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D-rtyBar3|xU d !UKUS.,  _ COMMITTEEAGAINSTTORTURE  M.V.v.TheNetherlands  CommunicationNo.201/2002 p 2May2003 P  CAT/C/30/D/201/2002 0  VIEWS  P  Submittedby:M.V.(representedbycounsel)   Allegedvictim:M.V.  StateParty:Netherlands  Dateofcomplaint:31January2002 p   TheCommitteeagainstTorture,establishedunderArticle17oftheConventionagainstTortureand @ OtherCruel,InhumanorDegradingTreatmentorPunishment, 0 Meetingon2May2003, ` HavingconcludeditsconsiderationofcomplaintNo.201/2002,submittedtotheCommitteeagainst @ TorturebyMr.M.V.underarticle22oftheConventionagainstTortureandOtherCruel,Inhuman 0 orDegradingTreatmentorPunishment,   Havingtakenintoaccountallinformationmadeavailabletoitbythecomplainant,hiscounseland "  theStateparty, #! Adoptsthefollowing: % # <  Decisionunderarticle22,paragraph7,oftheConvention  P(#& V  1.1ThecomplainantisMr.M.V.,aTurkishnationalofKurdishethnicorigin,bornon1January  +p&) 1963,currentlypresentintheNetherlandsandawaitingdeportationtoTurkey.Heclaimsthathis ,`'* forciblereturntoTurkeywouldconstituteaviolationbytheNetherlandsofarticle3ofthe -P(+ ConventionagainstTortureandOtherCruel,InhumanorDegradingTreatmentorPunishment.He -@), isrepresentedbycounsel.  1.2On31January2002,theCommitteeforwardedthecomplainttotheStatepartyforcomments  andrequested,underRule108oftheCommitteesrulesofprocedure,nottoexpelthecomplainant  toTurkeywhilehiscomplaintwasunderconsiderationbytheCommittee.TheStatepartyacceded p tothisrequest `   Facts  @  2.1Thecomplainantstatesthatheandhiswifearerelatedto_PKK_ԀleaderAbdullah_calan_,whoalso  p  comesfromhishometown,_merli_,intheKurdishpartofTurkey.Thecomplainantsgrandfather `  isanephewofAbdullah_calan_smother.Thegrandmotherofthecomplainantswifeisasisterof P  Abdullah_calan_sfather.Hecontendsthathebelongstoapoliticallyactivefamilyandthathe @  himselfissoactive. 0  2.2In1997,thecomplainantjoinedtheproKurdish_HADEP_Ԁpoliticalparty.Healsocollected  informationforahumanrightsorganization,_IHD_,aboutallegedhumanrightsabusesbyTurkish  authorities.Heallegesthathewasarrestedseveraltimesandilltreatedinconnectionwiththese  activities,andthattheTurkishauthoritiessoughtinformationfromhimconcerningthe_PKK_,  _HADEP_Ԁand_IHD_.InMay1998(afteralsobeingapproachedin1993and1995),hewasallegedly  threatenedwithdeathifhedidnotprovidethisinformation.Hisfamilywasalsothreatenedwith p harmifheescaped.Thereafter,helefthishomevillage,departedTurkeybytruckon11June1998 ` andarrivedintheNetherlandson17June1998,whereheallegeshecontinuedhispoliticalactivities. P 1/ @ 2.3On18June1998,thecomplainantrequestedasylumandresidence.Afteraninterviewhadtaken  p placeinthepresenceofaninterpreter,theSecretaryofJusticedecided,on8February2000,thathis ` requestforasylumwasmanifestlyunfoundedand,further,deniedhisrequestforresidenceon P humanitariangrounds. @ 2.4On7March2000,thecomplainantlodgedanobjectiontothisdecision,supplyinghisgrounds   ofobjectionon24March2000.On6July2000,herequestedaninjunctiontopreventhisexpulsion. ! On24July2001,theHagueDistrictCourtrejectedtherequestforaninjunctionanddeclaredthe "  objectionillfounded.TheCourtfound,interalia,thattherewasnoindicationthatarticle3ofthe #! EuropeanConventionfortheProtectionofHumanRightsandFundamentalFreedoms(whichhas $" beeninterpretedtoproscribeextraditiontoacountrywhereanindividualwouldfacetorture)would % # beviolatedinthecomplainantscase,asthecomplainanthadnotshownthatheinfactbelongedto p&!