ÿWPC_ ]#Æ®˜ù D”Û8•7i•UÖ›é‹D¹gÝîU@EªÝ¡*ÍfXd^^ì¹Ó‚Íu#sÙÓ#`1ëê LÛÍIcf©O~‡gn_(7¹Ÿ\]0}­QÂ×ì`4-*•éP“ÏÕ-uòP9œÞM0rîÁî¿+ùNyJˆeþKv'iá4ŽþßÁ¾àøó§,´Spå¹þn¹üÙjPw‰¶rÙa³LMô1ý?x4P£# ­ 0øÛÁngš3Õ PÏÊ´·¾^4`) ,Ó˜‹[SÂ&¹e˜sÍÇòEæV–2c¤<ýz%ãnÛ“\Ý]½ö½à oï±ÉEù%šmOa¦"0-¥Õ"j+¢xeëùêãßÂS-‘ÁV±h"2>ÿžKbÙ-«jÆP¢uÇŒ§eS€Óù(jz?|j'>h—Ä>c¥^S£[¿Åg!«îål0)»§ËÃ\e{Ö‡"õ˜µÈQõ— ÇdÏ40Ws§¾óéû¤4‡£7%IÜ$´`jŽ*¶ƒ…q[‡ 3>Ûb0 ¶„žã³Ò¾ÂËëž:œ]ëk¹€H“±†²_ BÌ¥ÇÅÇ Ï<].6Ϲïçù=€µó¿ÖqhÂñâM.dñí‰ïÓ #Á¶UNw %Å 0:Ë^ w4)8 m:Q Y˜HP LaserJet 4000 Series PSÈÚØÚÚØÈÚ0&Öd9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(üœ$¡¡ÔUSUS.,Ô[yÕ* Ýs·*¢Ø+003|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ HÝ ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ  ÓÔ‡¼û„»XXÔò òNICARAGUAó óÔ#†X±ÈX»¼û„I#ÔÐ ° ÐÌÌÓ  Óò òCESCR€€E/1994/23ó óÐ œì ÐÌÌ201.€The€Committee€considered€the€initial€report€of€Nicaragua€on€articles€10„12€of€the€CovenantÐ ` ° Ð(E/1986/3/Add.15€and€16),€together€with€the€written€replies€to€the€questionnaire€prepared€at€the€pre„Ð L œ Ðsessional€meeting,€at€its€27òòthóó€and€28òòthóó€meetings€on€24€and€25€November€1993€and,€at€its€46òòthóó€meeting,Ð 8 ˆ Ðon€8€December,€adopted€the€following€concluding€observations.Ð $ t  ÐÌòòIntroductionóóÐ üL  ÐÌ202.€€The€Committee€expresses€its€appreciation€to€the€Government€of€Nicaragua€for€the€submissionÐ Ô$  Ðof€its€updated€report€and€welcomes€the€opportunity€of€continuing€its€dialogue€with€the€State€party,Ð À  Ðespecially€after€the€difficulties€and€changes€which€Nicaragua€has€undergone€in€recent€years.Ð ¬ü  ÐÌòòPositive€AspectsóóÐ „Ô ÐÌ203.€€The€Committee€appreciates€the€frankness€of€the€Government€of€Nicaragua€and€its€willingnessÐ \¬ Ðto€discuss€the€problems€impeding€its€social€development.€The€Committee€takes€note€of€the€statementÐ H˜ Ðof€the€Government€in€relation€to€the€effort€being€made€in€institutional€terms€to€combat€povertyÐ 4„ Ðthrough€a€specific€action€plan€(1990)€and€to€improve€the€overall€standard€of€living€through€theÐ  p ÐMinistry€of€Social€Welfare,€established€in€1993.Ð  \ ÐÌ204.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€proposed€establishment€of€the€Office€of€Human€RightsÐ ä4 ÐOmbudsman€to€inquire€into€human€rights€violations€and€to€monitor€the€implementation€ofÐ Ð  Ðinternational€human€rights€instruments€ratified€by€Nicaragua.Ð ¼  ÐÌòòFactors€and€difficulties€impending€the€implementation€of€the€Covenantóó€Ð ”ä ÐÌ205.€€The€Committee€is€aware€that€the€physical€and€economic€destruction€of€the€country€as€a€resultÐ l!¼ Ðof€a€lengthy€war€and€great€natural€disasters,€the€effects€of€which€have€been€compounded€by€theÐ X"¨  Ðensuing€economic€adjustment€programme,€has€limited€the€realization€of€the€rights€recognized€in€theÐ D#”! ÐCovenant.Ð 0$€" ÐÌòòPrincipal€subjects€of€concernóóÐ &X!$ ÐÌ206.€€The€Committee€expresses€its€serious€concern€about€the€extent€to€which€structural€adjustmentÐ à'0#& Ðmeasures€and€the€privatization€of€State€property€have€had€negative€consequences€for€the€enjoymentÐ Ì($' Ðof€the€economic,€social€and€cultural€rights€of€the€Nicaraguan€people,€and€more€specifically€for€theÐ ¸)%( Ðstandard€of€living€of€the€most€vulnerable€sectors.€€It€is€particularly€concerned€about€the€fact€thatÐ ¤*ô%) Ðofficial€figures€reveal€an€alarming€deterioration€in€the€standard€of€living,€that€70€per€cent€ofÐ +à&* ÐNicaraguans€live€below€the€poverty€threshold€and€that€40€per€cent€suffer€from€protein€deficiency.Ð |,Ì'+ ÐThis€reflects€the€tragedy€of€a€child€population€which,€in€the€words€of€the€report€itself,€constitutesÔ% € Ô€aÐ h-¸(, Ðgenuine€national€emergency.Ð ° ÐÌ207.€€The€Committee€is€also€concerned€about€the€lack€of€consistency€and€effectiveness€of€theÐ ˆØ ÐÔ_ÔprogrammesÔ_Ô€to€regularize€land€ownership€and€to€deal€adequately€with€the€problems€of€housing.