ÿWPC[ žQh¦Ü¨f¹î@+@!í²ºÀëSnãB|Öú³Òpm$þ†±Èb£7¬I»™45¾‘Äßd6¦Ã× jKý¨œ¡uX~¹÷ƒµÞ4Òâñ¶Í]ÐÃz”Jâùœ'L3ö úUogÊ(í²öÖ=áȆN4é¤!:w‡#äU(Ó¨½.<ÚsÙÿÆ@ÆžèïñâJ;Ü;¸Ç“ƒ¨jÔ×y”ìŒ:ë“Šévh€º¹ð‚wÃÀìÖœ¤+ŸŠZV)²PDJ ŠìŸŒ5Ýô+嚺Ì;>Z賆 ·²n ÃB;¹áÖèeú€Ãl°£ `çd^Äßî%Vžäpmê•oQöùY©?I'ýº$F:Õ_%Cî¬W,Ý4\±âÖaov%F=×]¹%úÇTˆèዤz@âi=´-ò¬¦›ñ3äò9Ô6ˆçõ=¿)ÛcdIdTÒ!Þf4]ÁPP0ÏT×3€×iÈè–þ-v.S ®Å:†-8{ã@¯6~Q #Á¶UNw %Å 0:Ë^ w4)8 m:QNY˜HP LaserJet 4P,ü,,,,,ü0&Öd9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(üœ$¡¡ÔUSUS.,Ô‚l, &bœ+ÜÖ¡ œ€W¤3|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ Ý ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ  Óò òÔ€¼äŒ»XXÔMONGOLIAÐ ° ÐÌÓ  ÓÔ€X²pX»¼äŒÔó óÓ  ÓÌò òÔ_ÔCERDÔ_Ô€26òòthóó€No.€18€(A/8418)€(1971)ó ó€Ð Ä ÐÌÌ28.€€From€its€56òòthóó€to€its€58òòthóó€meetings,€the€Committee€proceeded€to€determine€formally€its€view€asÐ Œ Ü Ða€Committee€(as€distinct€from€the€views€expressed€at€previous€meetings,€which€were€those€of€theÐ x È Ðindividual€members)€as€to€which€reports€were€ð ðsatisfactoryðð,€in€the€sense€that€they€furnished€all€orÐ d ´ Ðmost€of€the€required€information,€and€which€reports€were€ð ðunsatisfactoryðð€or€ð ðincompleteðð€andÐ P    Ðtherefore€needed€to€be€supplemented€by€further€information.€€The€initial€report€(and€supplementaryÐ <Œ  Ðreport,€if€any)€of€each€State€Party€was€put€before€the€Committee€separately€by€the€Chairman.€€WhereÐ (x  Ðthere€was€no€consensus,€the€question€whether€a€State€Partyððs€report€(or€reports)€was€ð ðsatisfactoryððÐ d  Ðor€whether,€failing€that,€the€Committee€wished€to€request€additional€information€from€that€StateÐ P  ÐParty,€was€decided€by€vote.Ð ì<  ÐÌ.€.€.€Ð Ä ÐÌ35.€[At€its€fourth€session]€The€reports€submitted€by€the€following€six€States€Parties€were€consideredÐ œì Ðð ðcompleteðð,€and€the€Committee€decided€not€to€request€them€to€supply€additional€information:€...Ð ˆØ ÐMongolia€...Ð tÄ ÐÓ·Óò òÐ  `° ÐÔ_ÔÔ_ÔCERDÔ_Ô€€28òòTHóó€NO.18€(A/9018)€(1973)Ð ° ÐÌÌó óÓ  Ó90.€€The€initial€report€of€Mongolia,€submitted€on€30€July€1971,€was€considered€satisfactory€by€theÐ tÄ ÐCommittee€at€its€fourth€session.€€Its€second€periodic€report,€dated€7€August€1972,€asserted€that€ð ðnoÐ `° Ðnew€developments€have€occurredðð€and€affirmed€that€ð ðthe€existing€legislative,€judicial€andÐ L œ Ðadministrative€measures€contained€in€the€[initial]€report€are€still€in€force€and€have€not€been€amendedÐ 8 ˆ Ðor€altered.ðð€€This€report€was€considered€at€the€seventh€session€(127òòthóó€meeting).Ð $ t ÐÌ91.€€It€was€recalled€that€,€although€the€Committee€had€at€its€fourth€session€declared€the€initial€reportÐ ü L  Ðof€Mongolia€satisfactory€and€had€not€formally€requested€the€Government€of€Mongolia€to€furnishÐ è 8  Ðadditional€information,€some€members€had€in€fact€deemed€the€information€in€the€initial€reportÐ Ô$  Ðincomplete€and€raised€some€questions;€it€was€regretted€that€the€second€periodic€report€contained€noÐ À  Ðresponse€to€any€of€the€questions€raised€at€the€fourth€session.Ð ¬ü  ÐÌ92.€€In€his€statement,€the€representative€of€Mongolia€said€that€he€would€transmit€the€views€of€theÐ „Ô  Ðmembers€of€the€Committee€to€his€Government.€€He€recalled€that,€in€its€initial€report,€Mongolia€hadÐ pÀ ÐÔ_ÔendeavouredÔ_Ô€to€demonstrate€that€there€was€no€racial€discrimination€in€Mongolia€and€to€show€howÐ \¬ Ðthe€legislation,€which€had€been€introduced€by€his€Government€throughout€the€years,€dealt€with€thatÐ H˜ Ðquestion.€€His€Government€continued€to€consider€that€it€was€its€direct€duty€to€carry€out€an€unrelentingÐ 4„ Ðstruggle€against€all€forms€of€racial€discrimination.€€He€stressed€the€importance€given€in€childrenððsÐ  p Ðeducation€and€in€the€communications€media€to€the€fostering€of€solidarity€with€all€peoples€and€theÐ  \ Ðrejection€of€racism.Ð øH ÐÌ93.€€The€Committee€decided€to€consider€the€second€periodic€report€of€Mongolia€satisfactory€andÐ Ð  Ðexpressed€the€hope€that€the€Government€would€submit€the€information€requested€under€article€9€inÐ ¼  Ðthe€light€of€the€guidelines€laid€by€the€Committee€and€the€comments€made€in€the€current€debate.Ð  ¨ø Ðò òÔ_ÔCERDÔ_Ô€€30òòTHóó€NO.€18€(A/10018)€(1975)ó óÐ ° ÐÌÌ133.€€Members€of€the€Committee€noted€the€statements€contained€in€the€third€periodic€report€ofÐ tÄ ÐMongolia€that,€during€the€period€under€review,€no€new€legislative€acts€relating€to€the€elimination€ofÐ `° Ðracial€discrimination€had€been€taken,€all€the€legislative€acts€referred€to€in€the€previous€reportsÐ L œ Ðremained€in€force€and€were€fully€respected,€and€no€cases€involving€matters€relating€to€racialÐ 8 ˆ Ðdiscrimination€had€been€brought€before€the€courts.€€It€was€noted€also€that€Mongolia€had€ratified€theÐ $ t Ðtwo€International€Covenants€on€Human€Rights€as€well€as€the€International€Convention€on€theÐ  ` ÐSuppression€and€Punishment€of€the€Crime€of€òòApartheidóó€in€1974.€€The€Committee€took€note€of€theÐ ü L  Ðinformation€on€measures€giving€effect€to€the€provisions€of€article€7€as€well€as€article€2,€paragraphÐ è 8  Ð2,€of€the€Convention.€€With€respect€to€the€implementation€of€article€6€of€the€Convention,€theÐ Ô$  Ðinformation€on€the€office€of€the€Procurator€appeared€relevant.€€Members€took€note€of€the€informationÐ À  Ðconcerning€the€reporting€Stateððs€firm€support€of€the€policy€of€not€establishing€diplomatic,€trade€orÐ ¬ü  Ðother€relations€with€colonial€or€racist€Ô_ÔrgimesÔ_Ô€and€of€applying€sanctions€against€the€racist€Ô_ÔrgimesÔ_ÔÐ ˜è  Ðin€all€spheres€of€international€activity.Ð „Ô  ÐÌ134.€€It€was€noted,€however,€that€the€text€of€article€53€of€the€criminal€code,€which€appeared€toÐ \¬ Ðcorrespond€to€the€provisions€of€article€4,€paragraph€(a),€of€the€Convention,€was€not€supplied€to€theÐ H˜ ÐCommittee,€and€a€request€that€the€text€of€that€article€be€furnished€in€the€next€report€was€made,€asÐ 4„ Ðwell€as€an€inquiry€about€the€connotation€of€the€concept€of€ð ðnationalistic€ideas,ðð€the€propagation€ofÐ  p Ðwhich€appeared€to€be€subject€to€severe€penalties€under€that€article.€€It€was€asked€whether€there€wereÐ  \ Ðother€provisions€of€the€criminal€code€which€gave€effect€to€the€mandatory€provisions€of€article€4,Ð øH Ðparagraph€(b),€of€the€Convention.€€With€regard€to€article€6€of€the€Convention,€an€inquiry€was€madeÐ ä4 Ðas€to€whether€individuals€who€wished€to€lodge€complaints€concerning€an€act€of€racial€discriminationÐ Ð  Ðcommitted€by€the€authorities€or€other€individuals€could€ask€the€Procurator€to€institute€proceedingsÐ ¼  Ðagainst€them€or€whether€the€decision€to€do€so€remained€at€the€discretion€of€the€Procurator.€€QuestionsÐ ¨ø Ðwere€asked€about€the€ethnic€composition€of€the€population,€and,€specifically,€why€the€informationÐ ”ä Ðin€the€report€under€consideration€was€confined€to€the€special€measures€relating€to€the€Ô_ÔKazakhsÔ_ÔÐ €Ð Ðwhereas€earlier€reports€had€mentioned€other€minorities€as€well.Ð l¼ ÐÌ135.€€The€representative€of€Mongolia€assured€the€Committee€that,€in€his€Governmentððs€next€report,Ð D!” Ðthe€text€of€article€53€of€the€criminal€code€would€be€provided.€€With€regard€to€the€words€ð ðnationalisticÐ 0"€  Ðideas,ðð€used€in€the€translations,€it€might€have€been€more€accurate€to€speak€of€ð ðchauvinistic€ideas,ððÐ #l! Ðhe€suggested.€€His€Government€would€try€to€amplify€the€information€relating€to€the€implementationÐ $X" Ðof€article€4€of€the€Convention€in€the€future.€€Express€reference€was€made€in€the€report€underÐ ô$D # Ðconsideration€only€to€the€Ô_ÔKazakhsÔ_Ô€because,€with€the€exception€of€the€Chinese€and€the€Russians,€theÐ à%0!$ Ðother€groups€mentioned€in€previous€reports€formed€part€of€the€Mongolian€group€and€spoke€dialectsÐ Ì&"% Ðof€the€Mongolian€language;€the€Ô_ÔKazakhsÔ_Ô€were€the€only€real€national€minority.€€As€for€the€RussiansÐ ¸'#& Ðand€Chinese,€those€who€had€permanent€residence€in€Mongolia€had€the€same€rights€as€MongoliansÐ ¤(ô#' Ðbut€those€who€maintained€their€Chinese€or€Soviet€citizenship€could€not€participate€in€political€life.Ð )à$( ÐÌÐ  h+¸&* Ðò òÔ_ÔCERDÔ_Ô€€A/34/18€Ô_Ô(1979)Ô_ÔÐ ° ÐÌó óÌ72.€€The€fourth€periodic€report€of€Mongolia€(Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/34)€was€introduced€by€the€representative€ofÐ tÄ Ðthe€reporting€State€who€indicated,€as€stated€in€the€report,€that€no€violations€of€the€laws€prohibitingÐ `° Ðracial€discrimination€had€been€brought€before€the€courts€in€Mongolia€during€the€period€under€review.Ð L œ ÐÌ73.€€Attention€was€drawn€to€a€reference€made€in€the€report€to€article€53€of€Mongoliaððs€Code€ofÐ $ t ÐCriminal€Procedures,€under€which€incitement€and€restriction€of€rights€on€racial€grounds€wereÐ  ` Ðpunishable€offences.€€It€was€pointed€out€that€Ô_ÔthatÔ_Ô€provision€conformed€to€article€4€(a)€of€theÐ ü L  ÐConvention,€but€there€did€not€appear€to€be€any€provision€which€corresponded€to€article€4€(b).Ð è 8  ÐMembers€of€the€Committee€stated€that€it€would€be€helpful€to€know€what€were€the€terms€of€theÐ Ô$  Ðlegislative€provision€enacted€in€Mongolia€to€implement€article€4€(b)€of€the€Convention€and€also€toÐ À  Ðhave€available€the€text€of€article€53€of€that€countryððs€Code€of€Criminal€Procedure.Ð ¬ü  ÐÌ74.€€A€member€of€the€Committee,€referring€to€a€statement€in€the€report€that€Mongolian€citizensÐ „Ô  Ðenjoyed€all€the€rights€provided€for€in€article€5€of€the€Convention,€pointed€out€that€the€report€did€notÐ pÀ Ðrefer€to€a€specific€law€guaranteeing€those€rights€and€requested€that€the€relevant€provisions€be€madeÐ \¬ Ðavailable€in€the€next€report.