$ anycategoriesofpersons(suchasPKKactivists)whomightbeexposedtoahigherriskto `'"% harassmentorintimidationorworseonthepartoftheTurkishauthorities. P(#&  TheComplaint  0*%( 3.1ThecomplainantcontendsthattherearesubstantialgroundstobelievehisremovaltoTurkey ,`'* wouldresultintortureorotherformsofilltreatmentandwouldthereforeviolatearticle3ofthe -P(+ Conventioninlightofthefollowingfactors:hispoliticalandhumanrightsactivitiesinTurkey,his -@), allegedarrestsandilltreatment,hispoliticalactivitiesintheNetherlands,hisfamilyrelationshipto  Abdullah_calan_,andtheproblemsofhisfamily.2/  3.2Thecomplainantreferstoavarietyofreportsforinsupportofhispropositionthatconditionsin  Turkeyrevealaconsistentpatternofgross,flagrantormassviolationsofhumanrights.These p emanatefromhumanrightsorganizations,3/newspapers4/andahumanrightscommissionofthe `  TurkishParliament.5/ P  3.3Thecomplainantstatesthatthesamematterhasnotbeensubmittedforexaminationunder 0  anotherprocedureofinternationalinvestigationorsettlement.TheStatepartysobservationson  p  admissibilityandmerits `  4.1Byletterof29March2002,theStatepartyadvisedthatithadnoobjectiontotheadmissibility @  ofthecommunication.Byletterof31July2002,itdisputedthemeritsofthecommunication, 0  arguingthatinthelightofthenationalprocedurefollowed,theTurkishhumanrightssituation,the   complainantspersonalcircumstancesandthecompatibilityoftheproposedexpulsionwitharticle  3oftheConvention,therearenogroundstofearthattheauthorwouldbesubjectedtotorture.  4.2TheStatepartyrecallstheprocedureappliedtothecomplainant.Aliensareadmittedifthey  satisfytherequirementsofthe1951Conventionrelatingtothestatusofrefugees,ifarticle3ofthe  EuropeanConventionsomandates,orifcompellinghumanitariancircumstancessorequire.Asylum p seekersarepromptlynotifiedoftheirrighttolegalandotherassistance.Afirstinterviewtakesplace ` assoonaspossibleafterarrival,anddoesnotconcernthegroundsfordeparture.Asecondinterview P (withlegaladviceandinterpretationavailable)focusesonthesereasons.Theapplicant(andcounsel) @ maycorrect,oraddto,therecordofthisinterview.Thedecisionontheapplicationconsidersregular 0 officialcountryreportscompiledbytheMinistryofForeignAffairs,whichalsodrawonreportsof  p nongovernmentalorganizations. ` 4.3Anoticeofobjectionmaybelodgedagainstanegativedecision,uponwhichadecisionismade @ astowhethertheapplicantmayremainintheStatepartypendingtheoutcomeoftheobjection 0 proceedings.Ifdeniedtheabilitytoremain,aninjunctionmaybesoughtfromtheDistrictCourt.The   Courtmaysimultaneouslydecideonthenoticeofobjectionandtheinjunction.Applicantsarguing ! thatexpulsionwouldremovethemtoacountrywhereawellfoundedfearofpersecutiononthebasis "  ofpoliticalorreligiousbeliefs,theirnationalityormembershipofaparticularraceorsocialgroup #! exists,maynotberemovedwithoutspecialinstructionsfromtheMinisterofJustice. $" 4.4OnthecurrentsituationinTurkey,theStatepartynotesthatthissituationandtheKurdish p&!$ positioninparticularareconstantlymonitoredbytheGovernment,andplayaroleinthedecisions `'"% oftheSecretaryofJusticeinindividualcases.ItpointsoutthatafterthereporteddeathinApril1999 P(#& ofanasylumseekerdeportedtoTurkey,theSecretaryofJusticedirectedthatalldeportationsof @)$' KurdstoTurkeybesuspendedpendinginvestigation.InDecember1999,followinganofficial 0*%( investigationbytheMinistryofForeignAffairs,theSecretarydecidedtoresumethesedeportations.  +p&) ThisdecisionwasupheldinMarch2000bytheHagueDistrictCourt. ,`'* 4.5TheStatepartyreviewsrecentcountryreports:on3September1997,theMinisterfoundthat -@), KurdsarenotassuchsubjecttopersecutionwithinthemeaningoftheRefugeeConvention.They  arealsofreetomoveinternallyintheeventofdifficulties,unlesssuspectedofactiveespousalofthe  Kurdishcause.On17September1999,theMinisterfoundnoticeableimprovements,particularlyin  thelightof_focused_Ԁinternationalattention,withthemainhumanrightsissuesinKurdishareasbeing  restrictionsonfreedomsofexpression,associationandassembly.Theabilitytoseekbetterpersonal p andeconomiccircumstanceselsewhereinTurkeyremainedopenifnecessary.On13December `  2000,theMinisterfoundcertainpositivetrends,withKurdssubstantiallylessatriskofinvolvement P  inmilitaryconflict,withgrowingconfidenceinreturnandreconstruction.Pressuresonthepro @  Kurdishparty_HADEP_Ԁhaddiminished,andpoliticaldialoguewasopening.On4May2001,the 0  Ministeragainreferstofreedomsofexpression,associationandassembly,whilenotingthatKurds  p  arenotpersecutedsimplybyvirtueoftheirethnicity.Fromthemostrecentreportof29January `  2002,itcanbeinferredthattherearehavebeennomajorchangessince. P  4.6Astothecompatibilityofthecomplainantsprojectedreturnwitharticle3,theStatepartyrefers 0  totheCommitteesjurisprudencethatthecomplainantmustshowaforeseeable,realandpersonal   riskoftorturebeyondamerepossibility,andthatspecificgroundsbeyondtheexistenceofa  consistentpatternofgrossviolationsmustexist.Applyingtheseprinciplestothecomplainantscase,  theStatepartyargues,inthelightoftheCommitteesrecentjurisprudence6/andtheabove  mentionedcountryreports,thatthegeneralsituationinTurkeyisnotsuchastoautomaticallyplace  anyKurdatrisk.  4.7Concerningthecomplainantsfamilytiesandallegedpoliticalactivities,theStatepartyargues ` thatnoplausiblecasehasbeenmadethatthecomplainantfacestortureinTurkeyonthesegrounds. P Inthemostrecentcountryreportof29January2002,theMinisterpointsoutthattherearecountless @ Turkishcitizenswith_PKK_Ԁfamilymemberswithoutthisrelationshipcausinganysignificant 0 problems.Whilerelativesofprominent_PKK_Ԁmembersmaybesubjecttoextrascrutinyfromthe  p authoritiesandprobablyliveunderacertainamountofpressure,theycannotbesaidtohavebeen ` persecutedonaccountoftheirfamilytieswith_PKK_Ԁleaders. P 4.8TheStatepartyaddsthatthecomplainantdivorcedhiswifeon3January2002,sothatthose 0 familytiesnolongerexist.   4.9Concerningthecomplainantsallegationthathewasarrestedthreetimesonaccountof_HADEP_ "  membership,theStatepartypointsoutthathewasunconditionallyreleasedandfreetocontinuehis #! activitiesoneachoccasion,suggestingthattheauthoritiesdonothaveseriousobjectionstothe $" complainant.Indeed,thecomplainanthimselfstatesthathedidnotfleeforthesereasons,andthus % # noplausiblecasecanbemadeforanyriskoftortureonthisbasis. p&!$ 4.10Moreover,intermsofthecomplainantsfearofadverseconsequencesbasedonhisrefusalto P(#& supplytheauthoritieswithinformation,theStatepartypointsoutthatafterherefusedsuchrequests @)$' fivetimesbetween1993and1998,atnopointdidhesufferadversely.Afterhelefthisvillage,his 0*%( brotherswereinterrogatedabouthiswhereabouts,butwerereleasedunconditionallythereafter.No  +p&) evidencehasbeenpresentedofanyproblemstootherrelativesafterhisdeparture. ,`'* 4.11TheStatepartyconcludesthatnoplausible,muchlesssubstantial,casehasbeenmadeforthe -@), contentionthatthecomplainantwouldpersonallyandpresentlybesubjectedtotreatment  incompatiblewitharticle3oftheConvention.Accordingly,hisremovalshouldbepermittedto  proceed.   ComplainantsCommentsontheStatePartysSubmissions  p 5.1Byletterof14October2002,thecomplainantresponded,arguingthattheStatepartydidnot P  contestthecomplainantscredibility.Astohisdivorce,hestatesthatitisnotjusthiswife,butalso @  hehimself,whoisrelatedtoAbdullah_calan_.Inanyevent,the guiltbyassociationderivingfrom 0  anineyearmarriagedidnotdisappearwithdivorce.Hepointsoutthatheisnotoneofthecountless  p  Turkishcitizenswhohaveoneormore_PKK_Ԁmembersintheirfamily,butisrelatedpersonallyand `  throughhisexwifetothemovementsleaderhimself.Second,thecountryreportof29January2002 P  statesthatrelativesof_PKK_Ԁmemberscanreckonwithincreasedinterestfromtheauthorities,an @  interestthatisinproportiontothedegreeofrelationshiporthepositioninthe_PKK_Ԁofthesuspected 0  familymember(unlesstheauthoritiesconsiderthatthereareinfactnolinks).   