ðauthorities€„€the€authorities€that€fall€within€Ô_ÔCNDHÔ_Ôððs€jurisdiction€„€had€made€great€efforts€to€eradicateÐ 8,ˆ', Ðtorture,€but€that€cases€continued€to€occur.€€This€was€due€not€to€State€policy€but€rather€to€a€lack€ofÐ -n(- Ðtraining€for€police€officers,€a€problem€that€was€particularly€acute€in€those€public€attorneysðð€officesÐ ° Ðwhere€resources€were€scarce.€€Many€such€offices€did€not€even€have€any€expert€services,€a€situation€thatÐ –æ Ðonly€encouraged€the€use€of€torture.€€The€police€force€responsible€was€not€the€Federal€Preventive€Police,Ð |Ì Ðsince€it€had€no€detainees€in€its€charge,€but€the€judicial€police,€with€the€connivance€of€the€Attorney„Ð b² ÐGeneralððs€Office.€€They€also€said€there€was€a€ð ðhidden€totalðð€of€cases€of€torture€that€were€never€reportedÐ H˜ Ðto€any€human€rights€commission,€and€that€non„reporting€was€a€problem€Ô_ÔCNDHÔ_Ô€wished€to€investigate.€Ð . ~ ÐÌ49.€€According€to€the€report€covering€the€period€between€November€1999€and€November€2000,€theÐ ú J ÐCommission€registered€nine€new€dossiers€concerning€allegations€of€torture.òò7óó€€It€also€recorded€211Ð à 0 Ðcomplaints€of€cruel€and/or€degrading€treatment,€133€of€threats,€and€85€of€intimidation.òò8óó€€The€reportÐ Æ   Ðmentions€eight€recommendations€in€which€there€is€a€finding€of€excessive€force€used€during€detentionÐ ¬ ü  Ðor€abuse€of€authority€resulting€in€injury€or€inhuman€or€degrading€treatment€that€might€amount€to€tortureÐ ’â  Ð(recommendation€19/2000).€€One€of€the€recommendations,€11/2000,€refers€to€Ô_ÔMartnÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔZavalaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔLimð;ðnÔ_Ô,Ð xÈ  Ðwho€was€detained€on€11€August€1997€by€members€of€the€Public€Security€Directorate€of€the€municipalityÐ ^®  Ðof€Ô_ÔZapopanÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔJaliscoÔ_Ô,€and€brutally€beaten€to€death.€€Among€other€things,€the€Commission€notedÐ D”  Ðirregularities€in€the€initial€investigation€into€the€incident€on€the€part€of€the€Office€of€the€Ô_ÔJaliscoÔ_Ô€StateÐ *z  ÐAttorney„General.€€In€recommendation€19/2000,€the€Commission€also€considered€the€injuries€„€possiblyÐ ` Ðthe€result€of€torture€„€to€Mr.€Carlos€Montes€Ô_ÔVillaseorÔ_Ô,€who€was€detained€by€Army€personnel€on€13Ð öF ÐNovember€1998€in€El€Ô_ÔAchotalÔ_Ô,€a€township€in€Ô_ÔAtoyacÔ_Ô€de€Alvarez,€Ô_ÔGuerreroÔ_Ô.òò9óóÐ Ü, ÐÌ50.€€The€Ô_ÔCNDHÔ_Ô€representatives€also€said€that€they€had€recorded€six€complaints€of€torture€betweenÐ ¨ø ÐJanuary€and€August€2001.€€In€response€to€one,€the€Commission€had€issued€recommendation€8/2001€onÐ ŽÞ Ðthe€torture€inflicted€on€Norberto€Ô_ÔJessÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔSurezÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔGð;ðmezÔ_Ô,€a€former€public€attorney€in€Chihuahua,€byÐ tÄ Ðmembers€of€the€Federal€judicial€police€Organized€Crime€Unit€who€had€been€detailed€to€keep€watch€onÐ Zª Ðhim€in€a€safe€house€while€he€was€under€a€curfew€order.€€The€torture€consisted€basically€in€burns€to€theÐ @ Ðback,€inflicted€to€make€him€sign€certain€statements;€18€second„degree€burns€were€found.€€During€theÐ &v Ðsame€period,€Ô_ÔCNDHÔ_Ô€had€received€144€complaints€that€it€classified€as€cruel€or€degrading€treatment.€Ð  \ ÐThese€cases€were€still€open.Ð òB ÐÌ2.€€òòÔ_ÔJaliscoÔ_Ô€State€Human€Rights€CommissionóóÐ ¾ ÐÌ51.€€The€reports€for€2000€and€2001€contain€recommendations€on€the€following€cases€in€which€theÐ Š Ú ÐHuman€Rights€Commission€established€violations€of€the€right€to€physical€integrity€or€the€right€not€toÐ p!À  Ðbe€subjected€to€torture.€Ð V"¦! ÐÌ52.€€Jorge€Alberto€Ô_ÔGallegosÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔLupinÔ_Ô€was€detained€on€7€June€1998€in€Guadalajara€by€judicial€police€underÐ "$r# Ðthe€authority€of€the€Office€of€the€State€Attorney„General,€who€beat€him€and€put€a€plastic€bag€over€hisÐ %X $ Ðhead.€€The€Commissionððs€medical€expert€confirmed€the€presence€of€injuries.€€The€State€Attorney„Ð î%>!% ÐGeneral€was€recommended€to€launch€a€preliminary€investigation€on€grounds€of€abuse€of€authorityÐ Ô&$"& Ð(recommendation€4/2000€of€6€July€2000).Ð º' #' ÐÌ53.€€Ô_ÔIgnaciaÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔJessÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔCerveraÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔHortaÔ_Ô€was€detained€on€21€April€1999€by€members€of€the€Ô_ÔTonalÔ_ÔÐ †)Ö$) ÐDepartment€of€Public€Security,€who€beat€her,€breaking€one€arm€and€causing€bruising€in€various€placesÐ l*¼%* Ð(recommendation€6/2000).€Ð R+¢&+ ÐÌ54.€€On€4€November€1993,€13€demonstrators€belonging€to€a€group€known€as€El€Ô_ÔBarzð;ðnÔ_Ô€were€beaten€byÐ -n(- Ðmembers€of€the€State€Department€of€Public€Security,€which€resulted€in€injuries€of€various€kinds,€someÐ ° Ðof€them€serious,€according€to€a€medical€report€by€the€Ô_ÔJaliscoÔ_Ô€Institute€of€Forensic€ScienceÐ –æ Ð(recommendation€9/2000).Ð |Ì ÐÌ55.€€Jos€Ventura€Ô_ÔRosÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔGarcaÔ_Ô€was€detained€on€22€August€1999€in€Ô_ÔCoculaÔ_Ô€by€four€members€of€theÐ H˜ Ðmunicipal€police,€who€beat€him.€€The€relevant€medical€reports€confirmed€multiple€bruising€on€variousÐ . ~ Ðparts€of€the€body€caused€by€a€blunt€implement€(recommendation€12/2000).Ð  d ÐÌ56.€€Ô_ÔJessÔ_Ô€Cruz€Ô_ÔBriseoÔ_Ô€and€Roberto€Carlos€Ô_ÔDomnguezÔ_Ô€Robles,€aged€14,€were€detained€on€18€MayÐ à 0 Ð1997€in€Ô_ÔJalucoÔ_Ô,€in€the€municipality€of€Ô_ÔCihuatlnÔ_Ô,€by€members€of€the€State€judicial€police.€€The€policeÐ Æ   Ðbeat€them,€put€their€heads€in€buckets€of€water€and€made€them€do€squats,€to€make€them€confess€toÐ ¬ ü  Ðcomplicity€in€the€murder€of€a€young€man.€€The€youths€signed€a€statement€in€front€of€an€official€fromÐ ’â  Ðthe€public€attorneyððs€office,€without€reading€it.€€The€injuries€were€confirmed€by€the€reports€of€theÐ xÈ  Ðmunicipal€and€Human€Rights€Commission€medical€officers.€€Even€though€one€of€the€minors€informedÐ ^®  Ðthe€official€from€the€public€attorneyððs€office€that€his€head€had€been€put€in€a€bucket€of€water,€the€officialÐ D”  Ðdid€not€investigate€(recommendation€15/2000).Ð *z  ÐÌ57.€€Ô_ÔAlejandroÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔJessÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔRamrezÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔYezÔ_Ô€and€Guillermo€Ô_ÔDvalosÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔRoldnÔ_Ô€were€detained€on€30€NovemberÐ öF Ð1999€in€Guadalajara€by€members€of€the€State€judicial€police,€whom€they€had€approached€to€report€theÐ Ü, Ðtheft€of€an€item€belonging€to€them.€€Taking€them€to€a€deserted€spot,€the€police€bound€them€hand€andÐ Â Ðfoot,€covered€their€faces€with€cloths€and€doused€their€faces€with€water€from€a€hose.€€The€police€toldÐ ¨ø Ðthem€they€must€inform€the€public€attorney€that€they€had€organized€the€theft,€and€should€each€blame€theÐ ŽÞ Ðother.€€The€following€day€they€were€beaten.€€The€medical€officer€at€the€public€attorneyððs€office€certifiedÐ tÄ Ðthat€they€were€uninjured,€contrary€to€the€findings€of€the€Commissionððs€medical€officer€(recommendationÐ Zª Ð18/2000).Ð @ ÐÌ58.€€Samuel€Ramos€Ô_ÔRobladaÔ_Ô,€Rosario€Ô_ÔElasÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔPadillaÔ_Ô,€Jos€Ô_ÔRobladaÔ_Ô€Michel€and€Sebastin€de€la€CruzÐ  \ ÐÔ_ÔRobladaÔ_Ô€were€detained€in€Ô_ÔCuautitlnÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔGarcaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBarragnÔ_Ô€on€18€February€1999€by€members€of€the€StateÐ òB Ðjudicial€police€who,€at€the€building€shared€by€the€public€attorneyððs€office€and€the€judicial€police,€beatÐ Ø( Ðthem€and€put€them€in€a€trough€of€water€through€which€they€repeatedly€passed€electricity.€€The€policeÐ ¾ Ðput€pressure€on€the€municipal€medical€officer€not€to€report€the€electrical€burns€or€the€beatingsÐ ¤ô Ð(recommendation€3/2001).Ð Š Ú ÐÌ3.€€òòFederal€District€Human€Rights€CommissionóóÐ V"¦! ÐÌ59.€€The€President€of€the€Federal€District€Human€Rights€Commission€told€the€Committee€members€that,Ð "$r# Ðwhile€the€number€of€cases€in€the€Federal€District€had€declined€in€the€last€10€years,€torture€had€not€beenÐ %X $ Ðeliminated.€€Although€the€web€of€complicity€and€withholding€of€evidence€within€the€Office€of€theÐ î%>!% ÐAttorney„General€made€it€very€difficult€to€obtain€convictions,€convictions€had€nevertheless€been€securedÐ Ô&$"& Ðin€four€cases€covered€by€Commission€recommendations.Ð º' #' ÐÌ60.€€According€to€its€seventh€annual€report€(October€1999€to€September€2000),€in€the€seven€years€it€hadÐ †)Ö$) Ðbeen€in€operation,€the€Human€Rights€Commission€had€recorded€92€cases€of€torture€and€issued€15Ð l*¼%* Ðrecommendations.€€The€report€also€mentions€the€following€cases€of€torture€on€which€recommendationsÐ R+¢&+ Ðwere€issued€during€the€period€under€consideration.Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- Ð61.€€Luis€David€Ô_ÔVillavicencioÔ_Ô€Mares€was€detained€on€1€August€1998€in€the€Federal€District€and€takenÐ ° Ðto€judicial€police€investigations€office€No.€50€in€Arcos€de€Ô_ÔBelnÔ_Ô.€€There€he€was€beaten,€dislocating€hisÐ –æ Ðshoulder,€a€plastic€bag€was€placed€over€his€head€and€he€was€forced€to€drink€water,€after€which€he€wasÐ |Ì Ðhit€in€the€stomach.€€The€medical€officers€of€the€Attorney„Generalððs€Office€itself€and€of€the€HumanÐ b² ÐRights€Commission€confirmed€the€injuries€(recommendation€3/99).Ð H˜ ÐÌ62.€€A€person€detained€on€14€September€1988€in€Colonia€Ô_ÔCuauhtmocÔ_Ô,€in€the€Federal€District,€byÐ  d Ðmembers€of€the€Department€of€Public€Securityððs€financial€and€industrial€police,€resisted€arrest€and€wasÐ ú J Ðsubjected€to€a€beating€that€resulted€in€internal€abdominal€injuries€(recommendation€7/99).Ð à 0 ÐÌ63.€€Jos€Luis€Ô_ÔMndezÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBrianoÔ_Ô€and€Fernando€Ô_ÔMartnezÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBeltrnÔ_Ô€were€detained€on€24€June€2000€and€takenÐ ¬ ü  Ðto€the€Ô_ÔGustavoÔ_Ô€A.€Ô_ÔMaderoÔ_Ô€district€offices€of€the€judicial€police.€€They€were€beaten€repeatedly,Ð ’â  Ðparticularly€about€the€ears,€and€as€a€result€had€to€be€hospitalized.€€The€recommendation€that€the€FederalÐ xÈ  ÐDistrict€Attorney„General€should€launch€a€preliminary€investigation€into€torture€offences€was€notÐ ^®  Ðaccepted€(recommendation€7/2000).Ð D”  ÐÌ4.€€òòOaxaca€State€Human€Rights€CommissionóóÐ ` ÐÌ64.€€The€fourth€report€of€the€Oaxaca€State€Human€Rights€Commission,€which€covers€the€period€fromÐ Ü, ÐMay€2000€to€April€2001,€lists€the€five€recommendations€issued€by€the€Commission€in€torture€cases€sinceÐ Â Ð1994.€€However,€like€the€third€annual€report,€covering€the€period€from€May€1999€to€April€2000,€it€alsoÐ ¨ø Ðcontains€a€summary€of€all€the€recommendations€issued€during€that€period.€€One€of€the€recommendationsÐ ŽÞ Ðdescribes€the€incident€in€question€as€torture:€€ð ðIt€was€established€that€the€complainants€were€detainedÐ tÄ Ðby€State€judicial€police€officers€on€10€June€2000,€allegedly€while€carrying€out€a€robbery;€they€were€laterÐ Zª Ðbeaten€by€their€captors,€as€they€themselves€stated€and€as€stated€in€the€medical€certificates€issued€to€themÐ @ Ðby€the€(...)€medical€officer€of€the€Office€of€the€State€Attorney„General,€which€showed€that€they€hadÐ &v Ðsuffered€injuries€chiefly€to€the€front€and€back€of€the€abdomen€and€chest;€Mr.€Ô_ÔMelitð;ðnÔ_Ô€Ruiz€Ô_ÔRuizÔ_Ô€alsoÐ  \ Ðsuffered€second„degree€burns.ððòò10óóÐ òB ÐÌ65.€€Twenty„three€recommendations€described€the€incidents€concerned€as€involving€injuries.€TheÐ ¾ Ðsummaries€suggest€that,€the€State€Human€Rights€Commissionððs€descriptions€notwithstanding,€many€ofÐ ¤ô Ðthe€incidents€could€be€categorized€as€torture€under€article€1€of€the€Convention,€as€in€the€followingÐ Š Ú Ðexamples:Ð p!À  ÐÌà0 á àð ðThe€complainantððs€human€rights€had€been€violated€insofar€as€it€was€established€that€on€29€JulyÐ <#Œ" Ðhe€presented€changes€in€health€that€had€left€physical€marks€on€his€body;€the€senior€nurse€(ð8ð)Ð "$r# Ðat€the€prison€infirmary,€and€the€(...)€medical€expert€at€the€La€Costa€Regional€Deputy€PublicÐ %X $ ÐAttorneyððs€Office,€confirmed€that€the€prisoner€presented€unhealed€injuries,€which€had€probablyÐ î%>!% Ðbeen€inflicted€by€the€Director€of€the€Regional€Penitentiary€in€Santa€Catalina€Ô_ÔJuquilaÔ_Ô,€Oaxaca,Ð Ô&$"& Ðin€order€to€obtain€information€on€a€robbery€committed€at€the€prison€shop;€the€complainantððsÐ º' #' Ðversion€of€events€was€corroborated€by€medical€certificates€and€by€statements€from€otherÐ  (ð#( Ðprisoners.€€In€the€course€of€the€investigation€into€the€complaint,€it€emerged€that€the€PrisonÐ †)Ö$) ÐDirector€very€likely€also€encouraged€confrontations€between€prisoners€in€order€to€provokeÐ l*¼%* Ðattacks€on€the€people€who€had€spoken€against€him€to€the€public€attorneyððs€office€or€to€thisÐ R+¢&+ ÐCommission€and€identified€him€as€the€person€who€had€beaten€and€injured€the€complainant.ððòò11óóÐ8,ˆ',á%á% ÐÐ -n(- Ðà0 á àð ðThe€human€rights€of€Carlos€Fernando€Romero€Luna€were€found€to€have€been€violated€whenÐ ° Ðthe€complainant€was€detained€by€members€of€the€municipal€police€in€a€street€in€the€centre€ofÐ –æ ÐSalina€Cruz,€Oaxaca,€for€throwing€stones€at€the€rooks€in€the€trees.€€Following€his€detention,€heÐ |Ì Ðwas€taken€to€the€municipal€police€headquarters,€where€he€sustained€injuries;€according€to€theÐ b² Ðmedical€certificate€he€had€a€fracture€in€the€middle€third€of€the€left€humerus.ððòò12óóÐH˜á%á% ÐÌà0 á àð ðThe€complainantððs€human€rights€were€found€to€have€been€violated,€insofar€as€injuries€wereÐ  d Ðinflicted€by€members€of€the€State€judicial€police€stationed€in€Ô_ÔTuxtepecÔ_Ô,€Oaxaca;€according€toÐ ú J Ðthe€complainantððs€statement€to€the€medical€officer€at€the€Regional€Penitentiary€in€Ô_ÔTuxtepecÔ_Ô,€heÐ à 0 Ðwas€beaten€and€dragged€along€the€ground€by€the€police€at€the€time€of€his€arrest€and€sustainedÐ Æ   Ðbruising€to€his€front€left€side,€injuries€to€the€right€eye,€livid€bruising€and€secondary€muscularÐ ¬ ü  Ðpains;€in€addition,€in€his€initial€statement€to€the€Second€Criminal€Court,€Ô_ÔTuxtepecÔ_Ô,€Oaxaca,€heÐ ’â  Ðstated,€among€other€things,€that€he€had€been€detained€by€members€of€the€judicial€police,€whoÐ xÈ  Ðtook€him€to€the€Ô_ÔPapaloapanÔ_Ô€River,€placed€a€black€plastic€bag€over€his€head€down€to€the€neck,Ð ^®  Ðthen€put€him€in€the€water,€beat€him€all€over,€kicked€him€and€dragged€him€along€the€ground;Ð D”  Ðreddish€grazes€were€confirmed€on€the€front€left€side,€as€well€as€grazes€on€the€right€side€of€theÐ *z  Ðface,€around€the€cheekbone€(between€the€right€cheekbone€and€ear),€inflammation€of€the€rightÐ ` Ðeye€and€bruising€beneath€the€right€eye,€reddish€horizontal€grazing€on€the€abdomen,€grazing€onÐ öF Ðthe€left€forearm,€grazing€on€the€right€side€of€the€neck,€grazing€on€the€left€lumbar€region€and€onÐ Ü, Ðthe€right€forearm,€and€grazing€and€inflammation€on€both€wrists.ððòò13óóÐÂá%á% ÐÌà0 á àð ðThe€judicial€police€(ð8ð)€violated€the€complainantsðð€human€rights€since,€while€it€is€true€that€aÐ ŽÞ Ðwarrant€had€been€issued€for€the€arrest€of€Jose€Manuel€Ô_ÔSaavedraÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔLzaroÔ_Ô,€and€that€the€intentionÐ tÄ Ðof€the€police€was€to€serve€that€warrant,€it€is€also€true€that€the€warrant€did€not€authorize€them€toÐ Zª Ðenter€anyoneððs€home,€to€abuse€their€authority€or€to€make€excessive€use€of€the€force€they€areÐ @ Ðauthorized€to€use,€which€is€what€they€did€by€entering€the€property€of€Ms.€Virginia€Ô_ÔDazÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔDazÔ_ÔÐ &v Ðwithout€permission€or€consent;€by€using€unwarranted€brute€force€against€the€complainant€in€theÐ  \ Ðcourse€of€arresting€him;€and€by€gloating€as€they€beat€him€and€caused€him€a€number€of€injuries;Ð òB Ðthe€police€officers€also€fired€a€gun,€wounding€Ô_ÔMs.ConsueloÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔLzaroÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔDazÔ_Ô.ððòò14óóÐØ(á%á% ÐÌ66.€€The€municipal€police€of€San€Antonio€de€la€Cal€ð ðviolated€the€complainantsðð€human€rights,€not€onlyÐ ¤ô Ðby€detaining€them€without€legal€grounds,€but€also€by€beating€them€and€causing€the€injuries€theyÐ Š Ú Ðpresented,€which€were€certified€by€the€deputy€inspector€dealing€with€the€case€and€by€the€State€forensicÐ p!À  Ðmedical€expert.€€This€Commission€finds€that€the€members€of€the€police€force€of€this€municipalityÐ V"¦! Ðrepeatedly€and€daily€abuse€the€authority€to€use€force€vested€in€them€by€assaulting€and€meting€outÐ <#Œ" Ðunwarranted€punishment€to€individuals€they€are€required€to€detain€for€any€reasonðð.òò15óóÐ "$r# ÐÌ67.€€In€the€course€of€his€interview€with€the€members€of€the€Committee,€the€President€of€the€State€HumanÐ î%>!% ÐRights€Commission€said€that,€although€the€practice€of€torture€had€declined€considerably€in€Mexico,Ð Ô&$"& Ðincidents€still€occurred,€involving€mainly€the€judicial€police,€and€that€training€programmes€wereÐ º' #' Ðinadequate.€€He€also€said€that€it€was€necessary€to€make€judiciary€staff€aware€of€the€problem€of€torture,Ð  (ð#( Ðso€that€they€would€classify€incidents€correctly,€which€was€not€always€the€case€at€present.€€He€said€thatÐ †)Ö$) Ðbetween€January€and€August€2001,€he€had€received€17€complaints€of€abuse€of€authority€by€policeÐ l*¼%* Ðpatrols€and€20€of€abuse€of€authority€by€the€judicial€police.€€He€had€also€received€five€in€which€the€ArmyÐ R+¢&+ Ðwas€allegedly€responsible.Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- Ð5.€€òòÔ_ÔGuerreroÔ_Ô€State€Commission€for€the€Defence€of€Human€RightsóóÐ ° ÐÌ68.€€The€ninth€annual€report€of€the€Ô_ÔGuerreroÔ_Ô€State€Commission,€covering€the€period€from€NovemberÐ |Ì Ð1998€to€October€1999,€indicates€that€the€Commission€issued€nine€recommendations€relating€to€torture,Ð b² Ðfour€to€injuries,€one€to€threats€and€one€to€intimidation.òò16óó€€The€tenth€report€(November€1999„OctoberÐ H˜ Ð2000)€refers€to€12€recommendations€relating€to€injuries,€6€to€threats€and€7€to€torture.€€The€torture€casesÐ . ~ Ðwere€attributed€to€the€State€judicial€police.€€In€addition,€views€and€proposals€were€issued€in€48€cases€ofÐ  d Ðbodily€injury,€9€of€torture,€5€of€beating,€17€of€intimidation€and€16€of€threats.òò17óóÐ ú J ÐÌ69.€€In€the€course€of€his€interview€with€the€members€of€the€Committee,€the€President€of€the€StateÐ Æ   ÐCommission€said€that,€although€it€had€declined,€torture€had€not€been€eradicated€either€in€Mexico€as€aÐ ¬ ü  Ðwhole€or€in€Ô_ÔGuerreroÔ_Ô€State;€those€responsible€were€generally€members€of€the€judicial€police€and€theÐ ’â  ÐOffice€of€the€Attorney„General€was€doing€nothing€to€punish€the€perpetrators.Ð xÈ  ÐÌ6.€€òòÔ_ÔTamaulipasÔ_Ô€State€Human€Rights€CommissionóóÐ D”  ÐÌ70.€€The€President€of€the€Ô_ÔTamaulipasÔ_Ô€State€Human€Rights€Commission€also€informed€the€CommitteeÐ ` Ðmembers€that€torture€had€declined€during€the€1990s,€but€that€incidents€continued€to€occur.€€If€suchÐ öF Ðtreatment€was€inflicted€for€the€purpose€of€obtaining€information,€the€Commission€classified€it€as€tortureÐ Ü, Ðunder€State€law.€€If€that€was€not€the€purpose,€it€was€categorized€differently,€for€example€as€abuse€ofÐ Â Ðauthority€or€bodily€injury.òò18óóÐ ¨ø ÐÌ71.€€The€Commissionððs€annual€report€for€2000€contains€the€following€summary€of€some€of€theÐ tÄ Ðcomplaints€it€received€of€violations€of€the€right€to€personal€integrity€and€security:Ð Zª ÐÌÔ*–ƒde ‰d!ddd Àdd Àûdd ûÌdd Ìw;x‰%‰%–ÔÔ,×^VÔÔ,^^ÔÔ+  ÔÐ 8€fff'&v&v €€‚‚ƒƒ„„8ÐComplaintsÐ ?€ffff,!.~"fff „„?ÐTotalÐ U€fffD,.~"   ffff €€‚‚ƒƒ„„UÐOffences€against€honour€(blows€or€minor€acts€of€physical€violence;€insults;Ð $t Ðdefamation;€and€other€forms€of€humiliation)Ð 6€ffff# Zfff „„6Ð114Ð U€fffD,$t"   ffff €€‚‚ƒƒ„„UÐBodily€injuryÐ 6€ffff#Pfff „„6Ð114Ð U€fffD,P "   ffff €€‚‚ƒƒ„„UÐIntimidationÐ V€ffffCöF!fff  @U@85„„‰@U@‰VÐ85Ð t€fffcKöF""  @U@85   @U@ffff €€‚‚ƒƒ„„tÐThreatsÐ V€ffffCì<#fff  @S@77„„‰@S@‰VÐ77Ð t€fffcKì<$"  @S@77   @S@ffff €€‚‚ƒƒ„„tÐTortureÐ V€ffffCâ 2%fff  €@@33„„‰€@@‰VÐ33Ð[QOâ 2&"  €@@33    €@@ffff [ÐÌ72.€€The€report€also€contains€a€summary€of€the€157€recommendations€issued€by€the€Commission€duringÐ ¶"' Ðthe€year.€€Some€45€of€them€categorize€the€incidents€as,€among€other€things,€bodily€injury€or,€to€a€lesserÐ œ#ì( Ðextent,€torture,€excessive€use€of€force€or€violation€of€the€right€to€personal€integrity.€Ð ‚$Ò) ÐÌ73.€€The€1999€report€gives€the€following€figures€for€complaints€received:Ð N&ž!+ ÐÌÔ*pƒgh ‰d‰d×^V×^^de‰%‰%pÔÔ,^VÔÔ,b^^ÔÔ+  ÔÐ 8€fff'(j#-(j# €€‚‚ƒƒ„„8ÐComplaintsÐ ?€ffff,!"(r#."fff „„?ÐTotalÐ U€fffD,"(r#/"   ffff €€‚‚ƒƒ„„UÐBeatingsÐ W€ffffD)h$0fff @Y@101„„‰@Y@‰WÐ101Ð u€fffdL)h$1" @Y@101   @Y@ffff €€‚‚ƒƒ„„uÐBodily€injuryÐ V€ffffC*^%2fff  ÀT@83„„‰ÀT@‰VÐ83Ð t€fffcK*^%3"  ÀT@83   ÀT@ffff €€‚‚ƒƒ„„tÐThreatsÐ V€ffffC+T&4fff  @S@77„„‰@S@‰VÐ77Ð t€fffcK+T&5"  @S@77   @S@ffff €€‚‚ƒƒ„„tÐIntimidationÐ V€ffffCú+J'6fff  €P@66„„‰€P@‰VÐ66Ð t€fffcKú+J'7"  €P@66   €P@ffff €€‚‚ƒƒ„„tÐPhysical€violenceÐ V€ffffCð,@(8fff  I@50„„‰I@‰VÐ50Ð t€fffcKð,@(9"  I@50   I@ffff €€‚‚ƒƒ„„tÐTortureÐ V€ffffCæ-6):fff  A@34„„‰A@‰VÐ34Ð t€fffcKæ-6);"  A@34   A@ffff €€‚‚ƒƒ„„tÐViolation€of€the€right€to€personal€integrity€and€securityÐ V€ffffC¸fff  @@32„„‰@@‰VÐ32Ð[QO¸"  @@32    @@ffff [ÐÌ74.€€According€to€the€report,€recommendations€were€issued€on€the€following€violations:€€beatings€(28),Ð ŒÜ Ðtorture€(7),€harassment€(6),€bodily€injury€(6),€ill„treatment€(4),€threats€(2),€abuse€of€authority€(1).òò19óóÐ r ÐÌ75.€€The€members€of€the€Committee€consider€that,€the€Commissionððs€classification€notwithstanding,Ð > Ž Ðmany€of€these€cases€may€constitute€torture€under€article€1€of€the€Convention.Ð $ t ÐÌ76.€€According€to€information€provided€to€the€Committee€members€by€the€Office€of€the€Ô_ÔTamaulipasÔ_ÔÐ ð @  ÐState€Attorney-General,€21€of€the€Commissionððs€135€recommendations€to€the€Office€in€1999,€2000€andÐ Ö &  Ðthe€first€few€months€of€2001€concerned€beatings,€bodily€injury€and€torture.Ð ¼  ÐÌ7.€€òòOffice€of€the€Baja€California€State€Procurator€for€Human€Rights€and€Civic€ProtectionóóÐ ˆØ  ÐÌ77.€€The€Procurator€informed€the€Committee€members€that€his€Office€had€received€four€complaints€ofÐ T¤  Ðtorture€during€2000,€in€one€of€which€it€was€established€that€the€authorities€were€not€responsible.€Ð :Š  ÐBetween€1€January€and€30€June€2001,€however,€his€Office€had€received€12€complaints,€most€of€whichÐ  p Ðwere€still€being€investigated.€€The€incidents€had€taken€place€in€Tijuana€in€seven€of€the€cases€and€inÐ V ÐMexicali€in€five.€€Members€of€the€State€judicial€police€were€alleged€to€be€responsible€in€all€cases€butÐ ì< Ðone,€which€was€attributed€to€the€Federal€judicial€police.€€Ð Ò" ÐÌ78.€€One€of€the€complaints€concerned€Isidro€Ô_ÔCarrilloÔ_Ô€Vega,€who€died€in€Tijuana€on€24€May€2001,Ð žî Ðapparently€as€a€result€of€torture€by€members€of€the€judicial€police€who€had€detained€him€on€suspicionÐ „Ô Ðof€committing€a€bank€robbery.€€An€autopsy€by€the€Forensic€Medicine€Service€showed€the€cause€of€deathÐ jº Ðto€be€a€rupturing€of€the€bowel€and€fractures€resulting€from€severe€blows€to€the€abdominal€region€andÐ P  Ðrib€cage.€€Four€other€people€detained€in€connection€with€the€same€incident€stated€that€they€had€beenÐ 6† Ðtortured€and€bore€physical€injuries.òò20óó€Ð l ÐÌ79.€€On€9€June€2001€the€Office€issued€a€statement€addressed€to€the€State€Congress,€the€High€Court,€theÐ è8 ÐGovernor€and€the€Attorney-General,€expressing€its€concern€at€the€practice€of€torture€in€the€State:€€Ð Î ÐÌà0 á àð ðDespite€the€State€authoritiesðð€official€declarations€that€violence€has€been€banished€from€theÐ š ê  Ðconduct€of€government€affairs,€detainees€in€the€cells€and€isolation€wings€of€the€State€judicialÐ €!Ð! Ðpolice,€which€is€a€department€of€the€Office€of€the€Baja€California€State€Attorney-General,€areÐ f"¶" Ðbeing€tortured€to€confess€to€the€offences€they€have€been€charged€with€or€to€incriminate€thirdÐ L#œ# Ðparties€in€offences€of€various€kinds.ððÐ2$‚$á%á% ÐÌC.€€òòInformation€from€non-governmental€organizationsóóÐ þ%N!& ÐÌ80.€€The€non-governmental€organizations€(Ô_ÔNGOsÔ_Ô)€interviewed€by€Committee€members€provided€writtenÐ Ê'#( Ðinformation€on€cases€of€torture,€among€other€things.€€One€national€organization€provided€details€ofÐ °($) Ðincidents€in€26€States€between€September€1998€and€June€2001,€73€of€which€had€been€taken€from€pressÐ –)æ$* Ðreports€and€concerned€a€total€of€177€presumed€victims.€€A€further€26€had€been€reported€directly€toÐ |*Ì%+ ÐÔ_ÔNGOsÔ_Ô;€there€were€a€total€of€40€alleged€victims.€€State-level€Ô_ÔNGOsÔ_Ô€also€provided€the€Committee€withÐ b+²&, Ðinformation€on€individual€cases€they€had€dealt€with.€€The€following€are€some€of€the€most€recent€andÐ H,˜'- Ðrepresentative€cases;€they€differ€from€those€reported€in€the€preceding€sections.€€The€names€of€allegedÐ .-~(. Ðvictims€and€other€details€concerning€their€detention€can€be€found€in€the€documentation€received€by€theÐ ° ÐCommittee€members.Ð –æ ÐÌòòÔ_ÔCoahuilaÔ_ÔóóÐ b² ÐÌ81.€€Two€people€detained€on€10€February€2001€in€Torreð;ðn€by€judicial€police:€€beatings,€plastic€bags€overÐ . ~ Ðthe€head,€electric€shocks€and€threats€used€to€force€them€to€sign€a€document€they€were€not€allowed€toÐ  d Ðread.€€The€case€was€submitted€to€the€State€Human€Rights€Commission.Ð ú J ÐÌòòColimaóóÐ Æ   ÐÌ82.€€A€man€detained€on€24€April€2001€in€Ô_ÔTecomnÔ_Ô€by€members€of€the€judicial€police€of€the€Office€ofÐ ’â  Ðthe€State€Attorney-General,€who€beat€him€severely€in€front€of€his€10-year-old€son€until€he€requiredÐ xÈ  Ðhospitalization.€€While€he€was€in€hospital,€police€officers€ripped€out€his€drip€and€took€him€to€the€socialÐ ^®  Ðrehabilitation€centre€(Ô_ÔCERESOÔ_Ô).€€The€case€was€submitted€to€the€State€Human€Rights€Commission.Ð D”  ÐÌòòÔ_ÔChiapasÔ_ÔóóÐ ` ÐÌ83.€€Three€people€detained€on€18€May€2001€in€Ô_ÔVenustianoÔ_Ô€Carranza€by€the€State€judicial€police€andÐ Ü, Ðsubjected€to€beatings,€plastic€bags€over€the€head€and€threats.€€One€was€burnt€on€the€wrist,€another€wasÐ Â Ðbeaten€about€the€ears.€€The€case€was€submitted€to€the€State€Human€Rights€Commission.Ð ¨ø ÐÌ84.€€A€person€detained€on€7€June€2001€in€Ô_ÔComitnÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔDomnguezÔ_Ô€by€the€State€judicial€police:€€beaten,Ð tÄ Ðespecially€about€the€ears,€plastic€bag€over€the€head€and€threatened€with€drowning€in€a€river.€€TheÐ Zª Ðindividual€had€to€be€hospitalized€as€a€result.Ð @ ÐÌ85.€€A€person€detained€on€8€June€2001€in€Ô_ÔComitnÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔDomnguezÔ_Ô€by€the€State€judicial€police:€€beatings,Ð  \ Ðplastic€bags€over€the€head€„€six€at€a€time€„€threats€of€electric€shocks€and€beatings€about€the€ears.Ð òB ÐÌ86.€€Two€indigenous€Ô_ÔCholeÔ_Ô€people€detained€on€8€May€2001€in€Ô_ÔPalenqueÔ_Ô€by€members€of€the€municipalÐ ¾ Ðpolice:€€brutally€beaten€and€threatened€with€death.Ð ¤ô ÐÌòòChihuahuaóóÐ p!À  ÐÌ87.€€A€minor€aged€17€detained€on€17€August€2001€in€the€city€of€Chihuahua€by€municipal€police€andÐ <#Œ" Ðsubjected€to€a€beating€leading,€among€other€things,€to€broken€ribs.Ð "$r# ÐÌ88.€€A€person€detained€on€20€May€2000€in€the€city€of€Chihuahua€by€municipal€police€and€subjected€toÐ î%>!% Ða€beating€that€caused€multiple€head€injuries.€€Died€some€days€later.€€The€State€Human€RightsÐ Ô&$"& ÐCommission€recommended€that€charges€should€be€brought€against€the€perpetrators.Ð º' #' ÐÌÔ_ÔòòGuerreroÔ_ÔóóÐ †)Ö$) ÐÌ89.€€Three€people€detained€on€24€October€2000€in€the€village€of€El€Ô_ÔCamarð;ðnÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔPetatlnÔ_Ô,€by€the€StateÐ R+¢&+ Ðjudicial€police:€€beatings,€plastic€bags€over€the€head€and€mineral€water€up€the€nose.€€They€were€broughtÐ 8,ˆ', Ðbefore€the€court€seven€days€after€arrest.Ð -n(- Ї90.€€Two€women€raped€by€members€of€the€Army€on€21€April€1999€while€searching€for€their€minorÐ ° Ðchildren,€who€had€disappeared€the€previous€day€in€the€village€of€Barrio€Nuevo,€Ô_ÔTlacoachistlahuacaÔ_Ô.Ð –æ ÐÌ91.€€A€person€detained€on€21€February€1999€in€the€village€of€Los€Ô_ÔAchotesÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔZihuatanejoÔ_Ô,€by€FederalÐ b² Ðjudicial€police.€€His€body€was€found€on€the€Los€Ô_ÔAchotesÔ_Ô€waste€tip;€he€had€been€castrated€and€showedÐ H˜ Ðsigns€of€torture,€and€had€been€shot€in€the€neck.Ð . ~ ÐÌ92.€€A€person€detained€on€22€August€1999€in€Ô_ÔTlapaÔ_Ô€by€State€traffic€police€and€beaten€on€various€partsÐ ú J Ðof€the€body,€losing€consciousness€as€a€result.Ð à 0 ÐÌ93.€€A€person€detained€on€13€July€2001€in€Ô_ÔChilapaÔ_Ô€de€Alvarez€by€a€police€patrol€and€beaten€on€variousÐ ¬ ü  Ðparts€of€the€body.€€The€case€was€reported€to€the€State€Human€Rights€Commission.Ð ’â  ÐÌ94.€€Five€people€detained€on€30€April€2000€in€El€Ô_ÔLuceritoÔ_Ô,€municipality€of€Ô_ÔAtlixtacÔ_Ô,€by€State€judicialÐ ^®  Ðpolice€from€the€Ô_ÔTlapaÔ_Ô€regional€headquarters:€€blindfolded€and€hands€tied;€beaten€on€various€parts€of€theÐ D”  Ðbody;€water€up€the€nose€and€in€the€mouth.€€The€case€was€reported€to€the€State€Human€RightsÐ *z  ÐCommission.Ð ` ÐÌ95.€€Two€people€detained€on€22€November€2000€in€Ô_ÔTlapaÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔComonfortÔ_Ô€by€judicial€police:€€treatmentÐ Ü, Ðincluded€plastic€bags€over€the€head,€blows€to€the€abdomen,€being€hung€up,€vinegar€in€the€mouth,€beingÐ Â Ðducked€under€water€and€being€threatened€with€a€gun€to€the€head.Ð ¨ø ÐÌ96.€€Three€people€detained€on€9€January€2001€in€Ô_ÔZoquitlanÔ_Ô,€municipality€of€Ô_ÔAtlixtacÔ_Ô,€by€members€of€theÐ tÄ ÐArmy,€and€beaten€on€various€parts€of€the€body.€€The€case€was€reported€to€the€National€Human€RightsÐ Zª ÐCommission.Ð @ ÐÌ97.€€Three€women€detained€on€2€March€2001€in€Ô_ÔZoyatlanÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔJurezÔ_Ô,€municipality€of€Ô_ÔAlcozaucaÔ_Ô,€by€theÐ  \ ÐState€judicial€police.€€They€were€dragged€along€the€ground€by€the€hair€and€beaten€with€rifle€butts.€€OneÐ òB Ðsuffered€an€attempted€rape.Ð Ø( ÐÌ98.€€A€person€detained€in€Ô_ÔChilpancingoÔ_Ô€on€30€October€2000€by€State€judicial€police:€€blindfolded€andÐ ¤ô Ðsubjected€to€insults,€threats€of€being€disappeared,€and€blows€to€the€face€and€body.€€Also€water€up€theÐ Š Ú Ðnose€(to€the€point€of€asphyxiation)€with€someone€treading€on€the€stomach€at€the€same€time,€andÐ p!À  Ðsimulated€rape.€€The€aim€was€to€obtain€a€confession€to€abduction€and€rape.Ð V"¦! ÐÌ99.€€A€person€detained€on€16€January€2000€in€Ô_ÔHuamuxtitlnÔ_Ô€by€State€judicial€police:€€blindfolded,€hitÐ "$r# Ðin€the€abdomen;€plastic€bag€over€the€head.Ð %X $ ÐÌòòMexico€StateóóÐ Ô&$"& ÐÌ100.€€An€indigenous€Ô_ÔMazatecÔ_Ô€detained€by€State€police€on€10€February€2001€in€Ô_ÔTlalnepantlaÔ_Ô.€Ð  (ð#( ÐThreatened,€hit€in€the€face,€legs€and€stomach,€and€forced€to€sign€a€document€he€could€not€read.€€He€hadÐ †)Ö$) Ðno€interpreter€or€lawyer€at€the€public€attorneyððs€office.Ð l*¼%* ÐÌ101.€€Two€people€detained€on€28€April€2000€by€members€of€the€State€judicial€police€assigned€to€vehicleÐ 8,ˆ', Ðrecovery€in€Ô_ÔIxtapalucaÔ_Ô.€€Blindfolded,€beaten,€threatened;€water€up€the€nose.€€The€police€held€themÐ -n(- Ðincommunicado€for€about€30€hours€before€bringing€them€before€the€public€attorney.Ð ° ÐÌòòNuevo€Leð;ðnóóÐ |Ì ÐÌ102.€€A€person€detained€on€14€July€1999€in€Monterrey€by€the€State€judicial€police:€€hit€in€the€mouth,Ð H˜ Ðresulting€in€the€loss€of€several€teeth,€and€on€other€parts€of€the€body.€€Following€release,€found€dead€inÐ . ~ ÐÔ_ÔMontemorelosÔ_Ô€on€23€July€1999.Ð  d ÐÌ103.€€A€person€detained€in€Monterrey€on€12€March€2001€by€municipal€police:€€beaten,€resulting€in€acuteÐ à 0 Ðkidney€failure.Ð Æ   ÐÌ104.€€On€13€December€2000,€a€prisoner€at€the€Nuevo€Leð;ðn€social€rehabilitation€centre€was€beaten€andÐ ’â  Ðsubjected€to€attempted€hanging€by€guards.€€Also€repeatedly€threatened€for€reporting€the€incident.Ð xÈ  ÐÌ105.€€On€7€December€2000,€a€prisoner€at€the€Nuevo€Leð;ðn€social€rehabilitation€centre€was€beaten€andÐ D”  Ðsexually€abused€by€guards.Ð *z  ÐÌ106.€€A€person€detained€in€June€2001€in€Monterrey€by€members€of€the€judicial€police:€€beaten,€resultingÐ öF Ðin€a€fractured€rib.Ð Ü, ÐÌòòOaxacaóóÐ ¨ø ÐÌ107.€€The€Ô_ÔNGOÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔAccið;ðnÔ_Ô€de€los€Ô_ÔCristianosÔ_Ô€para€la€Ô_ÔAbolicið;ðnÔ_Ô€de€la€Ô_ÔTorturaÔ_Ô€(Action€of€Christians€for€theÐ tÄ ÐAbolition€of€Torture,€Ô_ÔACATÔ_Ô)€reports€that€since€1996€it€has€documented€more€than€70€cases€ofÐ Zª Ðindigenous€Ô_ÔZapotecsÔ_Ô€being€tortured€and€forced€to€sign€confessions€admitting€offences€such€as€terrorism,Ð @ Ðpossession€of€firearms,€sabotage€and€criminal€association.