€€Another€member€of€the€Committee€was€of€the€view€that€the€provisionsÐ H˜ Ðof€the€Constitution€of€Mongolia€were€fully€in€keeping€with€the€provisions€of€the€Convention.Ð 4„ ÐÌ75.€€It€was€noted€that€the€report€mentioned€bilateral€agreements€concluded€by€Mongolia€with€certainÐ  \ Ðother€countries€providing€for€legal€aid€in€civil,€family€and€criminal€matters€to€citizens€of€thoseÐ øH Ðcountries€residing€in€Mongolia.€€Members€of€the€Committee€inquired€whether€that€meant€thatÐ ä4 Ðdifferent€treatment€would€be€accorded€to€citizens€of€other€countries€with€which€no€such€agreementsÐ Ð  Ðhad€been€concluded,€thus€giving€special€legal€assistance€to€certain€aliens.€€If€the€basic€rights€of€allÐ ¼  Ðaliens€residing€in€Mongolia€were€guaranteed€under€the€law,€why€was€it€necessary€to€provide€forÐ ¨ø Ðspecial€treatment€for€those€from€certain€countries.€€Another€member€explained,€however,€that€theÐ ”ä Ðagreement€concluded€between€Mongolia€and€the€Union€of€Soviet€Socialist€Republics€dealtÐ €Ð Ðexclusively€with€various€forms€of€assistance€to€be€provided€to€aliens€and€contained€no€discriminatoryÐ l¼ Ðprovisions,€no€provision€to€improve€the€lot€of€some€or€worsen€that€of€others.€€Such€agreementsÐ X ¨ Ðappeared€to€be€necessary€in€cases€where€large€numbers€of€the€nationals€of€one€country€were€residentÐ D!” Ðin€another€country.Ð 0"€  ÐÌ76.€€As€regards€the€minority€problem,€some€members€indicated€that€a€considerable€number€of€Ô_ÔKazaksÔ_ÔÐ $X" Ðwere€living€in€Mongolia€and,€referring€to€article€83€of€the€Mongolian€Constitution,€requested€theÐ ô$D # Ðrepresentative€of€Mongolia€to€supply€the€Committee€with€details€on€the€way€in€which€his€countryÐ à%0!$ Ðassisted€the€Kazak€population€in€developing€its€culture€and€maintaining€its€mother€tongue.€€NotingÐ Ì&"% Ðfurther€that€Ô_ÔKazaksÔ_Ô€also€lived€in€the€USSR,€a€member€asked€how€Mongolia€and€the€USSR€co„Ð ¸'#& Ðoperated€with€a€view€to€safeguarding€the€cultural€identity€of€the€Kazak€people.Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌ77.€€Referring€to€the€passage€concerning€article€72€of€Mongoliaððs€Constitution,€some€members€askedÐ |*Ì%) Ðwhat,€if€any,€rules€and€principles€governed€the€Procuratorððs€power€to€institute€criminal€proceedings.€Ð h+¸&* ÐIn€other€words,€the€question€was€asked€whether€the€Procurator€was€obliged€to€institute€proceedingsÐ T,¤'+ Ðin€cases€where€private€citizens€were€seeking€redress€for€damage€suffered€as€a€result€of€racialÐ @-(, Ðdiscrimination€or€whether€he€had€some€discretionary€power€to€decline€to€take€action.€€It€was€notedÐ ° Ðthat€only€if€remedies€were€available€under€the€laws€to€aggrieved€persons€would€the€provisions€ofÐ œì Ðarticle€6€of€the€Convention€be€fulfilled.Ð ˆØ ÐÌ78.€€The€representative€of€Mongolia,€replying€to€questions€concerning€the€bilateral€agreement€whichÐ `° Ðhad€been€entered€into€between€his€country€and€some€other€countries€to€provide€for€legal€assistanceÐ L œ Ðto€aliens€on€the€basis€of€reciprocity,€stated€that€such€agreements€did€not€imply€that€the€personsÐ 8 ˆ Ðconcerned€enjoyed€any€special€privileges€or€immunities.€€It€had€been€found€necessary€to€enter€intoÐ $ t Ðsuch€agreements€with€States€with€which€his€country€maintained€close€relations€and€with€which€thereÐ  ` Ðwere€exchanges€of€workers€and€students.€€Similar€agreements€might€be€signed€with€other€countriesÐ ü L  Ðshould€the€need€arise.€€The€representative€informed€the€Committee€of€the€functions€of€the€ProcuratorÐ è 8  Ðstating€that€the€latter€exercised€supervision€over€the€strict€observance€of€the€law€and€the€provisionsÐ Ô$  Ðof€the€Convention€and€that€no€legal€proceedings€could€be€instituted€without€his€agreement.€€InÐ À  Ðconnection€with€article€4€(b)€of€the€Convention,€he€stated€that€there€were€no€specific€laws€inÐ ¬ü  ÐMongolia€concerning€propaganda€inciting€racial€discrimination€for€no€such€propaganda€existed,€butÐ ˜è  Ðall€racial€discrimination€was€prohibited€and€punishable.€€The€comments€made€by€the€members€wouldÐ „Ô  Ðbe€taken€into€account€in€the€preparation€of€his€Governmentððs€next€periodic€report.Ð pÀ ÐÐ  \¬ Ðò òÔ_ÔCERDÔ_Ô€€A/35/18€(1980)Ð ° ÐÌó óÌ176.€€The€fifth€periodic€report€of€Mongolia€(Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/20/Add.37)€was€considered€by€the€CommitteeÐ tÄ Ðtogether€with€the€introductory€statement€made€by€the€representative€of€the€reporting€State.Ð `° ÐÌ177.€€Members€of€the€Committee€noted€with€satisfaction€that€the€report€had€been€carefully€preparedÐ 8 ˆ Ðin€accordance€with€the€guidelines€laid€down€by€the€Committee€and€provided€a€very€complete€pictureÐ $ t Ðof€the€implementation€of€the€Convention€by€Mongolia€as€well€as€representing€a€serious€effort€to€replyÐ  ` Ðto€questions€raised€in€connection€with€Mongoliaððs€fourth€periodic€report.Ð ü L  ÐÌ178.€€Some€members€drew€attention€to€a€reference€made€in€the€report€regarding€the€implementationÐ Ô$  Ðof€article€2,€paragraph€1€(d)€of€the€Convention.€€While€noting€that€incitement€to€racial€hostility€wasÐ À  Ðan€offence€under€the€Code€of€Criminal€Procedure,€they€nevertheless€requested€an€explanation€of€theÐ ¬ü  Ðmeaning€of€the€word€ð ðnationalismðð€in€article€83€of€the€Constitution€of€Mongolia€where€it€seemedÐ ˜è  Ðto€be€equated€with€chauvinism.€€Prohibition€of€the€advocacy€of€chauvinism€or€nationalism€appearedÐ „Ô  Ðto€them€to€be€in€contradiction€to€the€UNESCO€Declaration€on€Race€and€Racial€Prejudice€whichÐ pÀ Ðreferred€to€the€right€to€retain€oneððs€separate€identity.Ð \¬ ÐÌ179.€€In€accordance€with€article€3€of€the€Convention,€some€members€expressed€satisfaction€with€theÐ 4„ Ðattitude€of€the€Government€of€Mongolia€towards€the€racist€Ô_ÔrgimeÔ_Ô€of€South€Africa€and€welcomedÐ  p Ðthe€fact€that€Mongolia€was€fulfilling€all€its€obligations€under€international€agreements€relating€to€theÐ  \ Ðstruggle€against€racism€and€òòapartheidóó.Ð øH ÐÌ180.€€With€respect€to€the€implementation€of€article€4€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€CommitteeÐ Ð  Ðstressed€that€article€83€of€the€Constitution€of€Mongolia€allowed€no€organized€propaganda€promotingÐ ¼  Ðor€inciting€racial€hostility,€and€that€article€53€of€the€Mongolian€Code€of€Criminal€Procedure€providedÐ ¨ø Ðfor€the€punishment€of€various€infringements€of€the€provisions€of€that€article.€€It€was€pointed€out,Ð ”ä Ðhowever,€that€there€were€other€activities€which€did€not€appear€to€be€covered,€such€as€incitement€toÐ €Ð Ðracial€discrimination,€as€well€as€all€acts€of€violence€or€incitement€to€such€acts€and€the€provision€ofÐ l¼ Ðany€assistance€to€racist€activities,€including€the€financing€thereof.€€Some€members€wondered€if€thereÐ X ¨ Ðwas€any€legislation€to€that€effect€in€Mongolia€and€asked€for€the€text€of€articles€69€to€96€of€the€CodeÐ D!” Ðof€Criminal€Procedure€which€referred€to€crimes€against€the€life,€health,€freedom€and€dignity€of€theÐ 0"€  Ðindividual€as€well€as€for€additional€information€on€measures€taken€to€implement€article€4€(b)€of€theÐ #l! ÐConvention.Ð $X" ÐÌ181.€€As€regards€article€5€of€the€Convention,€it€was€noted€that€the€report€contained€more€completeÐ à%0!$ Ðinformation€on€the€implementation€of€its€provisions.€€Members€of€the€Committee,€asked,€however,Ð Ì&"% Ðfor€clarification€on€the€right€to€enter€or€leave€Mongolia,€the€right€to€freedom€of€movement,€the€rightÐ ¸'#& Ðto€choose€a€place€of€residence,€the€right€to€marry€and,€in€particular,€the€status€of€stateless€persons.€Ð ¤(ô#' ÐInformation€was€requested€on€the€conditions,€if€any,€which€the€authorities€placed€on€the€exercise€ofÐ )à$( Ðthese€rights€and€on€the€grounds€which€were€cited€as€justifying€denial€of€these€rights€to€an€individual.€Ð |*Ì%) ÐSome€members€wondered€what€was€the€position€of€citizens€of€countries€that€had€not€signed€legal€aidÐ h+¸&* Ðagreements€with€Mongolia,€who€found€themselves€involved€in€civil,€family€or€criminal€cases.Ð T,¤'+ ÐÐ @-(, ÐÔ_Ô182.€€A€member€of€the€Committee,€noting€that€the€report€dealt€with€the€right€to€work,€enquiredÐ ° Ðwhether€there€was€freedom€of€choice€of€work€in€Mongolia€or€whether€assignment€to€occupations€wasÐ œì Ðlargely€decided€by€organs€of€the€State.€€He€was€also€interested€to€know€whether€the€workers€had€theÐ ˆØ Ðpossibility€of€belonging€to€more€than€one€trade€union.Ð tÄ ÐÌ183.€€Referring€to€the€passage€concerning€article€76€of€Mongoliaððs€Constitution,€some€membersÐ L œ Ðasked€how€the€freedom€of€anti„religious€propaganda€in€that€country€could€be€reconciled€with€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðfreedom€of€conscience€guaranteed€in€the€Universal€Declaration€of€Human€Rights,€in€which€it€wasÐ $ t Ðstated€that€no€State,€group€or€person€had€any€right€to€engage€in€any€activity,€or€to€perform€any€actÐ  ` Ðaimed€at€the€destruction€of€any€of€the€rights€and€freedoms€set€forth€therein;€and€whether€it€wasÐ ü L  Ðpossible€to€proselytize€freely.€€Other€members€referred€to€the€fact€that€certain€freedoms€wereÐ è 8  Ðguaranteed€exclusively€in€order€to€strengthen€the€socialist€State€system€and€asked€whoseÐ Ô$  Ðresponsibility€it€was€to€decide€whether€that€condition€had€been€fulfilled.€€It€was€also€asked€whatÐ À  Ðlimitations€to€certain€rights€could€be€based€on€the€need€to€maintain€public€security€and€morality.Ð ¬ü  ÐÌ184.€€As€regards€the€minority€problem,€some€members€requested€the€representative€of€Mongolia€toÐ „Ô  Ðgive€more€information€about€the€Kazakhs,€their€educational€system€and€whether€they€wereÐ pÀ Ðconcentrated€in€certain€regions€of€the€country.