5.2RespondingtotheStatepartyscommentthathewasreleasedunconditionallyaftereacharrest,  thecomplainantstatesthatthefactofhisrearrestshowedthathecouldnotcontinuehisactivities  withoutproblem.Thesearrestsandilltreatmentshowedthattheauthoritiesdidhave serious  objectionstohim,eventhoughhedidnotfleeatthetime.ThecomplainantarguesthattheState  partyhasnotconsideredavailableinformationontheallegedlydeterioratingpositionof_HADEP_Ԁand p _IHD_Ԁmembers. ` 5.3AstotheStatepartyscontentionthatpreviousthreatstothecomplainanthadnotresultedin @ harmtohim,thecomplainantstatesthathetookthelastthreatbeforehisflightseriously,asanother 0 _IHD_Ԁactivisthadbeenkilledandthemilitarywaspositionedclosetohishouse.Inanyevent,death  p threatsfromtheauthoritiesareinthemselvesserious,andthehumanrightssituationinTurkeydoes ` notsuggestthecontrary.Rather,suchthreatsshouldbeseenasapolicyofanintimidationwhichcan P bequalifiedas apsychologicalformofforbiddenilltreatment. @ 5.4Concerningthereleaseofhisbrothersafterhisescape,thecomplainantcontendsthatthevery   factoftheirarrestsshowsthatheisnotapersoninwhomtheauthoritieshavenointerest.Inany ! event,theirreleasedoesnotconclusivelyshowthatthereisnoriskforthecomplainantintheevent "  ofhisreturn. #! 5.5Astoareferenceinthe29January2002countryreportthatrelativesof_HADEP_Ԁmembersare % # notpursuedonthebasisofpoliticalorientation,thecomplainantreferstotheearlier13December p&!$ 2000countryreporttotheeffectthat,inthecaseof_PKK_Ԁactivistsandsympathizers,thereare `'"% reliableindicationsthatmistreatmentand/ortortureoccursnot_seldomly_Ԁuponreturn.Returneeshave P(#& theirpriorcriminalhistorycheckedbytheauthoritiesuponreturntothereceivingcountry,andthe @)$' complainantarguesthattheauthoritiespreviousinterestinhimwouldhavethemfurtherinvestigate 0*%( himuponhisreturn.  +p&)  IssuesandProceedingsBeforetheCommittee  -P(+  -@), 6.1Beforeconsideringanyclaimscontainedinacomplaint,theCommitteeagainstTorturemust  decidewhetherornotitisadmissibleunderarticle22oftheConvention.TheCommitteehas  ascertained,asitisrequiredtodounderarticle22,paragraph5(a),oftheConvention,thatthesame  matterhasnotbeenandisnotbeingexaminedunderanotherprocedureofinternationalinvestigation  orsettlement.TheCommitteefurthernotesthattheStatepartyconcedesthatdomesticremedieshave p beenexhausted. `  6.2TotheextentthatthecomplainantsuggeststhatsuchilltreatmentashemightfaceinTurkey @  fallswithinarticle3oftheConvention(seeparas3.1and5.3),theCommitteenotesthatthescope 0  ofarticle3extendsonlytotortureanddoesnotencompasstreatmentthatfallsshortofthatserious  p  threshold.Thosepartsofthecomplaint,therefore,areinadmissible_ratione_Ԁ_materiae_Ԁasfalling `  outsidethescopeofarticle3.Withrespecttothecomplainantsclaimunderarticle3ofthe P  Convention,concerningtorture,theCommitteedoesnotidentifyfurtherobstaclestothe @  admissibilityofthecomplaint,andaccordinglyproceedswiththeconsiderationofthemerits. 0  7.1TheissuebeforetheCommitteeiswhetherremovalofthecomplainanttoTurkeywouldviolate  theStatepartysobligationunderarticle3oftheConventionnottoexpelortoreturnapersonto  anotherStatewheretherearesubstantialgroundsforbelievingthatheorshewouldbeindangerof  beingsubjectedtotorture.  