€€The€following€are€some€of€the€most€recentÐ &v Ðcases.Ð  \ ÐÌ108.€€A€person€detained€on€14€June€2000€in€Ô_ÔMixistlnÔ_Ô€de€la€Ô_ÔReformaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔMixeÔ_Ô,€by€municipal€police,€on€theÐ Ø( Ðorders€of€a€PRI€member€of€parliament.€€Died€a€day€later€in€the€municipal€jail.€€The€body€showed€signsÐ ¾ Ðof€torture.Ð ¤ô ÐÌ109.€€A€17-year-old€indigenous€Ô_ÔTojolabalÔ_Ô€detained€and€beaten€on€26€April€2000€in€Ô_ÔTapanatepecÔ_Ô€byÐ p!À  Ðofficials€of€the€National€Institute€for€Migration€and€Federal€judicial€police.€€The€case€was€reported€toÐ V"¦! Ðthe€National€Institute€for€Migration,€the€National€Human€Rights€Commission€and€the€Attorney-GeneralÐ <#Œ" Ðof€the€Republic.Ð "$r# ÐÌ110.€€Three€people€detained€on€12€August€1999€in€Ô_ÔTehuantepecÔ_Ô€by€State€judicial€police,€whoÐ î%>!% Ðblindfolded€them€and€beat€them€all€over.€€One€lost€several€teeth€and€another€was€wounded€with€a€knifeÐ Ô&$"& Ðin€the€forearm€and€stomach.Ð º' #' ÐÌ111.€€An€indigenous€Ô_ÔZapotecÔ_Ô€detained€on€14€September€1999€in€the€city€of€Oaxaca€by€municipal€andÐ †)Ö$) Ðjudicial€police€and€beaten€into€signing€a€confession.Ð l*¼%* ÐÌ112.€€An€indigenous€person€detained€on€2€September€1999€in€Tierra€Blanca€de€San€Ô_ÔAgustnÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔLoxichaÔ_Ô€byÐ 8,ˆ', Ðjudicial€police:€€beaten€all€over€and€subjected€to€attempted€hangings€over€the€course€of€two€days.Ð -n(- Ї113.€€An€indigenous€Ô_ÔZapotecÔ_Ô€detained€on€7€June€2001€in€the€village€of€Ô_ÔLlanoÔ_Ô€Palmar,€SanÔ_ÔAgustnÔ_ÔÐ ° ÐÔ_ÔLoxichaÔ_Ô,€by€State€judicial€police,€accompanied€by€white€guards,€and€beaten€and€kicked€all€over.Ð –æ ÐÌ114.€€Two€indigenous€people€detained€on€25€May€2000€in€San€Isidro€Ô_ÔMiramarÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔLoxichaÔ_Ô,€by€StateÐ b² Ðjudicial€police€and€beaten,€kicked€and€threatened€with€death€to€make€them€incriminate€themselves.Ð H˜ ÐÌòòPueblaóóÐ  d ÐÌ115.€€A€person€detained€on€30€March€2001€in€the€town€of€Puebla€by€State€judicial€police€and€subjectedÐ à 0 Ðto€beatings,€water€up€the€nose€and€plastic€bags€over€the€head.Ð Æ   ÐÌòòÔ_ÔSinaloaÔ_ÔóóÐ ’â  ÐÌ116.€€A€person€detained€on€6€August€1999€in€Ô_ÔCuliacnÔ_Ô€by€Federal€judicial€police:€€kicked;€water€in€theÐ ^®  Ðmouth€and€up€the€nose.€€The€State€Human€Rights€Commission€issued€a€recommendation€on€this€case.€Ð D”  ÐÌòòÔ_ÔTamaulipasÔ_ÔóóÐ ` ÐÌ117.€€A€person€detained€on€26€July€2000€in€Reynosa€by€Federal€fiscal€police:€€hit€in€the€face€and€genitalsÐ Ü, Ðin€particular€and€subjected€to€intimidation€and€threats.€€The€case€was€reported€to€the€fourth€branch€officeÐ Â Ðof€the€Federal€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€and€to€the€State€Human€Rights€Commission.Ð ¨ø ÐÌ118.€€Three€people€detained€on€27€February€1999€at€La€Ô_ÔPresitaÔ_Ô€ranch€by€members€of€the€Twenty-firstÐ tÄ ÐArmy€Regiment,€7th€zone:€€bound€hand€and€foot€and€blindfolded,€then€hit€in€the€stomach€and€threatenedÐ Zª Ðwith€sub-machine€guns€and€pistols€in€the€mouth€and€at€the€back€of€the€neck.Ð @ ÐÌ119.€€A€person€detained€on€28€May€2001€in€the€municipal€cemetery€of€Ciudad€Ô_ÔMierÔ_Ô€by€State€judicialÐ  \ Ðpolice.€€Handcuffed€and€with€feet€manacled;€a€pistol€aimed€at€the€head;€volleys€of€shots€fired€near€theÐ òB Ðears;€and€blows€to€the€face€and€chest,€in€particular.Ð Ø( ÐÌ120.€€A€person€detained€on€22€March€2000€at€the€junction€of€Ô_ÔEscobedoÔ_Ô€and€Ô_ÔP.J.Ô_Ô€Ô_ÔMndezÔ_Ô€streets,Ð ¤ô ÐReynosa,€by€officials€of€the€National€Institute€for€Migration:€€beaten€and€threatened.€€The€case€wasÐ Š Ú Ðreported€to€the€State€Human€Rights€Commission.Ð p!À  ÐÌ121.€€A€person€detained€on€1€May€2000€at€his€home€in€Colonia€Ô_ÔBarreraÔ_Ô,€Miguel€Ô_ÔAlemnÔ_Ô,€by€municipalÐ <#Œ" Ðpolice:€€threatened€with€death€and€beaten,€causing€injuries€and€bruising€to€the€arms€and€back.Ð "$r# ÐÌD.€€òòInformation€from€State€and€Federal€governmental€authoritiesóóÐ î%>!% ÐÌ1.€òò€Federal€authoritiesóóÐ º' #' ÐÌ122.€€In€the€meetings€that€Committee€members€had€with€the€Interdepartmental€Commission€to€MonitorÐ †)Ö$) ÐMexicoððs€International€Human€Rights€Commitments€and€with€representatives€of€the€Ministry€of€ForeignÐ l*¼%* ÐAffairs,€they€were€told€of€the€Governmentððs€determination€to€strengthen€the€protection€and€defence€ofÐ R+¢&+ Ðhuman€rights.€€That€determination€was€reflected€in€the€National€Programme€for€the€Promotion€andÐ 8,ˆ', ÐStrengthening€of€Human€Rights.€€The€objectives€of€the€Programme€are:Ð -n(- ЇÝ"‚¨3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚¨3£è«ÝÔ2tÔððÔ3  Ôà0 á àÝ  ÝTo€strengthen€a€culture€of€respect€for€human€rights;݃¨3£è«¬ÝŒÐ°á%á% ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚¨3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚¨3£Ò¬ÝÔ2tÔððÔ3  Ôà0 á àÝ  ÝTo€reinforce€institutional€protection€mechanisms;݃¨3£Ò¬ÿ¬ÝŒÐ–æá%á% ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚¨3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚¨3£¹­ÝÔ2tÔððÔ3  Ôà0 á àÝ  ÝTo€continue€action€aimed€at€eradicating€impunity€in€cases€of€proven€human€rights€violations;݃¨3£¹­æ­ÝŒÐ|Ìá%á% ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚¨3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚¨3£Ì®ÝÔ2tÔððÔ3  Ôà0 á àÝ  ÝTo€design€mechanisms€for€the€regular€and€systematic€identification€of€the€progress€made€andÐ b² Ðobstacles€encountered€in€implementing€human€rights€policies;݃¨3£Ì®ù®ÝŒÐH˜á%á% ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚¨3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚¨3£.°ÝÔ2tÔððÔ3  Ôà0 á àÝ  ÝTo€publicize€promotion€and€protection€mechanisms€more€widely;݃¨3£.°[°ÝŒÐ. ~á%á% ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚¨3£ "ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚¨3£"±ÝÔ2tÔððÔ3  Ôà0 á àÝ  ÝTo€help€ensure€that€international€human€rights€commitments€are€met;݃¨3£"±O±ÝŒÐ dá%á% ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚¨3£ "ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚¨3£²ÝÔ2tÔððÔ3  Ôà0 á àÝ  ÝTo€strengthen€the€autonomy€of€the€non-judicial€system;݃¨3£²H²ÝŒÐú Já%á% ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚¨3£ "ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚¨3£³ÝÔ2tÔððÔ3  Ôà0 á àÝ  ÝTo€promote€cooperation€between€the€public€sector€and€society€at€large€through€the€institutionalÐ à 0 Ðand€legal€mechanisms€available€for€strengthening€the€protection€of€human€rights.݃¨3£³5³ÝŒÐÆ  á%á% ÐŒÝ  ÝÌ123.€€In€the€area€of€public€security€the€National€Programme€sets€the€following€objectives,€interalia:Ð ’â  ÐÌØ/ /ØÝ"‚¨3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚¨3£.µÝÔ2tÔððÔ3  Ôà0 á àÝ  ÝTo€eliminate€corruption€in€the€police€force€and€eradicate€practices€such€as€extortion€and€torture;݃¨3£.µ[µÝŒÐ^® á%á% ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚¨3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚¨3£G¶ÝÔ2tÔððÔ3  Ôà0 á àÝ  ÝTo€make€the€security€services€more€professional€and€establish€investigatory€systems€thatÐ D”  Ðdecrease€impunity€and€lead€to€more€effective€protection€of€life,€physical€integrity€and€property;݃¨3£G¶t¶ÝŒÐ*z á%á% ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚¨3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚¨3£Ë·ÝÔ2tÔððÔ3  Ôà0 á àÝ  ÝTo€eradicate€illegal€procedures€such€as€arbitrary€detention€and€harassment€of€individuals€merelyÐ ` Ðfor€having€a€criminal€record;݃¨3£Ë·ø·ÝŒÐöFá%á% ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚¨3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚¨3£¹ÝÔ2tÔððÔ3  Ôà0 á àÝ  ÝTo€stress€systematic€human€rights€training€within€the€curricula€of€public€security€trainingÐ Ü, Ðinstitutions.݃¨3£¹A¹ÝŒÐÂá%á% ÐŒÝ  ÝÌ124.€€The€Programme€also€includes€a€description€of€25€actions€to€combat€torture€drawn€from€theÐ ŽÞ Ðrecommendations€made€to€Mexico€by€international€human€rights€mechanisms.Ð tÄ ÐÌ125.€€The€Federal€Director€of€Public€Security,€to€whom€the€Federal€Preventive€Police€(formerly€FederalÐ @ ÐHighway€Police)€report,€told€the€Committee€members€that,€although€the€Preventive€Police€had€seriousÐ &v Ðcorruption€problems,€no€cases€of€torture€had€come€to€his€attention.€€He€had€not€been€alerted€to€any€casesÐ  \ Ðof€torture€in€Federal€prisons,€which€are€also€within€his€competence.€€Without€a€doubt,€the€judicial€policeÐ òB Ðdid€resort€to€torture€and€had€serious€corruption€problems;€many€police€officers€committed€the€sorts€ofÐ Ø( Ðoffence€they€were€supposed€to€be€investigating€and€punishing.€€In€his€view,€public€attorneysðð€officesÐ ¾ Ðand€the€judicial€police€should€be€under€the€authority€of€the€courts.€€The€public€attorneyððs€office€shouldÐ ¤ô Ðact€on€behalf€of€the€courts€and€be€subject€to€the€law,€which€was€not€currently€the€case.€€Victims€shouldÐ Š Ú Ðbe€able€to€associate€themselves€with€the€prosecution€in€criminal€proceedings,€thus€being€able€to€lodgeÐ p!À  Ðcomplaints€with€the€courts,€produce€evidence,€lodge€any€type€of€remedy€and€file€òòÔ_ÔamparoÔ_Ôóó€proceedings.Ð V"¦! ÐÌ126.€€The€Attorney-General€of€the€Republic€said€that€efforts€were€being€made€to€eliminate€the€use€ofÐ "$r# Ðtorture€within€his€Office:€€it€had€been€a€serious€problem€but€was€now€being€dealt€with.€€To€that€end€anÐ %X $ Ðinternal€campaign€had€been€launched€and€a€training€programme€set€up.€€The€campaign€included€theÐ î%>!% Ðestablishment€of€a€24-hour€telephone€hotline€which€anyone€could€call€to€lodge€a€complaint.€€A€seriousÐ Ô&$"& Ðcommitment€had€also€been€made€to€combat€impunity.€€There€were€currently€some€400€investigationsÐ º' #' Ðunder€way,€a€good€many€of€which€dealt€with€human€rights€violations.€€A€sizable€number€of€policeÐ  (ð#( Ðofficers€had€been€dismissed€and€their€names€entered€in€the€National€Police€Personnel€Register€so€thatÐ †)Ö$) Ðthey€would€not€be€taken€on€by€other€police€forces.Ð l*¼%* ÐÌÌÐ -n(- Ð2.€€òòState€authoritiesóóÐ ° ÐÌ(a)€€òòFederal€DistrictóóÐ |Ì ÐÌ127.€€The€Federal€District€Attorney-General€stated€that€he€had€no€knowledge€of€any€cases€of€tortureÐ H˜ Ðoccurring€since€he€had€taken€office.€€There€might€have€been€some€isolated€cases€but€torture€as€a€methodÐ . ~ Ðof€investigation€had€been€eliminated€years€before.€€From€1996€to€2001€there€had€been€reports€of€onlyÐ  d Ð4€cases€of€torture,€and€of€2,017€cases€of€abuse€of€authority.€€In€addition,€eight€recommendationsÐ ú J Ðconcerning€torture€had€been€received€from€the€State€Human€Rights€Commission€since€its€establishment.€Ð à 0 ÐOf€those,€five€had€been€followed,€one€rejected€and€in€two€other€cases€arrest€warrants€were€pending.€€HeÐ Æ   Ðstated€that€the€Office€was€Ô_ÔfocusingÔ_Ô€on€training€its€police€officers.Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌ128.€€The€Director€of€Public€Security€of€the€Federal€District€stated€that€he€had€received€no€complaintsÐ xÈ  Ðof€torture€involving€the€Federal€District€preventive€police.€€Since€1997€only€one€recommendation€hadÐ ^®  Ðbeen€received€from€the€Federal€District€Human€Rights€Commission€in€a€case€involving€abuse€ofÐ D”  Ðauthority;€none€involving€torture€had€been€received.€€Unlike€corruption,€torture€was€not€a€problem€inÐ *z  Ðthe€department.€€It€did€not€even€have€cells,€and€anyone€detailed€was€immediately€turned€over€to€theÐ ` Ðjudicial€police.Ð öF ÐÌ(b)€òòÔ_ÔTamaulipasÔ_ÔóóÐ Â ÐÌ129.€€The€Director€of€the€Ô_ÔTamaulipasÔ_Ô€judicial€police€denied€that€the€force€tortured€detainees.€He€saidÐ ŽÞ Ðthat€inspectors€from€the€State€Human€Rights€Commission€regularly€visited€police€cells€and€thatÐ tÄ Ðsupervision€by€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€and€internal€checks€by€the€police€force€itself€preventedÐ Zª Ðany€use€of€torture.€€He€said€that€false€accusations€were€frequently€made€against€the€police,€but€he€knewÐ @ Ðof€no€cases€in€which€a€police€officer€had€been€punished€for€torture.€€He€added€that€detainees€could€seeÐ &v Ðtheir€lawyers€at€any€time€and€that€such€meetings€were€held€in€private.Ð  \ ÐÌ130.€€The€State€Attorney-General€said€that€torture€was€not€a€problem€in€the€State€of€Ô_ÔTamaulipasÔ_Ô€and€thatÐ Ø( Ðits€use€was€unnecessary€for€the€types€of€offences€his€Office€addressed.€€On€the€other€hand,€there€mightÐ ¾ Ðbe€cases€of€excessive€use€of€force€when€detentions€were€made.€€As€it€was€obligatory€to€bring€detaineesÐ ¤ô Ðbefore€a€judge€almost€immediately€after€arrest€there€was,€practically€speaking,€no€time€to€torture€them.€Ð Š Ú ÐHe€said€that,€once€the€police€had€placed€a€detainee€at€the€disposal€of€the€public€attorneyððs€office€withÐ p!À  Ðwritten€notice€to€that€effect,€the€detainee€was€not€returned€to€the€police€for€further€interrogation;€thatÐ V"¦! Ðhad€been€common€practice€in€the€past€at€the€Federal€level€but€was€no€longer€the€case.€€None€of€theÐ <#Œ" Ðrecommendations€made€to€his€Office€by€the€State€Human€Rights€Commission€had€involved€torture,Ð "$r# Ðalthough€in€such€cases€the€classification€of€the€offences€might€be€relevant.€Ð %X $ ÐÌ131.€€The€Deputy€Director€of€Expert€Services€said€no€cases€of€police€brutality€against€detaineesÐ Ô&$"& Ðexamined€by€his€department€had€been€detected€since€1999.Ð º' #' ÐÌÔ_Ô(cÔ_Ô)€òòOaxacaóóÐ †)Ö$) ÐÌ132.€€The€State€Attorney-General€and€the€Director€of€the€judicial€police€told€the€Committee€membersÐ R+¢&+ Ðthat€efforts€were€being€made€to€train€police€officers€and€raise€their€wages;€doing€so€was€essential€toÐ 8,ˆ', Ðending€torture€and€abuses€of€authority.€€They€also€said€that,€thanks€to€the€National€Police€PersonnelÐ -n(- ÐRegister€established€two€years€earlier,€it€was€no€longer€possible€for€a€police€officer€expelled€from€aÐ ° Ðpolice€force€in€one€State€to€be€hired€by€another€State€or€force.€€The€Registerððs€database€was€detailed€andÐ –æ Ðeasily€accessible.€€They€further€stated€that€no€complaints€had€been€received€during€the€current€year€fromÐ |Ì Ðdetainees€alleging€torture€by€the€police.€€They€had,€however,€received€a€few€complaints€of€abuse€ofÐ b² Ðauthority.€€They€said€that€there€had€been€only€one€case€in€which€police€officials€had€been€prosecutedÐ H˜ Ðfor€torture€under€the€1993€State€law€making€torture€a€criminal€offence;€that€case,€in€which€two€membersÐ . ~ Ðof€the€judicial€police€were€accused,€was€at€the€pre-trial€stage.€€They€said€that€the€number€ofÐ  d Ðcourt-appointed€defence€counsel€had€increased€considerably€and€that€their€level€of€training€had€alsoÐ ú J Ðimproved.Ð à 0 ÐÌ133.€€The€managers€of€the€Forensic€Medicine€Service€in€the€Attorney-Generalððs€Office€stated€that€noÐ ¬ ü  Ðcases€of€bodily€harm€by€the€police€had€occurred€during€the€year€and€that€if€physical€abuse€of€detaineesÐ ’â  Ðoccurred€at€all€it€was€more€likely€to€occur€in€rural€areas€than€the€capital,€where€more€monitoring€systemsÐ xÈ  Ðexisted.Ð ^®  ÐÌ(d)€òòÔ_ÔGuerreroÔ_ÔóóÐ *z  ÐÌ134.€€The€Director€of€Public€Security€and€Civic€Protection,€who€is€responsible€for€the€Stateððs€socialÐ öF Ðrehabilitation€centres€(Ô_ÔCERESOSÔ_Ô),€said€that€less€than€1€per€cent€of€detainees€admitted€to€prison€showedÐ Ü, Ðsigns€of€injury.Ð Â ÐÌ135.€€The€State€Attorney-General€said€that€torture€was€rare€and€explained€that€his€Office€had€begun€aÐ ŽÞ Ðhuman€rights€training€programme€for€the€judicial€police€which€emphasized€the€need€to€ð ðfirst€investigate,Ð tÄ Ðthen€detainðð€rather€than€ð ðfirst€detain,€then€investigateðð€and€to€act€in€accordance€with€the€law.Ð Zª ÐÌ3.€€òòMilitary€authoritiesóóÐ &v ÐÌ136.€€The€members€of€the€Committee€also€held€meetings€with€the€commanders€of€the€military€zonesÐ òB Ðwith€headquarters€in€the€cities€of€Reynosa,€Oaxaca€and€Ô_ÔChilpancingoÔ_Ô.€€All€stated€that€military€personnelÐ Ø( Ðdetained€people€only€in€cases€of€òòflagrante€delictoóó€or€in€joint€operations€under€the€authority€of€the€publicÐ ¾ Ðattorneyððs€office;€they€did€not€question€detainees€or€hold€them€on€military€premises,€as€they€were€notÐ ¤ô Ðempowered€to€do€so,€and€detainees€were€immediately€placed€at€the€disposal€of€the€public€attorney.€Ð Š Ú ÐThey€said€they€knew€of€no€cases€of€torture€in€which€military€personnel€had€been€implicated€and€that,Ð p!À  Ðwere€they€to€learn€by€any€means€whatsoever€of€an€unlawful€act€by€a€member€of€their€staff,€they€wouldÐ V"¦! Ðimmediately,€even€unbidden,€launch€an€investigation.Ð <#Œ" ÐÌE.€€òòGeneral€observationsóóÐ %X $ ÐÌ1.€€òòTorture€in€the€framework€of€crime€investigationóóÐ Ô&$"& ÐÌ137.€€Despite€statements€by€a€number€of€authorities,€the€information€gathered€by€the€CommitteeÐ  (ð#( Ðmembers€suggests€that€torture€continues€to€be€practised€frequently€in€Mexico,€although€reliable€sources,Ð †)Ö$) Ðboth€governmental€and€non-governmental,€and€Human€Rights€Commissions€say€it€has€declined€in€recentÐ l*¼%* Ðyears.€€In€most€cases€torture€is€resorted€to€as€a€means€of€obtaining€information€quickly€and€easily€forÐ R+¢&+ Ðlater€use€in€criminal€proceedings€(homicides,€sexual€offences,€Ô_ÔkidnappingsÔ_Ô€and€robberies€were€the€onesÐ 8,ˆ', Ðmost€frequently€mentioned),€or€in€cases€involving€Federal€offences€such€as€drug€trafficking€or€violationÐ -n(- Ðof€the€Federal€Firearms€and€Explosives€Act,€membership€of€armed€groups,€etc.€€Those€chieflyÐ ° Ðresponsible€are€members€of€judicial€police€forces€(òòÔ_ÔpoliciasÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔjudicialesÔ_Ôóó,€called€òòÔ_ÔpoliciasÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔministerialesÔ_Ôóó€inÐ –æ Ðsome€States)€at€both€State€and€Federal€level.Ð |Ì ÐÌ138.€€Many€factors€contribute€to€the€persistence€of€torture.€€Several€of€them€were€mentioned€to€theÐ H˜ ÐCommittee€members€by€State€authorities€and€have€been€cited€in€this€report.òò21óó€€One€of€them,€as€will€beÐ . ~ Ðseen€later€on,€is€the€widespread€absence€of€penalties,€whether€administrative€or€criminal,€for€thoseÐ  d Ðresponsible,€facilitated€by€collusion€between€public€attorneysðð€offices€and€the€judicial€police.€€ManyÐ ú J Ðinterviewees€noted€that€the€police€lacked€training€and€means,€including€technical€means€to€investigateÐ à 0 Ðcrime€professionally€and€spoke€of€the€networks€of€corruption€in€which€many€police€officers€wereÐ Æ   Ðinvolved.€€The€Ô_ÔJaliscoÔ_Ô€Human€Rights€Commission€recently€made€the€following€recommendation:Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌà0 á àð ðThere€are€(ð8ð)€factors€inherent€in€the€administrative€structure€which€encourage€and€perpetuateÐ xÈ  Ðtorture.€€These€are:€€lack€of€training€of€the€public€security€forces,€especially€those€under€theÐ ^®  Ðauthority€of€the€State€Attorney„Generalððs€Office;€heavy€workloads€and€lack€of€technology;€poorÐ D”  Ðstaff€selection;€low€wages,€inadequate€benefits€and€corruption;€high-ranking€officersðð€lack€ofÐ *z  Ðinterest€in€Ô_ÔcombatingÔ_Ô€torture;€and€the€belief€that€treating€offenders€more€harshly€will€reduceÐ ` Ðcrime.€€Such€arguments€have€been€used€constantly€by€the€authorities€to€justify€cases€ofÐ öF Ðtorture.ððòò22óóÐÜ,á%á% ÐÌ139.€€Torture€occurs€alongside€a€whole€series€of€breaches€of€the€legislation€governing€detention.€€OnÐ ¨ø Ðthis€point,€the€1999€report€of€the€Ô_ÔTamaulipasÔ_Ô€Human€Rights€Commission€states€the€following:Ð ŽÞ ÐÌà0 á àð ðArbitrary€detentions,€blows,€bodily€injury,€humiliation€and€searches€are€still€constantlyÐ Zª Ðpractised€by€police€officers.€€The€judicial€police€continue€to€effect€detentions€without€a€warrantÐ @ Ðfrom€a€competent€authority,€using€as€a€pretext€a€mere€investigation€order€issued€by€a€publicÐ &v Ðattorneyððs€office,€i.e.€a€person€is€detained€so€that€an€investigation€may€be€carried€out,€includingÐ  \ Ðhouse€and€room€searches;€time€and€again,€in€an€attempt€to€justify€the€unlawful€detention,€someÐ òB Ðobject€the€use€or€possession€of€which€is€illegal€is€placed€among€the€victimððs€clothing€and€it€isÐ Ø( Ðthen€alleged€that€the€case€was€one€of€òòflagrante€delictoóó,€to€the€point€that€criminal€proceedingsÐ ¾ Ðhave€been€brought€on€the€planted€evidence€rather€than€for€the€offence€that€was€supposed€to€beÐ ¤ô Ðinvestigated.€€Although€reports€of€torture€have€decreased,€it€continues€to€be€used€as€a€policeÐ Š Ú Ðinvestigation€technique;€obviously€confessions€obtained€through€such€illegal€means€have€noÐ p!À  Ðvalidity€in€the€proceedings,€in€conformity€with€recent€constitutional€and€legal€reforms,€butÐ V"¦! Ðtorture€is€used€as€a€means€of€obtaining€information.ððòò23óóÐ<#Œ"á%á% ÐÌ140.€€In€many€cases€the€family€is€told€that€the€person€is€not€being€detained€or€detainees€are€preventedÐ %X $ Ðfrom€contacting€their€families€to€tell€them€they€are€being€detained.€€Several€interviewees€said€that,€whileÐ î%>!% Ðthey€were€detained€in€their€homes,€those€responsible€had€ill„treated€members€of€their€families.€€SeveralÐ Ô&$"& Ðalso€stated€that€their€detention€had€been€accompanied€by€the€theft€or€destruction€of€their€own€or€theirÐ º' #' Ðfamiliesðð€belongings.€Ð  (ð#( ÐÌ141.€€The€Committee€members€also€learned€of€cases€of€persons€who€disappeared€after€being€violentlyÐ l*¼%* Ðdetained€in€the€presence€of€witnesses€and€under€circumstances€which€suggest€that€they€might€have€beenÐ R+¢&+ Ðtortured.€€Among€the€cases€on€which€information€was€received€are€those€of€Ô_ÔFaustinoÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔJimnezÔ_Ô€Alvarez,Ð 8,ˆ', Ðwho€disappeared€after€being€detained€by€members€of€the€Ô_ÔGuerreroÔ_Ô€judicial€police€on€17€June€2001€inÐ -n(- ÐTierra€Ô_ÔColoradaÔ_Ô;€and€Ô_ÔJerð;ðnimoÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔGð;ðmezÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔLð;ðpezÔ_Ô,€who€was€detained€by€members€of€the€municipal€policeÐ ° Ðon€27€December€2000€in€Ô_ÔSimojovelÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔAllendeÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔChiapasÔ_Ô.€€The€members€also€learned€of€people€who€hadÐ –æ Ðdied€in€detention€and€whose€corpses€bore€signs€of€torture,€such€as€the€cases€referred€to€in€paragraphsÐ |Ì Ð90€and€107.Ð b² ÐÌ142.€€Torture€may€be€inflicted€on€police€premises€but€it€is€not€uncommon€for€detainees€to€be€taken€toÐ . ~ Ðdeserted€spots,€to€ð ðhousesðð€whose€whereabouts€alleged€victims€cannot€identify€because€they€were€takenÐ  d Ðto€them€blindfolded,€or€to€river€banks€where€they€are€threatened€with€being€thrown€in.€€Many€said€thatÐ ú J Ðthey€had€been€beaten€inside€police€vehicles.Ð à 0 ÐÌòòTorture€methodsóóÐ ¬ ü  ÐÌ143.€€Detaineesðð€hands€are€frequently€tied€behind€their€back€and€their€arms€pulled€backwards;€their€feetÐ xÈ  Ðare€also€tied€together€and€their€eyes€blindfolded.€€They€are€also€frequently€deprived€of€sleep,€food€andÐ ^®  Ðwater€and€prevented€from€using€the€bathroom.€€Several€interviewees€said€they€had€been€taken€to€a€riverÐ D”  Ðbank€and€threatened€with€drowning€if€they€did€not€confess.€€Mention€was€also€made€of€mock€executionsÐ *z  Ðwith€firearms€pointed€at€the€head€or€fired€near€the€ears,€and€of€electric€shocks,€frequently€after€wettingÐ ` Ðthe€victim.Ð öF ÐÌ144.€€Threats,€including€threats€of€harm€to€family€members,€were€mentioned€in€nearly€all€cases,€as€wereÐ Â Ðblows€to€various€parts€of€the€body,€including€the€ears,€with€fists,€police€weapons€or€truncheons,€eitherÐ ¨ø Ðat€the€time€of€detention€or€repeatedly€over€several€hours€or€even€days,€which€in€many€cases€leave€marks.€Ð ŽÞ ÐThere€are€also€frequent€reports€of€plastic€bags€being€placed€over€the€head€and€tightened€around€the€neckÐ tÄ Ðto€cause€a€sensation€of€asphyxiation,€sometimes€repeatedly,€and€of€water,€often€containing€irritants€suchÐ Zª Ðas€carbonic€acid€or€chilli€powder,€being€poured€into€the€mouth€and/or€nose€while€pressure€is€applied€toÐ @ Ðthe€victimððs€stomach.€€The€culprits€also€frequently€jump€on€their€victims€when€they€are€on€the€groundÐ &v Ðand€throttle€them€to€cause€a€feeling€of€asphyxiation.Ð  \ ÐÌòòRole€of€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€officialsóóÐ Ø( ÐÌ145.€€The€use€of€torture€by€the€judicial€police€is€closely€connected€with€the€way€in€which€publicÐ ¤ô Ðprosecutorsðð€offices€are€structured€and€run.€€Many€of€the€people€with€whom€Committee€members€spokeÐ Š Ú Ðsaid€that€there€was€definite€complicity€between€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€officials€and€the€judicialÐ p!À  Ðpolice€and€that€the€officials€were€not€only€aware€of€the€practices€in€question€but€in€some€cases€evenÐ V"¦! Ðwitnessed€torture€directly€or€indirectly€and€knew€it€had€been€or€was€being€practised€but€very€rarely€tookÐ <#Œ" Ðaction€against€those€responsible.€€Some€interviewees€also€noted€that,€from€an€administrative€point€ofÐ "$r# Ðview,€there€is€no€real€line€of€authority€between€public€prosecutors€and€police€chiefs,€which€makes€itÐ %X $ Ðdifficult€for€the€former€to€exercise€control€over€the€latter.Ð î%>!% ÐÌ146.€€Some€of€the€witnesses€interviewed€by€Committee€members€stated€that€a€Public€ProsecutorððsÐ º' #' ÐOffice€official€had€been€present€while€they€were€being€tortured;€or€that€the€official€did€not€place€theirÐ  (ð#( Ðpoor€physical€state€on€record;€or€that€they€had€not€told€the€official€that€they€had€been€tortured€for€fearÐ †)Ö$) Ðof€further€ill„treatment.€€Some€said€they€had€been€brought€before€the€Public€Prosecutor€by€the€policeÐ l*¼%* Ðin€order€to€make€a€statement;€as€they€refused€to€confess€to€the€offences€with€which€the€police€wereÐ R+¢&+ Ðcharging€them,€however,€the€prosecutor€had€returned€them€to€the€police,€who€had€continued€torturingÐ 8,ˆ', Ðthem€and€brought€them€back€once€they€had€been€forced€to€sign€incriminating€statements€prepared€byÐ -n(- Ðthe€police€which€they€were€supposed€simply€to€confirm.€€Others€stated€that€the€police€officers€who€hadÐ ° Ðtortured€them€were€present€when€they€made€their€statement€to€the€Public€Prosecutor.€€In€itsÐ –æ Ðrecommendation€9/2001,€the€National€Human€Rights€Commission€said€that€it€considered€the€publicÐ |Ì Ðprosecutor€to€have€violated€the€human€rights€of€Mr.Mateo€Ô_ÔHernndezÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBarajasÔ_Ô€for€not€having€taken€intoÐ b² Ðconsideration,€as€part€of€the€pre„trial€proceedings€against€Mr.€Ô_ÔHernndezÔ_Ô,€that€according€to€the€medicalÐ H˜ Ðreport€issued€by€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€physician€he€bore€a€number€of€injuries;€the€injuries,Ð . ~ Ðwhich€were€presumably€inflicted€on€him€by€Federal€judicial€police€officers€during€his€detention€andÐ  d Ðwhich€the€official€was€required€to€certify,€should€have€led€to€an€investigation.Ð ú J ÐÌòòRole€of€medical€expertsóóÐ Æ   ÐÌ147.€€The€medical€experts€assigned€to€public€attorneysðð€offices€do€not€appear€to€have€the€proper€attitudeÐ ’â  Ðas€far€as€prevention€or€certification€of€torture€is€concerned.€€While€some€interviewees€stated€that€theyÐ xÈ  Ðhad€been€tortured€after€being€examined€by€the€expert,€others€said€that€the€doctor€had€seen€the€marks€ofÐ ^®  Ðtorture€but€had€not€inquired€into€their€cause;€or€that€the€doctor€had€not€certified€them€in€writing€or€hadÐ D”  Ðnot€certified€them€properly;€or€that€they€had€not€said€they€had€been€tortured€for€fear€of€being€torturedÐ *z  Ðagain.Ð ` ÐÌ148.€€In€its€recommendation€14/2000,€the€National€Human€Rights€Commission€stated:€€ð ðThe€physicianÐ Ü, Ðattached€to€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€who€first€examined€the€complainant€did€not€report€to€hisÐ Â Ðsuperiors€the€irregularities€complained€of,€which€he€should€have€certified€so€that€an€investigation€wouldÐ ¨ø Ðbe€opened.ðð€€In€its€recommendation€9/2001,€the€National€Commission€found€that€the€physician€attachedÐ ŽÞ Ðto€the€Attorney„Generalððs€Office€in€Leð;ðn€Ô_ÔGuanajuatoÔ_Ô€had€violated€the€human€rights€of€a€detainee€byÐ tÄ Ðproducing€ambiguous€medical€reports€in€which€his€injuries€were€inadequately€described,€making€itÐ Zª Ðdifficult€to€establish€the€manner€or€time€in€which€they€had€been€produced,€and€by€failing€to€classify€theÐ @ Ðinjuries.Ð &v ÐÌ149.€€In€its€recommendation€19/2000,€the€National€Commission€noted:€ð ðOn€15€November€1998€subÐ òB Ðlieutenant€(ð8ð),€a€surgeon€assigned€to€the€Twenty„seventh€Military€Zone,€with€headquartersin€Plaza€deÐ Ø( ÐEl€Ô_ÔTicuÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔGuerreroÔ_Ô,€conducted€a€medical€examination€of€Mr.€Carlos€Montes€Ô_ÔVillaseorÔ_Ô.€€Far€fromÐ ¾ Ðmentioning€and€classifying€the€injuries€shown€by€Mr.€Montes€at€the€time,€the€medical€report€he€issuedÐ ¤ô Ðthat€day€stated€that€Mr.€Montes€displayed€no€visible€injuries.€€This€was€an€infringement€of€article€545Ð Š Ú Ðof€the€Code€of€Military€Justice,€which€states€that€experts€should€take€all€steps€within€their€power€toÐ p!À  Ðdetermine€the€circumstances€on€which€they€base€their€reports.€€This€is€a€serious€matter,€as€sub€lieutenantÐ V"¦! Ð(ð8ð)ððs€actions€prevented€the€competent€military€prosecuting€authority€from€investigating€possible€tortureÐ <#Œ" Ðby€members€of€the68thInfantry€Battalion€in€Pie€de€la€Ô_ÔCuestaÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔGuerreroÔ_Ô.ððÐ "$r# ÐÌ150.€€In€its€recommendation€3/2001,€the€Ô_ÔJaliscoÔ_Ô€Human€Rights€Commission€states:€€ð ðDr.€Ô_ÔP.G.V.Ô_Ô€testifiedÐ î%>!% Ðbefore€the€Commission€that€because€of€intimidation€by€police€investigators€while€he€was€examining€theÐ Ô&$"& Ðinjured€parties€he€was€not€able€to€perform€his€work€properly,€and€issued€medical€certificates€withoutÐ º' #' Ðduly€examining€the€detainees;€this€indicates€the€intimidating€effect€that€the€mere€presence€of€policeÐ  (ð#( Ðinvestigators€produces.ððÐ †)Ö$) ÐÌ151.€€Recommendation€5/2000€of€the€Office€of€the€Baja€California€State€Procurator€for€Human€RightsÐ R+¢&+ Ðand€Civic€Protection€cites€the€following€statement€from€a€detainee:€€ð ðBefore€being€photographed€by€theÐ 8,ˆ', Ðpress,€he€and€a€doctor€were€taken€to€the€second€floor€in€the€courthouse€area,€where€the€doctor€examinedÐ -n(- Ðhim.€€When€he€had€taken€off€his€clothes€and€the€doctor€began€to€examine€him€he€noticed€bruises€on€hisÐ ° Ðbody€and€asked€him€what€had€happened.€€As€police€officers€were€present€and€he€was€afraid,€he€repliedÐ –æ Ðthat€he€had€fallen.€€The€doctor€again€asked€him€what€had€happened€to€his€wrists,€and€he€replied€thatÐ |Ì Ðslight€pressure€had€been€applied€to€them;€in€the€end,€the€doctor€wrote€out€a€prescription€and€that€wasÐ b² Ðall.ððòò24óóÐ H˜ ÐÌ152.€€The€Committee€members€were€able€to€meet€with€medical€experts€attached€to€some€of€the€publicÐ  d Ðattorneysðð€offices€visited€and€to€consult€the€medical€certificates€in€the€files€of€many€of€the€detaineesÐ ú J Ðwhom€they€met.€€The€files€should€contain€certificates€from€the€pubic€attorneyððs€office€doctor€and€prisonÐ à 0 Ðdoctor.€€In€the€case€of€detainees€who€alleged€that€they€had€been€tortured€the€certificate€issued€by€theÐ Æ   Ðpublic€attorneyððs€office€doctor€was€at€times€missing€from€the€file,€on€other€occasions€mentioned€noÐ ¬ ü  Ðinjuries€whatsoever,€and€on€other,€rarer,€occasions,€gave€a€detailed€description€of€the€injuries.òò25óó€€In€theÐ ’â  Ðgreat€majority€of€cases,€the€file€included€the€certificate€issued€by€the€prison€doctor,€which€often€didÐ xÈ  Ðmention€injuries.€€In€no€case,€however,€were€the€causes€of€the€injuries€mentioned,€there€being€simplyÐ ^®  Ðan€indication€of€their€severity€in€terms€of€the€time€they€would€take€to€heal.€€Ð D”  ÐÌ153.€€Some€interviewees€mentioned€the€fact€that€many€medical€experts€lacked€training€in€torture-relatedÐ ` Ðissues,€especially€those€attached€to€public€attorneysðð€offices€and€those€in€rural€areas.€€Others€noted€theirÐ öF Ðlack€of€independence€from€the€police€or€public€attorney.€€Recommendation€5/2000,€Office€of€the€BajaÐ Ü, ÐCalifornia€State€Procurator€for€Human€Rights€and€Civic€Protection,€states:Ð Â ÐÌà0 á àð ðThese€medical€references€afford€stronger€grounds€for€affirming€that€Ô_ÔHctorÔ_ÔÔ_ÔAlejandroÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔGutirrezÔ_ÔÐ ŽÞ Ðand€Luis€Enrique€Medina€Castillo€were€subjected€to€treatment€that€qualifies€as€torture,€and€that,Ð tÄ Ðdespite€the€denials€by€public€prosecutorððs€office€officials€and€the€fact€that€Dr.€Ô_ÔAurelioÔ_Ô€RojasÐ Zª ÐNavarro€of€the€State€Attorney-Generalððs€Office€Expert€Services,€did€not€record€the€injuriesÐ @ Ðdescribed€at€length€above,€this€is€due€to€the€way€detainees€are€handled:€€although€they€are€placedÐ &v Ðat€the€disposal€of€the€public€prosecutor€or€taken€to€a€medical€expert€for€a€certificate€to€be€issued,Ð  \ Ðin€practice€they€remain€under€the€control€and€supervision€of,€and€subject€to€pressure€from,€theÐ òB Ðofficers€who€apprehended€them.