€€The€Committee€was€interested€to€learn€to€what€extentÐ \¬ Ðthe€Kazakhs€participated€in€the€administration€of€the€country€and€in€the€local€and€centralÐ H˜ Ðrepresentative€bodies.Ð 4„ ÐÌ185.€€In€connection€with€the€implementation€of€article€6€of€the€Convention,€some€members€noted€theÐ  \ Ðvery€comprehensive€description€in€the€report€of€the€powers€of€the€Procurator€which€seemed€toÐ øH Ðprovide€the€effective€protection€called€for€in€the€first€part€of€that€article;€however,€they€stated€thatÐ ä4 Ðthey€had€seen€no€reference€to€any€legislative€provisions€which€would€ensure€the€right€of€a€victim€ofÐ Ð  Ðdiscrimination€to€seek€adequate€reparation€for€damage.€€It€was€asked,€whether€an€injured€party,€whoÐ ¼  Ðhad€been€the€victim€of€an€irregularity€committed€by€the€public€administration,€could€initiate€legalÐ ¨ø Ðproceedings€himself€or€refer€the€matter€to€civil€courts.€€A€member€of€the€Committee€wished€to€knowÐ ”ä Ðhow€the€independence€of€judges€provided€for€in€article€71€of€the€Constitution€was€guaranteed€andÐ €Ð Ðhow€judges€were€appointed.Ð l¼ ÐÌ186.€€The€Committee€was€satisfied€that€the€report€made€it€clear€that€measures€were€being€taken€toÐ D!” Ðimplement€article€7€of€the€Convention.€€It€was€stated,€however,€that€the€information€on€the€subjectÐ 0"€  Ðshould€be€amplified€in€the€next€report€and€more€specific€information€should€be€provided.Ð #l! ÐÌ187.€€The€representative€of€Mongolia,€replying€to€questions€of€the€Committee€members,€said€that€inÐ ô$D # ÐMongolia€chauvinism€was€considered€an€extreme€form€of€nationalism€and€both€were€regarded€asÐ à%0!$ Ðreactionary€phenomena€aimed€at€the€domination€of€one€country€by€another.Ð Ì&"% ÐÌ188.€€With€reference€to€the€question€of€minorities€the€representative€stated€that€Mongolia€wasÐ ¤(ô#' Ðdivided€into€28€regions€and€that€the€Kazakhs€lived€in€one€of€those€regions;€that€they€occupied€postsÐ )à$( Ðin€many€State€bodies;€that€their€children€received€schooling€in€their€own€language;€and€that€they€hadÐ |*Ì%) Ðtheir€own€radio€programmes€and€newspapers.€€Concerning€the€right€to€enter€or€leave€the€country,€theÐ h+¸&* Ðrepresentative€stated€that€this€right€was€not€subject€to€any€restriction.€€Within€the€country€itself,€theÐ T,¤'+ Ðright€to€freedom€of€movement€and€the€right€to€choose€a€place€of€residence€were€not€subject€to€Ô_ÔanyÐ @-(, Ðrestrictions€whatsoever.€€The€legal€status€of€aliens€residing€permanently€or€temporarily€in€MongoliaÐ ° Ðwas€based€on€the€same€rights€and€obligations€as€citizens,€although€they€could€not€vote€in€electionsÐ œì Ðto€organs€of€State€power€or€serve€as€judges€and€were€not€liable€for€military€service.€€On€the€questionÐ ˆØ Ðof€the€freedom€of€expression€and€assembly,€freedom€of€the€press€and€religious€freedom,€theÐ tÄ Ðrepresentative€reaffirmed€that€all€those€freedoms€were€guaranteed€by€the€Constitution€and€that€noÐ `° Ðdiscrimination€existed.€€With€regard€to€religious€propaganda,€nothing€in€Mongolian€law€prohibitedÐ L œ Ðeither€religious€or€anti„religious€propaganda.€€With€regard€to€remedies€available€to€victims€ofÐ 8 ˆ Ðdiscrimination,€he€pointed€out€that€any€citizen€considering€his€rights€to€have€been€violated€wasÐ $ t Ðentitled€to€lodge€a€complaint€with€the€judicial,€arbitrational€or€public€bodies.€€The€officials€presentedÐ  ` Ðwith€such€complaints€were€obliged€to€respond€within€a€week.€€If€an€investigation€proved€necessary,Ð ü L  Ðthat€investigation€must€be€completed€within€one€month.€€If€the€officials€in€question€failed€to€fulfilÐ è 8  Ðtheir€obligations€the€complaint€could€then€be€brought€to€the€court€or€the€Procurator.Ð Ô$  ÐÌ189.€€The€representative€finally€stated€that€the€comments€made€by€the€members€would€be€taken€intoÐ ¬ü  Ðaccount€in€the€preparation€of€his€Governmentððs€next€periodic€report.Ð ˜è  ÐÌÐ  pÀ Ðò òÔ_ÔCERDÔ_Ô€€A/36/18€Ô_Ô(1981)Ô_ÔÐ ° ÐÌó óÌ446.€€The€sixth€periodic€report€of€Mongolia€(Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/66/Add.34)€was€considered€by€the€CommitteeÐ tÄ Ðtogether€with€the€introductory€statement€made€by€the€representative€of€the€reporting€State€who€saidÐ `° Ðthat€according€to€provisions€of€the€Constitution€and€the€1979€Judicial€System€Act,€the€judges€servingÐ L œ Ðin€peopleððs€courts€of€Mongolia€at€all€levels€were€elected€and€41.67€per€cent€of€them€wereÐ 8 ˆ Ðrepresentatives€of€national€minorities.€€He€also€informed€the€Committee€that€since€the€submissionÐ $ t Ðof€Mongoliaððs€fifth€periodic€report,€no€legislation€had€been€enacted€having€a€direct€bearing€on€theÐ  ` Ðarticles€of€the€Convention.Ð ü L  ÐÌ447.€€Members€of€the€Committee€expressed€satisfaction€at€the€report€which€was€considered€to€beÐ Ô$  Ðvery€comprehensive,€reflecting€the€intentions€of€the€Mongolian€Government€to€implement€all€aspectsÐ À  Ðof€the€Convention€and€to€continue€a€constructive€dialogue€with€the€Committee.Ð ¬ü  ÐÌ448.€€With€regard€to€the€implementation€of€article€2€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€drew€attentionÐ „Ô  Ðespecially€to€questions€concerning€the€rights€granted€to€minority€nationalities€and€foreigners.€€SomeÐ pÀ Ðmembers€noted€that€the€Mongolian€provisions€in€general€for€the€protection€of€its€national€minoritiesÐ \¬ Ðseemed€effective.€€Further€clarifications€were€asked€for€on€the€questions€of€whether€separateÐ H˜ Ðadministrative€units€existed€for€any€of€the€numerous€national€minorities,€in€addition€to€the€unit€setÐ 4„ Ðup€for€the€Ô_ÔKazakhsÔ_Ô;€how€the€provisions€relating€to€minorities€affected€the€implementation€ofÐ  p Ðeconomic€social€and€cultural€rights,€in€particular€the€right€to€free€choice€of€employment;€whetherÐ  \ Ðpeople€living€in€one€region€had€difficulty€finding€employment€in€another€region€because€of€languageÐ øH Ðand€cultural€barriers;€what€policy€the€Government€was€pursuing€with€a€view€to€bringing€suchÐ ä4 Ðminorities€into€the€national€mainstream€in€terms€of€language;€and€whether€the€laws€of€each€StateÐ Ð  Ðwere€the€same€or€whether€they€reflected€cultural€and€social€variation€and,€if€so,€how€such€differencesÐ ¼  Ðwere€resolved€at€the€national€level.€€It€was€also€asked€what€possibilities€existed€for€the€members€ofÐ ¨ø Ðnational€minorities€to€seek€redress€from€courts€or€other€State€institutions€when€their€rights€wereÐ ”ä Ðinfringed.Ð €Ð ÐÌ449.€€Some€members€of€the€Committee€observed€that€the€provisions€of€article€4,€paragraphs€(a)€andÐ X ¨ Ð(b)€of€the€Convention€were€only€partially€reflected€in€article€83€of€the€Constitution€and€article€53€ofÐ D!” Ðthe€Criminal€Code,€described€in€the€report.€€For€example,€the€provisions€of€article€83€of€theÐ 0"€  ÐConstitution€concerning€the€prohibition€of€ð ðadvocacy€of€chauvinistic€and€nationalistic€ideasðð€couldÐ #l! Ðnot€comply€with€the€Convention€because€of€its€confusion€of€a€number€of€concepts€and€the€wideÐ $X" Ðlatitude€which€it€offered€as€a€result.€€It€was€asked€how€such€ideas€in€themselves€could€be€controlledÐ ô$D # Ðand€how€sentiments,€when€not€translated€into€criminal€acts,€could€be€dealt€with€by€the€criminal€law.€Ð à%0!$ ÐIn€the€opinion€of€one€member,€however,€Mongolian€legislation,€especially€article€83€of€theÐ Ì&"% ÐConstitution€and€article€53€of€the€Criminal€Code,€adequately€prohibited€all€activities€involving€racialÐ ¸'#& Ðdiscrimination,€since€the€propagation€of€ideas€was€closely€related€to€other€activities,€which€wereÐ ¤(ô#' Ðsubject€to€the€same€penalty.€€Some€members€requested€that€the€full€text€of€article€53€of€the€CriminalÐ )à$( ÐCode€be€made€available€to€the€Committee€in€the€next€periodic€report€of€Mongolia.Ð |*Ì%) ÐÌ450.€€In€connection€with€the€implementation€of€article€5€of€the€Convention,€members€of€theÐ T,¤'+ ÐCommittee€requested€clarification€of€a€definition€concerning€the€statement€in€the€report€which€spokeÐ @-(, ÐÔ_Ôof€the€exercise€of€rights€ð ðto€the€detriment€of€the€social€and€State€system€or€of€law€and€order.ðð€€It€wasÐ ° Ðasked€whether€there€was€any€legislation€regulating€the€press€and€whether€people€had€the€right€to€holdÐ œì Ðunorthodox€opinions€or€espouse€views€which€were€at€variance€with€those€of€the€Government.€Ð ˆØ ÐReferring€to€the€rights€of€citizens€to€freedom€of€movement€within€the€territory€and€to€leave€andÐ tÄ Ðreturn€to€it,€as€well€as€to€regulations€governing€the€issue€of€passports€and€visas,€members€of€theÐ `° ÐCommittee€asked€what€were€the€provisions€of€those€regulations;€what€grounds€would€be€regardedÐ L œ Ðas€justifying€a€refusal€to€issue€such€a€document;€whether€there€was€any€discrimination€in€the€grantingÐ 8 ˆ Ðof€such€permission;€and€whether€or€not€those€provisions€complied€fully€with€article€5,€paragraph€(d)Ð $ t Ð(i)€and€(ii)€of€the€Convention.€€Additional€information€was€also€required€on€the€condition€for€theÐ  ` Ðtermination€of€contract€by€the€employer€or€enterprise€and€on€the€right€to€form€and€join€trade€unions.Ð ü L  ÐÌ451.€€With€regard€to€the€implementation€of€article€6€of€the€Convention,€members€requested€the€textÐ Ô$  Ðof€article€85€of€the€Constitution€as€well€as€the€text€of€provisions€providing€for€other€remedies,€forÐ À  Ðexample€under€the€Code€of€Criminal€Procedure€of€the€Law€on€Supervision€by€the€ProcuratorððsÐ ¬ü  ÐOffice,€as€well€as€detailed€information€about€other€competent€organs€and€their€powers€which€judgedÐ ˜è  Ðapplications€for€compensation€for€damages.€€With€regard€to€the€provisions€concerning€courts€and€theÐ „Ô  Ðelection€of€judges,€information€was€requested€on€how€such€elections€were€conducted€and€how€aÐ pÀ Ðperson€became€a€candidate.