7.2TheCommitteemustevaluatewhethertherearesubstantialgroundsforbelievingthatthe p complainantwouldbepersonallyatriskofbeingsubjectedtotortureuponreturntoTurkey.In ` assessingsuchrisk,theCommitteemusttakeintoaccountallrelevantconsiderations,pursuantto P article3,paragraph2,oftheConvention,includingtheexistenceofaconsistentpatternofgross, @ flagrantormassviolationsofhumanrights.However,theCommitteerecallsthattheaimofthe 0 determinationistoestablishwhethertheindividualconcernedwouldbepersonallyatriskofbeing  p subjectedtotortureinthecountrytowhichhewouldreturn.Itfollowsthattheexistenceofa ` consistentpatternofgross,flagrantormassviolationsofhumanrightsinacountrydoesnotassuch P constituteasufficientgroundfordeterminingthataparticularpersonwouldbeindangerofbeing @ subjectedtotortureuponhisreturntothatcountry;additionalgroundsmustexisttoshowthatthe 0 individualconcernedwouldbepersonallyatrisk.Similarly,theabsenceofaconsistentpatternof   grossviolationsofhumanrightsdoesnotmeanthatapersoncannotbeconsideredtobeindanger ! ofbeingsubjectedtotortureinhisorherspecificcircumstances. "  7.3Inthepresentcase,theCommitteeobservesthat,basedontheinformationbeforeit,thepolitical $" activitythatthecomplainantengagedinwasconfinedto(unspecified)involvementwiththepolitical % # party_HADEP_Ԁandthe_IHD_Ԁorganisation,includingthecollectionofinformation,andthecomplainant p&!$ himselfstatedthathedidnotfleeforthesereasons.Thereisnosuggestionthathewasactiveor `'"% involvedwiththe_PKK_.Norhasthecomplainantdetailedinanymannerhispoliticalactivitiesinthe P(#& Netherlands,andhowthatmightstrengthenhisclaimunderarticle3.Givensomemeasureof @)$' documentedprogressinthehumanrightssituationinTurkeysincethecomplainantsdeparturein 0*%( 1998,andthewellknowndevelopmentoftheapprehensionbyTurkishauthoritiesofthe_PKK_  +p&) leadership,theCommitteeconsidersthatthecomplainanthasfailedtoestablishthateitherhispast ,`'* sporadiccontactwiththeauthorities,whichdidnotincludeanyallegationoftorture,orhisfamily -P(+ tiesofsomedistancewiththe_PKK_Ԁleadership,aresuchthattherearesubstantialgroundsfor -@), believingthatanyinteresttheauthoritieswouldtakeinhimatthepresenttimewouldamountto  torture.  8.TheCommitteeagainstTorture,actingunderarticle22,paragraph7,oftheConventionagainst  TortureandOtherCruel,InhumanorDegradingTreatmentorPunishment,considersthatthe p complainanthasnotsubstantiatedhisclaimthathewouldbesubjectedtotortureuponreturnto `  Turkeyandthereforeconcludesthatthecomplainantsremovaltothatcountrywouldnotconstitute P  abreachbytheStatepartyofarticle3oftheConvention. @  [AdoptedinEnglish,French,RussianandSpanish,theEnglishtextbeingtheoriginalversion. `  SubsequentlytobeissuedalsoinArabicandChineseaspartoftheCommittee'sannualreporttothe P  GeneralAssembly.] @  ____________________   Notes  1/Nofurtherdetailsaresuppliedastotheseactivities.  2/Nofurtherdetailsaresuppliedontheseproblems.  3/AmnestyInternational Endemictorturemustendimmediately(8Nov2001); Annualreport ` onTurkey(1999,2000and2001);HumanRightsWatch Worldreport(2000and2001);Human P RightsAssociationofTurkey HumanrightsviolationsinTurkey(21Nov2001);Pro_Asyl_Ԁ Von @ Deutschlandinden_trkischen_Ԁ_Folterkeller_:_Zur_Ԁ_Rckkehrgefhrdung_Ԁvon_Kurdinnen_Ԁund_Kurden_ 0 (June2000);_Schweizerische_Ԁ_Flchtlingshilfe_Ԁ _Trkei_:_Zur_Ԁ_aktuellen_ԀSituationinMai2001(June  p 2001). ` 4/De_Volkskrant_Ԁ _Opstelster_ԀTurksrapportover_martelen_Ԁ_aangeklaagd_(26July2001);NRC @ _Handelsblad_Ԁ AuteurvanTurks_Martelboek_Ԁ_vertelt_:Van_gevangenen_Ԁ90_procent_Ԁ_gemarteld_(21 0 November2001).   5/Thisreportisnotsupplied:accordingtothecomplainant,itfoundfacilitiesoftortureinvisitsin "  1998and2000,withaformerchairwomanofthecommissioncontendingthat90%ofprisonersare #! subjectedtoilltreatment. $" 6/SLvSwedenCaseNo150/1999,Viewsadoptedon11May2001;_MBB_ԀvSwedenCaseNo p&!$ 104/1998,Viewsadoptedon21June1999;_SMR_ԀvSwedenCaseNo103/1998,Viewsadoptedon `'"% 11June1999. P(#&