ððòò26óóÐØ(á%á% ÐÌ154.€€The€Committee€members€consider€this€situation€to€be€unsatisfactory€and€believe€that€a€differentÐ ¤ô Ðmodel€to€the€one€now€used€for€medical€reports€should€be€adopted€as€a€matter€of€urgency.€€They€areÐ Š Ú Ðfavourable€to€the€proposal€of€the€International€Rehabilitation€Council€for€Torture€Victims€(Ô_ÔIRCTÔ_Ô)€in€theÐ p!À  Ðframework€of€the€Technical€Cooperation€Programme€between€the€Office€of€the€United€Nations€HighÐ V"¦! ÐCommissioner€for€Human€Rights€and€the€Government€of€Mexico.€€According€to€the€proposal,€twoÐ <#Œ" Ðstandard,€binding€report€models€should€be€adopted:€€one€for€check„ups€performed€during€a€tortureÐ "$r# Ðinvestigation,€the€other€for€use€in€routine€medical€examinations.€€The€latter€model€should€be€usedÐ %X $ Ðwhenever€a€person,€whether€imprisoned,€detained€or€at€large€is€found,€on€being€examined€by€a€doctor,Ð î%>!% Ðto€display€objective€signs,€unaccounted€for€by€his€or€her€medical€record,€of€torture€or€ill„treatmentÐ Ô&$"& Ðwarranting€notification€to€the€investigating€authorities€and,€where€appropriate,€the€issuance€of€a€report.Ð º' #' ÐÌ155.€€Article€20€of€the€Constitution€stipulates€that€a€confession€made€before€any€authority€other€thanÐ †)Ö$) Ðthe€Public€Prosecutor€or€a€judge,€or€made€before€them€but€without€defence€counsel€present,€shall€haveÐ l*¼%* Ðno€Ô_ÔevidentiaryÔ_Ô€value.€€In€theory,€the€presence€of€the€defence€counsel€or€other€ð ðtrusted€individualðð€isÐ R+¢&+ Ðsufficient€means€of€preventing€torture.€€In€practice,€however,€it€is€not€effective€in€the€majority€of€cases.€Ð 8,ˆ', ÐCounsel€is€present€only€during€the€accusedððs€statement€to€the€public€prosecutor,€at€which€time,€as€weÐ -n(- Ðhave€seen,€many€detainees€are€afraid€to€say€they€have€been€tortured.€€In€addition,€in€a€great€many€casesÐ ° Ðlawyers€are€appointed€by€the€court;€the€detainees€do€not€know€or€trust€them€and€do€not€understand€theirÐ –æ Ðrole,€are€not€allowed€to€meet€with€them€in€private,€and€in€many€cases€never€see€them€again.Ð |Ì ÐÌ156.€€Many€interviewees€told€the€Committee€members€that€the€system€of€court„appointed€defenceÐ H˜ Ðcounsel€was€inadequate€and,€in€addition,€did€not€exist€in€every€public€prosecutorððs€office€throughout€theÐ . ~ Ðcountry,€as€it€was€supposed€to.Ð  d ÐÌ157.€€Federal€District€Human€Rights€Commission€recommendation€4/2000€of€5€April€2000€cites€aÐ à 0 Ðdocument€issued€by€the€Legal€Services€Department€of€the€Federal€District,€which€states:€ð ðThe€serviceÐ Æ   Ðprovided€by€the€Federal€District€system€of€court„appointed€defence€counsel€does€not€meet€minimumÐ ¬ ü  Ðquality€requirements€due€to€the€insufficient€number€of€staff€(ð8ð).€€In€particular,€33€public€defenders,€i.e.Ð ’â  Ð11€for€each€of€the€three€shifts,€cover€74€public€attorneyððs€office€investigations€bureaux,€11€departmentsÐ xÈ  Ðand€36€courts.€€In€practical€terms€this€means€that€each€defender€is€responsible€for€at€least€eightÐ ^®  Ðinvestigations€bureaux€and€defends€an€average€of€nine€people€per€day.ððòò27óóÐ D”  ÐÌ158.€€The€President€of€the€Oaxaca€High€Court€said€that€the€system€of€court„appointed€defence€counselÐ ` Ðwas€very€poor,€that€in€many€cases€the€defendants€did€not€see€their€counsel€after€their€initial€statement,Ð öF Ðwhich€hampered€counsel€in€producing€evidence€in€their€favour.€€The€President€of€the€Ô_ÔGuerreroÔ_Ô€HighÐ Ü, ÐCourt€spoke€in€similar€terms,€noting€that€court„appointed€counsel€played€no€more€than€a€passive€role.Ð Â ÐHowever,€the€Ô_ÔGuerreroÔ_Ô€State€Attorney€said€that€the€professional€skills€of€the€court„appointed€counselÐ ¨ø Ðhad€improved,€since€they€were€now€required€to€hold€law€degrees,€and€that€their€numbers€had€increased.Ð ŽÞ ÐÌ159.€€The€Director€of€the€Federal€Public€Defence€Institute,€who€was€present€when€the€members€met€theÐ Zª ÐPresident€and€judges€of€the€Supreme€Court,€said€that€the€number€and€quality€of€the€Instituteððs€defenceÐ @ Ðlawyers€had€improved€considerably€since€the€adoption€of€the€Federal€Public€Defenders€Act€in€1998.€Ð &v ÐThe€services€of€the€Instituteððs€defenders€were€available€to€all€theinvestigation€bureaux€of€the€FederalÐ  \ ÐPublic€Prosecutorððs€Office,€district€courts€and€single-magistrate€courts€which€dealt€with€FederalÐ òB Ðcriminal€matters.Ð Ø( ÐÌ2.€€òòResponsibility€of€the€Army€in€cases€of€tortureóóÐ ¤ô ÐÌ160.€€Responsibility€for€torture€has€also€in€some€cases€been€attributed€to€the€Army,€acting€alone€or€inÐ p!À  Ðjoint€operations€with€other€forces.€In€accordance€with€article€16€of€the€Constitution,€the€Army€does€notÐ V"¦! Ðhave€the€power€to€detain€or€question€suspects,€and€anyone€it€detains€inòò€flagrante€delictoóó€or€during€a€jointÐ <#Œ" Ðoperation€must€immediately€be€placed€at€the€disposal€of€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office.€€This€provision,Ð "$r# Ðhowever,€is€not€always€observed.€In€its€recommendation8/2000€the€National€Human€RightsÐ %X $ ÐCommission€stated€that€members€of€the€Fortieth€Infantry€Battalion,€Thirty„fifth€Military€Zone,€whoÐ î%>!% Ðwere€responsible€for€detaining€Rodolfo€Ô_ÔMontielÔ_Ô€Flores€and€Teodoro€Cabrera€Ô_ÔGarcaÔ_Ô€on€2€May€1999,Ð Ô&$"& Ðviolated€the€principle€of€legality€and€the€right€to€liberty€of€the€individuals€concerned€by€keeping€themÐ º' #' Ðin€their€custody,€without€cause,€for€two€and€a€half€days€before€bringing€them€before€the€PublicÐ  (ð#( ÐProsecutor.€€Mr.€Ô_ÔMontielÔ_Ô€and€Mr.€Cabrera€alleged€that€they€had€been€tortured€during€that€period,€andÐ †)Ö$) Ðthe€Commission€accepted€those€allegations€as€true.€Ð l*¼%* ÐÌ161.€€The€National€Commission€also€stated€the€following,€in€its€recommendation€19/2000:€€ð ðIt€is€aÐ 8,ˆ', Ðserious€matter€that,€before€bringing€Mr.€Carlos€Montes€Ô_ÔVillaseorÔ_Ô€before€the€official€of€the€FederalÐ -n(- ÐPublic€Prosecutorððs€Office€attached€to€the€El€Ô_ÔParasoÔ_Ô€Joint€Operations€Base€in€Ô_ÔGuerreroÔ_Ô,€the€membersÐ ° Ðof€the€Mexican€Army€who€detained€him€allegedly€used€inhuman€or€degrading€treatment€on€him€and€alsoÐ –æ Ðsubjected€him€to€psychological€pressure€aimed€at€forcing€him€to€confess€to€participating€in€the€offencesÐ |Ì Ðwith€which€he€was€charged.€€By€depriving€him,€for€approximately€45€hours,€of€his€liberty€and€sense€ofÐ b² Ðsight,€by€tightly€blindfolding€his€eyes€and€tying€his€hands,€to€force€him€to€admit€membership€of€theÐ H˜ Ðgroup€called€ððÔ_ÔEjrcitoÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔRevolucionarioÔ_Ô€Popular€Ô_ÔInsurgenteÔ_Ôðð,€they€were€responsible€for€an€injury€to€hisÐ . ~ Ðnose€area€and€swelling€of€his€right€wrist.ðð€€In€its€recommendation€20/2000,€the€National€CommissionÐ  d Ðconsidered€the€Army€to€have€infringed€article€16€of€the€Constitution€in€conducting€a€raid€in€the€Ô_ÔMixtecaÔ_ÔÐ ú J Ðindigenous€community€of€El€Ô_ÔCharcoÔ_Ô,€municipality€of€Ô_ÔAyutlaÔ_Ô€de€los€Ô_ÔLibresÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔGuerreroÔ_Ô€on€7€June€1998,Ð à 0 Ðbecause€it€did€not€immediately€bring€the€detainees€caught€in€òòflagrante€delictoóó€before€the€competentÐ Æ   Ðauthority€who,€furthermore,€was€at€the€scene.Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌ3.€€òòTorture€in€the€framework€of€crime€preventionóóÐ xÈ  ÐÌ162.€€When€police€patrols€and€municipal€police€officers€conduct€detentions€as€part€of€their€public€orderÐ D”  Ðand€crime€prevention€activities€or€in€cases€of€flagrante€delicto€they€frequently€beat€and€threatenÐ *z  Ðdetainees,€whether€they€resist€or€not,€before€bringing€them€before€the€competent€authority,€which€isÐ ` Ðnormally€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office.€€Such€treatment€is€chiefly€inflicted€with€punishment€orÐ öF Ðintimidation€in€mind.€€Most€such€cases,€however,€are€regarded€as€cruel€treatment€rather€than€torture.€Ð Ü, ÐMany€recommendations€by€the€State€and€national€human€rights€commissions€refer€to€cases€of€this€type,Ð Â Ðwhich€are€frequently€classified€as€ð ðexcessive€use€of€forceðð,€ð ðabuse€of€authorityðð,€or€simply€ð ðbodilyÐ ¨ø Ðinjuryðð.€€As€already€stated€with€regard€to€the€Ô_ÔTamaulipasÔ_Ô€Human€Rights€Commission,òò28óó€the€CommitteeÐ ŽÞ Ðmembers€consider€that€many€such€cases€might€constitute€torture€as€defined€in€article€1€of€theÐ tÄ ÐConvention.Ð Zª ÐÌ163.€€The€Ô_ÔTamaulipasÔ_Ô€Human€Rights€Commission€stated€the€following€in€its€annual€report€for€1999:€Ð &v Ðð ðAs€far€as€police€officers€on€patrol€are€concerned,€arbitrary€detentions€continue€to€be€common€practice,Ð  \ Ðgenerally€accompanied€by€harassment,€insults,€blows€or€threats.€Alleged€offenders€may€exposeÐ òB Ðthemselves€to€such€unlawful€treatment€simply€by€asking€on€what€grounds€they€are€being€detained.ððòò29óó€Ð Ø( ÐÌ164.€€The€Director€of€Public€Security€of€the€Federal€District€told€the€Committee€members€that€theÐ ¤ô ÐFederal€District€Human€Rights€Commission€had€transmitted€to€it€23€complaints€of€abuse€of€authorityÐ Š Ú Ðand€injury€for€investigation€and€action€since€the€beginning€of€the€year.€The€Committee€members€wereÐ p!À  Ðprovided€with€copies€of€the€complaints.€Following€are€some€examples:Ð V"¦! ÐÌà0 á àð ðOn€7€February€2001€the€petitioner€lodged€a€complaint€against€the€members€of€Department€ofÐ "$r# ÐPublic€Security€patrol€No.€02087€for€abuse€of€authority,€theft,€etc.,€stating€that€one€of€them€usedÐ %X $ Ða€pole€to€force€him€out€of€the€taxi€which€he€was€driving€and€struck€him€in€the€right€ear,€knockingÐ î%>!% Ðhim€to€the€ground€and€breaking€his€glasses,€and€that€when€a€wallet€containing€$370€fell€out€ofÐ Ô&$"& Ðhis€shirt€pocket€the€police€officer€took€the€money;€once€he€was€on€the€ground€the€police€officerÐ º' #' Ðkicked€him€twice€in€the€testicles€and€twice€in€the€abdomen.ððР(ð#(á%á% ÐÌà0 á àð ðOn€14€May€2001,€at€approximately€2.30€p.m.,€he€was€in€his€shop€in€the€Ô_ÔIztapalapaÔ_Ô€municipalÐ l*¼%* Ðdistrict,€accompanied€by€his€brother€[Ô_ÔR.M.C.Ô_Ô],€who€was€inside€the€shop€drinking€a€beer,€whenÐ R+¢&+ Ðthree€police€officers€from€the€Federal€District€Department€of€Public€Security€arrived€and,Ð 8,ˆ', Ðabusing€their€authority,€beat€and€kicked€his€brother,€forced€him€into€patrol€car€No.€27042€andÐ -n(- Ðtook€him€off€to€places€unknown.€€When€he€tried€to€intervene€to€prevent€the€detention€he€himselfÐ ° Ðwas€threatened€with€bodily€injury€by€the€police.€€At€about€11.30€p.m.€that€day€he€received€aÐ –æ Ðtelephone€call€from€someone€claiming€to€be€a€Red€Cross€paramedic,€who€told€him€that€hisÐ |Ì Ðbrother€was€at€the€corner€outside€the€44th€Investigation€Bureau€(...);€going€there,€he€found€hisÐ b² Ðbrother€beaten€and€bleeding.€€His€brother€was€transferred€to€the€Red€Cross€offices€in€Ô_ÔPolancoÔ_Ô,Ð H˜ Ðwhere€he€currently€remains,€having€sustained€several€fractured€ribs,€a€collapsed€lung€and€severalÐ . ~ Ðinternal€haemorrhages;€his€condition€is€listed€as€serious.€€His€brother€told€him€that€after€pickingÐ  d Ðhim€up,€the€police€patrol€went€on€beating€him€and€took€him€to€a€dark€room€in€the€44òòthóóÐ ú J ÐInvestigation€Bureau,€where€they€again€beat€him,€but€flung€him€outside€at€the€corner€when€theyÐ à 0 Ðsaw€he€was€having€difficulty€in€breathing€and€was€about€to€faint.ððÐÆ  á%á% ÐÌ4.€€òòTorture€in€prisonóóÐ ’â  ÐÌ165.€€The€third€context€in€which€torture€is€used€is€that€of€punishment€in€prison.€€For€example,Ð ^®  ÐCommittee€members€received€information€about€treatment€meted€out€to€inmates€of€the€Nuevo€Leð;ðnÐ D”  ÐState€Ô_ÔCERESOÔ_Ô,€which€resulted€in€National€Human€Rights€Commission€recommendation€42/99.€€AmongÐ *z  Ðits€comments€the€Commission€stated€the€following:€Ð ` ÐÌà0 á àð ðDuring€the€inspection€of€the€Nuevo€Leð;ðn€social€rehabilitation€centre€on€17€and€18March€1999,Ð Ü, Ðseveral€inmates€complained€(ð8ð)€of€beatings€and€ill„treatment€on€the€part€of€security€andÐ Â Ðcustodial€staff€(ð8ð).€€They€also€said€that€the€centreððs€Director€(ð8ð)€had€beaten€them€on€severalÐ ¨ø Ðoccasions€or€allowed€security€staff€to€do€so.€ÐŽÞá%á% ÐÌà0 á àð ðApproximately€50€inmates€made€such€complaints€and€the€accounts€they€provided€were€clear,Ð Zª Ðaccurate€and€consistent.€It€should€be€borne€in€mind€that€the€complaints€were€made€despiteÐ @ Ðconstant€close€supervision€by€security€staff€and€the€fact€that€all€the€inspectorsðð€activities€wereÐ &v Ðbeing€photographed€and€filmed,€which€prevented€them€from€speaking€confidentially€with€theÐ  \ Ðinmates€and€interviewing€a€greater€number€of€them.€ÐòBá%á% ÐÌà0 á àð ðThe€beatings€and€ill„treatment€the€inmates€received€consisted€of€ð ðclapsðð€over€the€ears,Ð ¾ Ðdamaging€their€eardrums,€and€kicks€and€blows€to€various€parts€of€their€bodies;€being€undressedÐ ¤ô Ðand€kept€in€a€freezing,€air„conditioned€room€for€days€at€a€time;€being€handcuffed€for€days€at€aÐ Š Ú Ðtime,€sometimes€just€the€hands,€at€others€both€hands€and€feet,€so€that€they€had€to€eat€out€of€aÐ p!À  Ðreceptacle€on€the€floor€using€their€tongues€alone€and€perform€their€bodily€functions€in€the€sameÐ V"¦! Ðplace€(ð8ð).Ð<#Œ"á%á% ÐÌà0 á àð ðIt€may€be€concluded€from€the€foregoing€(ð8ð)€based€on€an€assessment€of€all€the€evidenceÐ %X $ Ðgathered,€that€the€inmates€of€the€Nuevo€Leð;ðn€social€rehabilitation€centre,€located€in€Ô_ÔApodacaÔ_Ô,Ð î%>!% ÐState€of€Nuevo€Leð;ðn,€are€beaten,€ill„treated€and€tortured€by€public€servants€working€in€thatÐ Ô&$"& Ðestablishment.ððÐ º' #'á%á% ÐV.€€òòLEGAL€MECHANISMS€OFFERING€PROTECTION€AGAINST€TORTURE,€AND€HOW€THEYÐ ° ÐOPERATEóóÐ –æ ÐÌ166.€€Since€its€second€session,€in€April€1989,€the€Committee€has€considered€four€reports€in€which€theÐ b² ÐState€party€has€detailed€the€many€constitutional,€legal€and€administrative€provisions€it€has€passed€toÐ H˜ Ðdiscourage€torture€and€cruel,€inhuman€and€degrading€treatment€and€to€punish€any€public€servants€thatÐ . ~ Ðmay€engage€in€them.òò30óóÐ  d ÐÌ167.€€During€the€period€between€then€and€the€inquiry€that€is€the€subject€of€this€report,€the€CommitteeÐ à 0 Ðhas€received€from€reliable€sources€accounts€of€widespread€torture€and€cruel,€inhuman€and€degradingÐ Æ   Ðtreatment€inflicted€on€individuals€deprived€of€their€liberty,€especially€during€the€initial€stages€of€judicialÐ ¬ ü  Ðinvestigations.€€When€considering€its€periodic€reports,€the€Committee€has€pointed€out€to€the€State€partyÐ ’â  Ðthe€contrast€between€its€legislation€and€the€actual€state€of€affairs€related€in€those€accounts.Ð xÈ  ÐÌ168.€€In€the€conclusions€and€recommendations€it€put€forward€on€finishing€its€consideration€of€the€secondÐ D”  Ðreport,€the€Committee€voiced€ð ðdeep€concern€that,€according€even€to€the€official€sources,€an€extremelyÐ *z  Ðlarge€number€of€acts€of€torture€of€all€kinds€were€perpetrated€[ð8ð]€despite€the€existence€of€a€legal€andÐ ` Ðadministrative€structure€designed€to€prevent€and€punish€themðð.òò31óóÐ öF ÐÌ169.€€On€concluding€its€consideration€of€the€third€periodic€report,€it€mentioned€as€a€matter€of€concern€Ð  Ðthat€it€had€ð ðreceived€abundant€reliable€information€stating€that,€despite€the€legal€and€administrativeÐ ¨ø Ðmeasures€the€Government€has€taken€to€eradicate€torture€[...]€torture€continues€to€be€systematicallyÐ ŽÞ Ðpractised€in€Mexico,€particularly€by€the€Federal€and€local€judicial€police€and,€recently,€by€members€ofÐ tÄ Ðthe€armed€forces€on€the€pretext€of€Ô_ÔcombatingÔ_Ô€subversives.€€The€Committee€notes€with€concern€the€wideÐ Zª Ðgap€between€the€extensive€legal€and€administrative€framework€established€in€order€to€put€an€end€toÐ @ Ðtorture€and€cruel,€inhuman€and€degrading€treatment€and€the€actual€situation€as€revealed€in€theÐ &v Ðinformation€receivedðð.òò32óóÐ  \ ÐÌ170.€€The€information€on€accusations€of€torture€amassed€during€the€inquiry€and€the€Committeeððs€visitÐ Ø( Ðto€Mexico,€legal€reports€and€studies€from€international€bodies,òò33óó€national€and€international€non„Ð ¾ Ðgovernmental€organizations,€and€the€views€conveyed,€directly€and€in€person,€to€members€of€theÐ ¤ô ÐCommittee€by€the€State€authorities€and€lawyers€active€in€the€promotion,€defence€and€protection€ofÐ Š Ú Ðhuman€rights,€all€serve€to€confirm€what€the€Committee€had€said€on€those€previous€occasions€andÐ p!À  Ðhighlight€defects€or€shortcomings€which€explain€in€part€the€contrast€between€the€legal€andÐ V"¦! Ðadministrative€provisions€in€Mexico€and€the€actual€state€of€affairs.Ð <#Œ" ÐÌA.€€òòThe€prohibition€of€torture€in€Mexican€legislationóóÐ %X $ ÐÌ171.€€Article€22€of€the€Political€Constitution€prohibits€any€kind€of€cruel,€inhuman€or€degradingÐ Ô&$"& Ðpunishment€and€torment€of€any€sort.€Although,€since€it€was€promulgated€in€1917,€it€does€not€referÐ º' #' Ðspecifically€to€banning€torture,€this€is€to€be€understood€within€the€term€ð ðtormentðð.Ð  (ð#( ÐÌ172.€€The€Federal€Act€to€Prevent€and€Punish€Torture€promulgated€in€June€1986,€superseded€by€a€furtherÐ l*¼%* ÐAct€of€the€same€name€which€entered€into€force€in€December€1991,€defines€torture€as€a€criminal€offenceÐ R+¢&+ Ðin€article€3.òò34óóÐ 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- Ð173.€€This€Act,€which€applies€throughout€the€country€in€respect€of€Federal€offences€and€in€the€FederalÐ ° ÐDistrict€in€respect€of€non„Federal€offences,€has€counterparts€as€regards€non„Federal€offences€in€13Ð –æ ÐMexican€States€which€have€passed€special€laws€for€the€purpose.€€In€11€others€torture€is€rated€as€aÐ |Ì Ðcriminal€offence€and€punishable€under€the€Penal€Code€or€similar€legal€provisions.òò35óóÐ b² ÐÌ174.€€Mexico€ratified€the€Convention€against€Torture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€TreatmentÐ . ~ Ðor€Punishment€on€23€January€1986,€and€the€Inter„American€Convention€to€Prevent€and€Punish€TortureÐ  d Ðon€22€June€1987.òò36óó€€By€virtue€of€article€133€of€the€Constitution,€as€indicated€in€the€Stateððs€initial€report,Ð ú J Ðboth€conventions€have,€since€ratification,€represented€the€ð ðSupreme€Law€of€the€Unionððòò37óó€and€must€beÐ à 0 Ðapplied€and€serve€as€the€basis€for€any€legal€action.€€The€courts€in€each€constituent€State€must€apply€bothÐ Æ   Ðconventions€ð ðany€provisions€to€the€contrary€in€the€Constitutions€or€laws€of€the€States€notwithstandingðð.Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌB.€€òòThe€general€rule€requiring€a€court€order€before€detention,€and€exceptions€to€itóóÐ xÈ  ÐÌ175.€€Article€16€of€the€Constitution€lays€down€the€general€rule€that€there€must€be€an€order€from€aÐ D”  Ðjudicial€authority€before€anyone€may€be€detained,€but€allows€two€important€exceptions€whichÐ *z  Ðparticularly€affect€the€incidence€of€torture.Ð ` ÐÌ176.€€The€first€is€cases€of€òòflagrante€delictoóó,€in€which€anybody€may€detain€the€suspect€(òòÔ_ÔindiciadoÔ_Ôóó)òò38óó€andÐ Ü, Ðturn€him€over€without€delay€to€the€nearest€authorities,€who€must€turn€him€over€just€as€promptly€to€theÐ Â ÐPublic€Prosecutor.€€The€second€relates€to€ð ðpressing€casesðð€involving€serious€crimes€as€defined€by€lawÐ ¨ø Ðwhere€there€is€a€serious€risk€that€the€suspect€may€evade€justice,€whenever€time,€place€or€circumstanceÐ ŽÞ Ðmakes€it€impossible€to€apply€to€the€judicial€authorities:€€in€this€event€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€office€isÐ tÄ Ðempowered€to€order€the€detention€of€the€suspect€on€its€own€authority,€stating€what€evidence€promptedÐ Zª Ðit€to€do€so.Ð @ ÐÌ177.€€Most€national€legislation€allows€for€detention€without€a€previous€court€order€in€cases€of€òòflagranteÐ  \ Ðdelictoóó.€€However,€Mexican€legislation€defines€flagrante€delicto€as€having€a€scope€that€exceeds€itsÐ òB Ðnatural€and€obvious€meaning.€€Article€193€of€the€Federal€Code€of€Criminal€Procedure€covers€fiveÐ Ø( Ðpossible€cases€of€òòflagrante€delictoóó.€€The€first€two€correspond€to€what€is€found€in€most€bodies€ofÐ ¾ Ðlegislation€and€are€in€keeping€with€the€doctrinal€definition€of€the€circumstance:€when€the€accused€isÐ ¤ô Ðsurprised€in€the€act€of€committing€an€offence€or€is€pursued€and€caught€immediately€after€having€doneÐ Š Ú Ðso,€and€thereupon€detained.Ð p!À  ÐÌ178.€€The€other€three€possible€cases€of€òòflagrante€delictoóó€allow€the€accused€to€be€apprehended€ifÐ <#Œ" Ðidentified€as€the€culprit€by€the€victim,€another€witness€at€the€scene€or€a€fellow€perpetrator;€if€the€object,Ð "$r# Ðinstrument€or€proceeds€of€a€crime€are€found€in€his€possession;€or€if€clues€or€evidence€are€found€that€giveÐ %X $ Ðreason€to€suppose€that€he€was€involved€in€the€illegal€occurrence€under€investigation.€€These€latter€casesÐ î%>!% Ðare€contingent€on€the€offenceððs€being€legally€categorized€as€a€serious€one,€on€the€Public€ProsecutorððsÐ Ô&$"& ÐOfficeððs€having€already€launched€the€appropriate€preliminary€investigation,€on€the€offenceððs€havingÐ º' #' Ðbeen€followed€up€without€interruption€and€on€no€more€than€48€hours€having€elapsed€since€the€offenceÐ  (ð#( Ðwas€committed.€€These€are€less€stringent€requirements€than€those€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€mustÐ †)Ö$) Ðmeet€in€order€to€obtain€an€arrest€warrant€from€the€courts.òò39óó€€This€is€especially€apparent€when€evidenceÐ l*¼%* Ðof€involvement€comes€to€light€48€hours€after€the€offence€was€committed€(72€hours€in€the€FederalÐ R+¢&+ ÐDistrict,€where€the€Code€of€Criminal€Procedure€allows€this€long€for€arrests€based€on€clues€or€testimony).€Ð 8,ˆ', ÐIf€the€grounds€advanced€for€detention€consist€in€suspected€involvement€in€organized€crime€the€deadlinesÐ -n(- Ðare€doubled€even€if,€ultimately,€the€accused€is€charged€upon€indictment€with€a€common€offence.€€Ð ° ÐÌ179.€€As€regards€the€authorization€of€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€to€waive€the€court€order€in€pressingÐ |Ì Ðcases,€the€Committee€members€were€told€that€the€requirement€that€time,€place€or€circumstance€shouldÐ b² Ðmake€it€impossible€to€apply€to€the€judicial€authorities€is€easily€met€by€recording€the€detention€as€havingÐ H˜ Ðtaken€place€after€the€courts€have€stopped€work.€€Ð . ~ ÐÌC.€€òòTime€limits€on€detention€at€police€and€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€premisesóóÐ ú J ÐÌ180.€€When€an€individual€is€detained€under€a€court€order,€the€authority€executing€the€order€must€placeÐ Æ   Ðthe€individual€at€the€disposal€of€the€judge€who€issued€the€order€ð ðforthwithðð,€as€article16,€thirdÐ ¬ ü  Ðparagraph,€of€the€Constitution€requires.€€However,€in€the€cases€of€òòflagrante€delictoóó€and€pressing€casesÐ ’â  Ðreferred€to€above,€in€which€a€court€order€is€not€required,€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€is€empoweredÐ xÈ  Ðto€detain€the€suspect€in€its€own€or€police€custody€for€up€to€48€hours.Ð ^®  ÐÌ181.€Given€the€scope€of€these€two€exceptions,€as€described€above,€the€way€they€are€applied€is€virtuallyÐ *z  Ðas€important€as€the€general€rule,€if€not€more€so.€€According€to€the€Office€of€the€Attorney„General€of€theÐ ` ÐRepublic,òò40óó€a€total€of€30,751€individuals€were€brought€before€the€courts€in€1998;€of€these,€16,754Ð öF Ðsuspects€(54€per€cent)€were€not€being€detained€at€the€time,€while€13,997€(46€per€cent)€were€already€inÐ Ü, Ðdetention.€€These€latter€individuals€must€necessarily€have€been€detained€under€the€exceptional€powerÐ Â Ðto€detain€without€a€prior€warrant€on€grounds€of€flagrante€delicto€or€in€pressing€cases.€€Ð ¨ø ÐÌ182.€€According€to€information€acquired€during€the€Committeeððs€visit€to€Mexico,€in€over€51€per€centÐ tÄ Ðof€the€cases€(7,045)€sent€for€trial€by€the€Federal€District€Public€Attorneyððs€Office€in€1999€the€suspectsÐ Zª Ðwere€already€being€held€in€detention,€while€in€49€per€cent€(6,646€cases)€they€were€not.€€Ð @ ÐÌ183.€€In€practice,€the€ability€of€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€to€waive€the€requirement€of€a€court€orderÐ  \ Ðbefore€effecting€an€arrest€gives€it€and€the€judicial€police€discretionary€powers€to€order€and€carry€outÐ òB Ðarrests€and€describe€the€evidence€available€as€sufficient€for€detaining€an€individual€for€up€to€48€hours€„Ð Ø( Ð72€hours€in€the€Federal€District€„€after€the€crime€of€which€he€is€suspected,€or€for€twice€as€long€if€theyÐ ¾ Ðclaim€that€they€suspect€him€of€involvement€in€organized€crime.Ð ¤ô ÐÌ184.à á àThe€statement€made€by€the€Ô_ÔJaliscoÔ_Ô€State€Human€Rights€Commission€in€its€recommendationÐ p!À  Ð4/2000€is€revealing€in€this€context:€€ð ðThe€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€must€start€moving€towards€anÐ V"¦! Ðaccusatory€system€and€away€from€the€system€of€inquisitorial€initial€investigations.€€Although€our€currentÐ <#Œ" Ðsystem€of€criminal€justice€assigns€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€functions€similar€to€those€of€the€courtÐ "$r# Ðat€the€initial€investigation€stage,€the€system€can€be€improved.€€A€first€step€would€be€to€ensure€that€theÐ %X $ Ðlegal€guarantees€for€individuals€are€respected€and€upheld;€we€must€not€permit€investigations€to€beÐ î%>!% Ðlaunched€without€guaranteeing€the€freedom€of€person€and€movement€laid€down€in€our€basic€texts€andÐ Ô&$"& Ðdetentions€[should€be€permitted€to]€occur€only€subject€to€legal€considerations.ððòò41óóÐ º' #' ÐÌÐ  †)Ö$) ÐD.à á àòòLack€of€judicial€supervision€while€a€detainee€is€being€held€by€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€OfficeóóÐ ° ÐÌ185.€€During€the€extended€periods€available€to€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€before€producing€aÐ |Ì Ðdetainee€before€the€appropriate€court,€there€is€no€judicial€mechanism€to€check€on€the€detaineeððsÐ b² Ðsituation.€€When€they€expire,€the€Office€can€order€the€detaineeððs€release€or€place€him€at€the€courtððsÐ H˜ Ðdisposal.€€In€the€former€case€there€will€be€no€judicial€checks€at€all,€either€on€whether€the€detention€wasÐ . ~ Ðlegal€or€on€how€the€detainee€was€treated,€unless€the€detainee€brings€a€separate€action€for€arbitraryÐ  d Ðdetention€or€for€duress€or€torture€against€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€or€the€judicial€police.Ð ú J ÐÌ186.€€It€is€precisely€when€they€are€being€held€on€police€or€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€premises€thatÐ Æ   Ðaccused€persons€are€most€vulnerable€to€abuse.€€According€to€the€reports€of€torture€looked€into€duringÐ ¬ ü  Ðthe€inquiry€and€the€visit€to€the€State,€the€highest€incidence€of€torture€occurred€during€the€period€betweenÐ ’â  Ðdetention€and€committal€for€trial.€€This€is€when€judicial€checks€on€the€legality€of€detention€and€theÐ xÈ  Ðtreatment€of€detainees€are€most€needed.€€The€lack€of€such€checks€inclines€the€police€and€publicÐ ^®  Ðprosecutors€in€favour€of€a€procedure€which€frees€them€for€a€considerable€while€from€outsideÐ D”  Ðinterference€and€restrictions€that€might€hinder€their€accumulation€of€evidence€to€support€committal€forÐ *z  Ðtrial.Ð ` ÐÌE.€€òòObligation€to€register€every€detaineeóóÐ Ü, ÐÌ187.€€Article€128€of€the€Federal€Code€of€Criminal€Procedure€requires€every€detainee€to€be€registeredÐ ¨ø Ðalong€with€the€date,€time€and€place€of€his€detention.€€The€record€must€also€give€details€of€who€orderedÐ ŽÞ Ðand€effected€the€detention.€€The€Federal€District€Code€of€Criminal€Procedure€requires€the€same€details.€Ð tÄ ÐThis€requirement,€however,€is€often€not€faithfully€complied€with.€€The€commonest€breach€consists€inÐ Zª Ðpost-dating€the€detention€to€cover€up€glaring€delays€in€bringing€detainees€before€the€judicial€authorities.€Ð @ ÐThere€have€been€cases€in€which€an€individual€has€been€held€for€hours€or€even€days€by€the€officials€whoÐ &v Ðdetained€him€before€being€registered€and€handed€over€to€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office.òò42óóÐ  \ ÐÌ188.€€On€their€visit€to€the€country€the€Committee€members€met€a€detainee€whose€date€and€time€ofÐ Ø( Ðdetention€had€not€only€been€post„dated€but€whose€case€file€even€indicated€that€he€had€been€detained€inÐ ¾ Ða€different€State,€far€from€the€one€where€he€said€he€had€been€detained.€€The€records€sometimes€omit€theÐ ¤ô Ðdetails€of€the€arresting€officers.€€Quite€often,€in€cases€where€an€accused€has€challenged€a€confession€asÐ Š Ú Ðhaving€been€forced€from€him€under€torture,€the€initial€investigation€has€foundered€because€those€whoÐ p!À  Ðmight€have€been€responsible€cannot€be€identified.Ð V"¦! ÐÌ189.€€At€the€various€places€they€visited€the€Committee€members€were€generally€told€that€the€registrationÐ "$r# Ðprocedures€for€detainees€were€informal€and€inconsistent,€a€situation€aggravated€by€the€absence€ofÐ %X $ Ðprocedures€requiring€judicial€checks€on€detention€centres.€€According€to€these€€accounts,€cases€in€whichÐ î%>!% Ðthe€judicial€police€held€individuals€for€periods€long€beyond€what€was€legally€allowed€wereÐ Ô&$"& Ðcommonplace.€€Unregistered€detainees€are€all€the€more€vulnerable€and€susceptible€to€abuse€and€physicalÐ º' #' Ðand€mental€ill„treatment.Ð   (ð#( ÐF.€€òòRight€of€the€accused€to€defence€counselóóÐ ° ÐÌ190.€€Mention€has€been€made€above€of€the€limits€observed€in€practice€to€the€effective€exercise€byÐ |Ì Ðdetainees€of€their€right€to€defence.òò43óó€€Article€20,€section€IX,€of€the€Constitution€says€that€the€accused€inÐ b² Ðany€criminal€proceedings€ð ðshall€be€entitled€from€the€start€of€proceedings€to€appropriate€defence,€byÐ H˜ Ðhimself,€by€counsel€or€by€a€trusted€individualðð.€€It€goes€on,€ð ðif€the€accused€does€not€wish€to€or€cannotÐ . ~ Ðappoint€defence€counsel€...€€the€court€shall€on€its€own€authority€designate€counsel€for€himðð€and€ð ðtheÐ  d Ðaccused€shall€be€entitled€to€have€his€counsel€present€at€every€stage€of€the€proceedingsðð.€€The€article€saysÐ ú J Ðthat€this€safeguard€shall€also€apply€during€the€initial€investigation€ð ðat€the€times,€and€subject€to€theÐ à 0 Ðrequirements€and€limitations,€laid€down€by€lawðð.Ð Æ   ÐÌ191.€€The€allusion€to€legal€regulation€of€the€right€during€the€initial€investigation€has€given€rise€toÐ ’â  Ðrestrictive€interpretations,€notably€to€the€effect€that€the€right€to€defence€counsel€can€be€exercised€onlyÐ xÈ  Ðfrom€the€point€at€which€the€suspect€makes€his€statement€to€the€public€prosecutor,€not€being€entitled€toÐ ^®  Ðthis€safeguard€during€the€period€while€he€is€held€in€detention€and€being€interrogated€by€the€judicialÐ D”  Ðpolice.€€As€a€result,€private€lawyers,€even€if€designated,€are€denied€access€to€the€suspect€while€he€is€heldÐ *z  Ðon€police€premises.€€Defence€counsel€appointed€by€the€courts€are€designated€precisely€at€the€point€whenÐ ` Ðthe€detainee€is€placed€at€the€disposal€of€the€public€prosecutor.€Ð öF ÐÌ192.€€A€number€of€clauses€in€the€countryððs€codes€of€criminal€procedure€are€contradictory.€€SomeÐ Â Ðacknowledge€the€right€of€the€accused€to€entrust€his€defence€to€a€lawyer€or€trusted€individual€ð ðfrom€theÐ ¨ø Ðinitial€investigation€onwardðð€and,€if€he€does€not€do€so,€to€be€provided€with€officially€designated€counsel,Ð ŽÞ Ðand€specify€that€he€must€be€informed€of€his€right€to€do€so€immediately€upon€being€detained.€€AnotherÐ tÄ Ðclause€even€acknowledges€the€right€of€the€accused€to€communicate€with€whomever€he€wishes€in€orderÐ Zª Ðto€arrange€legal€representation.Ð @ ÐÌ193.€€Other€clauses,€on€the€other€hand,€appear€to€acknowledge€this€right€only€from€the€point€where€theÐ  \ Ðaccused€makes€a€statement€to€the€public€prosecutor.€€This€is€the€kind€of€wording€that€affords€the€basisÐ òB Ðfor€denying€the€accused€the€right€to€counsel€while€in€police€detention€before€making€a€statement.€€This,Ð Ø( Ðaccording€to€reports€received€during€the€visit,€would€appear€to€be€the€official€policy€of€the€PublicÐ ¾ ÐProsecutorððs€Office.Ð ¤ô ÐÌ194.€€In€order€to€ensure€that€the€safeguard€laid€down€in€this€provision€of€the€Constitution€is€fullyÐ p!À  Ðobserved,€it€would€appear€to€be€necessary€to€include€wording€in€the€countryððs€codes€of€criminalÐ V"¦! Ðprocedure€that€makes€clear,€in€terms€allowing€of€no€divergence€in€interpretation,€the€right€of€allÐ <#Œ" Ðdetainees€to€have€access€to€and€be€assisted€by€defence€counsel€from€the€moment€of€their€detention,Ð "$r# Ðwhile€being€questioned€by€the€police,€and€at€every€stage€in€the€criminal€proceedings€where€theirÐ %X $ Ðparticipation€is€required.€€Detainees€should€be€informed€of€this€right,€together€with€the€right€not€to€makeÐ î%>!% Ða€statement,€immediately€upon€being€detained.€€They€should€also€be€enabled€to€communicate€as€requiredÐ Ô&$"& Ðin€order€to€let€whomsoever€they€choose€know€where€and€in€what€circumstances€they€have€beenÐ º' #' Ðdetained.Ð  (ð#( ÐÌ195.€€Having€counsel€present€during€police€detention,€or€knowing€that€counsel€could€appear€at€anyÐ l*¼%* Ðmoment,€would€help€to€discourage€arbitrary€conduct€and€ill„treatment€and€would€enable€the€counsel€toÐ R+¢&+ Ðadvise€the€accused€of€his€rights,€including€the€right€to€remain€silent.Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- ÐG.€€òòDetaineesðð€confessions,€the€authorities€competent€to€receive€them€and€their€Ô_ÔevidentiaryÔ_Ô€valueóóÐ ° ÐÌ196.€€According€to€article€20€A,€second€section,€of€the€Constitution,€detainees€cannot€be€forced€to€makeÐ |Ì Ða€statement;€only€confessions€made€to€the€public€prosecutor€or€a€judge€have€any€Ô_ÔevidentiaryÔ_Ô€value;€evenÐ b² Ðconfessions€made€before€the€public€prosecutor€or€a€judge€are€void€if€defence€counsel€is€not€present.€Ð H˜ ÐArticle€207€of€the€Federal€Code€of€Criminal€Procedure€specifies€that€a€confession€is€a€voluntaryÐ . ~ Ðstatement€made€to€the€public€prosecutor,€the€judge€or€the€court€hearing€a€case€ð8ð€with€due€regard€forÐ  d Ðthe€formal€requirements€laid€down€in€article€20€of€the€Constitution.€€Article€287€of€the€Code€repeats€this,Ð ú J Ðadding€that€the€judicial€police€may€submit€findings€but€not€procure€confessions,€and€that€any€they€didÐ à 0 Ðprocure€would€be€without€Ô_ÔevidentiaryÔ_Ô€value.€€The€Federal€District€Code€of€Criminal€Procedure€containsÐ Æ   Ðsimilar€provisions.Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌ197.€€The€Federal€Act€to€Prevent€and€Punish€Torture€stipulates€in€article€9€that€ð ðNo€confession€orÐ xÈ  Ðinformation€made€to€a€police€authority€or€to€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€or€a€court€authority€in€theÐ ^®  Ðabsence€of€the€accusedððs€defence€counsel€or€trusted€individual€and,€if€necessary,€an€interpreter€shallÐ D”  Ðhave€Ô_ÔevidentiaryÔ_Ô€value.ðð€€Article€8€of€the€Act€says€that€no€confession€or€information€obtained€by€tortureÐ *z  Ðmay€be€cited€as€evidence.Ð ` ÐÌ198.€€These€provisions€were€adopted€to€stamp€out€the€constant€abuse€of€supposed€offenders€by€policeÐ Ü, Ðofficers€during€criminal€investigations€but€have€not€had€the€desired€effect,€in€particular€because€theÐ Â ÐPublic€Prosecutorððs€Office€is€still€empowered€to€accept€confessions.Ð ¨ø ÐÌ199.€€In€practice,€the€rules€prohibiting€the€police€from€securing€confessions€that€might€be€used€inÐ tÄ Ðevidence€have€not€been€interpreted€as€banning€the€police€from€interrogating€detainees.€€The€judicialÐ Zª Ðpolice€and€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€work€closely€together€to€detain€suspects€and€secure€theÐ @ Ðrequisite€evidence€(generally€in€the€form€of€confessions)€to€sustain€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€OfficeððsÐ &v Ðcommittal€of€the€suspects€for€trial.€€It€is€not€uncommon€for€a€detainee€to€be€shuttled€repeatedly€betweenÐ  \ Ðone€service€and€the€other.€€The€police,€at€whose€disposal€the€detainee€remains€for€some€time,€interrogateÐ òB Ðhim€and€bully€him€into€confessing€or€disclosing€information€on€the€offence€under€investigation.€€TheyÐ Ø( Ðwill€sometimes€force€him€to€sign€confessions€that€have€already€been€drawn€up,€warning€him€that€whenÐ ¾ Ðaddressing€the€public€prosecutor€he€must€confine€himself€to€confirming€their€contents.Ð ¤ô ÐÌ200.€€During€their€visit€to€the€State€party€the€Committee€members€met€a€number€of€detainees€in€prisonÐ p!À  Ðwho€told€them€that,€when€they€refused€to€confirm€in€the€presence€of€the€public€prosecutor€the€contentsÐ V"¦! Ðof€confessions€they€had€been€forced€into€by€the€police,€they€had€been€taken€back€to€the€detention€cellsÐ <#Œ" Ðso€that€the€police€could€continue€to€interrogate€them.€€Once€they€had€signed€an€incriminating€statementÐ "$r# Ðprepared€by€the€police,€they€were€brought€once€again€before€the€public€prosecutor,€where€they€had€noÐ %X $ Ðoption€other€than€to€confirm€it.òò44óóÐ î%>!% ÐÌ201.€€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€officials€do€not€generally€bother€to€ascertain€whether€a€confession€hasÐ º' #' Ðbeen€voluntarily€made.€€In€exceptional€cases,€on€being€presented€by€a€suspect€with€allegations€of€tortureÐ  (ð#( Ðagainst€the€police€bringing€him€in,€or€observing€that€the€suspect€bears€visible€injuries,€an€official€has,Ð †)Ö$) Ðwhile€taking€the€suspectððs€statement,€ordered€an€initial€investigation€into€the€causes€of€those€injuries€orÐ l*¼%* Ðthe€allegation€of€torture,€without€necessarily€feeling€constrained€not€to€use€the€contested€confession€asÐ R+¢&+ Ðgrounds€for€committing€the€complainant€for€trial.òò45óóÐ 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- Ð202.€€Despite€the€binding€rules€in€the€Constitution€and€laws€on€the€inadmissibility€as€evidence€ofÐ ° Ðstatements€obtained€under€duress,€in€practice€it€is€extraordinarily€difficult€for€an€accused€to€have€aÐ –æ Ðconfession€that€has€been€forced€out€of€him€excluded€from€the€body€of€evidence.€€In€practice,€when€anÐ |Ì Ðaccused€retracts€the€confession€on€which€the€public€prosecutor€has€based€the€decision€to€commit€himÐ b² Ðfor€trial,€alleging€that€he€was€forced€to€make€it€under€torture€or€duress,€the€courts€have€no€independentÐ H˜ Ðmeans€of€ascertaining€whether€the€confession€was€made€voluntarily.€€At€most€they€can€ask€the€PublicÐ . ~ ÐProsecutorððs€Office€to€launch€an€appropriate€initial€investigation,€but€neither€the€fact€that€an€independentÐ  d Ðinvestigation€has€been€begun€nor€any€evidence€that€may€be€gathered€as€it€proceeds€have€any€effect€onÐ ú J Ðthe€criminal€proceedings€against€the€accused€whose€confession€was€obtained€under€duress.Ð à 0 ÐÌ203.€€In€a€discussion€on€this€topic€that€the€Committee€members€had€with€the€justices€of€the€Ô_ÔTamaulipasÔ_ÔÐ ¬ ü  ÐHigh€Court,€the€justices€said€that€retractions€needed€to€be€backed€up€by€other€evidence,€otherwise€theÐ ’â  Ðinitial€statement€would€be€regarded€as€valid.€€The€burden€of€proof€did€not€necessarily€have€to€fall€uponÐ xÈ  Ðthe€individual:€€the€court€could€call€for€tests€to€be€carried€out,€though€it€did€not€normally€do€so.Ð ^®  ÐÌH.€€òòInvestigation€of€reports€of€torture€and€punishment€of€those€responsibleóóÐ *z  ÐÌ204.€€During€its€consideration€of€Mexicoððs€third€periodic€report,€the€Committee€mentioned€as€a€pointÐ öF Ðof€concern€that€ð ðthe€ineffectiveness€of€efforts€to€put€an€end€to€the€practice€of€torture€is€the€result,€interÐ Ü, Ðalia,€of€the€continuing€impunity€of€torturers€and€the€fact€that€the€authorities€responsible€for€theÐ Â Ðadministration€of€justice€continue€to€admit€confessions€and€statements€made€under€torture€as€evidenceÐ ¨ø Ðduring€trials,€despite€legal€provisions€explicitly€declaring€them€inadmissibleðð.òò46óó€€During€their€visit€toÐ ŽÞ Ðthe€country€the€members€of€the€Committee€responsible€for€the€inquiry€received€enough€information€toÐ tÄ Ðconclude€that€this€criticism€remains€valid.Ð Zª ÐÌ205.€€The€indifference€of€the€judicial€authorities€to€the€widespread€use€of€torture€has€made€the€likelihoodÐ &v Ðof€even€being€put€on€trial,€never€mind€convicted,€a€purely€theoretical€possibility€for€the€culprits.€Ð  \ ÐImpunity€appears€to€be€the€rule,€not€the€exception.Ð òB ÐÌ206.€€Proving€torture€is€one€factor€that€does€a€great€deal€to€ensure€that€cases€reaching€the€courts€goÐ ¾ Ðunpunished:€€despite€the€very€clear€terms€of€the€provisions€cited€above,€in€real€life€Mexican€judicialÐ ¤ô Ðpractice€has€shifted€the€burden€of€proof€onto€the€victims€of€torture.€€It€is€the€victims€who€have€to€showÐ Š Ú Ðthat€their€confessions€were€obtained€under€duress.€€Medical€certificates€recording€injuries,€while€useful,Ð p!À  Ðare€not€necessarily€decisive,€since€the€individual€making€a€claim€has€to€prove€that€his€injuries€wereÐ V"¦! Ðoccasioned€by€torture.€€Many€of€the€detainees€the€Committee€members€met€made€this€point,€and€wereÐ <#Œ" Ðdespondent€that,€being€in€detention€and€lacking€the€wherewithal€to€hire€a€lawyer€to€defend€their€causeÐ "$r# Ðproperly,€it€was€impossible€for€them€to€amass€the€evidence€they€needed€to€prove€that€torture€had€takenÐ %X $ Ðplace.Ð î%>!% ÐÌ207.€€Several€of€the€State€human€rights€commission€chairmen€to€whom€the€Committee€members€spokeÐ º' #' Ðdisagreed€with€the€common€practice€among€public€prosecutors€and€the€courts€of€amending€charges.€Ð  (ð#( ÐThey€said€that€cases€which,€in€their€recommendations,€were€classified€as€instances€of€torture€wereÐ †)Ö$) Ðamended€to€offences€carrying€lesser€penalties,€such€as€abuse€of€authority€or€causing€bodily€harm.Ð l*¼%* ÐÌ208.€€One€argument€commonly€employed€to€dismiss€allegations€of€torture€is€that,€according€to€forensicÐ 8,ˆ', Ðreports€emanating€both€from€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€and€the€penal€establishments€to€whichÐ -n(- Ðconvicted€individuals€are€committed,€the€accusedððs€injuries€took€less€than€a€fortnight€to€heal.€€In€mostÐ ° Ðof€the€records€of€medical€examinations€that€the€Committee€members€examined€while€visiting€severalÐ –æ Ðprisons,€the€time€that€the€patientððs€injuries€would€take€to€heal€was€one€detail€that€was€not€left€out.€€InÐ |Ì Ðmost€cases,€the€period€indicated€was€less€than€15€days.Ð b² ÐÌ209.€€Victimsðð€lawyers€explained€to€the€Committee€members€that€the€grounds€invoked€for€refusing€toÐ . ~ Ðcategorize€such€cases€as€instances€of€torture€derived€from€article€289€of€the€Federal€Penal€Code€as€itÐ  d Ðapplied€to€the€definition€of€torture€in€article€3€of€the€Federal€Act€to€Prevent€and€Punish€Torture.€€ArticleÐ ú J Ð289€of€the€Code€lays€down€the€penalties€for€causing€bodily€harm,€stipulating€that€the€lightest€penaltyÐ à 0 Ðshall€apply€ð ðto€anyone€who€inflicts€on€the€injured€party€a€non-life„threatening€injury€that€heals€in€lessÐ Æ   Ðthan€15€daysðð;€the€remainder€of€the€article€specifies€the€penalties€in€the€event€that€the€injury€takes€longerÐ ¬ ü  Ðto€heal,€and€the€penalties€for€other€outcomes€or€consequences€of€physical€injury€are€covered€in€theÐ ’â  Ðfollowing€articles.€€As€a€result,€an€injury€of€the€least€serious€category€covered€by€criminal€law€will€notÐ xÈ  Ðdenote€the€offence€of€torture€since€the€Federal€Act,€like€the€Convention,€says€that€the€effect€of€tortureÐ ^®  Ðis€to€inflict€ð ðsevere€pain€or€sufferingðð.€€Of€course,€neither€the€Federal€Act€nor€the€Convention€includeÐ D”  Ðin€their€definition€of€the€offence€the€time€taken€for€a€victimððs€physical€injuries€to€heal.€€Furthermore,Ð *z  Ðarticle€2€of€the€Inter„American€Convention€to€Prevent€and€Punish€Torture,€which€Mexico€has€alsoÐ ` Ðratified,€refers€only€to€the€infliction€of€physical€or€mental€pain€or€suffering,€without€specifying€that€theyÐ öF Ðhave€to€be€severe.€€The€Federal€District€Attorney„General€said€during€his€meeting€with€the€CommitteeÐ Ü, Ðmembers€that€the€courts€considered€torture€to€have€occurred€only€if€there€were€serious€injuries.Ð Â ÐÌ210.€€Impunity€affects€administrative€as€well€as€criminal€investigations.€€The€few€cases€that€result€inÐ ŽÞ Ðpenalties€tend€to€be€those€in€which€a€State€or€the€National€Human€Rights€Commission€has€previouslyÐ tÄ Ðissued€a€recommendation.€€Details€of€the€responses€to€such€recommendations€in€some€of€the€cases€theÐ Zª ÐCommittee€members€learned€of€during€their€visit€are€given€below.Ð @ ÐÌ211.€€According€to€information€supplied€by€the€Office€of€the€Ô_ÔTamaulipasÔ_Ô€State€Attorney-General€inÐ  \ Ðconnection€with€the€21€recommendations€it€received€from€the€State€HumanRights€Commission€in€1999,Ð òB Ð2000€and€early€2001€concerning€instances€of€beatings,€bodily€harm€and€torture,€the€action€taken€inÐ Ø( Ðresponse€was€as€follows:€€in€11€cases,€the€culprits€were€suspended€for€between€3€and€30€days;€in€oneÐ ¾ Ðcase€an€application€for€reconsideration€was€lodged€on€the€grounds€that€the€facts€had€not€been€dulyÐ ¤ô Ðproven;€in€one€case€it€was€determined€that€there€were€no€grounds€for€initiating€administrativeÐ Š Ú Ðproceedings;€in€one€case€the€only€thing€that€could€be€proved€was€arbitrary€detention;€one€case€wasÐ p!À  Ðclosed€because€the€individual€concerned€did€not€work€at€the€institution;€in€one€case€torture€was€notÐ V"¦! Ðproven;€two€cases€were€still€pending;€and€in€three€cases€the€Commissionððs€recommendations€had€notÐ <#Œ" Ðbeen€accepted.Ð "$r# ÐÌ212.€€The€information€received€concerning€the€State€of€Ô_ÔJaliscoÔ_Ô€indicates€that€no€public€servant€had€beenÐ î%>!% Ðsentenced€for€torture€up€to€August€2001,€and€only€exceptionally€had€anyone€been€committed€for€trialÐ Ô&$"& Ðdespite€recommendations€by€the€State€Human€Rights€Commission,€some€of€which€had€not€even€beenÐ º' #' Ðaccepted.Ð  (ð#( ÐÌ213.€€In€its€seventh€annual€report€(October€1999„September€2000),€the€Federal€District€Human€RightsÐ l*¼%* ÐCommission€stated€that€the€15€recommendationsòò47óó€concerning€torture€that€it€had€issued€since€itsÐ R+¢&+ Ðinception€involved€54€public€servants.€€Of€those,€27€had€been€sacked,€1€disbarred€and2suspendedÐ 8,ˆ', Ðwithout€pay.€€A€further€five€had€been€let€off€completely,€and€two€more€provisionally.€€InitialÐ -n(- Ðinvestigations€had€been€launched€in€all€54€cases:€€27€of€the€cases€were€sent€for€trial;€inquiries€had€beenÐ ° Ðinconclusive€in€3€cases;€they€had€been€ordered€to€be€conducted€in€secret€in7cases;€and€no€criminalÐ –æ Ðproceedings€had€been€launched€in€17€cases.€€Of€the€27€public€servants€committed€for€trial,€2€had€beenÐ |Ì Ðgranted€relief€from€imprisonment,€3€had€won€protection€against€their€arrest€warrants€and€one€arrestÐ b² Ðwarrant€had€been€rescinded;€1€had€been€sent€for€trial€and€was€in€pre„trial€detention;€2€had€Ô_ÔhadÔ_Ô€the€arrestÐ H˜ Ðwarrants€for€torture€against€them€annulled,€and€were€due€to€be€detained€for€abuse€of€authority;€theÐ . ~ Ðrespective€arrest€warrants€had€not€been€executed€in€7cases;€6€public€servants€had€been€sentenced€andÐ  d Ð5€committed€for€trial€for€torture€but€convicted€of€abuse€of€authority,òò48óó€1€being€sentenced€to€six€years€andÐ ú J Ðnine€months€in€prison€and€the€remainder€to€four€years€and€seven€months.€Ð à 0 ÐÌ214.€€Of€the€six€sentenced€for€torture,€one€was€awarded€direct€relief€against€the€sentence€and€theÐ ¬ ü  Ðcorresponding€arrest€warrant€was€annulled;€one€was€sentenced€to€nine€years€and€three€months€in€prisonÐ ’â  Ðbut€had€managed€to€elude€justice;€one€was€acquitted;€while€two€were€sentenced€to€threeyears€and€oneÐ xÈ  Ðmonth€in€prison€and€a€215„day€fine,€their€sentences€were€suspended;€one€was€sentenced€to€five€yearsÐ ^®  Ðand€three€months€in€prison€and€disbarred€from€employment€in€the€public€service€for€five€years.òò49óó€Ð D”  ÐÌ215.€€In€their€meetings€with€representatives€of€the€Attorney„General€and€the€Military€Prosecutor,€theÐ ` ÐCommittee€members€tried€to€find€out€how€the€internal€inspection€services€went€about€investigatingÐ öF Ðcases€of€torture,€but€the€information€they€were€given€was€generally€extremely€vague.€€Claims€that€allÐ Ü, Ðreports€filed€against€members€of€the€police€forces€were€thoroughly€investigated€were€not€borne€out€byÐ Â Ðspecific,€detailed€instances.€€On€the€contrary,€the€President€of€the€National€Human€Rights€CommissionÐ ¨ø Ðaffirmed€that€the€inspectors€covered€up€inappropriate€behaviour€by€officials€and€found€no€fault€in€mostÐ ŽÞ Ðcases.€Ð tÄ ÐÌ216.€€The€Committee€members€also€think€the€non„governmental€organizations€are€correct€in€theirÐ @ Ðcriticism€that,€since€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€has€the€monopoly€on€criminal€proceedings,€reportsÐ &v Ðof€torture€are€dealt€with€by€the€very€body€they€are€directed€against.€€This€may€also€be€the€main€reasonÐ  \ Ðwhy€victims€invariably€turn€to€the€human€rights€commissions€to€mediate€on€their€behalf€instead€ofÐ òB Ðgoing,€as€one€would€expect,€straight€to€the€body€that€ought€to€initiate€criminal€investigations.Ð Ø( ÐÌ217.€€The€fact€that€only€an€extremely€small€number€of€cases€of€torture€reach€the€courts€was€confirmedÐ ¤ô Ðin€the€meetings€that€Committee€members€had€with€representatives€of€the€judiciary,€who€appearedÐ Š Ú Ðð ðunawareðð€that€torture€continued€to€occur€in€Mexico.€€The€Public€Prosecutorððs€Officeððs€monopoly€onÐ p!À  Ðcriminal€proceedings€may€partly€explain€their€lack€of€awareness.€€The€representatives€of€the€Ô_ÔTamaulipasÔ_ÔÐ V"¦! ÐState€High€Court€affirmed€that€torture€was€not€a€problem€in€Ô_ÔTamaulipasÔ_Ô,€and€that€seven€cases€of€abuseÐ <#Œ" Ðof€authority€had€come€before€the€Court€over€the€past€two€years,€but€none€of€torture.€€The€president€ofÐ "$r# Ðthe€Ô_ÔGuerreroÔ_Ô€High€Court€said€it€was€rare€for€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€to€investigate€cases€ofÐ %X $ Ðtorture,€and€he€had€not€heard€of€more€than€two€or€three€such€instances.€€The€justices€of€the€SupremeÐ î%>!% ÐCourt€said€that€cases€of€ð ðtormentðð€might€crop€up,€but€only€a€tiny€number€compared€with€the€number€ofÐ Ô&$"& Ðcriminal€prosecutions€in€the€country,€and€fewer€still€at€the€Federal€level.Ð  º' #' ÐVI.€€òòCONCLUSIONS€AND€RECOMMENDATIONSóóÐ ° ÐÌ218.€€From€the€information€gathered€during€their€visit€to€Mexico,€the€Committee€members€note€that€theÐ |Ì Ðnumber€of€complaints€of€torture€referred€to€public€human€rights€bodies€and€Ô_ÔNGOsÔ_Ô€appears€to€haveÐ b² Ðdeclined€in€the€last€few€years.€€However,€the€information€collected€in€the€course€of€this€procedure,Ð H˜ Ðwhich€has€not€been€refuted€by€the€Government;€the€descriptions€of€the€torture€cases,€most€of€whichÐ . ~ Ðoccurred€in€the€months€preceding€the€visit€and€during€the€previous€year€„€information€received€directlyÐ  d Ðfrom€the€victims;€the€similarity€of€circumstances€in€which€the€cases€arose;€the€purpose€of€the€tortureÐ ú J Ð(nearly€always€to€obtain€information€or€a€self-incriminating€confession);€the€similarity€of€the€methodsÐ à 0 Ðemployed;€and€the€fact€that€such€methods€are€widespread,€all€convinced€the€Committee€members€thatÐ Æ   Ðthese€are€not€exceptional€situations€or€occasional€violations€committed€by€a€few€police€officers€but€that,Ð ¬ ü  Ðon€the€contrary,€the€police€commonly€use€torture€and€resort€to€it€systematically€as€another€method€ofÐ ’â  Ðcriminal€investigation,€readily€available€whenever€required€in€order€to€advance€the€process.€€In€thisÐ xÈ  Ðregard,€the€Committee€members€recall€the€views€expressed€by€the€Committee€in€November€1993òò50óó€andÐ ^®  Ðrepeated€in€May€2001òò51óó€on€the€main€factors€that€indicate€that€torture€is€systematically€practised€in€a€StateÐ D”  Ðparty.€€These€views€are€as€follows:Ð *z  ÐÌ€à0 á àð ðThe€Committee€considers€that€torture€is€practised€systematically€when€it€is€apparent€that€theÐ öF Ðtorture€cases€reported€have€not€occurred€fortuitously€in€a€particular€place€or€at€a€particular€time,Ð Ü, Ðbut€are€seen€to€be€habitual,€widespread€and€deliberate€in€at€least€a€considerable€part€of€theÐ Â Ðterritory€of€the€country€in€question.€€Torture€may€in€fact€be€of€a€systematic€character€withoutÐ ¨ø Ðresulting€from€the€direct€intention€of€a€Government.€€It€may€be€the€consequence€of€factors€whichÐ ŽÞ Ðthe€Government€has€difficulty€in€controlling,€and€its€existence€may€indicate€a€discrepancyÐ tÄ Ðbetween€policy€as€determined€by€the€central€Government€and€its€implementation€by€the€localÐ Zª Ðadministration.€€Inadequate€legislation€which€in€practice€allows€room€for€the€use€of€torture€mayÐ @ Ðalso€add€to€the€systematic€nature€of€this€practice.ððÐ&vá%á% ÐÌ219.€€Various€factors€help€to€explain€the€persistence€of€the€practice€of€torture€by€police€in€the€StateÐ òB Ðparty,€most€of€which€have€been€mentioned€in€this€report:Ð Ø( ÐÌ(a)€€The€broad€exceptions€to€the€constitutional€guarantee€requiring€a€warrant€before€an€arrest€can€beÐ ¤ô Ðmade;òò52óóÐ Š Ú ÐÌ(b)€€The€length€of€the€time€limits€for€handing€detainees€over€to€a€court€authority;òò53óóÐ V"¦! ÐÌÔ_Ô(cÔ_Ô)€€The€widespread€disregard€for€the€accusedððs€right€not€to€be€compelled€to€make€a€statement,€inÐ "$r# Ðaccordance€with€article€20€of€the€Constitution;€and€for€the€legal€provisions€prohibiting€the€police€fromÐ %X $ Ðobtaining€confessions,€which€are€circumvented€by€submitting€such€confessions€as€formal€statementsÐ î%>!% Ðmade€to€a€public€prosecutor;Ð Ô&$"& ÐÌ(d)€€The€lack€of€judicial€supervision€during€the€period€detainees€are€at€the€disposal€of€the€PublicÐ  (ð#( ÐProsecutorððs€Office€(in€effect,€in€police€custody)€and€the€absence€of€any€procedures€for€the€effectiveÐ †)Ö$) Ðsupervision€of€places€of€detention€by€an€authority€other€than€the€services€administering€them;Ð l*¼%* ÐÌ(e)€€The€restrictions€on€detaineesðð€right€to€a€defence€„€they€are€usually€not€allowed€to€meet€in€privateÐ 8,ˆ', Ðwith€trusted€counsel€from€the€beginning€of€their€detention€or€to€receive€advice€or€assistance€fromÐ -n(- Ðcounsel€before€and€while€making€their€statement€to€the€public€prosecutor€„€and€the€quantitative€andÐ ° Ðqualitative€shortcomings€of€the€system€of€court-appointed€defence€counsel;òò54óó€Ð –æ ÐÌ(f)€€The€impunity€of€police€officers€who€practise€torture:€€this€seems€to€be€the€general€rule€rather€thanÐ b² Ðthe€exception.€€The€internal€oversight€services€within€the€police€forces€themselves€are€reticent€andÐ H˜ Ðineffective€and,€since€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€has€the€sole€right€to€bring€criminal€proceedings,Ð . ~ Ðany€complaints€of€torture€must€be€investigated€by€that€Office€and€there€is€no€remedy€available€toÐ  d Ðcomplainants€if€it€refuses€to€bring€a€criminal€action€or,€in€the€exceptional€cases€when€it€does€so,€toÐ ú J Ðchallenge€the€use€of€grounds€other€than€torture€as€the€basis€for€the€action;òò55óó€Ð à 0 ÐÌ(g)€€Disregard€for€the€provisions€excluding€from€the€body€of€evidence€any€statement€or€evidenceÐ ¬ ü  Ðobtained€by€torture€or€other€similar€coercive€methods.€€In€practice,€forced€confessions€are€not€usuallyÐ ’â  Ðdeclared€invalid€in€proceedings€when€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€cites€them€as€grounds€for€theÐ xÈ  Ðcharges;òò56óó€Ð ^®  ÐÌ(h)€€The€inadequate€training€given€to€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€and€judicial€police€personnel,Ð *z  Ðwhich,€on€the€one€hand,€leads€to€inefficient€and€ineffective€criminal€investigations€that€identify€theÐ ` Ðsuspects€in€only€a€small€proportion€of€the€cases€reported€and,€on€the€other€hand,€encourages€the€use€ofÐ öF Ðtorture€and€coercion€to€obtain€confessions€and€evidence;òò57óó€Ð Ü, ÐÌ(Ô_ÔiÔ_Ô)€€The€fact€that€medical€experts€are€not€independent€of€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office,€and€the€way€inÐ ¨ø Ðwhich€medical€reports€are€prepared€following€examinations€of€detainees.€€In€actual€fact€medical€expertsÐ ŽÞ Ðcomplete€a€form€that€differs€from€State€to€State€and€allows€a€description€only€of€the€injuries,€not€of€howÐ tÄ Ðthey€were€caused.Ð Zª ÐÌ220.€€In€the€light€of€these€considerations,€the€Committee€members€consider€it€appropriate€to€make€theÐ &v Ðfollowing€recommendations:Ð  \ ÐÌ(a)€€The€constitutional€guarantee€requiring€a€warrant€before€an€arrest€can€be€made€should€be€reinforcedÐ Ø( Ðby€revoking€the€power€of€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€to€issue€warrants€and€ensuring€that€the€onlyÐ ¾ Ðexception€is€arrest€in€flagrante€delicto,€which€should€be€restricted€to€cases€in€which€an€individual€isÐ ¤ô Ðsurprised€in€the€act€of€committing€an€offence€or€immediately€after€doing€so€with€the€instruments€usedÐ Š Ú Ðin€the€offence€in€his€possession,€or€is€pursued€and€caught€immediately€after€committing€an€offence.€Ð p!À  ÐUnder€no€circumstances€should€arrest€in€flagrante€delicto€be€possible€more€than€24€hours€after€theÐ V"¦! Ðoffence€is€committed.€€With€regard€to€urgent€cases,€the€current€regulations€should€be€replaced€by€anÐ <#Œ" Ðappropriate€procedure€enabling€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€to€obtain€arrest€warrants€from€the€courtÐ "$r# Ðat€any€time;Ð %X $ ÐÌ(b)€€It€should€be€made€an€obligation,€after€any€arrest,€to€report€the€arrest€to€a€court€authority;€and€theÐ Ô&$"& Ðtime€limit€for€producing€the€detainee€in€court€should€be€set€at€24€hours.€€The€law€should€provide€thatÐ º' #' Ðthe€detainee€may€be€produced€on€any€day€and€at€any€time€and€that€the€judicial€authorities€must€beÐ  (ð#( Ðpermanently€available€for€that€purpose.€€A€system€should€also€be€established€for€providing€the€generalÐ †)Ö$) Ðpublic€with€information€on€arrests€made€throughout€the€country;€the€information€should€be€accessibleÐ l*¼%* Ðin€major€cities,€at€least€in€the€Federal€District€and€in€State€capitals;Ð R+¢&+ ÐÌÔ_Ô(cÔ_Ô)€€A€judicial€procedure€should€be€instituted€for€the€supervision€of€places€of€detention€and€prisonsÐ -n(- Ðthrough€frequent,€unannounced€inspections.€€Similar€supervision€should€be€carried€out€independentlyÐ ° Ðby€the€human€rights€bodies,€in€addition€to€any€inspections€that€may€be€required€in€connection€withÐ –æ Ðindividual€situations€of€which€they€may€have€been€apprised€in€any€way€or€complaints€received;€€Ð |Ì ÐÌ(d)€€The€law€should€provide€that€judges€receiving€detainees€who€have€been€committed€for€trial€by€theÐ H˜ ÐPublic€Prosecutorððs€Office€shall€inquire€explicitly€about€the€treatment€received€since€their€arrest€andÐ . ~ Ðshall€ask€questions€to€check€whether€their€statements€to€the€prosecutor€were€made€freely€and€withoutÐ  d Ðany€form€of€coercion.€€In€all€cases,€the€law€should€also€provide€for€detainees€to€be€examined€by€a€doctorÐ ú J Ðwho€is€independent€of€the€police€and€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office;Ð à 0 ÐÌ(e)€€The€police€should€be€under€a€legal€obligation€to€inform€all€detainees€of€their€rights€at€the€time€ofÐ ¬ ü  Ðarrest,€and€in€particular€of€their€right€to€remain€silent€and€to€have€in€attendance€a€defence€lawyer€whomÐ ’â  Ðthey€trust€or,€if€they€do€not€wish€or€are€unable€to€have€one,€to€have€court-appointed€counsel.€€To€thatÐ xÈ  Ðend,€detainees€should€be€provided€with€the€means€to€communicate€the€circumstances€of€their€arrest€andÐ ^®  Ðthe€place€where€they€are€being€held€to€whomsoever€they€choose.€€The€law€should€provide€that€counselÐ D”  Ðshall€always€have€the€right,€from€the€moment€detention€begins,€to€meet€the€detainee€in€private€andÐ *z  Ðwithout€witnesses.€€The€State€should€also€allocate€the€resources€needed€to€make€both€quantitative€andÐ ` Ðqualitative€improvements€to€the€public€defence€counsel€services,€which€should€be€organized€as€publicÐ öF Ðbodies,€independent€of€any€Federal€or€State€authority€and€with€constitutional€and€operational€autonomy;Ð Ü, ÐÌ(f)€€Legal€provision,€binding€both€in€Federal€and€ordinary€law,€should€be€made€for€the€mandatoryÐ ¨ø Ðexclusion€from€the€body€of€evidence€of€all€statements€and€evidence€obtained€by€torture€or€similarÐ ŽÞ Ðcoercive€methods;òò58óóÐ tÄ ÐÌ(g)€€The€application€of€military€law€should€be€restricted€only€to€offences€of€official€misconduct€and€theÐ @ Ðnecessary€legal€arrangements€should€be€made€to€empower€the€civil€courts€to€try€offences€against€humanÐ &v Ðrights,€in€particular€torture€and€cruel,€inhuman€or€degrading€treatment,€committed€by€military€personnel,Ð  \ Ðeven€when€it€is€claimed€that€they€were€service-related;Ð òB ÐÌ(h)€€A€special€prosecutorððs€office,€autonomous€and€independent€of€the€executive€branch,€should€beÐ ¾ Ðestablished€to€carry€out€preliminary€investigations€into€any€complaints€alleging€violation€of€the€humanÐ ¤ô Ðrights€set€forth€in€treaties€ratified€by€the€State;€it€should€have€national€jurisdiction,€regardless€of€whetherÐ Š Ú Ðthe€final€judgement€is€to€be€handed€down€by€the€Federal€or€ordinary€courts;Ð p!À  ÐÌ(Ô_ÔiÔ_Ô)€€In€general,€efforts€should€be€made,€through€any€necessary€legal€reforms,€to€modify€the€markedlyÐ <#Œ" Ðinquisitorial€methods€used€in€criminal€proceedings,€and€particularly€in€theinitial€stages€of€theÐ "$r# Ðpreliminary€investigation.€€Such€reforms€should€aim€to€institute€a€genuinely€open,€transparentÐ %X $ Ðaccusatory€procedure€that€includes€appropriate€mechanisms€to€maintain€the€necessary€balance€of€powersÐ î%>!% Ðand€rights€among€the€various€parties€to€criminal€proceedings€„€judges,€public€prosecutors,€victims€andÐ Ô&$"& Ðaccused,€counsel€and€police€„€and€control€mechanisms€and€resources€to€correct€any€violations;Ð º' #' ÐÌ(j)€€Steps€should€be€taken€to€ensure€that€medical€experts€are€completely€independent€of€the€PublicÐ †)Ö$) ÐProsecutorððs€Office.€€The€forms€used€by€medical€experts€should€be€changed€to€enable€information€toÐ l*¼%* Ðbe€included€on€how,€when€and€by€whom€injuries€were€caused.€€They€should€also€include€the€expertððsÐ R+¢&+ Ðassessment€of€the€consistency€of€the€injuries€observed€with€the€causes€of€injury€alleged€by€the€personÐ 8,ˆ', Ðbeing€examined;Ð -n(- Ї(k)€€In€all€cases€in€which€a€person€alleges€torture,€the€competent€authorities€should€initiate€a€prompt,Ð ° Ðimpartial€inquiry€that€includes€a€medical€examination€carried€out€in€accordance€with€the€IstanbulÐ –æ ÐProtocol.Ð |Ì ÐÌVII.à á àòòADOPTION€OF€THE€REPORT€BY€THE€COMMITTEE,€AND€FOLLOW„UP€TO€THEÐ H˜ ÐREPORTóóÐ . ~ ÐÌ221.€€At€its€twenty„eighth€session€(29€April„17€May€2002),€the€Committee€endorsed€the€report€by€theÐ ú J Ðtwo€members€responsible€for€the€investigation€who€visited€Mexico.€€It€also€decided€to€transmit€theÐ à 0 Ðreport€to€the€Mexican€Government,€in€accordance€with€article€20,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Convention.€€TheÐ Æ   ÐCommittee€invited€the€Government€of€Mexico,€under€Rule€83,€paragraph€2,€of€its€rules€of€procedure,Ð ¬ ü  Ðto€inform€it€of€the€action€taken€in€response€to€its€conclusions€and€recommendations.€€On€31€AugustÐ ’â  Ð2002,€the€Mexican€Government€provided€the€information€appearing€in€the€second€part€of€this€document.Ð xÈ  ÐÌVIII.à á àòòPUBLICATION€OF€THE€COMMITTEEððS€REPORT€AND€REPLY€FROM€THEÐ D”  ÐGOVERNMENT€OF€MEXICOóóÐ *z  ÐÌ222.€€On€20€February€2003,€the€State€party€notified€the€Committee€of€its€agreement€to€the€publicationÐ öF Ðof€the€full€report€on€the€investigation€carried€out€in€Mexico€under€article€20€of€the€Convention,€togetherÐ Ü, Ðwith€the€Governmentððs€reply.€€The€Committee€authorized€publication€at€its€thirtieth€session€(29€April„16Ð Â ÐMay€2003).Ð ¨ø ÐÌòòPART€TWO.€€REPLY€FROM€THE€GOVERNMENT€OF€MEXICOóóÐ tÄ ÐÌI.€€òòINTRODUCTIONóóÐ @ ÐÌ223.€€The€Government€of€Mexico€expresses€its€appreciation€for€the€transmission€of€the€report€by€Mr.Ð  \ ÐÔ_ÔAlejandroÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔGonzlezÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔPobleteÔ_Ô€and€Mr.€Ole€Ô_ÔVedelÔ_Ô€Rasmussen,€members€of€the€Committee€against€Torture,Ð òB Ðon€their€visit€to€Mexico€from€23€August€to€12€September€2001.Ð Ø( ÐÌ224.€€It€is€also€grateful€for€the€Committeeððs€recognition€of€the€cooperation€which€it€provided€in€orderÐ ¤ô Ðto€facilitate€the€visit€to€the€country€and€which€testifies€to€Mexicoððs€policy€of€openness€and€cooperationÐ Š Ú Ðwith€international€monitoring€mechanisms,€particularly€in€the€field€of€human€rights.Ð p!À  ÐÌ225.€€Mexico€reiterates€its€commitment€to€the€implementation€of€the€Convention€against€Torture€andÐ <#Œ" ÐOther€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment.Ð "$r# ÐÌ226.€€The€Government€of€Mexico€stresses€that€it€is€determined€to€respect€and€ensure€respect€for€all€theÐ î%>!% Ðrights€and€freedoms€recognized€in€the€Convention€and€that€it€regards€the€contribution€of€internationalÐ Ô&$"& Ðhuman€rights€mechanisms€and€their€conclusions€and€recommendations€as€very€important.€€It€thereforeÐ º' #' Ðundertakes€to€assess€compliance€with€the€Committeeððs€recommendations€as€a€demonstration€of€itsÐ  (ð#( Ðwillingness€to€respect€and€ensure€respect€for€fundamental€freedoms.Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌ227.€€It€expresses€its€appreciation€for€the€Committeeððs€recommendations,€which€it€is€carefully€analysingÐ R+¢&+ Ðwith€a€view€to€the€adoption€of€policies€and€courses€of€action€for€their€implementation.Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- Ð228.€€It€draws€the€attention€of€the€Committee€to€the€fact€that€it€is€giving€effect€to€the€commitments€madeÐ ° Ðin€the€2001„2006€National€Development€Plan€by€restructuring€various€basic€rules€of€government€actionÐ –æ Ðin€strict€conformity€with€the€law,€respecting€human€rights€and€the€principles€of€the€rule€of€law,€theÐ |Ì Ðprotection€of€the€rights€of€persons€and€actions€of€any€kind€which€affect€the€community.€€It€has€begunÐ b² Ðto€take€the€necessary€measures€to€give€effect€to€Mexicoððs€international€commitments€on€human€rights.Ð H˜ ÐÌ229.€€As€a€reflection€of€the€Governmentððs€commitment€to€the€cause€of€human€rights,€PresidentVicenteÐ  d ÐFox€submitted€a€report€on€28€August€2002€on€human€rights€policies€and€achievements€and€made€aÐ ú J Ðnumber€of€particularly€important€announcements€with€a€view€to€the€pursuit€of€a€comprehensive€humanÐ à 0 Ðrights€policy.