€€In€view€of€the€large€number€of€national€minorities€living€in€Mongolia,Ð \¬ Ðit€was€asked€how€the€State€Procurator€was€able€to€call€in€individuals€for€personal€explanations€andÐ H˜ ÐÔCEUS.,Ôverifications,€although€the€type€of€verification€was€not€specified;€how€the€defence€of€MongolianÐ 4„ Ðcitizens€was€organized;€whether€they€had€the€right€to€assistance€from€a€defence€counsel€during€suchÐ  p Ðverification,€which€was€apparently€similar€to€a€preliminary€investigation,€or€whether€they€wereÐ  \ Ðentitled€to€such€counsel€only€in€court.€€It€would€be€helpful€to€have€more€information€on€the€extentÐ øH Ðof€the€legal€assistance€granted€to€citizens,€to€citizens€of€foreign€States€with€which€Mongolia€hadÐ ä4 Ðagreements€in€this€field€and€with€those€where€no€such€agreements€existed.€One€member€wondered,Ð Ð  Ðhowever,€if,€as€stated,€legal€assistance€was€granted€to€foreigners€with€permanent€residence€in€theÐ ¼  Ðsame€way€as€to€citizens,€and€why€legal€assistance€agreements€with€some€States€were€at€all€necessary.€Ð ¨ø ÐConcerning€articles€72€and€74€of€the€Criminal€Code€which€dealt€with€homicide€and€grievous€bodilyÐ ”ä Ðharm€ð ðas€exceeding€the€limits€of€self„defense,ðð€it€was€asked€whether€the€Code€had€made€anyÐ €Ð Ðprovisions€for€a€person€accused€of€killing€or€wounding€to€be€cleared€of€blame€on€the€grounds€ofÐ l¼ Ðlegitimate€self„defence.Ð X ¨ ÐÌ452.€€The€Committee€requested€additional€information€on€the€implementation€of€article€7€of€theÐ 0"€  ÐConvention,€in€particular€with€regard€to€the€inclusion€of€information€on€the€United€Nations€in€schoolÐ #l! Ðcurricula,€and€it€was€asked€what€age€was€such€material€introduced€at€the€national€level€and€withinÐ $X" Ðthe€national€minorities.Ð ô$D # ÐÌ453.€€The€representative€of€Mongolia€replied€to€some€of€the€questions€raised€by€members€of€theÐ Ì&"% ÐCommittee.€€With€regard€to€article€2€of€the€Convention,€he€stated€that€all€national€minorities,€withÐ ¸'#& Ðthe€exception€of€the€Kazakhs,€spoke€the€same€language.€€The€report€supplied€information€only€onÐ ¤(ô#' Ðthe€Kazakhs€since€they€alone€had€their€own€language.€€The€other€minorities€differed€only€in€theirÐ )à$( Ðdialects,€traditions€and€customs;€there€was€no€legislation€to€differentiate€between€the€variousÐ |*Ì%) Ðminorities.Ð h+¸&* ÐÌ454.€€With€regard€to€article€4,€he€read€out€an€unofficial€translation€of€article€53€of€the€Criminal€Ô_ÔCode,Ð @-(, Ðwhich€provided€that€propaganda€or€agitation€for€the€purpose€of€arousing€nationalistic€or€racialÐ ° Ðhostilities€or€dissension,€as€well€as€direct€or€indirect€restriction€of€rights€or€the€establishment€of€directÐ œì Ðor€indirect€privileges€for€citizens,€depending€on€the€nationalities€or€races€to€which€they€belonged,Ð ˆØ Ðshould€be€punished€by€the€deprivation€of€liberty€for€a€term€not€exceeding€three€years,€or€by€exile.Ð tÄ ÐÌ455.€€With€regard€to€the€problem€of€ð ðnationalism,ðð€he€pointed€out€that,€in€the€Mongolian€language,Ð L œ Ðthere€were€two€words€which€could€be€translated€into€English€as€ð ðnationalism,ðð€one€in€the€sense€ofÐ 8 ˆ Ðnational€identity,€of€which€people€should€be€proud,€and€the€other€in€the€sense€of€nationalÐ $ t Ðexclusiveness€and€superiority,€which€was€prohibited€under€the€Convention.€€Official€Mongolian€textsÐ  ` Ðemployed€the€second€word€in€referring€to€nationalism€prohibited€under€the€Constitution.Ð ü L  ÐÌ456.€€With€regard€to€article€5,€he€explained€in€detail€the€regulations€on€the€issue€of€passports€andÐ Ô$  Ðentry€and€exit€visas,€and€stated€that€a€personððs€application€for€a€visa€either€to€enter€or€to€leave€theÐ À  Ðcountry€could€be€refused€if,€for€example,€he€was€under€investigation€or€on€parole€or€was€sufferingÐ ¬ü  Ðfrom€some€mental€disorder€or€had€not€submitted€all€the€necessary€documents.€€A€foreign€nationalÐ ˜è  Ðwho€was€a€permanent€resident€in€Mongolia€was€required€to€submit€a€special€permission€from€hisÐ „Ô  Ðplace€of€work€or€residence,€in€particular€to€ensure€that€he€did€not€have€any€debts€outstanding€beforeÐ pÀ Ðhe€was€authorized€to€leave.€€The€right€to€work€was€guaranteed€by€the€Constitution€and€the€LabourÐ \¬ ÐCode,€which€regulated€working€conditions€and€applied€to€all€those€who€had€signed€the€labourÐ H˜ Ðagreement.€€The€Labour€Code€also€provided€labour€protection€for€women€and€teenage€workers€andÐ 4„ Ðspecified€the€rights€and€duties€of€workers€and€management.€€According€to€the€Labour€Code,€labourÐ  p Ðagreement€could€be€terminated€on€the€initiative€of€the€employer,€on€the€initiative€of€the€workerÐ  \ Ðhimself€or€on€the€demand€of€the€trade€unions,€who€supervised€the€legality€of€the€employerððs€actions.Ð øH ÐÌ457.€€Referring€to€treaties€on€legal€assistance,€which€his€country€had€concluded€with€many€otherÐ Ð  ÐStates,€he€said€that€their€provisions€did€not€grant€privileges€to€citizens€of€the€Contracting€States€andÐ ¼  Ðtheir€main€purpose€was€to€enable€the€authorities€of€the€contracting€States€to€render€assistance€to€eachÐ ¨ø Ðother.€€He€also€stated€that,€according€to€the€Code€of€Criminal€Procedure,€anyone€involved€in€judicialÐ ”ä Ðproceedings€who€did€not€speak€Mongolian€would€be€provided€with€an€interpreter€and€had€the€rightÐ €Ð Ðto€get€acquainted€with€the€relevant€documents,€which€would€be€translated€into€his€language,€and€toÐ l¼ Ðspeak€his€own€language.€€As€regards€acts€committed€in€self„defence,€the€representative€said€thatÐ X ¨ Ðarticles€9€and€10€of€the€Criminal€Code€specified€the€cases€in€which€such€acts€were€consideredÐ D!” Ðjustified€and€in€which€they€were€not.€€There€were€several€constitutional€provisions€relating€to€theÐ 0"€  Ðcourts€and€the€procuratorððs€office.€€They€included€the€principles€that€proceedings€should€be€open€andÐ #l! Ðthat€judges€should€be€accountable€before€the€electorate.€€They€were€independent€in€considering€casesÐ $X" Ðand€were€subject€only€to€the€law.€€The€job€of€the€Procurators€was€to€maintain€legality,€protect€theÐ ô$D # Ðrights€of€citizens,€and€ensure€that€all€organs€of€the€State€administration€were€in€accordance€with€theÐ à%0!$ Ðlaw.€€If€a€citizen€did€not€agree€with€the€decision€of€the€court,€he€could€petition€the€Procurator,€whoÐ Ì&"% Ðwas€obliged€to€reply€within€10€days,€after€duly€considering€all€the€relevant€documents.Ð ¸'#& ÐÌ458.€€In€conclusion,€the€representative€assured€the€Committee€that€his€Government€would€strive€toÐ )à$( Ðreflect€the€concerns€of€members€of€the€Committee€when€it€drew€up€its€next€periodic€report.Ð |*Ì%) ÐÌÌÐ @-(, Ðò òÔ_ÔCERDÔ_Ô€€A/37/18€Ô_Ô(1982)ó óÔ_ÔÐ ° ÐÌÌ352.€€The€seventh€periodic€report€of€Mongolia€(Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/91/Add.10)€was€considered€by€theÐ tÄ ÐCommittee€together€with€the€introductory€statement€of€the€representative€of€the€reporting€State€whoÐ `° Ðdrew€attention,€in€particular,€to€a€draft€bill€on€public€education€which€had€been€published€on€10€JulyÐ L œ Ð1982€and€was€now€open€for€the€consideration€of€the€entire€nation.€€Debate€on€it€would€continue€untilÐ 8 ˆ Ð25€August€and€the€views€expressed€thereon€would€be€taken€into€consideration€by€the€legislators.€Ð $ t ÐArticle€4€of€the€draft€bill€proclaimed€non„discrimination€in€education€on€account€of€sex,€race,Ð  ` Ðnationality,€religion,€social€origin€or€position€to€be€the€primary€principle€of€public€educational€policy.€Ð ü L  ÐAnother€important€provision€was€the€right€to€receive€education€in€oneððs€native€language.€€The€draftÐ è 8  Ðbill€would€be€transmitted€to€the€Committee€after€its€adoption.€€He€finally€stated€that,€since€theÐ Ô$  Ðsubmission€of€the€previous€report,€there€had€been€no€violations€of€legislative€acts€prohibitingÐ À  Ðdiscrimination€and,€in€judicial€practice,€no€cases€involving€discrimination€on€grounds€of€race€hadÐ ¬ü  Ðbeen€brought€up.Ð ˜è  ÐÌ353.€€It€was€pointed€out€by€a€member€that€the€report€was€of€good€quality€and€it€gave€a€precise€ideaÐ pÀ Ðof€the€problems€faced€by€Mongolia€and€of€its€Ô_ÔsocioÔ_Ô„economic€system€although€it€had€certainÐ \¬ Ðdeficiencies€in€terms€of€methodology.Ð H˜ ÐÌ354.€€Many€questions€were€asked€regarding€the€implementation€of€article€4€of€the€Convention,Ð  p Ðparticularly€in€connection€with€the€Criminal€Code€of€Mongolia.€€With€regard€to€acts€of€sabotage€andÐ  \ Ðthe€crimes€of€agitation€or€propaganda€against€the€Mongolian€Peopleððs€Republic€referred€to€in€articlesÐ øH Ð48€(b)€and€49€of€the€Criminal€Code€respectively,€members€requested€further€explanation€as€well€asÐ ä4 Ðthe€transmission€of€the€relevant€legislative€texts.€€Additional€information€was€requested€on€theÐ Ð  Ðinterpretation€given€to€article€53€of€the€Criminal€Code.€€Regarding€a€statement€in€the€report€as€toÐ ¼  Ðways€in€which€ideas€inciting€racial€discord€might€be€disseminated,€the€Government€was€requestedÐ ¨ø Ðto€transmit€the€legislation€that€applied€to€that€subject.€€With€reference€to€article€93€of€the€Penal€Code,Ð ”ä Ðwhich€declared€a€crime€acts€affronting€a€personððs€honour€or€dignity€on€grounds€of€nationality€or€race,Ð €Ð Ðit€was€asked€whether€acts€which€affected€honour€on€different€grounds€would€also€be€considered€aÐ l¼ Ðcrime.Ð X ¨ ÐÌ355.€€With€respect€to€article€5€of€the€Convention,€clarification€was€requested€as€to€the€meaning€ofÐ 0"€  Ðthe€freedom€of€anti„religious€propaganda.€€It€was€asked€how€often€it€was€necessary€for€MongolianÐ #l! Ðcitizens€to€travel€abroad€for€the€purposes€of€medical€treatment,€since€the€report€stated€that€there€wasÐ $X" Ðonly€one€doctor€for€every€470€persons;€why€some€manual€and€non„manual€workers€were€givenÐ ô$D # Ðsanatoria€passes€for€conscientiously€fulfilling€their€labour€obligations€and€whether€that€correspondedÐ à%0!