€€InÐ tÄ Ðparticular,€the€non„observance€of€ownership€of€low„cost€housing€under€Acts€Nos.€85€and€86,€and€theÐ `° Ðslowness€of€the€procedures€instituted€by€the€Planning€Office€creates€a€situation€of€legal€insecurityÐ L œ Ðfor€the€occupants€of€such€housing.Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌ208.€€The€information€received€by€the€Committee€concerning€the€eviction€of€several€hundredÐ  ` Ðfamilies€by€the€police€(particularly€in€the€case€of€the€communities€of€Ô_ÔExtensið;ðnÔ_Ô€La€Primavera€andÐ ü L  ÐEl€Boer€in€Managua),€€with€no€offer€of€alterative€housing,€is€very€worrying.€Eviction€appears€to€beÐ è 8  Ða€common€practice,€and€the€Committee€has€received€no€answers€to€specific€questions€on€concreteÐ Ô$  Ðexamples.Ð À  ÐÌòòSuggestions€and€recommendationsóóÐ ˜è  ÐÌ209.€€The€Committee€requests€the€Government€of€Nicaragua€to€provide€precise€information€on€theÐ pÀ Ðincidents€involving€the€expulsion€of€persons€who€have€occupied€land€and€to€inform€it,€before€MayÐ \¬ Ð1994,€of€the€measures€it€has€adopted,€in€accordance€with€the€undertakings€of€the€Covenant,€to€dealÐ H˜ Ðwith€the€problems€of€irregular€settlements.€In€this€regard,€the€Committee€considers€that€instances€ofÐ 4„ Ðforced€eviction€are€prima€facie€incompatible€with€the€requirements€of€the€Covenant€and€can€only€beÐ  p Ðjustified€in€the€most€exceptional€circumstances,€and€in€conformity€with€relevant€principles€ofÐ  \ Ðinternational€law.Ð øH ÐÌ210.€€The€Committee€asks€to€be€provided€with€written€replies€to€the€concerns€raised€during€itsÐ Ð  Ðdialogue€with€the€State€party€which,€owing€to€time€constraints,€remain€unanswered.€In€particular,€theÐ ¼  ÐCommittee€wishes€to€receive€clarification€as€regards€the€situation€of€the€removal€and€threatenedÐ ¨ø Ðeviction€of€squatters€from€different€settlement€communities.Ð ”ä ÐÌ211.€€The€Committee€suggests€that€the€State€party€ensure€the€effective€implementation€of€laws€85Ð l¼ Ðand€86€of€1990€with€a€view€to€guaranteeing€security€of€tenure€and€property€title.€The€CommitteeÐ X ¨ Ðrecommends€that€the€State€party€develop€and€implement€urgently€a€comprehensive€housing€policyÐ D!” Ðconsistent€with€the€State€partyððs€obligations€under€international€instruments.Ð 0"€  ÐÌ212.€€In€accordance€with€the€revised€general€guidelines€regarding€the€form€and€contents€of€reportsÐ $X" Ðto€be€submitted€by€States€parties,€the€Committee€requests€the€State€party€to€provide€detailedÐ ô$D # Ðstatistical€information€on€the€distribution€of€income€and€wealth€among€groups€living€in€rural€andÐ à%0!$ Ðurban€areas€of€the€country,€disaggregated€by€linguistic€and€ethnic€characteristics€as€listed€in€theÐ Ì&"% Ðparagraph€5€of€the€report€(E/1986/3/Add.16).€Similar€statistical€information€is€also€required€on€theÐ ¸'#& Ðmorality€rates,€birth€rates,€life€expectancy€and€the€rates€of€school€attendance€up€to€university€level.€Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌ213.€€The€Committee€reiterates€the€view€expressed€in€its€General€Comment€No.€2€that€it€is€preciselyÐ |*Ì%) Ðin€times€of€acute€economic€and€social€problems€that€respect€for€the€obligations€arising€under€theÐ h+¸&* ÐCovenant€assumes€its€greatest€importance.Ð T,¤'+ ÐÐ @-(, Ð214.€€The€Committee€wishes€to€bring€to€the€attention€of€the€State€party€the€need€to€ensure€thatÐ ° Ðstructural€adjustment€programmes€are€so€formulated€and€implemented€as€to€provide€adequate€safetyÐ œì Ðnets€for€the€vulnerable€sectors€of€society,€in€order€to€avoid€a€deterioration€in€the€enjoyment€of€theÐ ˆØ Ðeconomic,€social€and€cultural€rights€for€which€the€Covenant€provides€protectionÐ tÄ ÐÌÌ€