€€(The€report€and€statement€by€the€President€of€Mexico€are€annexed.)Ð Æ   ÐÌ230.€€As€part€of€these€efforts,€the€Government€of€Mexico€is€attaching€the€greatest€importance€to€actionÐ ’â  Ðto€combat€torture.€€One€of€the€main€concerns€is€to€consolidate€respect€for€human€rights€and,€within€theÐ xÈ  Ðinstitutional€framework,€to€punish€violations€of€human€rights€and€abuses€of€power€by€formulatingÐ ^®  Ðpolicies€relating€to€the€responsibility€of€government€officials.Ð D”  ÐÌ231.€€During€the€negotiations€on€the€first€phase€of€the€Technical€Cooperation€Programme€between€theÐ ` ÐGovernment€of€Mexico€and€the€Office€of€the€United€Nations€High€Commissioner€for€Human€Rights,Ð öF Ðthe€conclusion€was€reached€that€the€main€topic€to€be€included€was€the€human€rights€training€ofÐ Ü, Ðgovernment€officials€and€that€two€model€protocols€should€be€drafted.Ð Â ÐÌ232.€€During€that€first€phase,€there€were€two€components€on€the€question€of€torture,€one€relating€toÐ ŽÞ Ðmedical€examinations€of€torture€and€other€physical€abuse€and€the€other€to€the€forensic€investigation€ofÐ tÄ Ðmurders€alleged€to€have€taken€place€as€a€result€of€human€rights€violations.Ð Zª ÐÌ233.€€During€the€second€phase€of€the€Programme,€priority€was€given€to€refresher€courses€for€those€whoÐ &v Ðhad€taken€part€in€the€first€phase,€and€to€training€courses€for€judges€and€lawyers.Ð  \ ÐÌ234.€€The€Government€of€Mexico€also€considers€that€the€Committeeððs€report€and€recommendations€willÐ Ø( Ðbe€very€useful€in€producing€the€diagnosis€of€the€human€rights€situation€and€the€National€Human€RightsÐ ¾ ÐProgramme€to€be€implemented€during€the€second€phase€of€the€Technical€Cooperation€Programme,€oneÐ ¤ô Ðof€the€main€topics€of€which€is€action€to€combat€torture.Ð Š Ú ÐÌ235.€€The€Government€of€Mexico€wishes€to€draw€attention€to€the€amendment€to€article€113€of€theÐ V"¦! ÐPolitical€Constitution€of€the€United€Mexican€States€adopted€on€14€June€2002,€which€makes€the€StateÐ <#Œ" Ðdirectly€responsible€for€any€loss€or€damage€to€the€property€or€rights€of€private€individuals€resulting€fromÐ "$r# Ðunlawful€government€administrative€activity.€€Private€individuals€will€be€entitled€to€compensation€inÐ %X $ Ðaccordance€with€the€guidelines,€limits€and€procedures€provided€for€by€law.Ð î%>!% ÐÌ236.€€This€article€will€enter€into€force€on€1€January€2004.€€According€to€the€amendment€decreeÐ º' #' Ðpublished€in€the€òòÔ_ÔDiarioÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔOficialÔ_Ô€de€la€Ô_ÔFederacið;ðnÔ_Ôóó€on€14€June€2002,€secondary€legislation€will€have€toÐ  (ð#( Ðbe€changed€as€a€result€of€the€amendment.€€The€Federation€and€the€States€and€municipalities€will€thusÐ †)Ö$) Ðhave€to€draft€or€amend€their€legislation€relating€to€compensation€for€loss€or€damage€during€this€period.Ð l*¼%* ÐÌ237.€€The€present€report€clarifies€some€points€in€the€Committeeððs€report€and€provides€up-to-dateÐ 8,ˆ', Ðinformation€on€the€action€being€taken€to€combat€torture€and€implement€the€recommendations.€€In€viewÐ -n(- Ðof€the€undertaking€by€the€Government€of€Mexico€to€send€updated€information€on€the€394€cases€referredÐ ° Ðto€in€paragraph€13€of€the€report,€annex€III€contains€records€with€information€from€the€States€dealingÐ –æ Ðwith€some€of€the€cases.Ð |Ì ÐÌII.€€òòGENERAL€COMMENTSóóÐ H˜ ÐÌ238.€€The€report€is€very€detailed,€especially€as€far€as€the€consideration€of€individual€cases€is€concerned.€Ð  d ÐIn€this€connection,€the€Government€of€Mexico€draws€the€Committeeððs€attention€to€the€practical€andÐ ú J Ðtechnical€problems€countries€face€in€determining€whether€a€case€of€alleged€torture€exists.€€However,Ð à 0 ÐMexico€is€entirely€willing€to€hear€and€clarify€the€cases€of€alleged€torture€referred€to€in€the€CommitteeððsÐ Æ   Ðreport.Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌ239.€€The€Government€wishes€to€inform€the€Committee€of€some€of€the€current€AdministrationððsÐ xÈ  Ðachievements€in€respect€of€training€and€protection€against€torture€which€were€not€referred€to€in€theÐ ^®  Ðreport.Ð D”  ÐÌ240.€€With€regard€to€the€administration€of€justice,€the€Office€of€the€Attorney„General€of€the€RepublicÐ ` Ðhas€adopted€a€new€policy€based€on€the€following€three€types€of€action:Ð öF ÐÌÝ"‚¨3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚¨3£wWÝÔ2tÔððÔ3  Ôà0 á àÝ  ÝPromotion€and€consolidation€of€a€human€rights€culture€among€all€Office€staff;݃¨3£wW¤WÝŒÐÂá%á% ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÝ"‚¨3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚¨3£{XÝÔ2tÔððÔ3  Ôà0 á àÝ  ÝBuilding€public€confidence€that€it€cannot€fulfil€its€responsibilities€without€respecting€basicÐ ŽÞ Ðrights;݃¨3£{X¨XÝŒÐtÄá%á% ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÝ"‚¨3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚¨3£­YÝÔ2tÔððÔ3  Ôà0 á àÝ  ÝÔ_ÔCombatingÔ_Ô€and€forestalling€human€rights€violations€which€have€given€rise€to€complaints€fromÐ @ Ðsociety€and€recommendations€from€the€National€Human€Rights€Commission€(Ô_ÔCNDHÔ_Ô).݃¨3£­YÚYÝŒÐ&vá%á% ÐŒÝ  ÝÌ241.€€The€Office€of€the€Attorney„General€has€offered€the€following€training€courses€and€disseminatedÐ òB Ðinformation€on€action€to€combat€torture€and€cruel,€inhuman€and€degrading€treatment€or€punishment.Ð Ø( ÐÌòòAnti„torture€and€cruel,€inhuman€and€degrading€treatment€coursesóóÐ ¤ô ÐÌÔ*pƒ‘’ ÿd‰d^Vb^^bgh‰%‰%pÔÔ,u^VÔÔ,u^VÔÔ,v^VÔÔ,&^^ÔÔ+  ÔÐ 8€fff'p!À p!À €€‚‚ƒƒ„„8ÐDateÐ =€fff,!x!È!"fff „„=ÐAttendanceÐ =€fff,!x!È""fff „„=ÐHoursÐ ?€ffff,!x!È#"fff „„?ÐTarget€groupsÐ<20x!È$"   ffff <ÐÔ*–ƒ“” ÿdÿdu^Vuu^Vuv^Vv&^^&‘’‰%‰%–ÔÔ,u^VÔÔ,u^VÔÔ,v^VÔÔ,&^^ÔÔ+  ÔÐ [€fffJf"¶$f"¶ €€â@37000‚‚ƒƒ„„‰â@‰[ÐÔ_Ô20/04/01Ô_ÔÐ v€fffe:n"¾% â@37000 â@fff  C@38„„‰C@‰vÐ38Ð \€fffK@n"¾&"  C@38 C@fff „„\Ð7Ð ?€ffff,!n"¾'"fff „„?ÐFederal€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€(Ô_ÔPPOÔ_Ô)Ð n"¾( Ðofficials;€Federal€Investigation€(FI)€officials;Ð T#¤) Ðexperts;€administrative€staffÐ3)':$Š*   ffff 3ÐÔ*–ƒ•– ÿdÿdu^Vuu^Vuv^Vv&^^&“”‰%‰%–ÔÔ,u^VÔÔ,u^VÔÔ,v^VÔÔ,&^^ÔÔ+  ÔÐ [€fffJ(%x *(%x  €€Àâ@37014‚‚ƒƒ„„‰Àâ@‰[ÐÔ_Ô04/05/01Ô_ÔÐ v€fffe:0%€ + Àâ@37014 Àâ@fff  0@16„„‰0@‰vÐ16Ð \€fffK@0%€ ,"  0@16 0@fff „„\Ð7Ð ?€ffff,!0%€ -"fff „„?ÐÔ_ÔPPOÔ_Ô,€FI,€administrative€staffÐ3)'0%€ .   ffff 3ÐÔ*–ƒ—˜ ÿdÿdu^Vuu^Vuv^Vv&^^&•–‰%‰%–ÔÔ,u^VÔÔ,u^VÔÔ,v^VÔÔ,&^^ÔÔ+  ÔÐ [€fffJ&n!.&n! €€€â@37028‚‚ƒƒ„„‰€â@‰[ÐÔ_Ô18/05/01Ô_ÔÐ v€fffe:&&v!/ €â@37028 €â@fff  7@23„„‰7@‰vÐ23Ð \€fffK@&&v!0"  7@23 7@fff „„\Ð7Ð ?€ffff,!&&v!1"fff „„?ÐÔ_ÔPPOÔ_Ô,€FI,€experts,€administrative€staffÐ3)'&&v!2   ffff 3ÐÔ*–ƒ™š ÿdÿdu^Vuu^Vuv^Vv&^^&—˜‰%‰%–ÔÔ,u^VÔÔ,u^VÔÔ,v^VÔÔ,&^^ÔÔ+  ÔÐ [€fffJ'd"2'd" €€@â@37042‚‚ƒƒ„„‰@â@‰[ÐÔ_Ô01/06/01Ô_ÔÐ v€fffe:'l"3 @â@37042 @â@fff  2@18„„‰2@‰vÐ18Ð {€fffj@'l"4"  2@18 2@fff  @7„„‰@‰{Ð7Ð ]€ffffJ?'l"5"  @7 @fff „„]ÐÔ_ÔPPOÔ_Ô,€FI,€experts,€administrative€staffÐ3)''l"6   ffff 3ÐÔ*–ƒ›œ ÿdÿdu^Vuu^Vuv^Vv&^^&™š‰%‰%–ÔÔ,u^VÔÔ,u^VÔÔ,v^VÔÔ,&^^ÔÔ+  ÔÐ 8€fff' (Z#6 (Z# €€‚‚ƒƒ„„8Ð15/06/01Ð T€fffC(b#7fff  2@18„„‰2@‰TÐ18Ð {€fffj@(b#8"  2@18 2@fff  @7„„‰@‰{Ð7Ð ]€ffffJ?(b#9"  @7 @fff „„]ÐÔ_ÔPPOÔ_Ô,€FI,€experts,€administrative€staffÐ3)'(b#:   ffff 3ÐÔ*–ƒž ÿdÿdu^Vuu^Vuv^Vv&^^&›œ‰%‰%–ÔÔ,u^VÔÔ,u^VÔÔ,v^VÔÔ,&^^ÔÔ+  ÔÐ 8€fff')P$:)P$ €€‚‚ƒƒ„„8Ð03/06/01Ð 4€fff#)X$;fff „„4Ð34Ð \€fffK!)X$<"fff   @8„„‰ @‰\Ð8Ð ]€ffffJ?)X$="   @8  @fff „„]ÐForensic€medical€experts,€trainee€expertsÐ3)')X$>   ffff 3ÐÌÔ*–ƒŸ  ÿdÿdu^Vuu^Vuv^Vv&^^&ž‰%‰%–ÔÔ,Ø ^VÔÔ,:^VÔÔ,:^VÔÔ,;^^ÔÔ+  ÔÐ 8€fff'Ü*,&?Ü*,& €€‚‚ƒƒ„„8ÐPeriodÐ =€fff,!ä*4&@"fff „„=ÐEventsÐ =€fff,!ä*4&A"fff „„=ÐParticipantsÐ ?€ffff,!ä*4&B"fff „„?ÐHoursÐ<20ä*4&C"   ffff <ÐÔ*–ƒ¡¢ ÿdÿdØ ^VØ :^V::^V:;^^;Ÿ ‰%‰%–ÔÔ,Ø ^VÔÔ,:^VÔÔ,:^VÔÔ,;^^ÔÔ+  ÔÐ 8€fff'Ò+"'CÒ+"' €€‚‚ƒƒ„„8ÐJanuary„December€2001Ð S€fffBÚ+*'Dfff  @5„„‰@‰SÐ5Ð s€fffb6Ú+*'E  @5 @fff @\@113„„‰@\@‰sÐ113Ð v€ffffc8Ú+*'F @\@113 @\@fff  €A@35„„‰€A@‰vÐ35ÐRHFÚ+*'G  €A@35   €A@ffff RÐÔ*–ƒ£¤ ÿdÿdØ ^VØ :^V::^V:;^^;¡¢‰%‰%–ÔÔ,Ø ^VÔÔ,:^VÔÔ,:^VÔÔ,;^^ÔÔ+  ÔÐ 8€fff'È,(GÈ,( €€‚‚ƒƒ„„8ÐJanuary„June€2002Ð S€fffBÐ, (Hfff  ð?1„„‰ð?‰SÐ1Ð r€fffa6Ð, (I  ð?1 ð?fff  A@34„„‰A@‰rÐ34Ð t€ffffa7Ð, (J  A@34 A@fff   @8„„‰ @‰tÐÔ_Ô8Ô_Ôâ âÐQGEÐ, (K   @8    @ffff QÐÔ*–ƒ¥¦ ÿdÿdØ ^VØ :^V::^V:;^^;£¤‰%‰%–ÔÔ,Ø ^VÔÔ,:^VÔÔ,:^VÔÔ,;^^ÔÔ+  ÔÐ 8€fff'°° €€‚‚ƒƒ„„8Ðâ âà µ àTotalÐ S€fffB¸fff  @6„„‰@‰SÐ6Ð s€fffb6¸  @6 @fff `b@147„„‰`b@‰sÐ147Ð v€ffffc8¸ `b@147 `b@fff  €E@43„„‰€E@‰vÐ43ÐRHF¸  €E@43   €E@ffff RÐÌ242.€€With€regard€to€the€dissemination€of€information,€over€the€period€from€January€to€December€2001,Ð ŒÜ Ðthe€Office€of€the€Attorney„General€prepared€two€posters€entitled:€€ð ðTorture€leaves€deep€scarsðð€andÐ r Ðð ðTorture:€€would€you€like€it€to€happen€to€you?ðð,€2,000€copies€of€which€were€printed€and€distributed€inÐ X¨ Ðvarious€parts€of€the€Office.€€(Copies€of€the€posters€will€be€provided.)Ð > Ž ÐÌ243.€€With€a€view€to€the€promotion€of€a€culture€of€human€rights,€seven€posters€were€designed€andÐ  Z  Ðdisplayed€in€various€parts€of€the€Office€of€the€Attorney„General,€different€Departments€of€State,€theÐ ð @  Ðcourts,€the€public€transport€system€(METRO)€and€shopping€centres.Ð Ö &  ÐÌ244.€€The€Defence€Department€(Ô_ÔSEDENAÔ_Ô)€has€adopted€the€following€measures€to€promote€a€cultureÐ ¢ò  Ðof€respect€for€human€rights€within€the€Armed€Forces:Ð ˆØ  ÐÌÝ"‚¨3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚¨3£Ç€ÝÔ2tÔððÔ3  Ôà0 á àÝ  ÝThe€inclusion€of€ð ðhuman€rightsðð€and€ð ðinternational€humanitarian€lawðð€in€the€curriculum€at€allÐ T¤  Ðcomponent€parts€of€the€military€education€system€and€in€the€standard€training€and€instructionÐ :Š  Ðcurricula€for€units,€branches€and€installations€of€the€Mexican€Army€and€Air€Force;݃¨3£Ç€ô€ÝŒÐ pá%á% ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚¨3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚¨3£¿‚ÝÔ2tÔððÔ3  Ôà0 á àÝ  ÝNational€lecture€series€to€strengthen€the€culture€of€respect€for€human€rights€among€military€staffÐ V Ðin€the€military€regions€and€zones€of€the€country,€in€coordination€withÔ_ÔCNDHÔ_Ô;݃¨3£¿‚ì‚ÝŒÐì<á%á% ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚¨3£ "ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚¨3£Y„ÝÔ2tÔððÔ3  Ôà0 á àÝ  ÝEncouraging€interest€among€the€military€staff€of€the€Military€Justice€Department€in€takingÐ Ò" Ðspecialization€and€postgraduate€courses€on€human€rights€given€by€Federal€GovernmentÐ ¸ Ðdepartments€and€prestigious€national€and€foreign€educational€establishments;݃¨3£Y„†„݌Оîá%á% ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚¨3£ "ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚¨3£2†ÝÔ2tÔððÔ3  Ôà0 á àÝ  ÝPromotion€of€a€culture€of€respect€for€human€rights€in€society€as€a€whole,€through€theÐ „Ô Ðorganization€of€conferences€attended€by€personnel€from€various€departments€and€bodies,Ð jº Ðgovernment€and€non„governmental€human€rights€bodies€and€the€public€at€large;݃¨3£2†_†ÝŒÐP á%á% ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚¨3£ "ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚¨3£ ˆÝÔ2tÔððÔ3  Ôà0 á àÝ  ÝA€course€for€the€training€of€human€rights€professors€given€at€the€Army€and€Air€Force€StudyÐ 6† ÐCentre€has€been€completed€by€40€officers€and€175€officials;݃¨3£ ˆ7ˆÝŒÐlá%á% ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚¨3£ "ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚¨3£j‰ÝÔ2tÔððÔ3  Ôà0 á àÝ  ÝPublication€of€the€ð ðHuman€rights€and€international€humanitarian€lawðð€manual€and€the€ð ðHumanÐ R Ðrightsðð€handbook.݃¨3£j‰—‰ÝŒÐè8á%á% ÐŒÝ  ÝÌ245.€€Another€measure€taken€to€combat€torture€and€impunity€was€the€establishment,€on€27€NovemberÐ ´! Ð2001,€of€the€Special€Prosecutorððs€Office€to€deal€with€acts€probably€constituting€Federal€crimesÐ š ê" Ðcommitted€either€directly€or€indirectly€by€government€officials€against€people€linked€with€past€socialÐ €!Ð# Ðand€political€movements.Ð f"¶$ ÐÌ246.€€Mention€should€be€made€of€the€institutional€cooperation€agreement€signed€by€the€Office€of€theÐ 2$‚& ÐAttorney„General€and€Ô_ÔCNDHÔ_Ô.€€This€agreement€provides€for€action€to€combat€torture€and€mechanismsÐ %h ' Ðto€enable€the€Office€of€the€Attorney„General€to€follow€up€requests€for€information,€offers€of€conciliationÐ þ%N!( Ðand€recommendations€made€by€Ô_ÔCNDHÔ_Ô.Ð ä&4") ÐÌ247.€€It€should€be€pointed€out€that,€although€the€report€contains€no€information€on€torture€by€NavyÐ °($+ Ðpersonnel,€the€Office€of€the€Secretary€of€the€Mexican€Navy€has€undertaken,€in€accordance€with€theÐ –)æ$, Ðcurrent€Governmentððs€policy,€to€modernize€and€update€its€legislation€in€order€to€encourage€unfailingÐ |*Ì%- Ðrespect€for€human€rights€by€Navy€personnel.€€To€this€end,€it€has€issued:Ð b+²&. ÐÌØ/ /ØÝ"‚¨3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚¨3£ÝÔ2tÔððÔ3  Ôà0 á àÝ  ÝDecision€No.€040,€published€in€the€òòÔ_ÔDiarioÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔOficialÔ_Ô€de€la€Ô_ÔFederacið;ðnÔ_Ôóó€on€20€April€2001,€givingÐ .-~(0 Ðguidelines€for€the€commanders€of€operational€Mexican€Navy€units€conducting€inspections€inÐ ° ÐMexican€waters;݃¨3£I݌Жæá%á% ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚¨3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚¨3£(’ÝÔ2tÔððÔ3  Ôà0 á àÝ  ÝDirective€No.€06/2001,€published€in€the€òòÔ_ÔDiarioÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔOficialÔ_Ô€de€la€Ô_ÔFederacið;ðnÔ_Ôóó€on€27December€2001,Ð |Ì Ðwhereby€Mexicoððs€Naval€High€Command€ordered€naval€commands€to€respect€human€rights;݃¨3£(’U’ÝŒÐb²á%á% ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚¨3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚¨3£”ÝÔ2tÔððÔ3  Ôà0 á àÝ  ÝDecision€No.€036,€published€in€the€òòÔ_ÔDiarioÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔOficialÔ_Ô€de€la€Ô_ÔFederacið;ðnÔ_Ôóó€on€6€May€2002,€announcingÐ H˜ Ðthe€Human€Rights€Handbook€for€Mexican€Navy€Personnel.݃¨3£”<”ÝŒÐ. ~á%á% ÐŒÝ  ÝÌ248.€€It€should€also€be€pointed€out€that,€following€the€Committeeððs€visit€to€Mexico,€theÐ ú J ÐFederalGovernment€established€a€mechanism€for€dialogue€between€the€Interdepartmental€CommissionÐ à 0 Ðto€Monitor€Mexicoððs€International€Human€Rights€Commitments€and€civil€society€organizations.€€TheÐ Æ   Ðmechanism€has€eight€committees€coordinated€jointly€by€representatives€of€the€InterdepartmentalÐ ¬ ü  ÐCommission€and€civil€society€organizations.€€The€objective€is€to€promote€joint€activities€to€give€effectÐ ’â  Ðto€Mexicoððs€international€commitments€and€to€define€Mexicoððs€position€in€international€bodies.Ð xÈ  ÐÌ249.€€One€of€the€committees€deals€with€civil€and€political€rights.€€In€view€of€the€priority€being€given€toÐ D”  Ðaction€to€combat€torture,€the€first€topic€on€the€agenda€was€a€discussion€of€25€steps€to€combat€tortureÐ *z  Ðdrawn€up€to€give€effect€to€international€recommendations€in€this€regard,€including€those€of€theÐ ` ÐCommittee.Ð öF ÐÌ250.€€The€committee€is€coordinated€at€this€stage€by€the€Office€of€the€Attorney„General€and€the€MexicanÐ Â ÐRehabilitation€Foundation.€€The€committee€is€also€submitting€various€documents€in€order€to€defineÐ ¨ø ÐMexicoððs€position€in€international€bodies,€such€as€the€questionnaire€circulated€by€the€Organization€ofÐ ŽÞ ÐAmerican€States€on€the€rights€of€and€care€for€persons€subjected€to€any€form€of€detention€orÐ tÄ Ðimprisonment.€€(The€committeeððs€report€is€annexed.)Ð Zª ÐÌ251.€€Ô_ÔCNDHÔ_Ô€agrees€with€the€Committeeððs€report,€which,€in€its€view,€fairly€faithfully€reflects€theÐ &v Ðcomments€which€Ô_ÔCNDHÔ_Ô€has€made€in€its€recommendations.Ð  \ ÐÌIII.€€òòCHARACTERISTICS€AND€FREQUENCY€OF€CASES€OF€TORTUREóóÐ Ø( ÐÌ252.€€In€paragraphs€25,€38,€39,€77€and€109,€the€report€refers€to€various€cases€in€which€acts€of€possibleÐ ¤ô Ðtorture€were€apparently€attributed€to€the€Office€of€the€Attorney„General€in€2000€and2001.Ð Š Ú ÐÌ253.€€In€this€connection,€it€should€be€pointed€out€that,€under€article€44€of€the€regulations€giving€effectÐ V"¦! Ðto€the€Office€of€the€Attorney„General€Organization€Act,€the€Department€for€the€Protection€of€HumanÐ <#Œ" ÐRights€receives€and€deals€with€complaints€of€alleged€human€rights€violations€transmitted€by€Ô_ÔCNDHÔ_Ô,Ð "$r# Ðincluding€those€relating€to€alleged€acts€of€torture.Ð %X $ ÐÌ254.€€It€should€also€be€pointed€out€that,€according€to€paragraph€48€of€the€report,€the€representatives€ofÐ Ô&$"& ÐÔ_ÔCNDHÔ_Ô€said€that€their€annual€statistics€and€reports€included€only€proven€cases€of€torture,€not€cases€inÐ º' #' Ðwhich€complaints€had€been€lodged€but€torture€had€not€been€established.€€This€suggests€that€Ô_ÔCNDHÔ_Ô€isÐ  (ð#( Ðrequired€to€make€recommendations€only€in€cases€where,€in€its€opinion,€torture€has€been€provedÐ †)Ö$) Ðconclusively€and€in€keeping€with€both€the€Act€and€its€rules€of€procedure;€this€does€not€apply€in€the€casesÐ l*¼%* Ðreferred€to€in€paragraphs€25,€38,€39,€77€and€109,€in€which€staff€of€the€Office€of€the€Attorney„GeneralÐ R+¢&+ Ðare€linked€to€alleged€acts€of€torture.Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- Ð255.€€The€following€is€a€comparative€table€of€the€status€of€the€complaints€received€by€Ô_ÔCNDHÔ_Ô€relatingÐ ° Ðto€alleged€acts€of€torture:Ð –æ ÐÌÔ*–ƒ§¨ vdÿdØ ^VØ :^V::^V:;^^;¥¦‰%‰%–ÔÔ,M^VÔÔ,‰^VÔÔ,^VÔÔ,0^VÔÔ,ö^^ÔÔ+  ÔÐ 8€fff'b²b² €€‚‚ƒƒ„„8ÐComplaintsÐ =€fff,!jºfff „„=Ð2000Ð =€fff,!jºfff „„=Ð2001Ð =€fff,!jºfff „„=Ð2002Ð ?€ffff,!jºfff „„?ÐTotalÐ<20jº   ffff <ÐÔ*©ƒ©ª vdvdM^VM‰^V‰^V0^V0ö^^ö§¨‰%‰%©ÔÔ,M^VÔÔ,‰^VÔÔ,^VÔÔ,0^VÔÔ,ö^^ÔÔ+  ÔÐ 8€fff'X¨X¨ €€‚‚ƒƒ„„8ÐCompletedÐ T€fffC`° fff  H@48„„‰H@‰TÐ48Ð s€fffb7`°   H@48 H@fff  <@28„„‰<@‰sÐ28Ð r€fffa7`°   <@28 <@fff  @7„„‰@‰rÐ7Ð t€ffffa6`°   @7 @fff  ÀT@83„„‰ÀT@‰tÐÔ_Ô83Ô_ÔÐRHF`°   ÀT@83   ÀT@ffff RÐÔ*©ƒ«¬ vdvdM^VM‰^V‰^V0^V0ö^^ö©ª‰%‰%©ÔÔ,M^VÔÔ,‰^VÔÔ,^VÔÔ,0^VÔÔ,ö^^ÔÔ+  ÔÐ 8€fff'N ž N ž €€‚‚ƒƒ„„8ÐUnder€considerationÐ 4€fff#V ¦fff „„4ЄРS€fffBV ¦fff  @4„„‰@‰SÐ4Ð q€fff`6V ¦  @4 @fff  @2„„‰@‰qÐ2Ð s€ffff`6V ¦  @2 @fff  @6„„‰@‰sÐ6ÐQGEV ¦  @6   @ffff QÐÔ*©ƒ­® vdvdM^VM‰^V‰^V0^V0ö^^ö«¬‰%‰%©ÔÔ,M^VÔÔ,‰^VÔÔ,^VÔÔ,0^VÔÔ,ö^^ÔÔ+  ÔÐ 8€fff'D ”D ” €€‚‚ƒƒ„„8ÐPendingÐ 4€fff#L œfff „„4ЄР4€fff#L œfff „„4ЄРS€fffBL œfff  @3„„‰@‰SÐ3Ð s€ffff`6L œ  @3 @fff  @3„„‰@‰sÐ3ÐQGEL œ  @3   @ffff QÐÔ*©ƒ¯° vdvdM^VM‰^V‰^V0^V0ö^^ö­®‰%‰%©ÔÔ,M^VÔÔ,‰^VÔÔ,^VÔÔ,0^VÔÔ,ö^^ÔÔ+  ÔÐ 8€fff': Š: Š €€‚‚ƒƒ„„8Ðà , àTotalÐ T€fffCB ’fff  H@48„„‰H@‰TÐ48Ð s€fffb7B ’  H@48 H@fff  @@32„„‰@@‰sÐ32Ð s€fffb7B ’  @@32 @@fff  (@12„„‰(@‰sÐ12Ð u€ffffb7B ’  (@12 (@fff  W@92„„‰W@‰uÐ92ÐRHFB ’  W@92   W@ffff RÐÌ256.€€As€regards€paragraph€33€of€the€report,€on€the€detention€of€Rodolfo€Ô_ÔMontielÔ_Ô€Flores€and€TeodoroÐ  f ÐCabrera€Ô_ÔGarcaÔ_Ô€by€military€personnel€on€2€May€1999€in€Ô_ÔPizotlaÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔAjuchitanÔ_Ô€del€Ô_ÔProgresoÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔGuerreroÔ_Ô,€theÐ ü L  ÐDefence€Department€(Ô_ÔSEDENAÔ_Ô)€took€the€following€action€in€response€to€Ô_ÔCNDHÔ_Ô€recommendationÐ â2  Ð8/2000:Ð È  ÐÌà0 á à1.€€It€conducted€preliminary€investigation€No.€SC/300/2000/VII/I,€which€was€closed€by€theÐ ”ä " ÐMilitary€Investigating€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€on€3€November€2001€because€it€did€not€proveÐ zÊ # Ðthat€any€wrongful€act€had€been€committed€by€military€personnel.Ð`°$á%á% ÐÌà0 á à2.€€The€Army€and€Air€Force€Inspection€and€Controller„Generalððs€Office€also€conducted€anÐ ,|& Ðinvestigation,€which€did€not€find€any€evidence€of€administrative€responsibility€on€the€part€ofÐ b' Ðmilitary€personnel;€however,€the€Office€of€the€Military€Prosecutor„General€transmitted€to€it€aÐ øH( Ðcopy€of€preliminary€investigation€No.€SC/300/2000/VII/I€so€that,€based€on€the€evidenceÐ Þ.) Ðcontained€therein,€it€might€determine€whether€there€had€been€any€administrative€irregularities.ÐÄ*á%á% ÐÌà0 á à3.€€It€should€be€pointed€out€that€Ô_ÔCNDHÔ_Ô€issued€its€statement€because€Ô_ÔMontielÔ_Ô€Flores€and€CabreraÐ à, ÐÔ_ÔGarcaÔ_Ô€had€been€detained€and€turned€over€to€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€by€militaryÐ vÆ- Ðpersonnel,€not€because€any€act€of€torture€had€been€proven€against€Ô_ÔSEDENAÔ_Ô€personnel.Ð\¬.á%á% ÐÌ257.€€In€connection€with€paragraph€49€of€the€report€on€the€alleged€torture€and€lengthy€detention€ofÐ (x0 ÐCarlos€Montes€Ô_ÔVillaseorÔ_Ô€by€Defence€Department€personnel€on€13€November€1998€in€Pie€de€la€Ô_ÔCuestaÔ_Ô,Ð ^1 ÐÔ_ÔGuerreroÔ_Ô,€it€is€reported€that€the€Office€of€the€Military€Prosecutor„General€instituted€and€then€closedÐ ôD2 Ðpreliminary€investigation€No.€SC/149/2000/VIII,€since€it€had€not€been€shown€that€military€personnelÐ Ú *3 Ðhad€tortured€Mr.€Montes€Ô_ÔVillaseorÔ_Ô:€€the€Federal€judicial€police€was€responsible€for€holding€him€inÐ À!4 Ðcustody€before€he€was€brought€before€an€official€of€the€Federal€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office.Ð ¦"ö5 ÐÌ258.€€The€Army€and€Air€Force€Inspection€and€Controller„Generalððs€Office€conducted€an€administrativeÐ r$Â7 Ðinvestigation€and€decided€to€sentence€Operations€Base€Commander€ð ðÔ_ÔQuirozÔ_Ôðð,€Infantry€Captain€FirstÐ X%¨ 8 ÐClass€Ô_ÔConstantinoÔ_Ô€Alfonso€Ô_ÔRodrguezÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔQuirozÔ_Ô,€to€the€maximum€period€of€imprisonment€for€havingÐ >&Ž!9 Ðdetained€the€civilian,€Montes€Ô_ÔVillaseorÔ_Ô,€for€an€excessive€period€of€time€before€bringing€him€before€theÐ $'t": Ðcivilian€authorities.Ð  (Z#; ÐÌ259.€€On€the€basis€of€the€above„mentioned€administrative€investigations,€preliminary€investigation€No.Ð Ö)&%= ÐSC/149/2000/VIII€was€reopened€and€reclassified€as€No.€SC/220/2001/I€on€1€August€2001,€forÐ ¼* &> Ðcompletion€and€determination;€it€is€now€under€way.Ð ¢+ò&? ÐÌ260.€€Paragraph€50€of€the€report€refers€to€the€case€dealt€with€in€recommendation€No.€8/2001€issued€byÐ n-¾(A ÐÔ_ÔCNDHÔ_Ô€to€the€Office€of€the€Attorney„General€as€ð ða€proven€case€of€tortureðð.€€Attention€is€drawn€to€theÐ ° Ðfollowing:Ð –æ ÐÌÝ"‚¨3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚¨3£ÅÝÔ2tÔððÔ3  Ôà0 á àÝ  ÝOn€the€basis€of€recommendation€No.€8/2001,€the€Office€of€the€Attorney„General€launchedÐ b² Ðpreliminary€investigation€No.€5247/Ô_ÔDGPDHÔ_Ô/2001€against€some€of€its€officials€for€the€probableÐ H˜ Ðcommission€of€acts€of€torture€and€misuse€of€public€position€against€Mr.€Norberto€de€Ô_ÔJessÔ_ÔÐ . ~ ÐÔ_ÔSarezÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔGð;ðmezÔ_Ô,€who€represented€the€Office€of€the€Attorney„General€in€the€State€of€ChihuahuaÐ  d Ðat€the€time;݃¨3£ÅFÅÝŒÐú Já%á% ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚¨3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚¨3£ÈÝÔ2tÔððÔ3  Ôà0 á àÝ  ÝIn€the€course€of€this€inquiry€the€Federal€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€ordered€a€number€of€expertÐ à 0 Ðevaluations€(copies€attached);݃¨3£ÈDÈÝŒÐÆ  á%á% ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚¨3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚¨3£cÉÝÔ2tÔððÔ3  Ôà0 á àÝ  ÝThe€inquiry€having€been€duly€completed,€the€Federal€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€dismissed€theÐ ¬ ü  Ðcriminal€proceedings,€since€ð ðthe€offence€of€torture€has€not€been€provenðð;݃¨3£cÉÉ݌Вâ á%á% ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚¨3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚¨3£ÜÊÝÔ2tÔððÔ3  Ôà0 á àÝ  ÝIn€official€document€No.€3532€of€21€February€2002,€the€President€of€the€National€Human€RightsÐ xÈ  ÐCommission€stated,€with€regard€to€recommendation€No.€8/2001,€that€he€had€decided€ð ðto€closeÐ ^®  Ðthe€case€and€regard€the€recommendation€as€accepted,€with€evidence€of€full€compliance,€aÐ D”  Ðsituation€which€will€be€brought€to€public€attention€in€Ô_ÔCNDHÔ_Ôððs€next€reportðð;݃¨3£ÜÊ ËÝŒÐ*z á%á% ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚¨3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚¨3£TÍÝÔ2tÔððÔ3  Ôà0 á àÝ  ÝThe€alleged€act€of€torture€against€Mr.€Norberto€de€Ô_ÔJessÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔSarezÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔGð;ðmezÔ_Ô€was€not€proven.€€WhenÐ ` Ðthe€decision€to€dismiss€the€proceedings€in€investigation€No.5247/Ô_ÔDGPDHÔ_Ô/2001€was€transmittedÐ öF Ðto€Ô_ÔCNDHÔ_Ô,€it€did€not€object;€indeed,€it€took€the€view€that€recommendation€No.€8/2001€had€beenÐ Ü, Ðfully€complied€with.݃¨3£TÍÍÝŒÐÂá%á% ÐŒÝ  ÝÌ261.€€Referring€to€paragraph€109€relating€to€the€case€of€Gregorio€Ô_ÔVsquezÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔððlvarezÔ_Ô,€the€Government€ofÐ ŽÞ ÐMexico€informs€the€Committee€that,€once€the€relevant€investigations€were€carried€out,€the€InternalÐ tÄ ÐOversight€Board€of€the€National€Institute€for€Migration€took€administrative€measures€against€Ô_ÔRoelÔ_ÔÐ Zª ÐÔ_ÔMagdalenoÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔGuillnÔ_Ô,€a€Migration€Service€official€who€was€responsible€for€committing€irregularities€inÐ @ Ðthe€exercise€of€his€functions.€€He€was€suspended€from€duty€without€pay€for€15€days.€€Ô_ÔYazmnÔ_Ô€ManuelÐ &v ÐÔ_ÔCastillejosÔ_Ô,€the€chief€of€the€Migration€Papers€Processing€Department,€and€Felipe€Ô_ÔRoÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔOrozcoÔ_Ô,€theÐ  \ ÐServiceððs€local€representative,€were€publicly€admonished€for€their€presumed€mistreatment€of€theÐ òB Ðcomplainant.€€(Copy€of€administrative€resolution€076/00€of€14€August€2001€attached.)Ð Ø( ÐÌ262.€€In€connection€with€paragraph€126€of€the€report,€the€Office€of€the€Attorney„General€has€taken€twoÐ ¤ô Ðmain€types€of€action.€€First,€it€established€a€human€rights€follow„up€and€inspection€system€for€operationsÐ Š Ú Ðinvolving€the€transfer€of€persons€suspected€of€Federal€offences,€the€posting€of€bail€and€extradition.€€ItÐ p!À  Ðhas€also€provided€the€necessary€legal€support€for€persons€in€detention.€It€was€involved€in€the€followingÐ V"¦! Ð112€operations€during€the€year.Ð <#Œ" ÐÌÔ*¸ƒO;PdvdM^VM‰^V‰^V0^V0ö^^ö¯°‰%‰%¸ÔÔ,Ñdd ÔÔ,Ødd ÔÔ,'dd ÔÔ+  ÔÐ %X $%X  ……ÐÓ—tÓÓ  ÓHuman€rights€follow„up€and€inspectionÐ !l%¼ %  !ÐÓOØÓÓwÓType€of€proceedingsÐ  æ&6"& ÐNumberÐ  æ&6"' ÐPersons€involvedÐ  æ&6"( ÐBailÐ 5+ `(°#)  €G@47‰€G@‰5Ð47Ð TJ(`(°#*  €G@47 €G@  €U@86‰€U@‰TÐ86Ð 4*(`(°#+  €U@86 €U@ 4ÐVisits€to€prisonersÐ 4* Ú)*%,  @6‰@‰4Ð6Ð SI'Ú)*%-  @6 @  (@12‰(@‰SÐ12Ð 4*(Ú)*%.  (@12 (@ 4ÐLegal€assistanceÐ 5+ T+¤&/  G@46‰G@‰5Ð46Ð TJ(T+¤&0  G@46 G@  G@46‰G@‰TÐ46Ð 4*(T+¤&1  G@46 G@ 4ÐExtraditions€€€Ð 5+ Î,(2  E@42‰E@‰5Ð42Ð TJ(Î,(3  E@42 E@  E@42‰E@‰TÐ42â âÐ 4*(Î,(4  E@42 E@ 4ÐInspections€and€statementsÐ 5+ d  7@23‰7@‰5Ðâ â23Ð TJ(d  7@23 7@  <@28‰<@‰TÐ28Ð 4*(d  <@28 <@ 4ÐParticipation€in€operationsÐ 4* ŽÞ  ð?1‰ð?‰4Ð1Ð TJ'ŽÞ  ð?1 ð? Y@100‰Y@‰TÐ100Ð 5+)ŽÞ Y@100 Y@ 5ÐLegal€assistance€€€Ð 4* X  @6‰@‰4Ð6Ð RH'X  @6 @  @6‰@‰RÐ6Ð 3)'X   @6 @ 3ÐBail€Ð 5+ ‚ Ò   $@10‰$@‰5Ð10Ð UK(‚ Ò   $@10 $@ ``@131‰``@‰UÐ131Ð 5+)‚ Ò  ``@131 ``@ 5ÐTotalÐ 6, ü L   f@181‰ f@‰6Ð181Ð VL)ü L  f@181  f@ 0|@451‰0|@‰VÐ451Ð9/-ü L 0|@451 0|@ 9ÐÌ263.€€The€second€preventive€measure€involves€the€establishment€of€round„the„clock€shifts€365€days€aÐ ø H Ðyear€during€which€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€officials€in€the€Department€for€the€Protection€of€HumanÐ Þ .  ÐRights€receive€and€deal€with€complaints€of€irregularities€and€provide€the€necessary€advice€either€byÐ Ä  Ðtelephone€or€in€person.Ð ªú  ÐÌ264.€€It€should€be€pointed€out€that€the€investigation€and€prosecution€of€Federal€offences€by€the€FederalÐ vÆ  ÐPublic€Prosecutorððs€Office€and€its€subordinate€departments€must€be€carried€out€in€accordance€with€theÐ \¬  Ðlaw€and€on€the€basis€of€respect€for€individual€guarantees€and€human€rights,€as€stated€in€the€ConstitutionÐ B’ Ðof€the€United€Mexican€States,€the€relevant€legislation,€and€the€international€human€rights€treaties€signedÐ (x Ðand€ratified€by€Mexico.€€In€view€of€the€foregoing,€the€Attorney„General€of€the€Republic€issued€circularÐ ^ ÐNo.€C/003/2001,€reminding€officials€of€the€Federal€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€and€Federal€InvestigationÐ ôD ÐAgency€that€they€must€not€carry€out€or€tolerate€any€type€of€unlawful€detention.€€He€also€issued€decisionÐ Ú* ÐNo.€A/068/02,€setting€up€human€rights€protection€units€in€the€substantive€departments€of€his€Office€andÐ À Ðestablishing€guidelines€for€human€rights€inspections.€€(Circular€C/003/2001€and€decision€A/068/02€areÐ ¦ö Ðannexed.)Ð ŒÜ ÐÌ265.€€On€the€basis€of€this€institutional€human€rights€guidelines€and€management€programme,100€perÐ X¨  Ðcent€of€the€243€complaints€filed€have€been€dealt€with.Ð >Ž! ÐÌòòRole€of€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€officialsóóÐ  Z# ÐÌ266.€€Paragraphs€146€and€148€refer€to€Ô_ÔCNDHÔ_Ô€recommendation€No.€9/2001€on€the€case€of€Mr.MateoÐ Ö&% ÐÔ_ÔHernndezÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBarajasÔ_Ô.€€Here€it€should€be€pointed€out€that€the€recommendation€concerned€is€12/2001,€notÐ ¼ & Ð9/2001.€€As€paragraph€148€puts€it,€Ô_ÔCNDHÔ_Ô€reported€that€ð ðthe€physician€attached€to€the€Attorney„Ð ¢!ò' ÐGeneralððs€Office€[ð8ð]€had€violated€the€human€rights€of€a€detainee€(Mr.€Ô_ÔHernndezÔ_Ô)€by€producingÐ ˆ"Ø( Ðambiguous€medical€reports€ð8ð€making€it€difficult€to€establish€the€manner€or€time€in€which€they€had€beenÐ n#¾) Ðproduced,€and€by€failing€to€classify€the€injuriesðð.Ð T$¤* ÐÌ267.€€Attention€is€drawn€to€the€following:Ð  &p!, ÐÌÝ"‚¨3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚¨3£AëÝÔ2tÔððÔ3  Ôà0 á àÝ  ÝOn€the€basis€of€recommendation€No.€12/2001,€the€Office€of€the€Attorney„General€launchedÐ ì'<#. Ðpreliminary€investigation€No.€759/Ô_ÔDGPDHÔ_Ô/2001€against€several€of€its€officialsfor€probableÐ Ò("$/ Ðabuse€of€authority,€of€which€Mr.Mateo€Ô_ÔHernndezÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBarajasÔ_Ô€was€the€victim;݃¨3£Aënë݌и)%0á%á% ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚¨3£ "ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚¨3£zíÝÔ2tÔððÔ3  Ôà0 á àÝ  ÝIn€the€course€of€this€inquiry€the€Federal€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€ordered€a€number€of€expertÐ ž*î%1 Ðevaluations€(copies€attached);݃¨3£zí§í݌Є+Ô&2á%á% ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚¨3£ "ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚¨3£ÆîÝÔ2tÔððÔ3  Ôà0 á àÝ  ÝWhen€the€investigation€was€completed,€the€Federal€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€institutedÐ j,º'3 Ðcriminal€proceedings€against€three€Federal€investigation€officials€for€probable€abuse€of€authorityÐ P- (4 Ðand€illegal€house€search;݃¨3£Æîóî݌аá%á% ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚¨3£ "ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚¨3£{ðÝÔ2tÔððÔ3  Ôà0 á àÝ  ÝThe€alleged€offence€of€torture€or€ill„treatment€of€Mr.€Mateo€Ô_ÔHernndezÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBarajasÔ_Ô€was€not€proven.€Ð –æ ÐWhen€the€decision€to€institute€criminal€proceedings€in€connection€with€investigation€No.Ð |Ì Ð759/Ô_ÔDGPDHÔ_Ô/2001€was€sent€to€Ô_ÔCNDHÔ_Ô,€it€did€not€object€and,€in€official€document€No.€15318€ofÐ b² Ð3July€2002,€it€listed€recommendation€No.€12/2001€as€having€been€satisfactorily€implemented;݃¨3£{ð¨ðÝŒÐH˜á%á% ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚¨3£ "ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚¨3£\óÝÔ2tÔððÔ3  Ôà0 á àÝ  ÝThe€Office€of€the€Attorney„General€considers€that€the€case€of€Mr.€Mateo€Ô_ÔHernndezÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBarajasÔ_ÔÐ . ~ Ðshould€not€be€regarded€as€one€ð ðwhere€the€attitude€of€the€medical€experts€assigned€toÐ  d Ðprosecutorsðð€offices€to€prevent€and€certify€torture€is€not€appropriateðð.݃¨3£\ó‰óÝŒÐú Já%á% ÐŒÝ  ÝÌ268.€€With€regard€to€the€training€programme€for€staff€of€the€Office€of€the€Attorney-General€in€theÐ Æ   Ðprevention€and€eradication€of€torture,€the€Office€took€the€initiative€of€preparing€a€ð ðmedical€report€onÐ ¬ ü  Ðpossible€cases€of€torture€and/or€ill„treatmentðð€with€a€view€to€preventing€and€investigating€cases€ofÐ ’â  Ðalleged€physical€and€psychological€torture€and€cruel,€inhuman€or€degrading€treatment€or€punishment.€Ð xÈ  ÐThis€ð ðModel€Guideðð€was€submitted€as€a€working€paper€to€the€National€Coordinator€for€TechnicalÐ ^®  ÐCooperation€between€the€Office€of€the€United€Nations€High€Commissioner€for€Human€Rights€and€theÐ D”  ÐGovernment€of€Mexico.Ð *z  ÐÌ269.€€The€staff€of€the€Office€of€the€Attorney„General€participated€actively€in€drafting€the€ð ðmodelÐ öF Ðprocedure€for€the€medical€examination€of€torture€and€other€physical€abuseðð,€together€with€theÐ Ü, ÐInternational€Rehabilitation€Council€for€Torture€Victims€(Ô_ÔIRCTÔ_Ô).Ð Â ÐÌ270.