$ Ðto€the€right€of€equal€pay€for€equal€work;€and€whether€workers€were€able€to€establish€free€tradeÐ Ì&"% Ðunions.€€In€that€connection,€it€was€also€asked€whether€trade€unions€in€Mongolia€were€not€a€socialÐ ¸'#& Ðinstitution€but€carried€out€official€functions.€€Noting€that€the€percentage€of€the€population€thatÐ ¤(ô#' Ðreceived€secondary€education€was€rather€low,€a€member€asked€how€the€secondary€education€wasÐ )à$( Ðorganized,€and,€in€particular,€what€the€conditions€of€entrance€into€secondary€schools€were.Ð |*Ì%) ÐÌ356.€€As€to€article€6€of€the€Convention,€further€information€was€requested€concerning€the€remediesÐ T,¤'+ Ðavailable€to€citizens,€including€the€right€of€defence€and€how€it€was€exercised.€€With€reference€to€theÐ @-(, Ðprocessing€of€the€application€of€citizens€who€wised€to€visit€relatives€or€friends€living€abroad€andÐ ° Ðconcerning€travel€abroad€for€medical€treatment,€it€was€asked€what€remedies€were€available€to€aÐ œì Ðcitizen€if€the€local€police€authorities€refused€to€grant€his€request.Ð ˆØ ÐÌ357.€€The€representative€of€Mongolia€replied€to€a€number€of€questions€raised€by€members€of€theÐ `° ÐCommittee.€€In€reply€to€some€questions€concerning€article€4€of€the€Convention,€he€stated€that,Ð L œ Ðaccording€to€article€93€of€the€Criminal€Code,€insulting€behaviour€was€considered€a€criminal€act€andÐ 8 ˆ Ðoffenders€were€tried€accordingly;€depending€on€the€degree€of€malicious€intent€specific€provisionsÐ $ t Ðwould€apply€to€specific€cases€ranging€from€the€imposition€of€a€monetary€penalty€to€confinement.€Ð  ` ÐHe€assured€the€Committee€that€his€Government€would€supply€in€its€next€report€the€texts€of€articlesÐ ü L  Ðof€the€Criminal€Code€which€had€been€requested.Ð è 8  ÐÌ358.€€Turning€to€questions€raised€with€respect€to€article€5€of€the€Convention,€he€said€that,€withÐ À  Ðrespect€to€the€travelling€of€Mongolian€citizens€abroad,€the€authorities€made€sure€that€MongoliansÐ ¬ü  Ðwere€assured€accommodation€in€the€foreign€countries€they€wished€to€visit€before€they€travel.€Ð ˜è  ÐPrecautions€were€also€taken€to€secure€them€medical€assistance€should€they€need€it.€€Freedom€ofÐ „Ô  Ðreligion€was€assured€by€the€Criminal€Code€in€that€any€obstruction€to€the€performance€of€religiousÐ pÀ Ðrights€was€punishable€under€the€Code.€€In€1953€a€special€religious€seminary€had€been€established.€Ð \¬ ÐAs€to€questions€concerning€trade€unions,€he€said€that,€according€to€the€latest€data,€they€had€380,000Ð H˜ Ðmembers,€of€which€50€per€cent€were€engaged€in€material€production,€30€per€cent€were€officeÐ 4„ Ðemployees€and€professional€staff€and€20€per€cent€were€agricultural€workers.€€The€Labour€CodeÐ  p Ðstipulated€the€rights€and€duties€of€trade€unions,€whose€functions€included€intervention€in€labourÐ  \ Ðdisputes,€including€extensive€legal€and€other€protection€to€workers.€€Among€the€advantages€andÐ øH Ðprivileges€offered€to€manual€workers€were€money€incentives,€diplomas,€certificates€of€appreciation,Ð ä4 Ðimproved€housing€and€passes€to€sanatoria.€€As€to€education,€he€pointed€out€that€the€percentage€of€theÐ Ð  Ðpopulation€attending€secondary€school€was€not€low.€€The€figure€of€2,372€students€for€every€10,000Ð ¼  Ðpersons€in€the€country€included€both€primary€school€and€secondary€school.€€Partial€secondaryÐ ¨ø Ðeducation€was€currently€compulsory€and€students€had€to€finish€at€least€eight€classes€after€which€theyÐ ”ä Ðwere€free€to€pursue€studies€at€higher€educational€institutions€or€to€be€taught€a€specific€trade.€Ð €Ð ÐAccording€to€the€programme€adopted€in€1981,€all€children€should€obtain€100€per€cent€secondaryÐ l¼ Ðeducation€by€the€end€of€1985.€€Primary€education€comprised€only€four€classes€and€had€been€free€andÐ X ¨ Ðcompulsory€since€the€1950s.Ð D!” ÐÐ  0"€  Ðò òÔ_ÔCERDÔ_Ô€€A/40/18€Ô_Ô(1985)Ô_ÔÐ ° ÐÌÌó ó482.€€The€eighth€periodic€report€of€Mongolia€(Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/118/Add.22)€was€considered€by€theÐ tÄ ÐCommittee€at€its€733òòrdóó€and€734òòthóó€meetings,€on€9€August€1985€(Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/SR.733€and€SR.734).Ð `° ÐÌ483.€€The€report€was€introduced€by€the€representative€of€Mongolia,€who€said€that€it€contained€newÐ 8 ˆ Ðinformation€and€replies€to€the€questions€raised€during€consideration€of€the€previous€report.€€HeÐ $ t Ðreaffirmed€his€Governmentððs€commitment€to€the€implementation€of€the€Convention.€€MongoliaÐ  ` Ðcontinued€its€support€for€the€struggle€against€colonialism,€neo„colonialism€and€òòapartheidóó€andÐ ü L  Ðconsistently€opposed€racial€discrimination.Ð è 8  ÐÌ484.€€The€Committee€commended€the€Mongolian€Government€for€its€thorough€report€which€hadÐ À  Ðfollowed€the€Committeeððs€general€guidelines€(Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/70/Rev.1)€and€provided€a€wealth€ofÐ ¬ü  Ðinformation€answering€many€of€the€questions€raised€during€the€consideration€of€Mongoliaððs€previousÐ ˜è  Ðreport.€€However,€the€Committee€requested€further€information€on€the€changes€that€had€taken€placeÐ „Ô  Ðin€the€population,€in€particular€data€on€the€various€ethnic€groups€and€minorities.€€It€had€also€askedÐ pÀ Ðwhether€the€Convention€formed€part€of€Mongoliaððs€domestic€law,€and€whether€it€could€be€directlyÐ \¬ Ðinvoked€in€the€courts.Ð H˜ ÐÌ485.€€With€regard€to€article€2,€paragraph€2,€in€conjunction€with€article€5€of€the€Convention,€theÐ  p ÐCommittee€noted€that€there€were€as€many€as€25€ethnic€groups€in€the€country,€many€of€which€hadÐ  \ Ðtheir€own€culture€and€language€requiring€special€protection€and€promotion€under€the€Convention.€Ð øH ÐMembers€wished€to€know€whether€proper€provisions€were€made€for€the€representation€of€all€thoseÐ ä4 Ðminorities€in€parliament,€the€executive€and€the€judiciary;€whether€the€economic€development€of€theÐ Ð  Ðdifferent€nationalities€in€Mongolia€was€equal€and€what€measures€were€bing€taken€under€the€PublicÐ ¼  ÐEducation€Act€of€1982€to€ensure€education€for€the€national€minorities€and€the€nomadic€populationÐ ¨ø Ðin€the€pastoral€areas.€€Additional€information€was€also€requested€regarding€the€extent€to€which€theÐ ”ä Ðculture€of€those€minorities€was€being€encouraged;€and€it€was€asked€whether€the€different€ethnicÐ €Ð Ðgroups€were€aware€of€the€literature€and€folklore€of€the€other€groupsðð€cultures.Ð l¼ ÐÌ486.€€The€Committee€wished€to€receive€information€concerning€the€percentage€of€workers€byÐ D!” Ðnationality€in€the€labour€force,€and€asked€under€what€agreements€they€were€recruited€to€work€inÐ 0"€  Ðindustry€and€in€agriculture,€and€whether€they€had€equal€rights€and€opportunities.€€In€that€context,Ð #l! Ðmore€details€were€requested€on€the€number€of€persons€of€Chinese€origin€and€their€status,€and€whetherÐ $X" Ðthey€had€resided€long€enough€to€acquire€Mongolian€citizenship,€whether€their€conditions€of€workÐ ô$D # Ðwere€governed€by€any€agreement€with€the€Peopleððs€Republic€of€China,€and€under€what€conditionsÐ à%0!$ Ðtheir€contracts€might€be€terminated.Ð Ì&"% ÐÌ487.€€With€reference€to€article€3€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€noted€that€Mongoliaððs€well„Ð ¤(ô#' Ðknown€and€positive€stand€against€òòapartheidóó€was€appreciated,€in€particular,€the€fact€that€it€had€noÐ )à$( Ðrelations€whatsoever€with€the€racist€Ô_ÔrgimeÔ_Ô€of€South€Africa.Ð |*Ì%) ÐÌ488.€€As€far€as€article€4€of€the€Convention€was€concerned,€members€of€the€Committee€pointed€outÐ T,¤'+ Ðthat€Mongolian€legislation€did€not€fully€cover€the€provisions€of€paragraphs€(b)€and€(c)€of€that€article.€Ð @-(, ÐÔ_ÔMoreover,€in€articles€48€to€50€of€the€Criminal€Code€of€Mongolia€the€terminology€used€was€not€theÐ ° Ðsame€as€in€article€4€of€the€Convention.€€In€that€connection€it€was€asked€whether€the€organizationsÐ œì Ðreferred€to€in€paragraph€(b)€of€article€4,€in€particular,€were€covered€by€article€58€of€the€ConstitutionÐ ˆØ Ðand€whether€the€activities€referred€to€in€articles€48€and€49€of€the€Criminal€Code€would€fall€withinÐ tÄ Ðthe€scope€of€article€4.€€Clarification€was€sought€on€that€point.Ð `° ÐÌ489.€€In€relation€to€article€5€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€noted€with€satisfactionÐ 8 ˆ Ðthat€there€were€extensive€provisions€in€the€Mongolian€Constitution€and€other€legislation€forÐ $ t Ðsafeguarding€the€social€and€economic€rights€of€citizens.€€However,€members€were€interested€to€knowÐ  ` Ðhow€the€limitation€in€article€87€of€the€Constitution€was€interpreted€and€how€the€right€to€freedom€ofÐ ü L  Ðmovement,€freedom€of€association,€inheritance€and€access€to€public€places€was€applied€in€theÐ è 8  Ðcountry,€as€well€as€on€what€grounds€a€local€militia€authority€had€refused€permission€to€citizens€toÐ Ô$  Ðvisit€relatives€abroad€or€to€travel€abroad€for€medical€treatment.€€They€also€wished€to€know€if€anyÐ À  Ðspecial€programmes€had€been€initiated,€in€particular,€to€provide€health€care€and€educational€facilitiesÐ ¬ü  Ðfor€pastoral€groups.ò òÐ ˜è  ÐÌó ó490.€€Regarding€the€right€to€freedom€of€thought,€conscience€and€religion€the€Committee€pointed€outÐ pÀ Ðthat€anti„religious€propaganda€was€provided€for€under€article€86€of€the€Mongolian€Constitution,€butÐ \¬ Ðthat€no€mention€was€made€of€religious€propaganda.