€€The€Office€of€the€Attorney„General€then€adapted€and€improved€its€ð ðmedical€report€on€possibleÐ ŽÞ Ðcases€of€torture€and/or€ill„treatmentðð.€€This€process,€known€as€ð ðÔ_ÔcontextualizationÔ_Ôðð,€is€governed€by€theÐ tÄ Ðinternational€standards€of€the€Istanbul€Protocol,€which€prescribes€universal€standards€for€the€medicalÐ Zª Ðinvestigation€of€torture.€€To€this€end,€Ô_ÔIRCTÔ_Ô€international€experts€were€formally€requested€to€review€theÐ @ Ðmedical€report€and€they€agreed€to€do€so.€€The€Office€of€the€United€Nations€High€Commissioner€forÐ &v ÐRefugees€also€officially€requested€Ô_ÔIRCTÔ_Ô€to€evaluate€the€report.Ð  \ ÐÌ271.€€It€should€be€pointed€out€that€the€Office€of€the€Attorney„General€requested€the€technical€assistanceÐ Ø( Ðof€the€non„governmental€organization€Physicians€for€Human€Rights€(Ô_ÔPHRÔ_Ô-USA).Ð ¾ ÐÌ272.€€An€ambitious€programme€which€involves€the€following€strategies€is€thus€being€implemented:Ð Š Ú ÐÌà0 á à1.€€Finalizing€the€specialized€medical€report€on€cases€of€possible€torture€and/or€ill-treatment;ÐV"¦!á%á% ÐÌà0 á à2.€€Producing€a€usersðð€manual€for€the€report.€€This€will€give€medical€experts€from€the€Office€ofÐ "$r# Ðthe€Attorney„General€the€necessary€technical€information€to€document€possible€cases€of€tortureÐ %X $ Ðand/or€ill„treatment€on€the€basis€of€international€standards;Ðî%>!%á%á% ÐÌà0 á à3.€€Conducting€an€intensive€training€programme€for€medical€experts€from€the€Office€of€theÐ º' #' ÐAttorney„General.€€This€is€particularly€important€because€criteria€for€the€investigation€andÐ  (ð#( Ðreporting€of€possible€cases€of€torture€and/or€ill-treatment€by€Office€medical€experts€will€beÐ †)Ö$) Ðstandardized€as€a€result€of€the€training€provided€by€Ô_ÔPHRÔ_Ô-USAexperts.€€The€training€programmeÐ l*¼%* Ðwill€start€in€October€2002€on€the€basis€of€the€following€input:ÐR+¢&+á%á% Ðà0 á àØ/ /ØÝ"‚¨3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚¨3£àÝÔ2tÔððÔ3  Ôà09 á%á%àÝ  ÝThe€first€beneficiaries€of€the€programme€will€be€48€forensic€pathologists.€€Five€willÐ 8,ˆ', Ðcome€from€civil€society€organizations,€national€human€rights€institutions€and€localÐ -n(- Ðpublic€attorneysðð€offices.€€The€remainder€are€forensic€pathologists€from€the€Office€of€theÐ ° ÐAttorney-General€of€the€Republic€attached€to€State€branches€of€the€Office€throughoutÐ –æ Ðthe€country;݃¨3£à ÝŒÐ|Ì9 %9 % ÐŒÝ  Ýà0 á àÝ"‚¨3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚¨3£cÝÔ2tÔððÔ3  Ôà09 á%á%àÝ  ÝThere€will€be€13€internationally€recognized€lecturers;݃¨3£cÝŒÐb²9 %9 % ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚¨3£"ÝÝ  Ýà0 á àÝ‚¨3£XÝÔ2tÔððÔ3  Ôà09 á%á%àÝ  ÝThe€beneficiaries€will€receive€working€papers€consisting€of€the€preliminary€version€ofÐ H˜ Ðthe€specialized€medical€report€on€cases€of€possible€torture€and/or€ill„treatment,€the€usersððÐ . ~ Ðmanual€for€the€report€prepared€by€the€Office€of€the€Attorney„General,€selected€articlesÐ  d Ðon€the€topic€of€torture€and€a€CD„ROM€with€photographs€showing€examples€of€cases€ofÐ ú J Ðtorture;݃¨3£X‘ÝŒÐà 09 %9 % ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚¨3£"ÝÝ  Ýà0 á àÝ‚¨3£ÜÝÔ2tÔððÔ3  Ôà09 á%á%àÝ  ÝThere€are€plans€for€the€participation€of€five€citizens€selected€by€Ô_ÔNGOsÔ_Ô€who€will€play€theÐ Æ   Ðrole€of€victims€of€torture€in€order€to€explain€how€doctors€should€conduct€interviews€andÐ ¬ ü  Ðexaminations;݃¨3£Ü ݌Вâ 9 %9 % ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚¨3£"ÝÝ  Ýà0 á àÝ‚¨3£¯ ÝÔ2tÔððÔ3  Ôà09 á%á%àÝ  ÝA€set€of€rules€will€be€adopted€that€will€emphasize€the€ethical€commitment€to€be€madebyÐ xÈ  Ðforensic€pathologists€when€examining€cases€of€possible€torture€and/or€ill-treatment;݃¨3£¯ è ÝŒÐ^® 9 %9 % ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚¨3£"ÝÝ  Ýà0 á àÝ‚¨3£9 ÝÔ2tÔððÔ3  Ôà09 á%á%àÝ  ÝThere€will€be€a€panel€of€legal€experts€from€non„governmental€organizations,€nationalÐ D”  Ðhuman€rights€organizations,€Attorney„Generalsðð€Offices,€Departments€of€State€and€barÐ *z  Ðassociations€who€will€discuss€matters€to€do€with€protection€from€and€the€eradication€ofÐ ` Ðtorture€from€the€viewpoint€of€their€specific€areas€of€competence.݃¨3£9 r ÝŒÐöF9 %9 % ÐŒÝ  ÝÌ273.€€The€Government€of€Mexico€is€working€on€an€official€Mexican€standard€on€torture€so€as€toÐ Â Ðestablish€a€uniform€procedure€for€medical€examinations€with€a€view€to€identifying€possible€cases€ofÐ ¨ø Ðtorture€in€live€and€dead€victims.€€Ð ŽÞ ÐÌòòAction€by€lawyersóóÐ Zª ÐÌ274.€€With€regard€to€paragraph€159,€it€should€be€recalled€that€the€Federal€Public€Defence€Institute,€aÐ &v Ðsubsidiary€body€of€the€Federal€Council€of€the€Judiciary,€provides€both€legal€defence€and€legal€advisoryÐ  \ Ðservices.€€It€has€22€regional€offices€throughout€the€country.€€Ð òB ÐÌ275.€€This€system€is€well€established€and€its€services€to€society€are€becoming€increasingly€effective,Ð ¾ Ðparticularly€because€it€is€part€of€the€Federal€judiciary.€€Ð ¤ô ÐÌ276.€€Public€defence€services€have€considerably€increased€protection€for€the€most€vulnerable€sectorsÐ p!À  Ðof€Mexican€society.Ð V"¦! ÐÌ277.€€In€Federal€criminal€cases,€public€defence€services,€which€are€guaranteed€by€article€20,€paragraphÐ "$r# ÐIX,€of€the€Constitution,€are€currently€provided€from€the€time€of€the€preliminary€investigation€until€theÐ %X $ Ðexecution€of€sentence€in€all€judicial€bodies,€ordinary€and€special,€concerned€with€prosecutions€andÐ î%>!% Ðsafeguards;€at€no€stage€in€the€proceedings€is€the€accused€left€without€defence.€€Ð Ô&$"& ÐÌ278.€€There€is€at€least€one€Federal€public€defender€in€every€investigation€bureau€of€the€PublicÐ  (ð#( ÐProsecutorððs€Office,€every€district€court€hearing€criminal€cases€and€every€single„judge€circuit€court.Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌ279.€€According€to€the€established€career€civil€service€rules,€appointments€to€entry„level€defender€orÐ R+¢&+ Ðadviser€posts€are€made€through€competitive€examination€so€that€the€best€qualified€candidates€may€beÐ 8,ˆ', Ðselected.Ð -n(- ÐIV.€€òòLEGAL€MECHANISMS€OFFERING€PROTECTION€AGAINST€TORTURE,€AND€HOW€THEYÐ ° ÐOPERATEóóÐ –æ ÐÌòòThe€prohibition€of€torture€in€Mexican€legislationóóÐ b² ÐÌ280.€€With€regard€to€the€information€contained€in€paragraph€173€of€the€report,€in€particular€theÐ . ~ Ðcompilation€by€the€Office€of€the€Attorney„General€on€the€Federal€entities€which€have€defined€tortureÐ  d Ðas€a€crime,€it€should€be€noted€that€only€the€State€of€Ô_ÔYucatnÔ_Ô€does€not€yet€have€legislation€on€the€subject.Ð ú J ÐÌ281.€€As€far€as€article€133€of€the€Constitution€is€concerned,€the€Government€of€Mexico€wishes€to€informÐ Æ   Ðthe€Committee€that€a€proposed€constitutional€amendment€was€drafted€as€part€of€the€machinery€forÐ ¬ ü  Ðdialogue€of€the€Interdepartmental€Commission€to€Monitor€Mexicoððs€International€Human€RightsÐ ’â  ÐCommitments.€€The€purpose€of€the€proposal€is€to€give€international€provisions€on€the€protection€ofÐ xÈ  Ðhuman€rights,€including€protective€provisions€contained€in€various€instruments€referring€specificallyÐ ^®  Ðto€human€rights,€especially€international€humanitarian€law€and€refugee€law€instruments,€constitutionalÐ D”  Ðstatus€by€means€of€an€amendment€to€article€133€of€the€Constitution.Ð *z  ÐÌ282.€€The€purpose€of€the€amendment€is€to€give€precedence€to€the€human€rights€embodied€inÐ öF Ðinternational€treaties,€since€such€treaties€generally€offer€better€protection€than€the€provisions€of€internalÐ Ü, Ðlaw.Ð Â ÐÌòòThe€general€rule€requiring€a€court€order€before€detention,€and€exceptions€to€itóóÐ ŽÞ ÐÌ283.€€The€Government€of€Mexico€considers€that€there€is€some€confusion€in€paragraph€178€of€the€report,Ð Zª Ðwhich€states:€€ð ðIf€the€grounds€advanced€for€detention€consist€in€suspected€involvement€in€organizedÐ @ Ðcrime,€the€deadlines€are€doubled,€even€if,€ultimately,€the€accused€is€charged€in€the€indictment€with€anÐ &v Ðordinary€offence.ððÐ  \ ÐÌ284.€€The€doubling€in€Mexican€legislation€of€the€48„hour€period€corresponds€to€the€time€limit€forÐ Ø( Ðdetention€on€the€authority€of€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€in€the€case€of€organized€crime€and€not,€asÐ ¾ Ðstated€in€paragraph€178,€to€the€time€limit€during€which€a€crime€may€be€followed€up€under€the€headingÐ ¤ô Ðof€flagrante€delicto;€under€flagrante€delicto€arrests€may€be€made€without€a€warrant€for€up€to€48€hoursÐ Š Ú Ðafter€a€crime€is€committed,€since€this€is€what€article€193€of€the€Code€of€Criminal€Procedure€says€andÐ p!À  Ðthere€is€no€provision€for€an€extension€of€this€time€limit.Ð V"¦! ÐÌV.€€òòCONCLUSIONS€AND€RECOMMENDATIONSóóÐ "$r# ÐÌ285.€€The€Government€of€Mexico€once€again€expresses€its€willingness€to€follow€up€the€CommitteeððsÐ î%>!% Ðrecommendations€and€take€all€necessary€steps€to€do€so€promptly,€not€only€in€order€to€fulfil€itsÐ Ô&$"& Ðinternational€obligations€but,€in€particular,€because€it€believes€this€is€a€legitimate€and€effective€way€ofÐ º' #' Ðencouraging€the€domestic€changes€necessary€to€guarantee€the€full€implementation€of€human€rights€inÐ  (ð#( ÐMexico.Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌ286.€€The€consideration€of€these€recommendations€and€the€definition€of€action€to€give€effect€to€themÐ R+¢&+ Ðwill€thus€be€a€contribution€to€the€formulation€of€the€human€rights€policy€to€which€the€Government€ofÐ 8,ˆ', ÐMexico€has€committed€itself€and,€in€particular,€to€a€review€of€the€action€which€must€be€taken€to€combatÐ -n(- Ðtorture.Ð ° ÐÌ287.€€The€importance€that€Mexico€attaches€to€the€Committeeððs€work€is€also€reflected€in€its€recentÐ |Ì Ðrecognition€of€the€Committeeððs€competence€to€consider€communications€and€in€its€support€for€theÐ b² Ðadoption€of€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€Convention€against€Torture,€which€allows€visits€to€detentionÐ H˜ Ðcentres.Ð . ~ ÐÌ288.€€Despite€the€foregoing,€some€legal€considerations€which€relate€to€the€matters€referred€to€in€theÐ ú J ÐCommitteeððs€recommendations€and€whose€purpose€is€to€add€to€the€information€available€to€theÐ à 0 ÐCommittee€are€submitted€below.Ð Æ   ÐÌ289.€€It€must€be€noted€that€the€report€refers€to€various€circumstances€that€are€closely€connected€with€theÐ ’â  Ðamendments€to€articles€16€and€20€of€the€Constitution€of€the€United€Mexican€States,€published€in€theÐ xÈ  ÐòòÔ_ÔDiarioÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔOficialÔ_Ô€de€la€Ô_ÔFederacið;ðnÔ_Ôóó€on€3€September€1993,€as€factors€which€explain€the€continued€existenceÐ ^®  Ðof€the€practice€of€torture€in€Mexico.Ð D”  ÐÌ290.€€The€amendment€of€those€provisions€of€the€Constitution€was€designed€to€strike€a€balance€betweenÐ ` Ðthe€principles€of€security€and€liberty€and€was€proposed€for€the€benefit€of€society€as€a€whole€with€a€viewÐ öF Ðto€protecting€human€rights,€individual€guarantees€and€the€effective€administration€of€justice€both€duringÐ Ü, Ðinvestigation€and€in€judicial€proceedings.€€It€was€also€designed€to€create€a€context€of€civilized€behaviourÐ Â Ðby€implicitly€stating€that€the€Mexican€system€of€criminal€justice€is€based€on€the€guarantees€providedÐ ¨ø Ðfor€in€the€Constitution€and€the€requirement€that€the€public€prosecutor€and€the€judge€cannot€and€must€notÐ ŽÞ Ðgo€beyond€what€the€legal€system€allows€them.Ð tÄ ÐÌ291.€€At€present,€however,€the€Government€of€Mexico€is€reviewing€possibilities€of€changing€the€systemÐ @ Ðof€the€administration€of€justice,€during€which€the€points€made€in€the€Committeeððs€report€will€be€takenÐ &v Ðinto€account.Ð  \ ÐÌ292.€€Mexico€is€determined€to€eradicate€torture€and€to€take€the€necessary€measures€to€achieve€thisÐ Ø( Ðobjective.€€It€agrees€with€the€Committee€that€the€problem€of€torture€cannot€be€regarded€as€beingÐ ¾ Ðsystematic€in€nature,€i.e.€as€a€practice€which€has€the€consent€or€acquiescence€of€the€authorities.€€Ð ¤ô ÐÌ293.€€With€regard€to€the€reference€in€paragraph€217€of€the€report€to€a€lack€of€awareness€of€cases€ofÐ p!À  Ðtorture,€during€the€Committeeððs€meeting€with€the€judiciary€the€existence€of€cases€of€ð ðtormentðð€wasÐ V"¦! Ðmentioned€merely€as€a€possibility;€it€was€not€asserted€as€a€fact€because€it€could€not€be.Ð <#Œ" ÐÌ294.€€The€existence€of€cases€of€torment€at€the€Federal€level€was€also€mentioned€as€a€hypotheticalÐ %X $ Ðpossibility.Ð î%>!% ÐÌ295.€€As€to€paragraph€219€Ô_Ô(cÔ_Ô)€and€(g),€the€authoritiesðð€obligation€to€respect€the€human€rights€of€personsÐ º' #' Ðsubject€to€criminal€proceedings€in€accordance€with€article€20,€paragraph€II,€of€the€Constitution,€whichÐ  (ð#( Ðprovides€that€no€one€may€be€compelled€to€testify€against€himself,€is€emphasized€in€secondaryÐ †)Ö$) Ðlegislation;€article€134,€penultimate€paragraph,€of€the€Federal€Code€of€Criminal€Procedure€provides€that:€Ð l*¼%* Ðð ðð8ð€if€an€individual€is€detained€for€longer€than€the€periods€specified€in€article€16€of€the€PoliticalÐ R+¢&+ ÐConstitution,€it€will€be€assumed€that€he€was€being€held€incommunicado€and€any€statements€he€may€haveÐ 8,ˆ', Ðmade€shall€be€invalid.ðð€€Article€8€of€the€Federal€Act€to€Prevent€and€Punish€Torture,€published€in€theÐ -n(- ÐòòÔ_ÔDiarioÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔOficialÔ_Ô€de€la€Ô_ÔFederacið;ðnÔ_Ôóó€on27December€1991,€states€that€no€confession€or€informationÐ ° Ðobtained€by€means€of€torture€may€be€cited€in€evidence.€€Article€9€of€the€Act€adds€that€ð ðNo€confessionÐ –æ Ðor€information€made€to€a€police€authority€or€to€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€or€a€court€authority€in€theÐ |Ì Ðabsence€of€the€accusedððs€defence€counsel€or€other€trusted€individual€and,€if€necessary,€an€interpreterÐ b² Ðshall€have€Ô_ÔevidentiaryÔ_Ô€value.ððÐ H˜ ÐÌ296.€€It€is€thus€obvious€that€any€kind€of€detention€incommunicado,€intimidation€or€torture€is€punishable.€Ð  d ÐConfessions€before€the€public€prosecutor€or€the€judge€must€be€made€voluntarily€by€the€accused€and€hisÐ ú J Ðdefence€counsel€must€be€present€at€the€time;€otherwise,€they€are€not€valid€as€evidence.€€The€rulings€ofÐ à 0 Ðthe€Federal€judiciary€have€recognized€and€reiterated€the€idea€that€illegally€obtained€confessions€areÐ Æ   Ðinvalid€as€evidence,€that€the€police€can€in€no€circumstances€take€statements€as€confessions€and€that,Ð ¬ ü  Ðeven€if€confessions€are€confirmed€before€the€public€prosecutor,€this€does€not€make€them€valid,€thoughÐ ’â  Ðthey€may€be€regarded€as€circumstantial€evidence.òò59óóÐ xÈ  ÐÌ297.€€Since€what€are€involved€are€acts€prejudicial€to€the€accused,€his€confession€must€be€fully€inÐ D”  Ðcompliance€with€the€duty€imposed€by€article€127€Ô_ÔbisÔ_Ô,€paragraph€1,€in€relation€to€article€287,€section€II,Ð *z  Ðof€the€Code,€namely€that€the€right€of€the€accused€to€appoint€counsel€or€a€trusted€individual€to€help€himÐ ` Ðwith€his€statement€to€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€must€be€respected€because,€otherwise,€the€statementÐ öF Ðis€invalid€as€evidence.€€If,€therefore,€that€statement€affords€the€primary€grounds€for€a€decision,€theÐ Ü, Ðdecision€will€breach€the€individual€guarantees€provided€for€in€article€16€of€the€Constitution.Ð Â ÐÌ298.€€It€is€thus€clear€that,€even€when€a€person€is€brought€before€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€to€makeÐ ŽÞ Ða€statement,€the€Office€has€the€unavoidable€obligation€to€respect€his€individual€guarantees.Ð tÄ ÐÌ299.€€Paragraph€219€(f)€of€the€report€states€that€impunity€appears€to€be€the€rule€for€police€officers€whoÐ @ Ðengage€in€torture.€€It€must€be€borne€in€mind€that,€under€article€21€of€the€Constitution,€the€courts€haveÐ &v Ðsole€and€exclusive€authority€to€impose€penalties;€this€decision-making€function€cannot€be€left€to€theÐ  \ Ðdiscretion€of€the€parties,€since€the€authority€cannot€be€delegated€to€them.€€The€Public€ProsecutorððsÐ òB ÐOffice€is€likewise€responsible€for€prosecuting€crimes,€putting€forward€its€position€in€the€form€ofÐ Ø( Ðarguments,€not€decisions,€since€otherwise€authority€would€be€left€to€the€discretion€of€one€of€the€parties,Ð ¾ Ðand€that€would€be€inconsistent€with€Mexican€constitutional€principles.€Ð ¤ô ÐÌ300.€€In€addition€to€article€21€of€the€Constitution,€which€determines€who€is€entitled€to€institute€criminalÐ p!À  Ðproceedings,€several€provisions€in€secondary€legislation€help€determine€that€it€is€not€the€function€of€theÐ V"¦! ÐFederal€judiciary€to€make€sure€that€the€outcome€of€proceedings€is€that€desired€by€the€body€entitled€toÐ <#Œ" Ðinstitute€criminal€proceedings.€€Account€must€therefore€be€taken€of€articles4and€5€of€the€Federal€CodeÐ "$r# Ðof€Criminal€Procedure,€which€read:Ð %X $ ÐÌà0 á àð ðArticle€4.€€Preliminary€investigation€and€investigation€proceedings€and€proceedings€in€firstÐ Ô&$"& Ðinstance,€as€well€as€proceedings€in€second€instance€before€the€appeal€court,€constitute€FederalÐ º' #' Ðcriminal€procedure,€under€which€it€is€the€sole€responsibility€of€the€Federal€courts€to€decideÐ  (ð#( Ðwhether€or€not€an€act€is€a€Federal€crime,€to€determine€whether€or€not€the€accused€is€guilty€andÐ †)Ö$) Ðto€impose€the€appropriate€penalties€and€security€measures€in€accordance€with€the€law.Ðl*¼%*á%á% ÐÌà0 á àð ðDuring€these€proceedings,€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€and€the€judicial€police€under€itsÐ 8,ˆ', Ðauthority€shall€as€appropriate€also€perform€the€functions€laid€down€in€article€2,€sectionII;€theÐ -n(- ÐPublic€Prosecutorððs€Office€shall€see€to€it€that€the€Federal€courts€strictly€apply€the€relevant€lawsÐ ° Ðand€that€the€courtsðð€rulings€are€duly€complied€with.Жæá%á% ÐÌà0 á àð ðArticle€5.€€In€enforcement€proceedings,€the€Executive€shall,€through€the€body€determined€byÐ b² Ðlaw,€enforce€the€penalties€and€security€measures€ordered€in€court€sentences,€until€theirÐ H˜ Ðextinction;€and€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€shall€ensure€that€sentences€are€duly€served.ððÐ. ~á%á% ÐÌ301.à á àSimilarly,€the€Office€of€the€Attorney„General€of€the€Republic€Organization€Act€reads:Ð ú J ÐÌà0 á àð ðArticle€1:€€The€purpose€of€this€Act€is€to€set€up€the€Office€of€the€Attorney„General€of€theÐ Æ   ÐRepublic€as€part€of€the€Federal€Executive€with€a€view€to€the€conduct€of€affairs€assigned€to€theÐ ¬ ü  ÐFederal€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€and€its€incumbent,€the€Attorney-General€of€the€Republic,€byÐ ’â  Ðthe€Constitution€of€the€United€Mexican€States,€this€Act€and€other€applicable€provisions.ÐxÈ á%á% ÐÌà0 á àð ðArticle€2:€€It€shall€be€the€responsibility€of€the€Federal€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office:ÐD” á%á% ÐÌà á àà0 9 àI.€€€To€monitor€the€observance€of€constitutionality€and€legality€within€its€sphere€ofÐ ` Ðcompetence,€without€prejudice€to€the€powers€attributed€by€law€to€other€court€andÐ öF Ðadministrative€authorities;ÐÜ,9 %9 % Ðà á àà 9 àII.€€€To€guarantee€the€prompt,€speedy€and€appropriate€administration€of€justice;Ð Â Ðà á àà 9 àIII.€€€To€guarantee€respect€for€human€rights€within€its€sphere€of€competence;Ð ¨ø Ðà0 á àà09 á%á%àIV.€€€To€intervene€with€the€judicial€authorities€in€all€matters€to€which€the€Federation€isÐ ŽÞ Ða€party,€when€they€affect€its€interests€or€are€of€legal€importance,€and€in€cases€involvingÐ tÄ Ðdiplomats€and€consuls€general;ÐZª9 %9 % Ðà á àà 9 àV.€€€To€prosecute€Federal€crimes;Ð @ Ðà á àà 9 àð8ðÐ &v Ðà á àà 9 àXI.€€€To€assume€other€responsibilities€determined€by€law.ððÐ  \ ÐÌ302.à á àWithout€disregarding€the€obligation€of€the€courts€to€dispense€justice€promptly€and€effectively,Ð Ø( Ðit€must€be€pointed€out€that€there€are€other€bodies€that€the€law€also€empowers€to€monitor€and€help€preventÐ ¾ Ðpolice€officers€who€engage€in€torture€from€going€unpunished.€€The€National€Human€Rights€CommissionÐ ¤ô ÐAct€stipulates:Ð Š Ú ÐÌà0 á àð ðArticle€71.€€The€National€Commission€may€submit€a€special€report€when€there€is€a€consistentÐ V"¦! Ðpattern€of€acts€or€omissions€which€involve€evasive€conduct€or€delaying€tactics€on€the€part€of€theÐ <#Œ" Ðauthorities€and€government€officials€who€should€take€part€or€cooperate€in€its€investigations,Ð "$r# Ðnotwithstanding€the€requirements€it€might€have€set€for€them.Ð%X $á%á% ÐÌà0 á àð ðThe€National€Commission€shall€report€any€crimes€or€offences€which€the€authorities€orÐ Ô&$"& Ðgovernment€officials€in€question€may€have€committed,€in€addition€to€such€conduct€and€attitudes,Ð º' #' Ðto€the€competent€bodies.Р(ð#(á%á% ÐÌà0 á àð ðThe€National€Commission€shall€also€draw€the€attention€of€the€competent€authorities€to€offencesÐ l*¼%* Ðor€crimes€which€may€have€been€committed€by€individuals€during€its€proceedings€so€that€theyÐ R+¢&+ Ðmay€be€punished€in€accordance€with€the€relevant€laws.Ð8,ˆ',á%á% ÐÐ -n(- Ðà0 á àð ðArticle€72.€€The€National€Commission€shall€bring€to€the€attention€of€the€competent€higherÐ ° Ðauthorities€any€acts€or€omissions€by€authorities€and€government€officials€during€and€inÐ –æ Ðconnection€with€the€investigations€conducted€by€the€Commission€with€a€view€to€the€applicationÐ |Ì Ðof€the€appropriate€administrative€measures.€€The€higher€authority€shall€inform€the€NationalÐ b² ÐCommission€of€the€disciplinary€measures€or€penalties€imposed.ÐH˜á%á% ÐÌà0 á àð ðArticle€73.€€In€addition€to€reports€on€the€administrative€crimes€and€offences€which€may€haveÐ  d Ðbeen€committed€by€the€authorities€and€government€officials€in€the€course€of€the€investigationsÐ ú J Ðconducted€by€the€National€Commission,€the€Commission€may€request€that€the€person€in€chargeÐ à 0 Ðof€the€department€in€question€should€be€publicly€or€privately€reprimanded,€as€appropriate.ððÐÆ  á%á% ÐÌ303.€€€It€is€thus€to€be€stressed€that€exclusive€responsibility€for€instituting€criminal€proceedings€andÐ ’â  Ðprosecuting€crimes€lies,€in€accordance€with€article€21€of€the€Constitution,€with€the€Public€ProsecutorððsÐ xÈ  ÐOffice€which,€in€the€exercise€of€its€functions,€has€an€obligation€to€monitor€and€ensure€compliance€withÐ ^®  Ðthe€law€in€the€courts€under€its€jurisdiction.€€The€courts€must€confine€themselves€to€receiving€evidenceÐ D”  Ðfrom€the€parties,€as€provided€for€by€law,€without€making€any€effort€in€favour€of€or€against€the€accusedÐ *z  Ðso€as€to€preserve€their€impartiality.€€It€is€the€sole€and€exclusive€responsibility€of€the€courts€to€imposeÐ ` Ðpenalties.òò60óó€Ð öF ÐÌòòComments€on€the€recommendationsóóÐ Â ÐÌ304.€€With€regard€to€the€recommendation€made€in€paragraph€220€(a),€the€report€concludes€that€the€largeÐ ŽÞ Ðnumber€of€exceptions€to€the€constitutional€guarantee€requiring€a€warrant€before€an€arrest€can€be€madeÐ tÄ Ðis€a€factor€which€explains€why€torture€continues€to€be€practised€in€Mexico.€€The€exceptions€to€theseÐ Zª Ðguarantees€are€detentions€under€the€heading€of€flagrante€delicto€and€in€pressing€cases.Ð @ ÐÌ305.€€It€should€be€pointed€out€that€article€16,€third€paragraph,€of€the€Constitution€provides€for€theÐ  \ Ðpossibility€of€arrest€in€cases€of€flagrante€delicto:€€anyone€may€detain€the€suspect€and€turn€him€overÐ òB Ðwithout€delay€to€the€nearest€authorities,€who€must€turn€him€over€just€as€promptly€to€the€PublicÐ Ø( ÐProsecutorððs€Office.Ð ¾ ÐÌ306.€€Article€193€of€the€Federal€Code€of€Criminal€Procedure€reads:Ð Š Ú ÐÌà0 á àð ðArticle€193.€€Flagrante€delicto€exists€when:ÐV"¦!á%á% ÐÌà0 á àà09 á%á%àð ðI.à ‘ àThe€accused€is€surprised€in€the€act€of€committing€an€offence;Ð"$r#9 %9 % Ðà0 á àà09 á%á%àð ðII.à ‘ àThe€accused€is€pursued€and€caught€immediately€after€having€committed€à $ àtheÐ %X $ Ðan€offence;€orÐî%>!%9 %9 % Ðà0 á àà09 á%á%àð ðIII.à ‘ àThe€accused€is€identified€as€the€culprit€by€the€victim,€another€witness€at€the€sceneÐ Ô&$"& Ðor€a€fellow€perpetrator;€the€object,€instrument€or€proceeds€of€a€crime€are€found€in€hisÐ º' #' Ðpossession;€or€clues€or€evidence€are€found€that€give€reason€to€suppose€that€he€wasÐ  (ð#( Ðinvolved€in€the€commission€of€the€crime,€provided€that€the€crime€is€one€defined€asÐ †)Ö$) Ðserious€by€law,€that€no€more€than€48€hours€have€elapsed€since€the€crime€was€committed,Ð l*¼%* Ðthat€a€preliminary€investigation€has€been€launched€and€that€the€crime€is€still€underÐ R+¢&+ Ðinvestigation.Ð8,ˆ',9 %9 % ÐÐ -n(- Ðà0 á àð ðIn€such€cases,€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€shall€order€the€detention€of€the€accused€if€theÐ ° Ðprocedural€requirements€have€been€met€and€the€offence€warrants€deprivation€of€liberty;€or€itÐ –æ Ðshall€order€the€release€of€the€accused€if€the€offence€does€not€attract€a€penalty€of€deprivation€ofÐ |Ì Ðliberty€or€attracts€an€alternative€penalty.Ðb²á%á% ÐÌà0 á àð ðAny€violation€of€the€preceding€provision€shall€render€the€person€who€orders€unlawful€detentionÐ . ~ Ðliable€to€criminal€prosecution,€and€the€detained€person€must€be€immediately€released.Ð dá%á% ÐÌà0 á àð ðIf€detention€is€ordered,€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€shall€launch€a€preliminary€investigationÐ à 0 Ðif€it€has€not€already€done€so.ððÐÆ  á%á% ÐÌ307.€€With€regard€to€the€second€exception€to€the€guarantee€of€detention€under€a€court€order,€article€16,Ð ’â  Ðfourth€paragraph,€of€the€Constitution€of€the€United€Mexican€States€empowers€the€Public€ProsecutorððsÐ xÈ  ÐOffice€to€order€the€detention€of€the€suspect€in€pressing€cases,€on€its€own€authority,€when€there€is€aÐ ^®  Ðserious€crime€as€defined€by€law€and€a€well„founded€risk€that€the€suspect€may€evade€justice€and€it€isÐ D”  Ðimpossible€to€apply€to€the€judicial€authorities€because€of€time,€place€or€circumstance;€the€prosecutorÐ *z  Ðmust€state€the€evidence€and€rules€on€which€the€order€is€based.€€Ð ` ÐÌ308.€€The€constitutional€provision€in€question€also€provides€that€the€detention€must€be€confirmed€by€theÐ Ü, Ðcourt€handling€the€proceedings€and€that,€if€these€requirements€are€not€met,€the€suspect€must€be€releasedÐ Â Ðimmediately.€€This€provision€is€spelled€out€in€detail€in€article€193€Ô_ÔbisÔ_Ô€of€the€Federal€Code€of€CriminalÐ ¨ø ÐProcedure,€which€reads:Ð ŽÞ ÐÌà0 á àð ðArticle€193€Ô_ÔbisÔ_Ô.€€In€pressing€cases,€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€may€order€the€detention€ofÐ Zª Ðan€individual€on€its€own€authority€and€in€writing,€stating€its€evidence€for€believing€that:Ð@á%á% ÐÌà0 á àð ð(a)à 9 àThe€suspect€was€involved€in€the€commission€of€any€of€the€offences€categorized€in€theÐ  \ Ðfollowing€article€as€serious;ÐòBá%á% ÐÌà0 á àð ð(b)à 9 àThere€is€a€well„founded€risk€that€the€suspect€may€evade€justice;€andоá%á% ÐÌà0 á àð ðÔ_Ô(cÔ_Ô)à 9 àTime,€place€or€circumstances€make€it€impossible€to€apply€to€the€judicial€€authorities€forÐ Š Ú Ðan€arrest€warrant.Ðp!À á%á% ÐÌà0 á àð ðAny€violation€of€this€provision€shall€render€the€public€prosecutor€or€official€who€unlawfullyÐ <#Œ" Ðordered€the€detention€liable€to€criminal€prosecution,€and€the€suspect€shall€immediately€beÐ "$r# Ðreleased.ððÐ%X $á%á% ÐÌ309.€€On€consideration€these€constitutional€and€secondary€provisions€clearly€mark€the€ð ðscopeðð€of€theÐ Ô&$"& Ðconstitutional€authorization€for€the€detention€of€suspects€taken€in€flagrante€delicto€and€in€pressing€cases.€Ð º' #' ÐArticle€193€of€the€Federal€Code€of€Criminal€Procedure€restricts€cases€of€flagrante€delicto€to€those€inÐ  (ð#( Ðwhich€the€accused€is€surprised€in€the€act€of€committing€an€offence;€is€pursued€and€caught€immediatelyÐ †)Ö$) Ðafter€having€done€so;€is€identified€as€the€culprit€by€the€victim,€another€witness€at€the€scene€or€a€fellowÐ l*¼%* Ðperpetrator;€or€clues€or€evidence€are€found€that€give€reason€to€suppose€that€he€was€involved€in€the€crime.€Ð R+¢&+ ÐIn€further€support€of€the€principle€of€legal€certainty,€it€also€establishes€the€condition€that€the€crime€mustÐ 8,ˆ', Ðbe€one€defined€by€law€as€serious;€it€sets€a€time€limit€„€no€more€than€48€hours€may€have€elapsed€sinceÐ -n(- Ðthe€crime€was€committed;€and€it€requires€a€preliminary€investigation€into€the€matter€to€have€beenÐ ° Ðlaunched€and€the€crime€to€be€still€under€investigation.€€Ð –æ ÐÌ310.€€With€regard€to€the€authority€of€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€to€order€detention€in€pressing€cases,Ð b² Ðthe€requirements€to€be€met€are€also€outlined€both€in€article€16€of€the€Constitution€and€in€article€193€Ô_ÔbisÔ_ÔÐ H˜ Ðof€the€Federal€Penal€Code.€€These€stipulate€that€the€privilege€is€limited:€€it€is€legal€only€if€exercised€byÐ . ~ Ðthe€public€prosecutor,€and€only€if€there€is€information€to€suggest€that€the€suspect€was€party€to€one€of€theÐ  d Ðcrimes€which€the€law€defines€as€serious;€only,€moreover,€if€there€is€a€well„founded€risk€that€the€suspectÐ ú J Ðmay€evade€justice€and€time,€place€or€other€circumstance€make€it€impossible€to€apply€to€the€judicialÐ à 0 Ðauthorities€for€an€arrest€warrant.€€Besides€this,€the€constitutional€provision€itself€establishes€a€means€forÐ Æ   Ðthe€court€to€check€on€the€legality€of€detention,€since€when€the€suspect€is€brought€-€forthwith€-€before€it,Ð ¬ ü  Ðit€must€rule€whether€the€public€prosecutorððs€action€was€in€keeping€with€the€Constitution.€€If€not,€it€willÐ ’â  Ðorder€the€detaineeððs€release.Ð xÈ  ÐÌ311.€€On€the€basis€of€these€legal€provisions,€it€may€be€concluded€that,€in€the€event€of€detention€inÐ D”  Ðflagrante€delicto€and€in€pressing€cases,€there€is€the€possibility€of€holding€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€OfficeÐ *z  Ðor€official€who€unlawfully€orders€imprisonment€or€detention€criminally€liable.Ð ` ÐÌ312.€€Article€193€of€the€Federal€Code€of€Criminal€Procedure€also€provides€for€a€preliminary€review€ofÐ Ü, Ðauthority€to€order€detention€in€cases€of€flagrante€delicto,€stating€that,€in€such€cases,€the€PublicÐ Â ÐProsecutorððs€Office€shall€order€the€detention€of€the€suspect€if€the€procedural€requirements€have€beenÐ ¨ø Ðmet€and€the€offence€warrants€deprivation€of€liberty;€or€it€shall€order€the€release€of€the€accused€if€theÐ ŽÞ Ðoffence€does€not€attract€a€penalty€of€deprivation€of€liberty€or€attracts€an€alternative€penalty.Ð tÄ ÐÌ313.€€Emphasizing€this€obligation€to€review€decisions€by€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€to€orderÐ @ Ðimprisonment€or€detention€as€established€by€the€constitutional€and€secondary€references€underÐ &v Ðconsideration,€the€Federal€judiciary€has€maintained€in€many€rulings€that,€when€a€case€is€referred€to€it,Ð  \ Ðthe€court€must€not€only€determine€whether€detention€was€effected€in€flagrante€delicto€or€in€one€of€theÐ òB Ðpressing€circumstances€laid€down€by€law,€but€also€specify€who€the€suspect(s)€is/are,€what€crime(s)€theyÐ Ø( Ðare€accused€of,€what€made€for€flagrante€delicto€or€the€pressing€circumstances,€as€appropriate,€and€onÐ ¾ Ðwhat€evidence€all€this€is€based.€€This€provides€further€support€for€the€principle€of€legal€certainty€in€theÐ ¤ô Ðinterests€of€better€human€rights€protection,€since€it€is€this€decision€that€will€restrict€the€suspectððsÐ Š Ú Ðpersonal€freedom€until€his€legal€situation€is€resolved.Ð p!À  ÐÌ314.€€Articles€193€and€193€Ô_ÔbisÔ_Ô€of€the€Federal€Code€of€Criminal€Procedure€also€categorically€state€thatÐ <#Œ" Ðany€breach€will€render€the€person€ordering€unlawful€imprisonment€or€detention€liable€to€criminalÐ "$r# Ðprosecution€and€that€the€person€so€detained€must€be€immediately€released.€€This€is€borne€out€by€theÐ %X $ Ðdecisions€annexed€hereto.òò61óó€Ð î%>!% ÐÌ315.€€Whilst,€in€order€to€qualify€as€a€case€of€flagrante€delicto€as€referred€to€in€article€193,€paragraph€III,Ð º' #' Ðof€the€Federal€Code€of€Criminal€Procedure,€detention€must€have€taken€place€within€48€hours,€theÐ  (ð#( ÐFederal€judiciary€has€considered€that€the€deadline€need€not€always€apply€exactly€or€be€that€long,€sinceÐ †)Ö$) Ðthe€circumstances€of€each€particular€case€have€to€be€analysed;€this€does€not€mean€it€takes€no€accountÐ l*¼%* Ðof€the€tendency€to€shorten€the€deadline,€as€shown€by€the€separate€opinion€annexed€hereto.òò62óó€Ð R+¢&+ ÐÌ316.€€In€its€efforts€to€strengthen€the€principle€of€legal€certainty€for€the€benefit€of€the€people,€the€Ô_ÔFederalÐ -n(- Ðjudiciary€has€decided€that,€as€another€monitoring€mechanism,€the€remedy€of€appeal€is€applicable€againstÐ ° Ða€decision€ordering€detention€in€the€case€of€the€exceptions€provided€for€in€article€16€of€theÐ –æ ÐConstitution.òò63óó€Ð |Ì ÐÌ317.€€Withdrawing€the€authority€of€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€to€order€detention€in€cases€ofÐ H˜ Ðflagrante€delicto€and€pressing€cases€would€require€a€constitutional€amendment,€which€is€not€within€theÐ . ~ ÐFederal€judiciaryððs€power.Ð  d ÐÌ318.€€As€regards€the€deadline€in€cases€of€ð ðquasi-flagrancyðð€as€referred€to€in€the€report,€the€FederalÐ à 0 Ðjudiciary€has€shown,€as€already€pointed€out,€that€the€requisite€time€element€in€such€cases€cannot€beÐ Æ   Ðregarded€as€being€restricted€to€48€hours,€perhaps€not€even€to€the€24€hours€being€proposed,€but€willÐ ¬ ü  Ðdepend€on€the€specific€characteristics€of€each€particular€case.Ð ’â  ÐÌ319.€€Replacing€the€pressing€cases€provided€for€in€current€legislation€by€a€procedure€making€it€easierÐ ^®  Ðfor€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€to€obtain€arrest€warrants€at€any€time,€requiring€it€to€report€anyÐ D”  Ðdetention€immediately€to€the€judicial€authorities€and€place€suspects€at€their€disposal€within€24€hours,Ð *z  Ðand€including€a€system€for€notifying€the€public€of€detentions€throughout€the€country€is€another€matterÐ ` Ðthat€involves€the€amendment€of€various€pieces€of€legislation,€including€the€Constitution,€and€is€thereforeÐ öF Ðnot€within€the€authority€of€the€Federal€judiciary.Ð Ü, ÐÌ320.€€With€regard€to€paragraph€220Ô_Ô(cÔ_Ô)€and€the€Committeeððs€recommendation€to€establish€a€procedureÐ ¨ø Ðfor€supervising€places€of€detention,€it€should€be€pointed€out€that€the€Government€of€Mexico€activelyÐ ŽÞ Ðsupported€the€adoption€of€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€Convention€against€Torture€and€Other€Cruel,Ð tÄ ÐInhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment€with€a€view€to€establishing€a€system€of€visits€to€allÐ Zª Ðdetention€centres€by€an€international€mechanism€backed€up€by€a€national€one.€Ð @ ÐÌ321.€€Mexico€has€shown€a€great€deal€of€interest€in€the€Protocolððs€preventive€and€cooperative€approach,Ð  \ Ðwhich€must€also€be€effective€and€far„reaching€in€order€to€ensure€the€implementation€ofÐ òB Ðrecommendations€resulting€from€visits€to€detention€centres.€€It€supported€the€efforts€of€the€WorkingÐ Ø( ÐGroup€drafting€the€Protocol€to€arrive€at€a€balanced€text;€the€text€was€adopted€by€the€Commission€onÐ ¾ ÐHuman€Rights€at€its€fifty„eighth€session.Ð ¤ô ÐÌ322.€€Regarding€paragraph€220€(e),€secondary€legislation€(article€134€of€the€Federal€Code€of€CriminalÐ p!À  ÐProcedure,€penultimate€paragraph)€provides€that:Ð V"¦! ÐÌà0 á àð ðArticle€134.€€If€an€individual€is€detained€for€longer€than€the€periods€specified€in€article16€ofÐ "$r# Ðthe€Political€Constitution,€it€will€be€assumed€that€he€was€being€held€incommunicado€and€anyÐ %X $ Ðstatements€he€may€have€made€shall€be€invalid.ððÐî%>!%á%á% ÐÌ323.€€It€should€also€be€pointed€out€that,€under€article€4,€paragraph€I,€and€article€11,€paragraphIII,€of€theÐ º' #' ÐFederal€Public€Defence€Services€Act,€which€allow€Federal€public€defence€advocates€to€be€involved€inÐ  (ð#( Ðcriminal€proceedings,€such€advocates€may,€although€they€are€not€properly€speaking€judicial€authorities,Ð †)Ö$) Ðmonitor€the€work€of€the€investigating€authority€in€relation€to€imprisoned€or€detained€suspects.€€TheseÐ l*¼%* Ðarticles€read:Ð R+¢&+ ÐÌà0 á àð ðArticle€4.€€Public€defence€services€shall€be€provided:Ð-n(-á%á% Їà0 á àà09 á%á%àI.à ‘ àIn€Federal€criminal€cases,€by€public€defence€advocates,€from€the€time€of€theÐ ° Ðpreliminary€investigation€until€the€execution€of€sentence.ððЖæ9 %9 % ÐÌà0 á àð ðArticle€11:€€Public€defence€services€in€the€Federal€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€include:Ðb²á%á% Ðà á àð8ðÐ H˜ Ðà0 á àIII.à 9 àInterviewing€the€defendant€to€hear€his€own€account€of€the€events€leading€up€to€theÐ . ~ Ðpreliminary€investigation€against€him,€and€any€arguments€and€evidence€he€may€put€forward€toÐ  d Ðtry€to€justify€or€explain€his€involvement€in€those€events,€for€the€purpose€of€ensuring€that€he€mayÐ ú J Ðbring€such€facts€to€bear€before€the€authority€hearing€the€case€[ð8ð]ððÐà 0á%á% ÐÌ324.à á àWith€regard€to€restrictions€on€detaineesðð€right€of€defence,€a€systematic,€teleological€analysis€ofÐ ¬ ü  Ðthe€underlying€reasons€for€the€amendments€to€article€20€of€the€Constitution€published€in€the€òòÔ_ÔDiarioÔ_ÔÐ ’â  ÐÔ_ÔOficialÔ_Ô€de€la€Ô_ÔFederacið;ðnÔ_Ô€óóon€3€September€1993€and€the€rulings€and€debates€of€the€CongressionalÐ xÈ  Ðcommittees€shows€that,€in€order€to€meet€the€countryððs€pressing€economic€and€social€needs€and€eliminateÐ ^®  Ðthe€long„standing€unlawful€harassment€and€humiliation€to€which€people€were€subjected€during€theÐ D”  Ðinvestigation€of€a€crime,€Congress€laid€the€groundwork€so€that,€during€his€trial,€an€alleged€wrongdoerÐ *z  Ðwill€have€an€appropriate€defence:€€he€will€have€the€opportunity€to€submit€evidence,€challenge€decisionsÐ ` Ðby€the€authorities€that€affect€the€legitimate€interests€of€the€defence,€systematically€expound€the€lawÐ öF Ðapplicable€to€the€case€at€hand€and€take€advantage€of€all€the€defence€resources€provided€for€by€law.€€ItÐ Ü, Ðalso€extended€the€safeguards€afforded€to€the€accused€to€cover€the€preliminary€investigation€phase,€withÐ Â Ðthe€proviso€that€they€must€be€consistent€with€the€administrative€nature€of€the€investigation.€This€meansÐ ¨ø Ðthat,€insofar€as€the€nature€of€the€procedural€steps€that€must€be€taken€during€the€preliminary€investigationÐ ŽÞ Ðpermits,€the€safeguards€available€to€the€accused€during€the€jurisdictional€phase€can€be€applied€infull.€Ð tÄ ÐÌ325.à á àThe€secondary€legislation€reflects€the€spirit€of€the€constitutional€amendments.€€Article128€ofÐ @ Ðthe€Federal€Code€of€Criminal€Procedure€thus€provides:€€Ð &v ÐÌà0 á àð ðArticle€128.€€When€the€accused€is€arrested€or€voluntarily€appears€before€the€Federal€PublicÐ òB ÐProsecutorððs€Office,€the€procedure€to€be€followed€immediately€shall€be€that:€€ÐØ(á%á% ÐÌà0 á àà09 á%á%àð ðI.à ‘ àThe€person€who€made€the€arrest€or€the€person€before€whom€the€accused€appearedÐ ¤ô Ðshall€record€the€date,€time€and€place€of€the€arrest€or€the€appearance€and,€as€appropriate,Ð Š Ú Ðthe€name€and€function€of€the€person€who€ordered€it.€€If€the€arrest€was€made€by€anÐ p!À  Ðauthority€not€forming€part€of€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office,€the€detailed€report€signedÐ V"¦! Ðby€whoever€made€the€arrest€or€took€charge€of€the€detainee€shall€be€entered€or€added,€asÐ <#Œ" Ðappropriate;Ð"$r#9 %9 % Ðà0 á àà09 á%á%àð ðII.à ‘ àThe€accused€shall€be€informed€of€the€charge€against€him€and€the€name€of€theÐ %X $ Ðaccuser€or€the€complainant;Ðî%>!%9 %9 % Ðà0 á àà09 á%á%àð ðIII.à ‘ àThe€accused€shall€be€informed€of€his€rights€under€the€Constitution€of€theÐ Ô&$"& ÐUnitedMexican€States€and,€particularly€during€the€preliminary€investigation,€of€theÐ º' #' Ðfollowing:Р(ð#(9 %9 % ÐÌà0 á àà09 á%á%àà0‘ 9 %9 %àThe€right€not€to€make€a€statement,€if€he€so€wishes,€or€to€make€a€statement€withÐ l*¼%* Ðthe€assistance€of€defence€counsel;ÐR+¢&+‘ %‘ % Ðà0 á àà09 á%á%àà0‘ 9 %9 %àThe€right€to€defend€himself€in€person€or€to€be€defended€by€counsel€or€a€trustedÐ 8,ˆ', Ðindividual;€if€he€does€not€wish€to€appoint€defence€counsel€or€cannot€do€so,Ð -n(- Ðcourt-appointed€counsel€shall€automatically€be€assigned€to€him;а‘ %‘ % Ðà0 á àà09 á%á%àà0‘ 9 %9 %àThe€right€to€have€his€defence€counsel€present€during€the€presentation€of€allÐ –æ Ðevidence€in€connection€with€the€investigation;Ð|Ì‘ %‘ % Ðà0 á àà09 á%á%àà0‘ 9 %9 %àThe€right€to€be€provided€with€any€information€which€he€may€request€for€hisÐ b² Ðdefence€and€which€is€recorded€during€the€investigation;€to€this€end,€he€and€hisÐ H˜ Ðdefence€counsel€shall€be€permitted€to€consult€the€preliminary€investigation€fileÐ . ~ Ðin€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€and€in€the€presence€of€its€staff;Ð d‘ %‘ % Ðà0 á àà09 á%á%àà0‘ 9 %9 %àThe€right€to€have€any€witnesses€and€other€evidence€he€may€produce,€acceptedÐ ú J Ðand€taken€into€account€in€the€decision€handed€down;€he€shall€be€given€as€muchÐ à 0 Ðtime€as€necessary€for€this€purpose,€provided€that€this€does€not€hamper€theÐ Æ   Ðinvestigation€and€the€persons€whose€testimony€he€puts€forward€are€present€whereÐ ¬ ü  Ðthe€investigation€is€being€conducted;€when€evidence€proposed€by€the€accused€orÐ ’â  Ðhis€defence€counsel€cannot€be€produced,€the€court€shall€rule€on€the€admissibilityÐ xÈ  Ðand€examination€thereof;Ð^® ‘ %‘ % ÐÌà0 á àà09 á%á%àà0‘ 9 %9 %àThe€right€to€be€granted€release€on€bail€as€soon€as€he€requests€it,€in€accordanceÐ *z  Ðwith€article€20,€paragraph€I,€of€the€Constitution€and€article€35,€second€paragraph,Ð ` Ðof€the€present€Code;ÐöF‘ %‘ % ÐÌà0 á àà09 á%á%àà0‘ 9 %9 %àFor€the€purposes€of€paragraphs€(b)€and€Ô_Ô(cÔ_Ô),€the€accused€shall€be€permitted€toÐ Â Ðcommunicate€with€anyone€he€wishes,€by€telephone,€by€any€other€means€Ð ¨ø Ðof€communication€available,€or€in€person,€if€the€individuals€in€question€areÐ ŽÞ Ðpresent;ÐtÄ‘ %‘ % ÐÌà0 á àà09 á%á%àà0‘ 9 %9 %àThe€case€file€shall€record€that€the€accused€was€informed€of€the€above€rights;€Ð@‘ %‘ % ÐÌà0 á àð ðIV.à 9 àIf€the€detainee€is€indigenous€or€foreign€or€does€not€speak€or€understand€Spanish€wellÐ  \ Ðenough,€he€shall€be€assigned€an€interpreter€who€shall€inform€him€of€the€rights€referred€to€in€theÐ òB Ðparagraph€above.€€If€the€detainee€is€a€foreigner,€notice€of€his€detention€shall€immediately€beÐ Ø( Ðgiven€to€the€appropriate€diplomatic€or€consular€office;оá%á% ÐÌà0 á àð ðV.à 9 àMen€and€women€shall€be€held€separately€in€places€of€detention€in€all€cases.ððЊ Úá%á% ÐÌIn€interpreting€the€scope€of€this€provision,€the€courts€of€the€Federal€judiciary€have€taken€the€view€thatÐ V"¦! Ðdefence€counsel€must€be€appointed€when€the€suspect€is€first€detained.òò64óóÐ <#Œ" ÐÌ326.€€In€this€connection,€the€Federal€judiciary€has€pointed€out€in€a€number€of€judgements€that€aÐ %X $ Ðnecessary€consequence€of€the€obligation€incumbent€on€the€authorities€is€that,€while€the€authorities€areÐ î%>!% Ðbound€to€appoint€counsel€for€a€suspect€as€soon€as€he€is€at€their€disposal,€he€himself€also€has€anÐ Ô&$"& Ðobligation€to€insist€that€his€right€should€be€respected.òò65óóÐ º' #' ÐÌ327.€€With€regard€to€the€right€of€indigenous€persons€to€have€the€assistance€of€an€interpreter€and€defenceÐ †)Ö$) Ðcounsel,€article€2€of€the€Constitution€provides€that€ð ðindigenous€persons€shall€at€all€times€have€the€rightÐ l*¼%* Ðto€be€assisted€by€interpreters€and€defence€counsel€conversant€with€their€language€and€cultureðð.€€TheÐ R+¢&+ Ðright€to€have€an€interpreter€is€also€provided€for€in€the€Federal€Penal€Code,€in€most€local€legislation€andÐ 8,ˆ', Ðin€other€secondary€legislation.€€Ð -n(- Ї328.€€The€judicial€authorities€are€making€various€efforts€and€resorting€to€different€strategies€to€giveÐ ° Ðeffect€to€this€provision.€€For€example,€the€Federal€agrarian€courts€have€an€interpreter€trainingÐ –æ Ðprogramme€and€a€roster€of€people€who€speak€a€number€of€languages.€€In€other€cases,€the€NationalÐ |Ì ÐIndigenous€Institute€helps€the€courts€by€putting€them€in€contact€with€or€sending€them€interpreters.€Ð b² ÐFamily€members€of€the€accused€may€also€be€called€on€to€help€in€pressing€cases.€€Ð H˜ ÐÌ329.€€However,€most€public€prosecutorsðð€offices€and€courts€do€not€yet€have€a€corps€of€interpreters€whoÐ  d Ðcan€immediately€help€give€effect€to€this€right,€and€the€situation€is€even€more€complicated€whenÐ ú J Ðindigenous€persons€are€detained€outside€their€communities€of€origin.€€In€addition,€the€wide€variety€ofÐ à 0 Ðindigenous€languages€and€variants€thereof€spoken€in€the€country€often€makes€it€difficult€to€find€the€rightÐ Æ   Ðinterpreter.€€To€determine€how€well€this€safeguard€is€really€respected€would€require€a€national€surveyÐ ¬ ü  Ðindicating€percentages,€frequency€and€arrangements€for€the€use€of€interpreters.Ð ’â  ÐÌ330.€€With€regard€to€the€recommendation€made€in€paragraph€220€(g)€to€restrict€the€application€ofÐ ^®  Ðmilitary€law€to€offences€of€official€conduct€and€introduce€the€necessary€legal€provisions€for€civilianÐ D”  Ðcourts€to€try€offences€against€human€rights,€particularly€torture€and€cruel,€inhuman€and€degradingÐ *z  Ðtreatment,€committed€by€military€personnel,€even€when€it€is€claimed€that€such€offences€were€service„Ð ` Ðrelated,€it€should€be€pointed€out€that,€according€to€the€Constitution,€the€military€courts€are€alreadyÐ öF Ðsubject€to€review€by€the€ordinary€Federal€courts€through€the€remedy€of€òòÔ_ÔamparoÔ_Ô.óóÐ Ü, ÐÌ331.€€As€regards€paragraph€221€(b),€Ô_Ô(cÔ_Ô)€and€(d)€and€the€deadline€for€placing€detainees€at€the€disposal€ofÐ ¨ø Ðthe€courts,€article€16,€fifth€paragraph,€of€the€Constitution€sets€a€maximum€deadline,€usually€of€48€hours.€Ð ŽÞ ÐThis€gives€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€enough€time€to€conduct€inquiries€when€it€has€a€detainee;€thisÐ tÄ Ðis€only€logical,€since€the€detainee€will€furnish€the€evidence€required€for€a€case€to€be€submitted€to€court,Ð Zª Ðespecially€when€there€is€a€preliminary€investigation€and€a€detainee.€€It€is,€moreover,€a€shorter€deadlineÐ @ Ðthan€that€allowed€the€court€under€article€19€of€the€Constitution€to€assess€the€weight€of€evidence€gatheredÐ &v Ðin€a€preliminary€investigation.€€Above€all,€the€time€allowed€is€to€the€suspectððs€benefit€and€to€the€benefitÐ  \ Ðof€his€right€to€present€evidence€during€interrogation.€€The€definition€of€a€deadline€nevertheless€restrictsÐ òB Ðthe€time€the€authorities€have€to€investigate€the€offence,€and€any€breach€must€be€punishable€by€law.Ð Ø( ÐÌ332.€€It€is€also€logical€that,€in€cases€referred€to€by€law€as€organized€crime,€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€OfficeÐ ¤ô Ðmay€double€the€time€limit€because€the€work€it€has€to€do€will€be€more€complicated€given€the€greaterÐ Š Ú Ðseriousness€of€the€offence€and€the€greater€problems€involved€in€properly€conducting€an€investigation,Ð p!À  Ðnot€only€to€demonstrate€that€a€crime€has€been€committed€and€link€the€accused€to€it,€but€also€to€establishÐ V"¦! Ðthe€accusedððs€relationship€to€the€other€elements€of€the€criminal€organization€since€organized€crime€hasÐ <#Œ" Ðbecome€increasingly€complex€and€sophisticated.Ð "$r# ÐÌ333.€€The€time€limit€for€bringing€a€detainee€before€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€is€also€determined€byÐ î%>!% Ðvarious€factors.Ð Ô&$"& ÐÌ334.€€The€report€says€that€one€of€the€factors€also€contributing€to€the€persistence€of€torture€is€the€lack€ofÐ  (ð#( Ðjudicial€supervision€while€detainees€are€at€the€disposal€of€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€and€the€absenceÐ †)Ö$) Ðof€effective€monitoring€in€places€of€detention€by€an€authority€other€than€the€services€of€which€suchÐ l*¼%* Ðplaces€form€part.€€It€is,€however,€obvious€that€under€the€Mexican€legal€system€a€suspect€in€detention€orÐ R+¢&+ Ðbeing€held€by€the€Public€Prosecutor€can,€even€without€a€specific€procedure€for€the€purpose,€apply€forÐ 8,ˆ', ÐòòÔ_ÔamparoÔ_Ôóó€and,€as€far€as€his€personal€liberty€is€concerned,€thus€remain€at€the€disposal€of€the€òòÔ_ÔamparoÔ_Ôóó€courtÐ -n(- Ðeven€though,€for€the€purposes€of€the€criminal€proceedings,€he€is€still€at€the€disposal€of€the€court€orÐ ° ÐPublic€Prosecutorððs€Office,€as€appropriate.€€òòÔ_ÔAmparoÔ_Ôóó€proceedings€may,€where€the€law€on€the€subject€soÐ –æ Ðpermits,€be€brought€not€only€by€the€petitioner€but€also€by€third€parties.òò66óóÐ |Ì ÐÌ335.€€The€Federal€judiciary€also€performs€a€monitoring€function€when€the€Constitution€so€permits,€i.e.Ð H˜ Ðat€the€moment€when€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€institutes€criminal€proceedings.òò67óó€€Ð . ~ ÐÌ336.€€Furthermore,€if€a€detention€ordered€by€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€in€matters€within€itsÐ ú J Ðjurisdiction€is€unlawful,€the€Federal€judiciary€will€immediately€take€the€necessary€measures€to€restoreÐ à 0 Ðthe€accused€person€to€liberty.òò68óóÐ  Æ   ÐÌòòNotesóóÐ –æ ÐÌÔ‡ÚXtaXXXtaÔÔUSUK.,ÔòòÌ1óó€€Report€on€the€visit€by€the€Special€Rapporteur€to€Mexico,€E/CN.4/1998/38/Add.2,€14January1998.Ð ì< ÐÌòò2óó€€Report€on€the€Situation€of€Human€Rights€in€Mexico,€Ô_ÔOEAÔ_Ô/Ô_ÔSer.LÔ_Ô/V/II.100,€24€September1998.Ð ¸  ÐÌòò3óó€€ð ðSystemic€Injustice:€€Torture,€Disappearance€and€Extrajudicial€Execution€in€Mexicoðð,€January1999.Ð „ Ô ÐÌòò4óó€€These€replies€were€furnished€in€2002.Ð P    ÐÌòò5óó€€Ô_ÔCentrosÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔReadaptacið;ðnÔ_Ô€Social€(Ô_ÔCERESOÔ_Ô)€(top-security€prisons).šÐ l  ÐÌòò6óó€€Recommendation€No.€16/2001€of€25€May€2001.Ð è8  ÐÌòò7óó€€National€Human€Rights€Commission,€Report€of€activities,€16€November€1999€to€15€November€2000,Ð ´ Ðp.€xiii.Ð šê ÐÌòò8óó€€Ibid.,€p.€13.Ð f¶ ÐÌòò9óó€€See€below,€paragraph€149.Ð 2‚ ÐÌòò10óó€€Recommendation€24/2001,€4th€report,€pp.€129„130.Ð þN ÐÌòò11óó€€Recommendation€21/1999,€3rd€report,€p.€139.Ð Ê ÐÌòò12óó€€Recommendation€23/1999,€3rd€report,€p.€140.Ð –æ ÐÌòò13óó€€Recommendation€33/1999,€ibid.,€pp.€143„144.Ð b² ÐÌòò14óó€€Recommendation€2/2000,€ibid.,€pp.€145„146.Ð . ~ ÐÌòò15óó€€Recommendation€32/2000,€4th€report,€p.€119.Ð ú!J! ÐÌòò16óó€€Ô#†XtaXXÚXta—Ò#ÔÔUK.,US.,¶ÒÔCommission€for€the€Defence€of€Human€Rights€(Ô_ÔCODDEHUMÔ_Ô),€9th€annual€report,€p.€22.Ô‡ÚXtaXXXtaÔÔUSUK.,ÔÐ Æ## ÐÌòò17óó€€Commission€for€the€Ô_ÔDefenceÔ_Ô€of€Human€Rights€(Ô_ÔCODDEHUMÔ_Ô),€10th€annual€report,€pp.€25,€35€andÐ ’%â % Ð36.Ð x&È!& ÐÌòò18óó€€The€State€of€Ô_ÔTamaulipasÔ_Ô€has€no€specific€law€prohibiting€and€punishing€torture.€€The€inadequateÐ D(”#( Ðdefinition€given€in€article€213€of€the€State€Criminal€Code€allows€an€interpretation€that€restricts€tortureÐ *)z$) Ðto€cases€in€which€the€aim€is€to€obtain€information€or€a€confession€of€guilt,€or€to€compel€a€certain€kindÐ *`%* Ðof€Ô_ÔbehaviourÔ_Ô.Ð ö*F&+ ÐÌòò19óó€€Ô_ÔTamaulipasÔ_Ô€State€Human€Rights€Commission:€€Annual€Report,€1999,€p.€48.Ð Â,(- ÐÐ ¨-ø(. Ðòò20óó€In€connection€with€this€case,€the€Office€of€the€Procurator€issued€recommendation€Ô_Ô1/2Ô_Ô002€of€18Ð ° ÐJanuary€2002.Ð –æ ÐÌòò21óó€€See€paragraphs€48,€59,€67,€69€and€124.Ð b² ÐÌòò22óó€€(Rec.€3/2001,€Ô_ÔJaliscoÔ_Ô.)Ð . ~ ÐÌòò23óó€€Ibid.,€pp.€22„23.Ð ú J ÐÌòò24óó€€Recommendation€5/2000,€Office€of€the€Baja€California€State€Procurator€for€Human€Rights€and€CivicÐ Æ   ÐProtection,€p.€10.Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌòò25óó€€See€above,€paragraph€36.Ð xÈ  ÐÌòò26óó€€Ibid.,€pp.€42„43.Ð D”  ÐÌòò27óó€€Seventh€annual€report,€October€1999„September€2000,€p.€133.Ð ` ÐÌòò28óó€€See€paragraph€75.Ð Ü, ÐÌòò29óó€€Ô_ÔTamaulipasÔ_Ô€State€Human€Rights€Commission:€€Annual€Report,€1999,€pp.€22„23.Ð ¨ø ÐÌòò30óó€€Initial€report:€€CAT/C/5/Add.7€dated€10€August€1988,€considered€by€the€Committee€at€its€secondÐ tÄ Ðsession,€summary€records€CAT/C/SR.16€and€17,€April€1989;€second€periodic€report€(firstadditional):€Ð Zª ÐCAT/C/17/Add.3€dated€21€July€1992,€considered€by€the€Committee€at€its€ninthsession,€summaryÐ @ Ðrecords€CAT/C/SR.130,€131€and€131/Add.2€of€17€November€1992;€supplement€to€the€second€periodicÐ &v Ðreport,€CAT/C/17/Add.17,€dated€28€May€1996;€third€periodicreport,€CAT/C/34/Add.2€dated€25€JuneÐ  \ Ð1996,€considered€by€the€Committee€at€its€eighteenth€session,€summary€records€CAT/C/SR.285,Ð òB Ð286/Add.1€and€289€of€20,€25€and26November€1997.Ð Ø( ÐÌòò31óó€€Official€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Forty„eighth€session,€Supplement€No.€44€(A/48/44),€para.Ð ¤ô Ð228.Ð Š Ú ÐÌòò32óó€€Official€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Fifty„second€session,€Supplement€No.€44€(A/52/44),€para.Ð V"¦! Ð162.Ð <#Œ" ÐÌòò33óó€€Inter„American€Commission€on€Human€Rights.€€Report€on€the€Situation€of€Human€Rights€in€Mexico.€Ð %X $ ÐÔ_ÔOEAÔ_Ô/Ser.€L/V/II.100.€Doc.7€€rev.1.€24€September€1998.Ð î%>!% ÐÌòò34óó€€Article€3:€€ð ðA€public€servant€who,€in€exercise€of€his€official€functions,€inflicts€severe€pain€orÐ º' #' Ðsuffering,€whether€physical€or€mental,€on€an€individual€in€order€to€obtain€information€or€a€€confessionÐ  (ð#( Ðfrom€that€individual€or€a€third€party,€or€to€inflict€punishment€for€something€which€that€individual€hasÐ †)Ö$) Ðor€is€supposed€to€have€done,€or€to€coerce€him€into€performing€or€refrain€from€performing€a€specificÐ l*¼%* Ðaction,€commits€the€crime€of€torture.Ð R+¢&+ ÐÌð ðDiscomfort€or€penalties€resulting€solely€from€„€whether€inherent€in€or€incidental€to€„€legal€punishment,Ð -n(- Ðor€stemming€from€a€legitimate€act€of€authority,€shall€not€be€considered€torture.ðð€Ð ° ÐÌòò35óó€€These,€according€to€a€compilation€given€to€the€Committee€members€at€the€Office€of€the€Attorney„Ð |Ì ÐGeneral,€include€two€States€whose€legislation€does€not€cover€torture€as€a€specific€offence€and€one,Ð b² Ðmentioned€in€paragraph€68€of€this€report,€which€limits€the€purpose€of€torture€solely€to€obtainingÐ H˜ Ðinformation€or€an€admission€of€guilt.€€The€compilation€does€not€say€how€matters€stand€in€five€States.Ð . ~ ÐÌòò36óó€€Inasmuch€as€the€Inter„American€Convention€is€broader€in€scope,€it,€too,€should€be€taken€intoÐ ú J Ðconsideration€when€discussing€how€the€subject€is€covered€in€Mexican€law.Ð à 0 ÐÌòò37óó€€The€official€name€of€the€State€party€is€the€ð ðUnited€Mexican€Statesðð:€€article€1€of€the€PoliticalÐ ¬ ü  ÐConstitution.Ð ’â  ÐÌòò38óó€€ÔUK.,US.,nÙÔIn€Mexican€legal€parlance,€the€òòÔ_ÔindiciadoÔ_Ôóó€is€a€person€whom€there€is€evidence€to€implicate€in€the€illegalÐ ^®  Ðoccurrence€under€investigation.€€ÔUSUK.,ÔReal€Academia€Ô_ÔEspaolaÔ_Ô,€òòÔ_ÔDiccionarioÔ_Ô€de€la€Ô_ÔLenguaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔEspaolaÔ_Ôóó:€€el€Ô_ÔqueÔ_ÔÐ D”  ÐÔ_ÔtieneÔ_Ô€contra€Ô_ÔsÔ_Ô€la€Ô_ÔsospechaÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔhaberÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔcometidoÔ_Ô€un€Ô_ÔdelitoÔ_Ô€(one€suspected€of€having€committed€a€crime).šÐ *z  ÐÌòò39óó€€Pursuant€to€article€16,€second€paragraph,€of€the€Constitution,€before€issuing€an€arrest€warrant€theÐ öF Ðjudicial€authority€requires€there€to€be€in€existence€a€report€or€action€relating€to€a€matter€defined€by€lawÐ Ü, Ðas€a€crime€punishable€at€least€by€a€custodial€sentence,€and€information€establishing€theòò€corpus€delictióóÐ Â Ðand€the€likely€involvement€of€the€suspect.Ð ¨ø ÐÌòò40óó€€1998€report.Ð tÄ ÐÌòò41óó€€Ô_ÔJaliscoÔ_Ô€Human€Rights€Commission,€Recommendations,€January„December€2000.Ð @ ÐÌòò42óó€€The€National€Human€Rights€Commission€(Ô_ÔCNDHÔ_Ô)€mentioned,€in€its€recommendation€18/97,€acaseÐ  \ Ðin€which€a€detainee€had€been€held€for€five€days€before€being€brought€before€a€judge,€whereas€the€officialÐ òB Ðrecords€indicated€that€he€had€been€held€only€one€night.€€The€Federal€District€Human€RightsÐ Ø( ÐCommission,€in€recommendation€3/99,€refers€to€another€case€in€which€a€detainee€was€held€in€secret€andÐ ¾ Ðtortured€for€five€hours€between€being€apprehended€and€being€handed€over€to€the€Public€Prosecutor€andÐ ¤ô Ðregistered.Ð Š Ú ÐÌòò43óó€€See€above,€paragraphs€155€to€159.Ð V"¦! ÐÌòò44óó€€See€paragraph€146€above.Ð "$r# ÐÌòò45óó€€This€is€in€breach€of€paragraph€16€of€the€Guidelines€on€the€Role€of€Prosecutors€approved€by€theÐ î%>!% ÐEighth€United€Nations€Congress€on€the€Prevention€of€Crime€and€the€Treatment€of€Offenders,€whichÐ Ô&$"& Ðstates:€€ð ðWhen€prosecutors€come€into€possession€of€evidence€against€suspects€that€they€know€or€believeÐ º' #' Ðon€reasonable€grounds€was€obtained€through€recourse€to€unlawful€methods,€which€constitute€a€graveÐ  (ð#( Ðviolation€of€the€suspectððs€human€rights,€especially€involving€torture€or€cruel,€inhuman€or€degradingÐ †)Ö$) Ðtreatment€or€punishment,€or€other€abuses€of€human€rights,€they€shall€refuse€to€use€such€evidence€againstÐ l*¼%* Ðanyone€other€than€those€who€used€such€methods,€or€inform€the€Court€accordingly,€and€shall€take€allÐ R+¢&+ Ðnecessary€steps€to€ensure€that€those€responsible€for€using€such€methods€are€brought€to€justice.ððÐ 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- Ðòò46óó€€A/52/44,€para.€163.Ð ° ÐÌòò47óó€€Recommendations€1/94,€6/94,€10/95,€12/95,€6/96,€2/97,€6/97,€7/97,€8/97,€10/97,€11/97,€1/98,€3/99,Ð |Ì Ð7/99€and€7/2000.Ð b² ÐÌòò48óó€€This€amendment€of€the€charges€was€described€by€the€Federal€District€Commission€as€reprehensible.€Ð . ~ ÐThe€Commission€disagreed€with€the€courtððs€view€that€torture€had€not€occurred€because€an€essentialÐ  d Ðelement€of€torture€had€not€been€proven,€namely,€that€the€intention€of€the€aggressors€had€been€to€punishÐ ú J Ðthe€victim.€€It€stated,€ð ðthere€are€overwhelming€signs€of€torture:€€at€least€one€police€officer€allowed€hisÐ à 0 Ðbody€to€fall€repeatedly€onto€the€victimððs,€striking€him€with€his€knee€and€causing€him€deep€abdominalÐ Æ   Ðbruising€and€rupturing€his€intestines,€thus€punishing€him€for€having€just€broken€the€lock€and/or€resistedÐ ¬ ü  Ðarrest.€€The€victimððs€injuries€were€described€by€the€official€medical€experts€as€life„threatening.€€TheÐ ’â  Ðvictim€needed€emergency€removal€of€a€section€of€his€intestinesðð.€€Ô_ÔCDHDFÔ_Ô,€seventh€annual€report,€pp.Ð xÈ  Ð249„250.Ð ^®  ÐÌòò49óó€€ÔUK.,US.,íÔIbid.,€pp.ÔUSUK.,Ô€212„214€Ð *z  ÐÌòò50óó€€A/48/44/Add.1,€para.€39.Ð öF ÐÌòò51óó€€A/56/44,€para.€163.Ð Â ÐÌòò52óó€€See€above,€paragraphs€175€to€179.Ð ŽÞ ÐÌòò53óó€€See€above,€paragraphs€180€to€183.Ð Zª ÐÌòò54óó€€See€above,€paragraphs€155€to€158.Ð &v ÐÌòò55óó€€Ô#†XtaXXÚXtaOÙ#ÔÔUK.,US.,þÔSee€above,€paragraphs€49,€59,€69,€138,€145,€215-217.Ô‡ÚXtaXXXtaÔÔUSUK.,ÔÐ òB ÐÌòò56óó€€Ô#†XtaXXÚXtaÜÿ#ÔÔUK.,US.,ûÿÔSee€above,€paragraphs€196-203.Ô‡ÚXtaXXXtaÔÔUSUK.,ÔÐ ¾ ÐÌòò57óó€€Ô#†XtaXXÚXtaˆ#ÔÔUK.,US.,§ÔSee€above,€paragraphs€48€and€138.Ô‡ÚXtaXXXtaÔÔUSUK.,ÔÐ Š Ú ÐÌòò58óó€€ÔUK.,US.,VÔConvention€against€Torture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment,€articleÐ V"¦! Ð15;€Inter„American€Convention€to€Prevent€and€Punish€Torture,€article10.ÔUSUK.,ÔÐ <#Œ" ÐÌòò59óó€€This€statement€is€illustrated€by€the€following€òòratio€Ô_ÔdecidendiÔ_Ôóó:€€Ð %X $ ÐÌThe€title€and€text€of€the€decision€on€page€79,€volume€74,€February€1994,€ninth€term,€Federal€JudicialÐ Ô&$"& ÐWeekly,€read:€€ð ðCONFESSION€BY€THE€ACCUSED€BEFORE€THE€JUDICIAL€POLICE,Ð º' #' ÐCONFIRMED€BEFORE€THE€PUBLIC€PROSECUTORððS€OFFICE€AND€DENIED€BEFORE€THEÐ  (ð#( ÐORDINARY€COURT,€NOT€BASED€ON€ANY€OTHER€ITEM€OF€EVIDENCE.€€PROBATIVEÐ †)Ö$) ÐVALUE€OF.€€If€the€confession€of€an€accused€person€which€is€made€before€the€judicial€police€andÐ l*¼%* Ðconfirmed€before€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office,€but€not€before€the€ordinary€court,€is€not€supported€byÐ R+¢&+ Ðany€other€evidence,€it€cannot€be€more€than€mere€circumstantial€evidence€because€it€lacks€sufficientÐ 8,ˆ', Ðgrounds€to€have€full€probative€value€and€is€rendered€flimsy€by€the€suspicion€that€it€was€actually€obtainedÐ -n(- ÐÔ_Ôby€means€of€violence,€if€the€accused€person€so€alleges;€it€is€thus€sufficient€for€a€detention€order,€but€notÐ ° Ðto€establish€guilt.€€TWENTIETH€CIRCUIT€COURT.ððÐ –æ ÐÌThe€separate€opinion€on€page€323,€volume€XII,€November€1993,€eighth€term,€Federal€Judicial€Weekly,Ð b² Ðreads:€€ð ðCONFESSION.€€LACKS€PROBATIVE€VALUE€WHEN€MADE€BEFORE€THE€JUDICIALÐ H˜ ÐPOLICE€AND€CONFIRMED€BEFORE€AN€OFFICIAL€OF€THE€FEDERAL€PUBLICÐ . ~ ÐPROSECUTORððS€OFFICE.€€The€confession€must€be€made€before€an€official€of€the€Federal€PublicÐ  d ÐProsecutorððs€Office,€not€before€the€judicial€police,€which€may€only€make€reports,€not€obtainÐ ú J Ðconfessions.€€Thus,€even€if€a€petitioner€has€confirmed€to€the€Federal€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€aÐ à 0 Ðconfession€made€to€the€judicial€police,€the€confession€lacks€probative€value€because,€according€to€articleÐ Æ   Ð287,€section€II€and€last€paragraph,€of€the€Federal€Code€of€Criminal€Procedure,€it€must€ð ðbe€madeðð€beforeÐ ¬ ü  Ðan€official€of€the€Federal€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€or€the€court€hearing€the€case,€which€are€theÐ ’â  Ðauthorities€expressly€empowered€to€receive€it;€consequently,€confirming€a€confession€made€in€theÐ xÈ  Ðpresence€of€the€judicial€police€before€the€Federal€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€does€not€make€it€valid.€Ð ^®  ÐNINETEENTH€CIRCUIT€COURT€No.€2.ððÐ D”  ÐÌThe€separate€opinion€on€page€425,€volume€XIII,€May€1994,€eighth€term,€Federal€Judicial€Weekly,Ð ` Ðheaded€ð ðSTATEMENT€MADE€IN€THE€ABSENCE€OF€DEFENCE€COUNSEL€OR€PERSONÐ öF ÐTRUSTED€BY€SUSPECT,€VALUE€OFðð,€reads:€€Although€it€is€quite€true€that,€according€to€article€125Ð Ü, Ðof€the€Federal€Code€of€Criminal€Procedure,€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€is€empowered,€once€anÐ Â Ðinvestigation€is€under€way,€ð ðto€summon€any€persons€who€may€have€been€involved€in€the€acts€underÐ ¨ø Ðinvestigation€or€who€appear€to€have€information€about€such€acts€to€make€a€statement€thereonðð,€it€is€alsoÐ ŽÞ Ðtrue€that€when,€as€part€of€the€preliminary€investigation,€the€official€concerned€receives€a€statementÐ tÄ Ðwhich€may€be€a€confession€because€it€relates€to€acts€prejudicial€to€the€accused,€he€must€act€fully€inÐ Zª Ðkeeping€with€the€duty€imposed€by€article€127€bis,€first€paragraph,€in€relation€to€article€287,€section€II,Ð @ Ðof€the€Code€in€question,€which€is€that€the€right€of€the€accused€to€appoint€counsel€or€a€trusted€individualÐ &v Ðto€help€him€with€this€statement€to€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€must€be€respected;€if€he€does€not,€theÐ  \ Ðstatement€made€to€him€and€any€possible€confession€it€may€contain€to€wrongful€acts€cannot€haveÐ òB Ðprobative€value.€€Hence€if€that€statement€constitutes€the€chief€grounds€for€the€application€for€a€detentionÐ Ø( Ðorder€and€the€remaining€facts€in€the€case€file€are€in€themselves€insufficient€to€establish€that€theÐ ¾ Ðpetitioner€is€guilty€of€the€crime(s)€ascribed€to€him,€the€detention€order€so€issued€violates€the€individualÐ ¤ô Ðsafeguards€laid€down€in€article€16€of€the€Federal€Constitution.Ð Š Ú ÐÌòò60óó€€ÔUK.,US.,`ÔThis€view€has€been€upheld€in€diverse€rulings€by€Mexican€courts.€€The€one€on€page€470,Ð V"¦! ÐvolumeXXV,€fifth€term,€Federal€Judicial€Weekly,€First€Division,€reads:€€ð ðòòCRIMINAL€PROCEEDINGS.€Ð <#Œ" ÐThe€prosecution€of€crimes€is€the€responsibility€of€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€and€the€judicial€police,Ð "$r# Ðwhich€is€under€the€authority€and€immediate€orders€of€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office,€and€since€this€isÐ %X $ Ða€constitutional€guarantee€providing€that€accused€persons€must€be€tried€by€justices€not€belonging€to€theÐ î%>!% Ðjudicial€police,€which€is€subordinate€to€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office,€this€guarantee€would€be€deniedÐ Ô&$"& Ðif€the€justices€were€subordinate€to€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€and€thus€became€both€judges€andÐ º' #' Ðparties,€responsible€for€deciding€whether€the€accused€person€was€criminally€responsible€and€forÐ  (ð#( Ðpresenting€ex€officio€the€necessary€evidence€on€which€to€base€the€charge.€€Hence€the€PublicÐ †)Ö$) ÐProsecutorððs€Office€must€be€involved€from€the€outset€of€the€investigation€onwards,€because€theÐ l*¼%* Ðconstitutional€guarantee€at€issue€requires€the€courts€to€be€entirely€impervious€to€influence,€and€theyÐ R+¢&+ Ðwould€be€influenced,€prejudicially,€if€they€were€obligedóóÔUSUK.,ÔÐ 8,ˆ', Ðòòand€empowered€to€assemble€evidence€against€the€accused.€€The€courts€must€confine€themselves€toÐ -n(- Ðreceiving€evidence€from€the€parties,€as€provided€for€by€law,€but€without€making€any€effort€either€inÐ ° Ðfavour€or€against€the€accused,€so€that€they€may€protect€their€independence€and€impartiality;€and€anyÐ –æ Ðprovisions€of€local€legislation€which€give€the€courts€judicial€police€powers€are€inapplicable€in€any€case,Ð |Ì Ðbeing€contrary€to€article€21€of€the€Constitution;€any€unofficial€procedures€which€the€courts€follow€inÐ b² Ðfinding€the€accused€guilty€are€thus€null€and€void;€it€is€not€enough,€in€order€to€validate€them,€that€theÐ H˜ ÐPublic€Prosecutorððs€Office€should€institute€criminal€proceedings€in€second€instance,€since€suchÐ . ~ Ðproceedings€will€be€based€on€procedures€known€to€be€invalid.€€Nor€does€the€consistent€practice€of€theÐ  d Ðcourts€in€one€State€of€instituting€proceedings€without€the€intervention€of€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€OfficeÐ ú J Ðafford€grounds€for€accepting€such€a€course€of€action€as€legal€since,€far€from€constituting€grounds€inÐ à 0 Ðitself€for€engaging€in€such€practice,€the€frequent€violation€of€a€constitutional€precept€is€more€thanÐ Æ   Ðsufficient€grounds€for€refraining€from€doing€so.óóððÐ ¬ ü  ÐÌAnother€judgement€on€page€787,€volume€CXXVI,€fifth€term,€Federal€Judicial€Weekly,€First€Division,Ð xÈ  Ðis€similar€in€content€and€reads:€€ð ðòòJUDGES€DECISION-MAKING€POWER€OFóó.€€€òòThe€fact€that€theÐ ^®  Ðresponsible€authority€does€not€agree€with€the€conclusions€reached€by€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€OfficeÐ D”  Ðis€not€a€violation€of€guarantees.