€€In€that€connection,€it€was€asked€how€thatÐ H˜ Ðfreedom€was€reconciled€with€articles€53€and€93€of€the€Constitution€and€whether€persons€whoÐ 4„ Ðprofessed€a€religion€were€allowed€access€to€political€office;€whether€prejudice€was€encouraged€in€theÐ  p Ðattitude€of€people€towards€other€countries€where€religion€was€important;€and€whether€theÐ  \ ÐGovernment€would€treat€Buddhists€as€second„class€citizens.Ð øH ÐÌ491.€€In€connection€with€article€6€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€were€interested€inÐ Ð  Ðreceiving€information€concerning€cases€of€racial€discrimination€in€order€to€ascertain€what€provisionsÐ ¼  Ðhad€been€applied€by€the€courts€and€what€remedies€had€been€assured.€€Furthermore,€members€wantedÐ ¨ø Ðto€know€the€procedure€to€be€followed€if€acts€of€racial€discrimination€were€committed€by€privateÐ ”ä Ðpersons€and€not€by€public€authorities,€and€how€damages€would€be€assessed€in€such€cases.€Ð €Ð ÐClarification€was€also€requested€on€whether€any€expeditive€channel€of€recourse€procedures€existedÐ l¼ Ðin€Mongolia,€such€as€òòhabeas€corpusóó€or€òòamparoóó€(enforcement€of€constitutional€rights),€for€people€whoÐ X ¨ Ðconsidered€that€their€fundamental€rights€had€not€been€respected.ò òÐ D!” ÐÌó ó492.€€Several€members€were€interested€in€receiving€the€syllabuses€of€educational€establishmentsÐ #l! Ðconcerning€the€struggle€against€racism.Ð $X" ÐÌ493.€€Replying€to€questions€raised€and€comments€made€by€members€of€the€Committee,€theÐ à%0!$ Ðrepresentative€of€Mongolia€stated€that€there€were€various€minorities€in€his€country,€of€which€theÐ Ì&"% ÐKazakhs€were€the€largest,€accounting€for€5.3€per€cent€of€the€total€population.€€They€had€been€one€ofÐ ¸'#& Ðthe€least€developed€of€the€ethnic€groups€in€the€country€before€the€establishment€of€the€MongolianÐ ¤(ô#' ÐPeopleððs€Republic,€but€had€made€tremendous€progress€in€recent€years.€€Over€90€per€cent€of€theÐ )à$( Ðpopulation€spoke€Mongolian,€which€included€a€number€of€dialects,€while€the€Kazakhs€spoke€theirÐ |*Ì%) Ðown€language.€€Apart€from€the€Kazakhs,€minorities€were€scattered€throughout€the€Peopleððs€Republic.Ð h+¸&* ÐÌ494.€€Concerning€work€opportunities€for€ethnic€minorities,€he€confirmed€that€each€citizen€had€Ô_ÔtheÐ @-(, Ðright€to€work€and€to€vocational€training;€no€restrictions€were€placed€upon€members€of€ethnic€groups,Ð ° Ðwho€were€to€be€found€in€all€sectors€of€the€economy.€€Foreigners€resident€in€the€country€also€had€theÐ œì Ðsame€access€as€citizens€to€work,€rights€and€benefits.€€They€could€work€in€any€sector€of€the€economyÐ ˆØ Ðunder€the€same€terms€and€conditions€as€Mongolian€workers,€could€undertake€full„time€studies€andÐ tÄ Ðwere€free€to€send€their€children€to€the€school€of€their€choice.Ð `° ÐÌ495.€€In€connection€with€article€5€of€the€Convention,€he€stated€that€all€Mongolian€citizens€had€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðright€to€freedom€of€movement€and€residence€within€the€country€and€the€right€to€travel€abroad€eitherÐ $ t Ðto€work€or€for€personal€reasons.€€Travel€abroad€required€a€passport€and€an€exit€visa.€€Each€applicationÐ  ` Ðwas€considered€and€a€decision€taken€in€strict€conformity€with€the€laws€and€regulations€in€force.€Ð ü L  ÐForeigners€were€also€free€to€travel€about€in€the€country€and€to€live€where€they€chose.€€They€couldÐ è 8  Ðacquire€Mongolian€citizenship€by€applying€to€the€competent€local€authority.€€The€same€applied€inÐ Ô$  Ðthe€case€of€renunciation€of€Mongolian€citizenship.Ð À  ÐÌ496.€€He€said€that€the€Mongolian€Civil€Code€recognized€the€right€to€private€ownership€of€propertyÐ ˜è  Ðand€consequently€the€right€of€inheritance.€€Article€72€of€the€Civil€Code€stipulated€that€all€goodsÐ „Ô  Ðcapable€of€satisfying€the€material€and€cultural€needs€of€a€person€were€susceptible€of€privateÐ pÀ Ðownership.Ð \¬ ÐÌ497.€€Replying€to€a€question,€he€stated€that€freedom€of€thought,€conscience€and€religion€wasÐ 4„ Ðguaranteed€by€law€in€particular€by€articles€86€and€87€of€the€Constitution.€€In€addition,€there€was€a€lawÐ  p Ðseparating€State€and€religion.€€One€of€the€basic€measures€protecting€religious€freedom€was€theÐ  \ Ðconstitutional€principle€of€equality€of€all€citizens€(art.€76).€€The€freedom€of€religion€included€the€rightÐ øH Ðnot€to€follow€any€religion€at€all.€€There€was€a€Buddhist€monastery€in€the€Peopleððs€Republic€ofÐ ä4 ÐMongolia€and€the€religious€services€were€open€to€all€believers.ò òÐ Ð  ÐÌó ó498.€€Referring€to€the€right€to€freedom€of€opinion€and€expression€and€the€right€to€freedom€of€peacefulÐ ¨ø Ðassembly€and€association,€the€representative€explained€that€those€rights€were€enshrined€in€theÐ ”ä ÐConstitution.€€All€Mongolian€citizens€could€freely€express€their€opinions€and€exchange€views€in€openÐ €Ð Ðdiscussions€about€political,€economic,€cultural,€social€and€other€issues.€€They€were€also€free€to€holdÐ l¼ Ðdemonstrations.€€Workers€and€their€organizations€had€the€right€to€use€public€buildings€for€theirÐ X ¨ Ðmeetings€and€could€also€hold€street€demonstrations€to€make€their€views€known.€€In€addition,€theyÐ D!” Ðhad€access€to€the€press€and€television€and€had€a€say€in€the€drafting€of€laws€and€in€the€conduct€ofÐ 0"€  Ðreferendums.Ð #l! ÐÌ499.€€In€reply€to€questions€about€the€level€of€education,€he€said€that€there€were€currently€597€schoolsÐ ô$D # Ðin€Mongolia:€€in€126€of€them€the€period€of€schooling€lasted€10€years€while€in€the€others€it€lasted€eightÐ à%0!$ Ðyears.€€There€were€some€20,000€students€in€technical€institutes€and€more€than€19,000€students€inÐ Ì&"% Ðhigher€educational€establishments.€€The€spread€of€education€was€reflected€in€the€fact€that€for€everyÐ ¸'#& Ð10,000€inhabitants,€2,723€were€undergoing€some€form€of€education.€€Secondary€and€higherÐ ¤(ô#' Ðeducational€institutions€provided€students€with€knowledge€of€what€was€being€done€in€the€fightÐ )à$( Ðagainst€racial€discrimination€and€special€attention€was€given€to€instilling€in€young€people€inÐ |*Ì%) Ðparticular€and€all€citizens€in€general€a€spirit€of€internationalism€and€friendship€among€all€peoples.ò òÐ h+¸&* ÐÌó ó500.€€In€conclusion,€the€representative€assured€the€Committee€that€all€comments€and€observationsÐ @-(, Ðwould€be€taken€into€account€in€the€preparation€of€Mongoliaððs€next€periodic€report.Ð ° ÐÐ  œì Ðò òÔ_ÔCERDÔ_Ô€€A/44/18€Ô_Ô(1989)ó óÔ_ÔÐ ° ÐÌÌ213.€€The€ninth€and€tenth€periodic€reports€of€Mongolia€(Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/149/Add.23€andÐ tÄ ÐÔ_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/172/Add.10)€were€considered€by€the€Committee€at€its€839òòthóó€and€840òòthóó€meetings,€held€on€14Ð `° ÐAugust€1989€(Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/SR.839€and€840).Ð L œ ÐÌ214.€€The€representative€of€the€reporting€State,€in€introducing€the€reports,€said€that€they€covered€theÐ $ t Ðperiod€December€1985€„€August€1988€and€that€the€emphasis€had€been€put,€as€to€their€content,€on€theÐ  ` Ðdevelopments€in€the€Mongolian€judicial€system€aimed€at€implementing€the€provisions€of€theÐ ü L  ÐConvention€and€on€the€questions€raised€and€comments€made€by€members€of€the€Committee€duringÐ è 8  Ðthe€consideration€of€his€Governmentððs€eighth€periodic€report.€€He€stressed€that€since€the€CommitteeððsÐ Ô$  Ðconsideration€of€the€eighth€report,€no€instance€of€a€violation€had€been€recorded€in€his€country,€a€factÐ À  Ðwhich€showed€that€Mongolian€legislation€prohibiting€discrimination€and€guaranteeing€equality€hadÐ ¬ü  Ðset€up€effective€legal€means€to€protect€€victims€or€compensate€for€harm€caused€in€the€event€ofÐ ˜è  Ðdiscrimination€and€on€the€basis€of€race,€sex€and€nationality.ò òÐ „Ô  ÐÌó ó215.€€The€representative€of€Mongolia€pointed€out€that€important€changes€were€taking€place€in€hisÐ \¬ Ðcountry€at€present€in€connection€with€the€restructuring€and€renewal€of€all€spheres€of€life.€€TheyÐ H˜ Ðentailed€a€reform€of€the€judicial€system;€updating€and€enforcement€of€existing€legislation;€theÐ 4„ Ðenactment€of€new€legislative€acts;€and€the€improvement€of€the€communityððs€knowledge€of€legalÐ  p Ðaffairs.Ð  \ ÐÌ216.€€Since€the€submission€of€the€tenth€report,€efforts€to€clarify€and€supplement€existing€legislationÐ ä4 Ðrelating€to€the€Convention€had€produced€positive€results.€€In€that€connection,€mention€was€made€andÐ Ð  Ða€description€given€of€the€new€version€of€the€Citizenship€Act;€of€the€bill€on€co„operatives,€which€hadÐ ¼  Ðbeen€adopted€recently€and€would€come€into€force€on€1€January€1990;€and€of€the€Decree€of€theÐ ¨ø ÐPresidium€of€the€Great€Peopleððs€Ô_ÔKhuralÔ_Ô€on€the€measures€to€prevent€AIDS.Ð ”ä ÐÌ217.€€Members€of€the€Committee€congratulated€the€Government€of€Mongolia€on€its€very€informativeÐ l¼ Ðreports€and€thanked€its€representative€for€his€introduction.€€With€reference€to€changes€that€had€takenÐ X ¨ Ðplace€in€the€ethnic€composition€of€the€population,€members€sought€further€clarification€on€the€exactÐ D!” Ðnumber€and€social€status€of€all€nationalities€and€ethnic€groups€living€in€Mongolia€and€on€theÐ 0"€  Ðdifference€between€the€terms€ð ðnationalitiesðð€and€ð ðethnic€groups.ðð€Within€the€same€context€it€wasÐ #l! Ðasked€what€had€been€the€reasons€for€the€expulsion,€in€1983,€of€6,000€to€7,000€Chinese;€whether€thatÐ $X" Ðpractice€had€ceased;€how€many€Chinese€remained€in€Mongolia;€and€whether€any€consular€treaty€haveÐ ô$D # Ðbeen€signed€by€Mongolia€with€China.€€With€regard€to€the€process€of€restructuring€in€Mongolia,Ð à%0!$ Ðmembers€wished€to€know€whether€òòperestroikaóó€was€having€any€influence€on€the€economy.ò òÐ Ì&"% ÐÌó ó218.