€€According€to€the€Mexican€constitutional€system€based€on€article€21Ð *z  Ðof€the€Constitution,€the€courts€have€sole€and€exclusive€authority€to€impose€penalties€and€thisÐ ` Ðdecision-making€function€cannot€be€left€to€the€discretion€of€the€parties.€The€objective€is€legal€certaintyÐ öF Ðand€it€is€therefore€the€judge€who€has€decision-making€power.€Since€he€is€the€most€senior€personÐ Ü, Ðinvolved€in€legal€proceedings€and€takes€his€decision€in€accordance€with€his€sovereign€power,€this€powerÐ Â Ðto€impose€penalties,€which€entails€the€highest€authority€to€represent€the€State,€cannot€be€delegated€toÐ ¨ø Ðany€of€the€parties.€€On€the€basis€of€the€separation€of€powers,€the€imposition€of€penalties€is€theÐ ŽÞ Ðresponsibility€of€the€judge,€while€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€is€responsible€for€prosecuting€crimes,Ð tÄ Ðputting€forward€its€position€in€the€form€of€arguments,€not€decisions€because,€otherwise,€this€authorityÐ Zª Ðwould€be€left€to€the€discretion€of€one€of€the€parties€and€this€would€be€inconsistent€with€MexicanÐ @ Ðconstitutional€principles.óóðð€€€€òòThe€fact€that€the€responsible€authority€does€not€agree€with€the€conclusionsÐ &v Ðreached€by€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€is€not€a€violation€of€guarantees.€€€According€to€the€MexicanÐ  \ Ðconstitutional€system€based€on€article€21€of€the€Constitution,€the€courts€have€sole€and€exclusiveÐ òB Ðauthority€to€impose€penalties€and€this€decision-making€function€cannot€be€left€to€the€discretion€of€theÐ Ø( Ðparties.€The€objective€is€legal€certainty€and€it€is€therefore€the€judge€who€has€decision-making€power.Ð ¾ ÐSince€he€is€the€most€senior€person€involved€in€legal€proceedings€and€takes€his€decision€in€accordanceÐ ¤ô Ðwith€his€sovereign€power,€this€power€to€impose€penalties,€which€entails€the€highest€authority€toÐ Š Ú Ðrepresent€the€State,€cannot€be€delegated€to€any€of€the€parties.€€On€the€basis€of€the€separation€of€powers,Ð p!À  Ðthe€imposition€of€penalties€is€the€responsibility€of€the€judge,€while€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€isÐ V"¦! Ðresponsible€for€prosecuting€crimes,€putting€forward€its€position€in€the€form€of€arguments,€not€decisionsÐ <#Œ" Ðbecause,€otherwise,€this€authority€would€be€left€to€the€discretion€of€one€of€the€parties€and€this€would€beÐ "$r# Ðinconsistent€with€Mexican€constitutional€principles.óóððòòThe€fact€that€the€responsible€authority€does€notÐ %X $ Ðagree€with€the€conclusions€reached€by€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€is€not€a€violation€of€guarantees.€Ð î%>!% ЀAccording€to€the€Mexican€constitutional€system€based€on€article€21€of€the€Constitution,€the€courts€haveÐ Ô&$"& Ðsole€and€exclusive€authority€to€impose€penalties€and€this€decision-making€function€cannot€be€left€to€theÐ º' #' Ðdiscretion€of€the€parties.€The€objective€is€legal€certainty€and€it€is€therefore€the€judge€who€hasÐ  (ð#( Ðdecision-making€power.€Since€he€is€the€most€senior€person€involved€in€legal€proceedings€and€takes€hisÐ †)Ö$) Ðdecision€in€accordance€with€his€sovereign€power,€this€power€to€impose€penalties,€which€entails€theÐ l*¼%* Ðhighest€authority€to€represent€the€State,€cannot€be€delegated€to€any€of€the€parties.€€On€the€basis€of€theÐ R+¢&+ Ðseparation€of€powers,€the€imposition€of€penalties€is€the€responsibility€of€the€judge,€while€the€PublicÐ 8,ˆ', ÐProsecutorððs€Office€is€responsible€for€prosecuting€crimes,€putting€forward€its€position€in€the€form€ofÐ -n(- Ðarguments,€not€decisions€because,€otherwise,€this€authority€would€be€left€to€the€discretion€of€one€of€theÐ ° Ðparties€and€this€would€be€inconsistent€with€Mexican€constitutional€principles.óóððÐ –æ ÐÌThe€opinion€on€page€449,€volume€XXVI,€fifth€term,€Federal€Judicial€Weekly,€First€Division,€clearlyÐ b² Ðstates€that€it€is€the€responsibility€of€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€to€monitor€compliance€with€the€lawÐ H˜ Ðin€the€courts,€so€that€the€outcome€of€most€criminal€proceedings€before€the€judicial€authorities€depends,Ð . ~ Ðinter€alia,€on€allegations€and€evidence€submitted€by€the€prosecutor.€€It€reads:€€ð ðòòFEDERAL€PUBLICÐ  d ÐPROSECUTORððS€OFFICE.€€The€functions€of€the€Federal€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€are:€€to€monitorÐ ú J Ðand€ensure€compliance€with€the€law€in€the€courts€within€its€jurisdiction,€to€be€associated€with€óóòòamparoòòóóÐ à 0 Ðproceedings,€to€represent€society€incriminal€proceedings,€as€provided€for€in€the€Constitution,€toÐ Æ   Ðrepresent€the€nation,€as€a€legal€entity,€for€the€defence€of€its€patrimonial€rights€and€to€act€as€theÐ ¬ ü  ÐGovernmentððs€legal€counsel.€These€functions€are€all€quite€separate€and€admit€of€no€confusion.óóððÐ ’â  ÐÌòò61óó€€€€The€title€and€text€of€the€decision€by€the€Seventh€Circuit€Criminal€Court,€page€613,€opinion€VIIÐ ^®  ÐP.J./27,€volume€V,€June€1996,€ninth€term,€Federal€Judicial€Weekly,€read:€€òòð ðARREST€WITHOUT€AÐ D”  ÐWARRANT€BY€A€COMPETENT€LEGAL€AUTHORITY€IS€CONTRARY€TO€ARTICLE€16€OF€THEÐ *z  ÐCONSTITUTION€IF€IT€DOES€NOT€MEET€THE€REQUIREMENTS€PROVIDED€FOR€THEREIN€ANDÐ ` ÐIN€ARTICLE€124€OF€THE€CODE€OF€CRIMINAL€PROCEDURE€OF€THE€STATE€OF€VERACRUZ.€Ð öF ÐThe€petitionerððs€arrest€without€a€warrant€by€the€competent€judicial€authority€is€contrary€to€article€16Ð Ü, Ðof€the€Constitution,€if€it€is€not€one€of€the€exceptional€cases€referred€to€thereinóó€òòand€in€article€124€of€theÐ Â ÐCode€of€Criminal€Procedure,€i.e.€when:€€(a)€It€is€not€a€case€of€detention€in€flagrante€delicto;€(b)€TheÐ ¨ø Ðgrounds€for€applying€for€an€arrest€warrant€are€not€shown€to€be€genuine;€and€(c)€It€has€not€beenÐ ŽÞ Ðdemonstrated€that€it€is€a€pressing€case.ðð€€ÔUK.,US.,ÔÔESUK.,ÔSEVENTH€CIRCUIT€CRIMINAL€COURT.€€óóòòAmparoòòóó€reviewÐ tÄ ÐNo.€280/96.€€Odilð;ðnLlanos€Tlahuel.€02.10.96.€€Unanimous€vote.€€Judge:€€Vicente€Salazar€Vera.€€Clerk:€Ð Zª ÐLucioMarn€Rodrguez.€€óóòòAmparoòòóó€review€No.€504/96.€€Ana€Bertha€Aparicio€Argelles.€€05.12.96.€Ð @ ÐUnanimous€vote.€€Judge:€€Vicente€Salazar€Vera.€€Clerk:€€Leticia€Lð;ðpez€Vives.€€óóAmparoòò€review€No.Ð &v Ð612/96€Jos€Demetrio€Carreð;ðn€Ceballos€and€Mario€Espinoza€Hernndez.€€05.12.96.€€Unanimous€vote.Ð  \ ÐJudge:€€Gilberto€Gonzlez€Bozziere.€€Clerk:€€Jorge€Manuel€Prez€Lð;ðpez.€óóòòAmparoòòóó€review€No.€594/96.€Ð òB ÐMayolo€Durn€Ibez.€11.12.96.€€Unanimous€vote.€€Judge:€€Jos€Prez€Troncoso.€€Clerk:€Ð Ø( ÐMarcoAntonio€Ovando€Santos.€€óóòòAmparoòòóó€review€No.€781/96.€€ArturoCorts€Jimnez€and€MiguelððngelÐ ¾ ÐCervantes€Guerrero.€€ÔUK.,ES.,+9Ô16.04.97.€€Unanimous€vote.€€Judge:€€Vicente€Salazar€Vera.€€Clerk:€€Leticia€Lð;ðpezÐ ¤ô ÐVives.óóÔUSUK.,ÔÐ Š Ú ÐÔ#†XtaXXÚXta7#ÔÔUK.,US.,=ÔÌThe€decision€on€page€882,€volume€XI,€May€2000,€ninth€term,€Federal€Judicial€Weekly€and€its€Journal,Ð V"¦! Ðupheld€by€Third€Circuit€Criminal€Court€No.€2,€reads:€€ð ðDETENTION,€CHARACTERIZATION€OF.€Ð <#Œ" ÐòòThe€obligation€of€the€judge€hearing€a€case€to€characterize€the€detention€of€the€accused€placed€at€hisÐ "$r# Ðdisposal€by€the€public€prosecutor€is€based€on€an€amendment€to€article€16€of€the€Constitution,€inÐ %X $ Ðaccordance€with€a€decree€published€in€the€óóòòDiario€Oficial€de€la€Federacið;ðnóó€òòon€3€September€1993€whichÐ î%>!% Ðentered€into€force€the€next€day€and€reads€in€part:€€ððAn€arrest€warrant€may€be€issued€only€by€a€judicialÐ Ô&$"& Ðauthority€on€the€basis€of€an€information,€a€charge€or€a€complaint€of€a€specific€act€defined€by€law€as€anÐ º' #' Ðoffence€punishable€by€imprisonment€and€where€there€is€credible€evidence€of€an€offence€and€the€likelyÐ  (ð#( Ðguilt€of€the€accused€person.€€The€authority€who€executes€an€arrest€warrant€shall€be€strictly€responsibleÐ †)Ö$) Ðfor€placing€the€accused€at€the€disposal€of€the€court€without€delay.€€Failure€to€do€so€shall€be€punishableÐ l*¼%* Ðunder€the€criminal€law.€€In€case€of€flagrante€delicto,€any€person€may€arrest€the€accused€and€place€himÐ R+¢&+ Ðwithout€delay€at€the€disposal€of€the€nearest€authority,€who€shall€just€as€promptly€place€him€at€theÐ 8,ˆ', Ðdisposal€of€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office.€€Only€in€pressing€cases,€when€what€is€involved€is€a€Ô_ÔseriousÐ -n(- Ðoffence€as€defined€by€law€and€there€is€a€well-founded€risk€that€the€suspect€may€evade€justice€and€theÐ ° Ðjudicial€authority€is€not€available€because€of€time,€place€or€circumstances,€the€Public€ProsecutorððsÐ –æ ÐOffice€may,€on€its€own€initiative,€order€the€arrest€of€the€suspect,€provided€that€it€substantiates€andÐ |Ì Ðexplains€the€reasons€for€doing€so.€€In€pressing€cases€and€cases€of€flagrante€delicto,€the€judge€beforeÐ b² Ðwhom€the€detainee€is€brought€shall€immediately€confirm€the€arrest€or€order€the€accusedððs€release,Ð H˜ Ðsubject€to€the€conditions€provided€for€by€law.ðð€It€may€thus€be€concluded€that,€when€the€judge€receivesÐ . ~ Ðthe€case€file,€he€must€determine€whether€the€arrest€was€in€flagrante€delicto€or€in€connection€with€aÐ  d Ðpressing€case€provided€for€by€law€and,€if€so,€explain€to€which€accused€person€or€persons€it€relates,€whatÐ ú J Ðthe€offence(s)€is/are,€in€what€way€the€detention€was€in€flagrante€delicto€or€pressing€and€the€evidenceÐ à 0 Ðon€which€the€foregoing€is€based€in€order€to€be€able€to€confirm€the€arrest,€since€this€is€the€decision€thatÐ Æ   Ðwill€restrict€the€liberty€of€the€suspect€until€such€time€as€his€legal€situation€has€been€resolved.óóððòò€óóÔ‡ÚXtaXXXtaÔÔUSUK.,ÔÐ ¬ ü  ÐÔ#†XtaXXÚXtaŠI#ÔÔUK.,US.,©IÔÌThe€title€and€text€of€the€separate€opinion€of€Sixth€Circuit€Court€No.€2,€page€663,€volumeIV,€AugustÐ xÈ  Ð1996,€ninth€term,€Federal€Judicial€Weekly€and€its€Journal,€read:€€ð ðòòARREST,€UNLAWFULNESS€OF.€Ð ^®  ÐWHEN€MADE€BY€THE€JUDICIAL€POLICE€WITHOUT€A€WARRANT€FROM€THE€PUBLICÐ D”  ÐPROSECUTORððS€OFFICE€OR€THE€JUDICIAL€AUTHORITY.€€A€systematic€analysis€of€articles€16€andÐ *z  Ð21€of€the€Constitution€and€articles€67,€68,€109,€110€and113€of€the€Puebla€State€Code€of€Public€DefenceÐ ` ÐProcedure€shows€that€the€arrest€of€an€individual€is€lawful€in€only€three€cases:€€in€flagrante€delicto,Ð öF Ðwhen€anyone€may€make€the€arrest;€by€order€of€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office,€in€a€pressing€caseÐ Ü, Ðinvolving€a€serious€offence€as€defined€by€law€and€when,€in€view€of€the€circumstances,€it€is€not€possibleÐ Â Ðto€apply€to€the€judicial€authority€for€an€arrest€warrant;€and€on€the€basis€of€an€arrest€warrant€issued€byÐ ¨ø Ðthe€judicial€authority€when€there€is€sufficient€evidence€of€an€offence€and€the€likely€guilt€of€the€suspect;Ð ŽÞ Ðin€the€latter€two€cases€the€arrest€is€clearly€made€by€the€judicial€police;€consequently,€when€it€appearsÐ tÄ Ðfrom€the€case€file€that€an€arrest€by€judicial€police€officers€was€made€without€a€warrant€from€the€PublicÐ Zª ÐProsecutorððs€Office€or€a€judicial€authority,€the€arrest€is€obviously€contrary€to€the€above-mentionedÐ @ Ðlegal€provisions€and€is€a€violation€of€individual€guarantees.óóððÔ‡ÚXtaXXXtaÔÔUSUK.,ÔÐ &v ÐÌòò62óó€€Separate€opinion,€page€726,€volume€VI,€August€1997,€ninth€term,€Federal€Judicial€Weeklyand€itsÐ òB ÐJournal,€Twenty-first€Circuit€Court€No.€2.€€òòð ðFLAGRANTE€DELICTO€(INTERPRETATION€OFÐ Ø( ÐARTICLE€69€OF€THE€Ô_ÔGUERREROÔ_Ô€CODE€OF€CRIMINAL€PROCEDURE)ðð.€€An€offence€is€flagrantÐ ¾ Ðwhen€the€victim€identifies€the€offender€within€minutes€of€its€commission€and€within€no€more€than€oneÐ ¤ô Ðday€of€his€arrest€and€there€is€conclusive€evidence€of€his€guilt,€in€accordance€with€article€69€of€theÐ Š Ú ÐÔ_ÔGuerreroÔ_Ô€State€Code€of€Criminal€Procedure,€since€the€term€ð ðimmediatelyðð,€which€it€uses€to€indicateÐ p!À  Ðthat€flagrante€delicto€exists€where€the€person€is€arrested€ð ðimmediatelyðð€after€having€committed€theÐ V"¦! Ðoffence,€someone€identifies€him€as€being€responsible€and€there€is€conclusive€evidence€of€his€guilt,Ð <#Œ" Ðshould€be€taken€to€mean€that€which€is€close€in€time€and€in€space,€especially€as€this€type€of€offence€isÐ "$r# Ðusually€not€committed€openly,€i.e.in€the€presence€of€persons€who€promptly€come€to€the€victimððsÐ %X $ Ðassistance€and€arrest€the€offender.óóÐ î%>!% ÐÌòò63óó€€Ô#†XtaXXÚXtahP#ÔÔUK.,US.,‡PÔAs€provided€for€in€the€decision€on€page€223,€volume€XV,€January€1995,€eighth€term,€Federal€JudicialÐ º' #' ÐWeekly,€the€title€and€text€of€which€read:€€ð ðARREST,€WARRANT€CONFIRMING.€VIOLATIONSÐ  (ð#( ÐCOMMITTED€ARE€NOT€IRREPARABLY€COMPLETED€BY€THE€ISSUANCE€OF€A€DETENTIONÐ †)Ö$) ÐORDER.€€In€accordance€with€article€16,€sixth€paragraph,€of€the€Constitution€of€the€United€MexicanÐ l*¼%* ÐStates,€as€amended€by€the€decree€published€in€the€òòÔ_ÔDiarioÔ_ÔÔ_ÔOficialÔ_Ô€de€la€Ô_ÔFederacið;ðnÔ_Ôóó€on€3€September€1993,Ð R+¢&+ Ðthe€objective€is€to€provide€for€monitoring€by€the€court€of€the€lawfulness€of€arrests€made€by€the€PublicÐ 8,ˆ', ÐProsecutorððs€Office€by€requiring€it€to€characterize€the€act€on€which€the€arrest€is€based€as€either€lawfulÐ -n(- ÐÔ_Ôor€unlawful,€to€confirm€the€arrest€in€the€event€of€lawfulness€or€to€release€the€accused€immediately€afterÐ ° Ðhe€is€placed€at€the€courtððs€disposal.€€In€keeping€with€this€amendment,€the€lawmakers€also€amendedÐ –æ Ðarticle€367€of€the€Federal€Code€of€Criminal€Procedure,€permitting€an€appeal€against€the€orderÐ |Ì Ðconfirming€the€lawful€detention€of€the€accused€provided€for€in€paragraph€III€bis€thereof.€€This€obviouslyÐ b² Ðmeans€that€the€lawmakers€provided€for€protection€of€fundamental€human€values,€such€as€liberty,€and,Ð H˜ Ðfor€the€sake€of€the€guarantee€of€lawfulness,€introduced€tighter€controls€than€had€previously€existed€inÐ . ~ Ðthe€Mexican€legal€system€by€making€it€the€judgeððs€obligation€to€characterize€the€lawfulness€orÐ  d Ðunlawfulness€of€the€specific€act€on€which€the€arrest€is€based€in€cases€of€flagrante€delicto€or€the€pressingÐ ú J Ðcases€referred€to€in€article€16€of€the€Constitution.€€Thus,€the€court€hearing€an€appeal€against€an€orderÐ à 0 Ðconfirming€detention€cannot€invalidate€the€guarantee€of€lawfulness€by€arguing€that€the€appeal€isÐ Æ   Ðimmaterial€because€the€detention€order€has€been€issued€against€the€accused,€the€legal€situation€hasÐ ¬ ü  Ðchanged€and,€as€a€result€of€this€change,€any€violations€that€may€have€been€committed€are€irreparableÐ ’â  Ðsince€no€decision€can€be€taken€on€them€without€affecting€the€new€legal€situation,€for,€under€theÐ xÈ  Ðabove-mentioned€constitutional€amendment,€a€violation€of€a€higher-ranking€individual€guarantee€cannotÐ ^®  Ðbe€said€to€have€been€caused€irreparably€by€a€procedural€decision€which,€since€issued€by€an€authority,Ð D”  Ðmust€beÔ‡ÚXtaXXXtaÔÔUSUK.,Ô€ÔUK.,US.,aÔin€keeping€with€the€Constitution,€so€that,€even€though€a€detention€order€may€have€been€issued,Ð *z  Ðif€the€judge€hearing€the€appeal€finds€that€it€is€contrary€to€article16,€sixthparagraph,€of€the€ConstitutionÐ ` Ðand€injurious€to€the€appellant,€he€can€and€must€legally€order€the€appellant€to€be€freed,€the€detentionÐ öF Ðorder€notwithstanding,€since€the€order€is€held€to€be€contrary€to€the€Constitution€and€based€on€anÐ Ü, Ðunlawfully€ordered€detention.€€ÔUSUK.,ÔEIGHTH€CIRCUIT€COURT€No.2.€€òòAmparoóó€review€No.€314/94.€€Ð  ÐEdmundo€Canales€Rodrguez€and€co-defendant.€€13.10.94.€€Unanimous€vote.€€Judge:€€SergioNovalesÐ ¨ø ÐCastro.€€Clerk:€€Arcelia€de€la€Cruz€Lugo.ððšÐ ŽÞ ÐÌòò64óó€€Judicial€Weekly,€the€title€and€text€of€which€read:€€ð ðDEFENCE€COUNSEL.€€RIGHT€OF€ACCUSEDÐ Zª ÐTO€ASSISTANCE€OF,€AS€FROM€TIME€OF€ARREST.€€The€obligation€to€appoint€defence€counsel€forÐ @ Ðthe€accused,€as€provided€for€in€article€20,€paragraph€IX,€of€the€Constitution,€relates€to€the€time€whenÐ &v Ðhe€has€already€been€declared€subject€to€prosecution,€when€the€judgeððs€obligation€to€appoint€defenceÐ  \ Ðcounsel€for€him,€if€he€has€not€already€done€so,€is€unavoidable,€but€the€right€to€the€assistance€of€defenceÐ òB Ðcounsel,€as€from€the€time€of€the€accusedððs€arrest,€is€a€matter€of€concern€to€him€and€him€alone;€if€he€didÐ Ø( Ðnot€have€defence€counsel€as€from€the€time€he€was€arrested,€that€omission€is€his€own€fault,€not€that€ofÐ ¾ Ðthe€investigating€judge.ðð€€SIXTH€CIRCUIT€COURT€No.€2.Ð ¤ô Ѐ€Ð Š Ú Ðòò65óó€€For€example,€the€title€and€text€of€the€decision€on€page€547,€volume€II,€part€HO,€ofÐ p!À  Ðthe1995Appendix,€First€Division€of€the€Supreme€Court€of€Justice€of€the€Nation,€read:€€ð ðDEFENCEÐ V"¦! ÐGUARANTEES.€€òòThe€obligation€incumbent€on€the€authority€in€the€case€under€article€20,€paragraphÐ <#Œ" ÐIX,€of€the€Constitution€takes€effect€as€soon€as€the€suspect€is€placed€at€the€disposal€of€the€judicialÐ "$r# Ðauthority.€€On€receiving€the€preparatory€statement€of€the€alleged€culprit,€it€has€the€unavoidableÐ %X $ Ðobligation€to€appoint€defence€counsel€for€him€if€it€has€not€already€done€so,€but€the€right€to€theÐ î%>!% Ðassistance€of€defence€counsel€as€of€the€moment€of€detention€is€a€matter€of€concern€to€the€suspect€andÐ Ô&$"& Ðhim€alone;€if€he€has€not€had€defence€counsel€from€the€moment€he€was€detained,€that€omission€is€his€ownÐ º' #' Ðfault,€not€that€of€the€investigating€judge.óóððÐ  (ð#( ÐÌòò66óó€€Ô#†XtaXXÚXtaå`#ÔÔUK.,US.,6cÔAs€upheld€in€the€decision€on€page€359,€volume€III,€January€1996,€ninthterm,€Federal€Judicial€WeeklyÐ l*¼%* Ðand€its€Journal,€which€reads:€€òòð ðUNCONDITIONAL€SUSPENSION.€€A€GUARANTEE€OFÐ R+¢&+ ÐCOMPENSATION€FOR€LOSS€OR€INJURY€IS€NOT€AN€ABSOLUTE€REQUIREMENT€FOR€GRANTINGÐ 8,ˆ', ÐIT,€IN€THE€CASE€OF€AN€ACT€TO€DEPRIVE€A€PERSON€OF€HIS€LIBERTYðð.€€The€óóòòAmparoòòóó€Act€doesÐ -n(- Ðnot€make€it€a€requirement,€for€granting€unconditional€suspension€of€an€act€depriving€a€person€of€hisÐ ° Ðliberty€(in€this€case,€a€detention€order),€that€payment€of€compensation€for€loss€or€injury€should€beÐ –æ Ðguaranteed,€unless€a€decision€subsequent€to€that€granting€conditional€suspension€so€stipulates,€sinceÐ |Ì Ðarticle€124€of€the€Act€in€question€reads:€€ð ðApart€from€the€cases€referred€to€in€the€preceding€article,Ð b² Ðsuspension€shall€be€ordered€when€the€following€requirements€exist:€€I.€€The€petitioner€requests€it;€II.€Ð H˜ ÐThe€public€interest€is€not€threatened€and€no€public€order€requirements€are€contravened;€...€III.€€It€wouldÐ . ~ Ðbe€difficult€to€provide€compensation€for€the€loss€or€injury€caused€to€the€petitioner€by€the€act€complainedÐ  d Ðof.€€In€granting€the€suspension,€the€district€judge€shall€try€to€determine€how€matters€should€stand€andÐ ú J Ðshall€take€the€necessary€measures€to€maintain€that€state€of€affairs€until€the€termination€of€theÐ à 0 Ðproceedings.ðð€Article€136€of€the€Act€reads:€€ð ðIf€the€act€complained€of€affects€personal€liberty,€the€onlyÐ Æ   Ðeffect€of€the€suspension€shall€be€that€the€petitioner€shall€remain€at€the€disposal€of€the€district€judge€inÐ ¬ ü  Ðthat€regard€alone,€and€at€the€disposal€of€the€authority€due€to€hear€the€case,€when€the€act€derives€fromÐ ’â  Ðcriminal€proceedings,€as€regards€the€continuation€of€those€proceedings.€€...€If€a€suspension€is€grantedÐ xÈ  Ðin€the€case€of€warrants€for€arrest,€detention€or€imprisonment,€the€district€judge€shall€order€suchÐ ^®  Ðmeasures€as€he€may€deem€necessary€to€secure€the€petitioner€so€that€he€can€be€handed€over€to€theÐ D”  Ðcompetent€authority€if€óóòòamparoòòóó€is€not€granted.€€When€the€arrest,€detention€or€imprisonment€warrantÐ *z  Ðrelates€to€an€offence€in€respect€of€which€release€on€bail€is€by€law€not€applicable,€the€effect€of€theÐ ` Ðsuspension€will€be€that€the€petitioner€will€continue€to€be€at€the€disposal€of€the€district€judge€in€any€placeÐ öF Ðthe€judge€may€designate,€only€insofar€as€his€personal€liberty€is€concerned,€and€at€the€disposal€of€theÐ Ü, Ðauthority€conducting€the€criminal€proceedings€for€the€purposes€of€their€continuation.€€...€Where€theÐ Â Ðpetitioner€is€deprived€of€his€liberty€on€the€basis€of€an€order€by€a€criminal€court€or€the€PublicÐ ¨ø ÐProsecutorððs€Office€or€a€pre-trial€detention€order,€the€judge€shall€take€the€necessary€measures€toÐ ŽÞ Ðguarantee€the€security€of€the€petitioner,€who€may€be€released€on€bail€in€accordance€with€article€20,Ð tÄ Ðparagraph€I,€of€the€Constitution€and€the€applicable€Federal€and€local€laws,€provided€that€the€judge€orÐ Zª Ðcourt€hearing€the€case€has€not€ruled€on€the€conditional€release€of€this€person,€not€having€beenÐ @ Ðrequested€to€do€so.ðð€€The€foregoing€shows€that€measures€to€guarantee€the€petitionerððs€security€so€thatÐ &v Ðhe€may€be€handed€over€to€the€competent€authority€if€he€is€denied€óóòòamparoòòóó€must€not€be€confused€with€theÐ  \ Ðrequirements€for€granting€an€unconditional€suspension,€which,€as€stated€above,€do€not€include€anyÐ òB Ðguarantee€of€compensation€for€loss€or€injury.€€THIRD€CIRCUIT€CRIMINAL€COURT€No.2óó;€and€in€theÐ Ø( Ðdecision€on€page€216,€part€II-1,€July€to€December€1988,€eighthterm,€Federal€Judicial€Weekly,€the€titleÐ ¾ Ðand€text€of€which€read:€€òòð ðAPPLICATION€FOR€BAIL.€€MUST€BE€ALLOWED€WHEN€THE€PERSONÐ ¤ô ÐSUBMITTING€IT€IS€DOING€SO€BECAUSE€THE€PETITIONER€CANNOT.€€When€the€application€forÐ Š Ú Ðbail€shows€that€the€applicant€states€that€she€is€instituting€óóòòamparoòòóó€proceedings€on€behalf€of€her€husbandÐ p!À  Ðbecause€he€was€moved€to€another€prison,€this€means€that€he€was€physically€unable€to€institute€óóòòamparoòòóóÐ V"¦! Ðproceedings€personally€and,€in€accordance€with€article17€of€the€óóòòAmparoòòóó€Act,€that€his€wife€is€entitledÐ <#Œ" Ðto€do€so€and€that€the€application€must€be€processed.ðð€€SIXTH€CIRCUIT€COURT€No.3.óóÐ "$r# ÐÌòò67óó€€As€shown€by€the€decision€handed€down€by€Third€Circuit€Criminal€Court€No.2,€page822,€volumeÐ î%>!% ÐXI,€May€2000,€ninthterm,€Federal€Judicial€Weekly€and€its€Journal.€€ð ðDETENTION,Ð Ô&$"& ÐCHARACTERIZATION€OF.€€The€obligation€of€the€judge€hearing€a€case€to€characterize€the€detentionÐ º' #' Ðof€the€accused€placed€at€his€disposal€by€the€public€prosecutor€is€based€on€an€amendment€to€article€16Ð  (ð#( Ðof€the€Constitution,€in€accordance€with€a€decree€published€in€the€òòDiario€Oficial€de€la€Federacið;ðnóó€on€3Ð †)Ö$) ÐSeptember€1993€which€entered€into€force€the€next€day€and€reads€in€part:€€ð ðAn€arrest€warrant€may€beÐ l*¼%* Ðissued€only€by€a€judicial€authority€on€the€basis€of€an€information,€a€charge€or€a€complaint€of€a€specificÐ R+¢&+ Ðact€defined€by€law€as€an€offence€punishable€by€imprisonment€and€where€there€is€credible€evidence€ofÐ 8,ˆ', Ðan€offence€and€the€likely€guilt€of€the€accused€person.€€The€authority€who€executes€an€arrest€warrant€Ô_ÔshallÐ -n(- Ðbe€strictly€responsible€for€placing€the€accused€at€the€disposal€of€the€court€without€delay.€€Failure€to€doÐ ° Ðso€shall€be€punishable€under€the€criminal€law.€€In€case€of€flagrante€delicto,€any€person€may€arrest€theÐ –æ Ðaccused€and€place€him€without€delay€at€the€disposal€of€the€nearest€authority,€who€shall€just€as€promptlyÐ |Ì Ðplace€him€at€the€disposal€of€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office.€€Only€in€pressing€cases,€when€what€isÐ b² Ðinvolved€is€a€serious€offence€as€defined€by€law€and€there€is€a€well-founded€risk€that€the€suspect€mayÐ H˜ Ðevade€justice€and€the€judicial€authority€is€not€available€because€of€time,€place€or€circumstances,€theÐ . ~ ÐPublic€Prosecutorððs€Office€may,€on€its€own€initiative,€order€the€arrest€of€the€suspect,€provided€that€itÐ  d Ðsubstantiates€and€explains€the€reasons€for€doing€so.€€In€pressing€cases€and€cases€of€flagrante€delicto,€theÐ ú J Ðjudge€before€whom€the€detainee€is€brought€shall€immediately€confirm€the€arrest€or€order€the€accusedððsÐ à 0 Ðrelease,€subject€to€the€conditions€provided€for€by€law.ðð€It€may€thus€be€concluded€that,€when€the€judgeÐ Æ   Ðreceives€the€case€file,€he€must€determine€whether€the€arrest€was€in€flagrante€delicto€or€in€connectionÐ ¬ ü  Ðwith€a€pressing€case€provided€for€by€law€and,€if€so,€explain€to€which€accused€person€or€persons€itÐ ’â  Ðrelates,€what€the€offence(s)€is/are,€in€what€way€the€detention€was€in€flagrante€delicto€or€pressing€andÐ xÈ  Ðthe€evidence€on€which€the€foregoing€is€based€in€order€to€be€able€to€confirm€the€arrest,€since€this€is€theÐ ^®  Ðdecision€that€will€restrict€the€liberty€of€the€suspect€until€such€time€as€his€legal€situation€has€beenÐ D”  Ðresolved.ðð€€Third€Circuit€Criminal€Court€No.€2.Ð *z  ÐÌòò68óó€€As€provided€for€in€decision€XII,€1ðð.€3€P,€page€525,€volume€II,€November€1995,€ninthterm,€FederalÐ öF ÐJudicial€Weekly€and€its€Journal,€the€title€and€text€of€which€read:€€ð ðARREST€OF€A€PERSON€WITHOUTÐ Ü, ÐA€WARRANT.€€THE€COURT€MUST€RELEASE€HIM€SUBJECT€TO€THE€CONDITIONSÐ Â ÐPROVIDED€FOR€BY€LAW€IF€THE€CASE€IS€NOT€ONE€OF€FLAGRANTE€DELICTO€OR€IS€NOTÐ ¨ø ÐPRESSINGðð.€€According€to€article€16€of€the€Constitution,€a€person€may€be€arrested€only€when€there€isÐ ŽÞ Ða€warrant€for€his€arrest€issued€by€the€competent€judicial€authority€in€cases€of€flagrante€delicto€orÐ tÄ Ðpressing€cases.€€Thus,€if€the€arrest€is€not€made€in€accordance€with€an€arrest€warrant€or€in€a€case€ofÐ Zª Ðflagrante€delicto€or€a€pressing€case,€the€judge€who€receives€the€case€file€must,€according€to€the€sixthÐ @ Ðparagraph€of€the€above-mentioned€article€of€the€Constitution,€determine€whether€the€requirementsÐ &v Ðprovided€for€in€the€fourth€and€fifthparagraphs€of€the€above-mentioned€article€have€truly€been€met€and,Ð  \ Ðif€so,€confirm€the€arrest;€and,€if€not,€order€the€accusedððs€release,€subject€to€the€conditions€provided€forÐ òB Ðby€law.€€TENTH€CIRCUIT€COURT€No.€1.ððÐ Ø( ÐÐ  ¾ ÐÓ±ØÓòòList€of€annexesóó€*Ð ° ÐÌÓ  Ó1.à á àReport€on€human€rights€policy€and€progress.€€Mexican€Government,€August€2002.Ð |Ì ÐÌ2.à á àSpeech€by€President€Vicente€Fox€during€the€report€on€human€rights€policy€and€progress.€€AugustÐ H˜ Ð2002.Ð . ~ ÐÌ3.à á àUpdated€information€on€the€cases€referred€to€in€paragraph€13€of€the€Committeeððs€report.Ð ú J ÐÌ4.à á àOffice€of€the€Attorney„General€of€the€Republic,€posters€on€the€campaign€against€torture.Ð Æ   ÐÌ5.à á àOffice€of€the€Attorney„General€of€the€Republic,€circular€No.€C/003/01€reminding€staff€of€theÐ ’â  ÐOffice€of€the€Federal€Prosecutor„General€and€the€Federal€Investigation€Agency€to€refrain€from€any€kindÐ xÈ  Ðof€unlawful€detention.Ð ^®  ÐÌ6.à á àReport€of€the€committee€on€civil€and€political€rights.Ð *z  ÐÌ7.à á àTechnical€opinions€in€the€case€of€Norberto€Ô_ÔJessÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔSurezÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔGð;ðmezÔ_Ô.Ð öF ÐÌ8.à á àNational€Migration€Institute,€administrative€resolution€No.€076/00.Ð Â ÐÌ9.à á àOffice€of€the€Attorney„General€of€the€Republic,€decision€No.€A/068/02€establishing€the€HumanÐ ŽÞ ÐRights€Protection€Units€in€the€various€branches€of€the€Office€and€laying€down€guidelines€for€the€conductÐ tÄ Ðof€human€rights€inspections.Ð Zª ÐÌ10.à á àTechnical€opinions€in€the€case€of€Mateo€Ô_ÔHernndezÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBarajasÔ_Ô.Ð &v ÐÌ11.à á àAnalysis€of€the€report€produced€by€the€Supreme€Court.Ð òB ÐÓ  ÓÌÌ______________Ð ¤ô ÐÌ*/€€May€be€consulted€at€the€Committee€secretariatÐ  p!À  ÐÌò òÔ‡ÚXtaXXXtaÔÔCEUK.,ÔCAT€€A/58/44€(2003)ó óÐ –æ ÐÌÓ  ÓÌIV.à á àACTIVITIES€OF€THE€COMMITTEE€UNDER€ARTICLE€20€OF€THE€CONVENTIONÐ H˜ ÐÌ...Ð  d ÐÌB.à á àòòSummary€account€of€the€results€of€the€proceedings€concerning€the€inquiry€on€MexicoóóÐ à 0 ÐÔUK.,CE.,R˜ÔÌ147.à á àMexico€ratified€the€Convention€on€23€January€1986.€€At€the€time€of€ratification€it€did€not€declareÐ ¬ ü  Ðthat€it€did€not€recognize€the€competence€of€the€Committee€provided€for€in€article20€of€the€Convention.€Ð ’â  ÐAccordingly,€the€procedure€under€article€20€is€applicable€to€Mexico.Ð xÈ  ÐÌ148.à á àIn€October€1998,€the€Committee€received€from€the€Human€Rights€Centre€MiguelÔ_ÔAgustnÔ_ÔÐ D”  ÐPro-Ô_ÔJurezÔ_Ô€(Ô_ÔPRODHÔ_Ô),€a€non„governmental€organization€based€in€Mexico€City,€a€report€entitledÐ *z  Ðð ðTorture:€€Institutionalized€Violence€in€Mexico,€April€1997„September€1998ðð.€€The€report€containedÐ ` Ðan€appeal€to€the€Committee€to€undertake€an€investigation€pursuant€to€article20€of€the€Convention.€Ð öF ÐUpon€examination,€the€Committee€considered€that€the€information€submitted€by€Ô_ÔPRODHÔ_Ô€was€reliableÐ Ü, Ðand€contained€well-founded€indications€that€torture€was€being€systematically€practised€in€Mexico.€€InÐ Â Ðaccordance€with€article€20,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Convention€and€rule€76€of€its€rules€of€procedure,€theÐ ¨ø ÐCommittee€requested€the€Government€of€Mexico€to€cooperate€in€the€examination€of,€and€comment€onÐ ŽÞ Ðthe€information€in€question.Ð tÄ ÐÌ149.à á àDuring€its€twenty-second€session€(May€1999),€the€Committee€designated€two€of€its€members,Ð @ ÐÔ_ÔAlejandroÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔGonzlezÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔPobleteÔ_Ô€and€Antonio€Silva€Ô_ÔHenriquesÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔGasparÔ_Ô,€to€examine€the€Governmentððs€reply.€Ð &v ÐFollowing€their€examination€the€Committee€decided,€at€the€same€session,€to€undertake€a€confidentialÐ  \ Ðinquiry€in€accordance€with€article€20,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Convention€and€rule78€of€its€rules€ofÐ òB Ðprocedure,€and€designated€the€two€above„mentioned€members€for€the€purpose.€€It€also€decided€to€inviteÐ Ø( Ðthe€Government€of€Mexico,€in€accordance€with€article20,€paragraph3,€of€the€Convention€and€rule€79Ð ¾ Ðof€its€rules€of€procedure,€to€cooperate€with€the€Committee€in€the€conduct€of€the€inquiry.€€Lastly,€itÐ ¤ô Ðdecided€to€request€the€Government€of€Mexico,€pursuant€to€article€20,€paragraph€3,€of€the€ConventionÐ Š Ú Ðand€rule80€of€its€rules€of€procedure,€to€agree€to€a€visit€to€the€country€by€Committee€members.Ð p!À  ÐÌ150.à á àOn€30€January€2001,€the€Government€invited€the€Committee€members€to€visit€the€country.€€TheÐ <#Œ" Ðvisit€took€place€from€23€August€to€12€September€2001.€€The€Committee€had€in€the€interim€designatedÐ "$r# ÐOle€Ô_ÔVedelÔ_Ô€Rasmussen€to€be€a€third€member€of€the€visiting€team.€€In€the€end,€SilvaÔ_ÔHenriquesÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔGasparÔ_ÔÐ %X $ Ðwas€prevented€by€personal€reasons€from€taking€part€in€the€visit.Ð î%>!% ÐÌ151.à á àThe€two€designated€members€submitted€their€report€at€the€twenty„eighth€session€of€theÐ º' #' ÐCommittee€(April/May€2002).€€They€noted€that€the€number€of€complaints€of€torture€referred€to€MexicanÐ  (ð#( Ðpublic€human€rights€bodies€and€Ô_ÔNGOsÔ_Ô€appeared€to€have€declined.€€However,€the€information€collectedÐ †)Ö$) Ðin€the€course€of€the€procedure€under€article€20,€which€had€not€been€refuted€by€the€Government;€theÐ l*¼%* Ðdescription€of€the€torture€cases€reported€to€them,€mainly€by€the€victims€themselves;€the€similarity€ofÐ R+¢&+ Ðcircumstances€in€which€the€cases€occurred;€the€purpose€of€the€torture,€which€was€nearly€always€toÐ 8,ˆ', Ðobtain€information€or€a€self„incriminating€confession;€the€similarity€of€the€methods€employed;€and€theÐ -n(- Ðfact€that€such€methods€were€widespread€all€convinced€the€Committee€members€that€these€were€notÐ ° Ðexceptional€situations€or€occasional€violations€committed€by€a€few€police€officers.€€On€the€contrary,€theÐ –æ Ðpolice€commonly€used€torture€and€resorted€to€it€on€a€systematic€basis€as€a€method€of€criminalÐ |Ì Ðinvestigation,€readily€available€whenever€required€in€order€to€advance€the€procedure.Ð b² ÐÌ152.à á àThe€Committee€endorsed€the€report€of€the€two€members€and,€in€accordance€with€article20,Ð . ~ Ðparagraph€4,€of€the€Convention,€decided€to€transmit€it€to€the€Government€of€Mexico.€€At€the€same€time,Ð  d Ðthe€Committee€invited€the€Government€to€inform€it€of€the€action€taken€with€regard€to€its€findings€andÐ ú J Ðin€response€to€its€conclusions€and€recommendations.Ð à 0 ÐÌ153.à á àOn€31€August€2002,€the€Government€submitted€the€information€requested,€whereby€it€reiteratedÐ ¬ ü  Ðits€commitment€to€the€implementation€of€the€Convention€and€the€importance€it€attached€to€theÐ ’â  Ðconclusions€and€recommendations€of€the€Committee.€€It€also€promised€toanalysethem€carefully€withÐ xÈ  Ða€view€to€adopting€policies€and€actions€for€their€implementation.€€On20February€2003,€theÐ ^®  ÐGovernment€of€Mexico€informed€the€Committee€that€it€agreed€to€the€publication€of€the€full€text€of€theÐ D”  Ðreport€together€with€the€Governmentððs€response.€€At€its€thirtiethsession€the€Committee€decided€toÐ *z  Ðpublish€the€report€and€the€response.€€Both€are€contained€in€document€CAT/C/75.Ð ` ÐÔ_ÔÓ˜ÓÔ#†XtaXXÚXta3˜#Ô