€€As€for€article€2€of€the€Convention,€members€having€noted€that€a€comprehensive€review€of€theÐ ¤(ô#' ÐPenal€Code€had€just€been€completed,€expressed€their€wish€that€the€relevant€provisions€of€that€codeÐ )à$( Ðmight€be€presented€to€the€Committee.Ð |*Ì%) ÐÌ219.€€With€regard€to€the€implementation€of€article€3€of€the€Convention,€they€noted€that€MongoliaððsÐ T,¤'+ Ðrole€was€most€commendable.€€At€the€same€time€they€wished€to€know€whether€Mongolia€providedÐ @-(, ÐÔ_Ôany€financial€support€to€the€United€Nations€bodies€fighting€òòapartheidóó€and€helping€the€liberationÐ ° Ðmovements.Ð œì ÐÌ220.€€Regarding€the€implementation€of€article€4€of€the€Convention,€members€expressed€the€view€thatÐ tÄ Ða€more€direct€approach€was€needed€in€order€to€make€it€clear€to€the€general€public€that€certain€actsÐ `° Ðwere€punishable€by€law€and,€to€that€end,€the€provisions€contained€in€paragraphs€(b)€and€(c)€of€articleÐ L œ Ð4€should€find€more€adequate€reflection€in€the€national€legislation.Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌ221.€€As€far€as€the€implementation€of€article€5€was€concerned,€information€was€required€on€theÐ  ` Ðcomposition€of€the€labour€force€by€nationality,€the€percentage€of€employment€in€Mongolia,€theÐ ü L  Ðpercentage€of€Mongolians€who€had€houses€and€how€the€right€to€individual€economic€activity€wasÐ è 8  Ðrealized€in€the€agricultural€sector.€€Members€also€wished€to€know€what€language€of€instruction€wasÐ Ô$  Ðused€for€those€who€spoke€dialects€and€how€the€nomadic€and€pastoral€people€were€required€to€studyÐ À  Ðunder€the€Public€Education€Act€of€1982;€whether€the€Soyombo€script€was€common€to€all€the€dialectsÐ ¬ü  Ðand€what€the€literacy€rate€was€of€the€nomadic€and€pastoral€peoples;€whether€the€goal€of€theÐ ˜è  Ðprogramme€adopted€in€1987,€namely,€that€all€children€should€have€access€to€a€complete€secondaryÐ „Ô  Ðeducation€by€the€end€of€1995,€would€be€achieved.€€More€detailed€information€was€sought€on€theÐ pÀ Ðactivities€of€the€Great€Peopleððs€Khural€and€its€role€òòvis„„visóó€the€State,€and€on€the€role€of€the€citizensÐ \¬ Ðvolunteersðð€committees€at€the€neighbourhood€level.€€While€appreciating€the€quality€of€representationÐ H˜ Ðin€the€Legislative€Branch€of€the€Government,€members€asked€what€the€situation€was€with€regard€toÐ 4„ Ðparticipation€of€all€the€minorities€in€the€Executive€Branch.€€Having€noted€that€article€85€of€theÐ  p ÐConstitution€guaranteed€the€right€of€citizens€to€lodge€an€appeal€against€illegal€and€discriminatoryÐ  \ Ðactions€by€State€bodies,€they€wished€to€know€how€often€such€a€procedure€had€been€used.€€MembersÐ øH Ðalso€wished€to€know€how€the€equilibrium€between€Buddhism€and€socialism€was€maintained€in€whatÐ ä4 Ðwas€fundamentally€an€atheist€State;€whether€Kazakhs€had€any€mosques€to€pray€in;€and€whetherÐ Ð  Ðfreedom€of€movement€and€residence€was€guaranteed€to€all€citizens€and€whether€there€were€anyÐ ¼  Ðrestrictions€on€that€basic€right.Ð ¨ø ÐÌ222.€€With€reference€to€article€7€of€the€Convention€and€noting€that€Mongolia€had€made€great€effortsÐ €Ð Ðto€implement€provisions€contained€therein,€members€sought€further€information€on€what€it€was€doingÐ l¼ Ðto€raise€the€level€of€legal€awareness,€through€proper€education€and€training,€of€teachers,€lawyers€andÐ X ¨ Ðmagistrates,€the€police€and€other€security€personnel€who€had€to€deal€with€the€public.Ð D!” ÐÌ223.€€In€reply€to€the€questions€put€by€members€of€the€Committee,€the€representative€of€the€State€partyÐ #l! Ðsaid€that€the€concept€of€òòperestroikaóó€was€very€broad€and€embraced€all€spheres€of€economic,€social€andÐ $X" Ðcultural€life.€€The€aims€of€the€restructuring€in€Mongolia€were€to€ensure€as€far€as€possible€theÐ ô$D # Ðeconomic€independence€of€co„operatives€and€work€collectives,€democratization€of€planning€andÐ à%0!$ Ðmanagement,€combatting€bureaucratization€and€promotion€of€initiative.€€With€reference€to€theÐ Ì&"% Ðnumber€of€nationalities,€he€said€that€there€were€in€fact€25€national€and€ethnic€groups€and€that€theyÐ ¸'#& Ðhad€been€clearly€distinguished€in€the€reports.€€He€went€on€to€say€that€the€most€numerous€were€theÐ ¤(ô#' ÐKazakhs,€who€accounted€for€5.4€per€cent€of€the€countryððs€population€and€spoke€their€own€language.€Ð )à$( ÐAs€for€the€other€groups,€most€of€them€spoke€Mongolian,€but€there€were€also€local€dialects.€€In€replyÐ |*Ì%) Ðto€the€question€concerning€the€situation€of€the€Chinese€minority,€he€explained€that€there€had€beenÐ h+¸&* Ðno€arbitrary€expulsion€in€1983;€the€Mongolian€authorities€had€asked€those€Chinese€nationals€to€workÐ T,¤'+ Ðin€certain€places€far€from€the€capital€were€manpower€was€needed,€but€they€had€refused€and€Ô_ÔhadÐ @-(, Ðpreferred€to€return€to€their€own€country.€€He€added€that€Mongolia€had€signed€a€consular€treaty€withÐ ° ÐChina€in€1988.€€He€also€said€that€for€centuries€his€country€had€maintained€€traditional€relations€withÐ œì ÐChina€and€that€those€relations€were€excellent€in€all€respects.Ð ˆØ ÐÌ224.€€In€reply€to€the€questions€asked€in€connection€with€article€2€of€the€Convention,€theÐ `° Ðrepresentative,€citing€the€statement€contained€in€the€tenth€report€that€ð ða€variety€of€legislation€has€beenÐ L œ Ðadopted€here€prohibiting€all€forms€of€racial€discrimination,ðð€said€that€it€did€in€fact€refer€to€certainÐ 8 ˆ Ðprovisions€that€had€been€included€in€legislation€concerning€the€prevention€and€elimination€of€racialÐ $ t Ðdiscrimination.€€He€said€that€the€new€version€of€article€70€of€the€Penal€Code€reproduced€exactly€theÐ  ` Ðwording€of€article€53€of€the€old€version€of€the€Penal€Code.€€In€connection€with€the€implementationÐ ü L  Ðof€article€3€of€the€Convention,€he€pointed€out€that€it€was€clearly€stated€in€the€reports€that€theÐ è 8  ÐMongolian€Peopleððs€Republic€condemned€the€òòapartheidóó€system€and€unreservedly€supported€theÐ Ô$  Ðnational€liberation€movements€in€souther€Africa,€both€morally€and€politically.€Ð À  ÐÌ225.€€With€regard€to€article€4€of€the€Convention,€referring€to€the€violation€of€national€and€racialÐ ˜è  Ðequality,€he€said€that€the€applicable€article€of€the€Constitution€was€not€article€30€but€article€70,Ð „Ô  Ðwhereby€propaganda€or€incitement€to€racial€hatred€and€direct€or€indirect€restrictions€on€the€rights€ofÐ pÀ Ðcitizens€on€grounds€of€nationality€or€race,€were€liable€to€penalties€of€up€to€three€yearsðð€imprisonmentÐ \¬ Ðor€to€the€penalty€of€exile.Ð H˜ ÐÌ226.€€In€reply€to€the€questions€asked€regarding€implementation€of€article€5€of€the€Convention,€he€saidÐ  p Ðthat€€where€housing€was€concerned,€the€main€problem€in€Mongolia€was€the€improvement€of€housingÐ  \ Ðconditions€since€everyone€already€had€a€place€to€live;€he€reminded€the€Committee€that€it€was€on€theÐ øH Ðinitiative€of€Mongolia€that€the€Commission€on€Human€Rights€had€adopted€a€resolution€on€the€rightÐ ä4 Ðto€housing.€€Regarding€Ô_ÔSoyomboÔ_Ô,€he€said€that€it€was€again€being€taught€in€all€schools€and€had€beenÐ Ð  Ðfor€some€years.€€A€general€eight„year€education€was€compulsory€throughout€the€country€and€theÐ ¼  Ðentire€adult€population€could€read€and€write.€€Kazakh€children€attended€primary€and€secondaryÐ ¨ø Ðschools€where€they€were€taught€in€Kazakh€and€where€they€also€learned€Mongolian.€€Concerning€theÐ ”ä Ðeducation€to€which€the€children€of€nomadic€tribes€had€access,€he€said€that€despite€the€vast€extent€ofÐ €Ð ÐMongoliaððs€territory€with€its€low„density€population,€the€Mongolian€authorities€had€succeeded€inÐ l¼ Ðensuring€full€eight„year€schooling€for€all€school„age€groups.€€Referring€to€access€to€WesternÐ X ¨ Ðliterature,€he€said€that€books€of€Western€authors€were€to€be€found€in€all€bookshops€and€that€a€numberÐ D!” Ðof€works,€for€example,€those€of€Balzac€and€Hugo,€had€been€translated€into€Mongolian.Ð 0"€  ÐÌ227.€€With€reference€to€the€Great€Peopleððs€Ô_ÔKhuralÔ_Ô,€or€Parliament,€the€representative€of€Mongolia€saidÐ $X" Ðthat€the€working€procedures€of€that€body€would€be€considerably€modified€in€the€context€ofÐ ô$D # Ðòòperestroikaóó€and€that€the€next€report€would€reflect€those€changes.€€He€added€that€representatives€ofÐ à%0!$ Ðthe€national€minorities,€which€accounted€for€25€per€cent€of€the€membership€of€the€Parliament,€wereÐ Ì&"% Ðentitled€to€participate€fully€in€the€work€of€the€bodies€of€the€executive€branch.€€He€emphasized€in€thisÐ ¸'#& Ðregard€that€in€appointments€to€posts€account€was€taken€only€of€the€individualððs€abilities€and€not€ofÐ ¤(ô#' Ðany€kind€of€origin.Ð )à$( ÐÌ228.€€With€regard€to€coexistence€between€the€State€and€religion,€he€referred€to€article€86€of€theÐ h+¸&* ÐConstitution€and€quoted€the€Dalai€Lama,€who€had€noted€during€one€of€his€visits€to€Mongolia€thatÐ T,¤'+ ÐBuddhism€and€socialism€were€not€incompatible.Ð @-(, Ї229.€€He€said€that€the€inhabitants€of€the€country€had€the€right€of€freedom€of€movement€within€theÐ ° Ðnational€territory,€but€that€in€practice€there€were€certain€difficulties€since€the€Government€could€notÐ œì Ðagree€to€everyone€leaving€the€capital€to€go€and€live,€for€example,€in€the€country€or€in€places€with€aÐ ˆØ Ðmore€agreeable€climate.Ð tÄ Ðà  àà ` àÐ  `° Ðò òÔ_ÔCERDÔ_Ô€€A/52/18€(1997)ó óÐ ° Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àÌÌ377.€€At€its€1213òòthóó€meeting,€held€on€21€March€1997€(see€Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/SR.1213),€the€CommitteeÐ tÄ Ðreviewed€the€implementation€of€the€Convention€by€Mongolia€based€upon€its€previous€reportsÐ `° Ð(Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/149/Add.23€and€Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/172/Add.10)€and€its€consideration€by€the€Committee€(seeÐ L œ ÐÔ_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/SR.383-340).€€The€Committee€noted€with€regret€that€no€report€had€been€submitted€to€theÐ 8 ˆ ÐCommittee€since€1988.Ð $ t ÐÌ378.€€The€Committee€regretted€that€Mongolia€had€not€responded€to€its€invitation€to€participate€in€theÐ ü L  Ðmeeting€and€to€furnish€relevant€information.€€The€Committee€decided€that€a€communication€shouldÐ è 8  Ðbe€sent€to€the€Government€of€Mongolia€setting€out€its€reporting€obligations€under€the€ConventionÐ Ô$  Ðand€urging€that€the€dialogue€with€the€Committee€should€be€resumed€as€soon€as€possible.Ð À  ÐÌ379.€€The€Committee€suggests€that€the€Government€of€Mongolia€may€wish€to€avail€itself€of€theÐ ˜è  Ðtechnical€assistance€offered€under€the€advisory€services€and€technical€assistance€programme€of€theÐ „Ô  ÐUnited€Nations€High€Commissioner€for€Human€Rights/Centre€for€Human€Rights,€with€the€aim€ofÐ pÀ Ðdrawing€up€and€submitting€as€soon€as€possible€an€updated€report€drafted€in€accordance€with€theÐ \¬ Ðreporting€guidelines.Ð H˜ ÐÌò òà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àà È àà  àà x àà Ð àÐ   p ÐÔ_ÔCERDÔ_Ô€€A/54/18€Ô_Ô(1999)ó óÔ_ÔÐ ° ÐÌÌ230.€€The€Committee€considered€the€eleventh€to€fifteenth€periodic€reports€of€MongoliaÐ tÄ Ð(Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/338/Add.3)€at€its€1327òòthóó€and€1328òòthóó€meetings€(see€Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/SR.1327€and€1328),€on€16€andÐ `° Ð17€March€1999.€€At€its€1332òòndóó€meeting€(see€Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/SR.1332),€on€19€March€1999,€it€adopted€theÐ L œ Ðfollowing€concluding€observations.€Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌA.€€òòIntroductionóó€Ð  ` ÐÌ231.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€eleventh,€twelfth,€thirteenth,€fourteenth€and€fifteenth€periodicÐ è 8  Ðreports€submitted€by€the€Government€of€Mongolia€in€one€document€and€the€introductory€presentationÐ Ô$  Ðmade€by€the€delegation,€as€well€as€the€opportunity€thus€offered€to€recommence€its€dialogue€with€theÐ À  ÐState€party.€€The€Committee€notes€with€satisfaction€that€the€report€followed€the€guidelines.€Ð ¬ü  ÐNevertheless,€the€Committee€is€of€the€view€that€the€information€in€the€report€was€too€succinct€andÐ ˜è  Ðthat€the€report€did€not€include€information€on€specific€legal€provisions€or€examples€of€the€actualÐ „Ô  Ðimplementation€of€the€Convention.€Ð pÀ ÐÌB.€€òòFactors€and€difficulties€impeding€the€implementation€of€the€Conventionóó€Ð H˜ ÐÌ232.€€The€Committee€notes€that€the€State€party€is€in€a€period€of€economical€and€political€transition,Ð  p Ðand€that€the€difficulties€of€this€transition€have€a€great€impact€on€the€population.€Ð  \ ÐÌC.€€òòPositive€aspectsóó€Ð ä4 ÐÌ233.€€The€Committee€expresses€its€satisfaction€at€the€statement€by€the€State€party's€delegation€thatÐ ¼  Ðthe€international€conventions,€including€the€International€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€AllÐ ¨ø ÐForms€of€Racial€Discrimination,€to€which€the€State€party€has€acceded,€have€become€an€integral€partÐ ”ä Ðof€its€domestic€legislation.€Ð €Ð ÐÌ234.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€enactment€of€the€State€party's€Constitution€(1992),€which€hasÐ X ¨ Ðincluded€the€prohibition€of€racial€discrimination.€€The€enactment€of€the€Law€of€Mongolia€on€theÐ D!” ÐLegal€Status€of€Foreign€Citizens€(1993),€which€establishes€equality€between€foreigners€andÐ 0"€  ÐMongolian€citizens€in€the€exercise€of€their€rights€and€freedoms,€is€also€welcomed€by€the€Committee.€Ð #l! ÐÌ235.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€efforts€of€the€State€party€to€revise€its€domestic€legislation€inÐ ô$D # Ðaccordance€with€its€new€Constitution€(1992).€€It€also€notes€with€satisfaction€that€the€provisions€ofÐ à%0!$ Ðinternational€instruments€on€human€rights€to€which€Mongolia€is€a€party€are€duly€taken€intoÐ Ì&"% Ðconsideration€in€the€process€of€legislative€reform.€Ð ¸'#& ÐÌ236.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€information€contained€in€the€report€concerning€the€Law€onÐ )à$( ÐEducation€(1995),€which€prohibits€racial€discrimination€in€the€field€of€education.€€EducationalÐ |*Ì%) Ðmeasures€which€provide€for€the€inclusion€in€the€school€curricula€of€the€teaching€of€human€rights,Ð h+¸&* Ðincluding€the€need€to€combat€and€condemn€racial€discrimination,€are€also€welcomed€by€theÐ T,¤'+ ÐCommittee.€Ð @-(, ÐÔ_Ô‡237.€€The€Committee€also€expresses€satisfaction€at€the€efforts€undertaken€by€the€State€party€to€raiseÐ ° Ðawareness€of€and€promote€action€against€all€forms€of€racial€discrimination.€Ð œì ÐÌ238.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€State€Policy€on€Culture€(1996),€adopted€by€the€State€GreatÐ tÄ ÐKhural€of€Mongolia,€which€provides€means€to€ensure€the€preservation,€respect,€enrichment€andÐ `° Ðdevelopment€of€the€heritage,€culture€and€traditions€of€ethnic€groups.€Ð L œ ÐÌ239.€€The€Committee€notes€with€appreciation€the€State€party's€implementation€of€internationalÐ $ t Ðcooperation€programmes€in€the€field€of€human€rights€education,€in€cooperation€with€the€Office€ofÐ  ` Ðthe€United€Nations€High€Commissioner€for€Human€Rights.€Ð ü L  ÐÌD.€òò€Principal€subjects€of€concernóó€Ð Ô$  ÐÌ240.€€While€the€Committee€notes€with€appreciation€the€State€party's€efforts€in€the€field€of€legislativeÐ ¬ü  Ðreform,€it€remains€concerned€about€the€lack€of€comprehensive€legislation€to€combat€discriminationÐ ˜è  Ðbased€on€race,€colour,€descent,€or€national€or€ethnic€origin.€Ð „Ô  ÐÌ241.€€Although€the€Committee€notes€that€the€State€party's€report€includes€information€on€theÐ \¬ Ðdemographic€composition€of€Mongolia,€it€regrets€the€lack€of€information€on€the€socio-economicÐ H˜ Ðsituation€of€the€different€ethnic€minority€groups€living€in€the€State€party.€Ð 4„ ÐÌ242.€€The€Committee€notes€that€the€State€party's€Criminal€Code€(art.€7)€largely€reflects€the€provisionÐ  \ Ðcontained€in€article€4€(a)€of€the€Convention.€€However,€it€remains€concerned€that€the€provisions€ofÐ øH Ðarticle€4€(b)€and€(c)€of€the€Convention€are€not€included€in€the€Criminal€Code.€Ð ä4 ÐÌ243.€€Although€the€Committee€notes€that€the€State€party's€Constitution€(1992)€and€the€Law€on€theÐ ¼  ÐLegal€Status€of€Foreign€Citizens€(1993)€guarantee€the€rights€enshrined€in€article€5€of€the€Convention,Ð ¨ø Ðit€expresses€its€concern€at€the€absence€of€specific€legislation€to€prohibit€racial€discrimination€in€theÐ ”ä Ðenjoyment€of€such€rights.€Ð €Ð ÐÌ244.€€While€the€Committee€notes€that€article€19€of€the€State€party's€Constitution€(1992)€establishesÐ X ¨ Ðthe€State's€obligation€to€provide€remedies€in€cases€of€human€rights€violations,€it€expresses€its€concernÐ D!” Ðat€the€lack€of€specific€legislation€for€the€provision€of€compensation,€as€enshrined€in€article€6€of€theÐ 0"€  ÐConvention.€Ð #l! ÐÌE.€€òòSuggestions€and€recommendationsóó€Ð ô$D # ÐÌ245.€€The€State€party€should€give€serious€consideration€to€the€enactment€of€a€comprehensive€law€onÐ Ì&"% Ðethnic€minorities€and€combat€discrimination€based€on€race,€colour,€descent,€or€national€or€ethnicÐ ¸'#& Ðorigin.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€continue€providing€training€programmesÐ ¤(ô#' Ðfor€law€enforcement€officials,€in€accordance€with€article€7€of€the€Convention€and€generalÐ )à$( Ðrecommendation€XIII€of€the€Committee.€Ð |*Ì%) ÐÌ246.€€The€Committee€encourages€the€State€party€to€continue€exploring€ways€of€providing€specificÐ T,¤'+ Ðprotection€to€all€ethnic€groups€living€in€its€territory.€€The€Committee€further€recommends€that€theÐ @-(, ÐState€party€include€in€its€next€report€statistical€data€on€the€socio-economic€situation€of€the€differentÐ ° Ðethnic€minority€groups.€Ð œì ÐÌ247.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€take€the€necessary€steps€to€comply€fully€withÐ tÄ Ðthe€provisions€of€article€4€of€the€Convention.€€In€order€to€be€able€to€evaluate€the€implementation€ofÐ `° Ðarticle€4€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€also€recommends€that€the€State€party€include€in€its€nextÐ L œ Ðreport€the€relevant€articles€of€the€Criminal€Code.€Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌ248.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€review€its€civil€and€penal€legislation€in€orderÐ  ` Ðto€bring€it€into€full€conformity€with€the€principles€and€provisions€of€the€Convention,€in€particularÐ ü L  Ðarticles€5€and€6€of€the€Convention.€Ð è 8  ÐÌ249.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€ratify€the€amendments€to€article€8,€paragraphÐ À  Ð6,€of€the€Convention€adopted€on€15€January€1992€at€the€fourteenth€meeting€of€States€parties€to€theÐ ¬ü  ÐConvention.€Ð ˜è  ÐÌ250.€€The€Committee€notes€that€the€State€party€has€not€made€the€declaration€provided€for€in€articleÐ pÀ Ð14€of€the€Convention.€Some€members€of€the€Committee€requested€that€the€State€party€consider€theÐ \¬ Ðpossibility€of€making€such€a€declaration.€Ð H˜ ÐÌ251.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party's€next€periodic€report,€due€on€20€April€2000,Ð  p Ðbe€an€updating€report,€and€take€into€account€all€the€suggestions€and€recommendations€contained€inÐ  \ Ðthe€present€concluding€observations.€Ð øH ÐÌ252.€€The€Committee€suggests€to€the€State€party€that€the€report€and€these€concluding€observationsÐ Ð  Ðbe€widely€distributed€to€the€public.€Ð ¼  Ðò òà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àÌó ó