’WPC! Ļ»-Ƈ©9āyA"dóLK'–8±3“ų‘ @öčM.sm²ņæJüƈRżGį c,[„øøŌ[Ė•õmˆ¹§JŁMœHģ:Ÿģ·½ĆZØ9éÜ üŪ‘äȵĖüķčøņ=véėa)čN#ńk‹LƼUž3Š{²Kk–ĶĒEwuŖW{ ä©hĮegĆž Ż7ęÕK·Ż²ĖŠk:ŖžawęfŖķśżßĶóīŪčXž‹=8FVęsmz,†ž_ļä{’=³i]U¶é»ĪI¬Ų±Ķ<č+"J:d^-¹:C¼ˆõ;Ó¢R?ņ>PŅyœÕüįŅÖĒĻŃבŹlć)ņ#[ż#’O$O,©ä㚦Q|Q~õ(½<ÜL ŹcŽĘѓ彊³‹éqß¹ņ‘³µ%ÉÜĘTż%³/]¤pO[Ī1ū”Y6ćØ\ōų ŲõÄ 9‰‚a×'Ā8™nh5?= ćdR±7Ā„®ä$1åy.Ͷ(Į‰×š³Y 0$\\Ż;*E†łą¾ÜžkÄKk>čų±¼E;e/Œƒc< DČįRĒ‹n”f —?ׂ‘ō-‡}ē4(r¶;$ŲĒߣ( @{­§^šØ¬œčD #Į¶UNw %Å 0:Ė^ w4)8 m:ĪQN˜HP LaserJet 4000 Series PSČŚŲŚŚŲČŚ0&Öd9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(ūœ$””ŌUKUS.,Ō~m, ó}z+œØ·¦3|x ’U‹’ĄĄĄ shariaOlubunmiOkogieWilmontShariahKadunaNewswatchBeninoBornucombatingŻ ƒūœ!ŻŌUKUS.,ŌŻ  ŻŌ_Ōņ ņÓ  ÓŌ‡¼üŒ»XXŌNIGERIAŌ#†Xŗ X»¼üŒL#ŌŠ ° ŠÓ@ÓĢó óÓ  ÓĢņ ņŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€26ņņthóó€No.€18€(A/8418)€(1971)ó óŠ œģ ŠĢĢ28.€€From€its€56ņņthóó€to€its€58ņņthóó€meetings,€the€Committee€proceeded€to€determine€formally€its€view€asŠ ` ° Ša€Committee€(as€distinct€from€the€views€expressed€at€previous€meetings,€which€were€those€of€theŠ L œ Šindividual€members)€as€to€which€reports€were€š šsatisfactoryšš,€in€the€sense€that€they€furnished€all€orŠ 8 ˆ Šmost€of€the€required€information,€and€which€reports€were€š šunsatisfactoryšš€or€š šincompletešš€andŠ $ t  Štherefore€needed€to€be€supplemented€by€further€information.€€The€initial€report€(and€supplementaryŠ `  Šreport,€if€any)€of€each€State€Party€was€put€before€the€Committee€separately€by€the€Chairman.€€WhereŠ üL  Šthere€was€no€consensus,€the€question€whether€a€State€Partyššs€report€(or€reports)€was€š šsatisfactoryššŠ č8  Šor€whether,€failing€that,€the€Committee€wished€to€request€additional€information€from€that€StateŠ Ō$  ŠParty,€was€decided€by€vote.Š Ą  ŠĢ29.€€The€Committee€expressed€itself€as€satisfied€with€the€completeness€of€the€reports€submitted€byŠ ˜č Šthe€following€15€States€Parties,€from€which€no€additional€information€was€requested:€...€Nigeria€...Š „Ō ŠÓ¾Óņ ņŠ  pĄ ŠŌ_ŌŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€€28ņņTHóó€No.€18€(A/9018)€(1973)Š ° Šó óÓ  ÓĢĢņ ņņņóóó ó173.€€The€initial€report€of€Nigeria,€submitted€on€11€August€1970,€and€a€supplementary€report€datedŠ tÄ Š16€March€1971,€were€considered€by€the€Committee€at€its€third€session€and€deemed€satisfactory.€€TheŠ `° Šsecond€periodic€report,€dated€17€February€1972,€was€considered€at€the€seventh€session€(135ņņthóóŠ L œ Šmeeting).€Š 8 ˆ ŠĢ174.€€The€second€periodic€report€of€Nigeria€stated:€š šThe€position€of€the€Federal€Government€ofŠ  ` ŠNigeria€remains€substantially€the€same€as€communicated€in€the€first€report.šš€€Several€membersŠ ü L  Šexpressed€the€view€that€the€report€under€consideration€should,€under€the€circumstances,€beŠ č 8  Šconsidered€satisfactory.Š Ō$  ŠĢ175.€€One€member€expressed€the€view€that€it€would€have€been€better€not€to€include€the€wordŠ ¬ü  Šš šsubstantiallyšš€in€the€statement€contained€in€paragraph€2€of€the€report€and€quoted€in€the€precedingŠ ˜č  Šparagraph.€€The€hope€was€expressed€that€future€reports€would€provide€information€on€theŠ „Ō  Šcomposition€of€the€population,€on€the€administrative€measures€adopted€to€give€effect€to€theŠ pĄ Šprovisions€of€the€Convention,€and€on€the€status€of€relations€with€the€racist€rgimes€in€southern€AfricaŠ \¬ Šin€accordance€with€general€recommendation€III,€which,€it€was€noted,€was€adopted€after€the€reportŠ H˜ Šunder€consideration€had€been€submitted.€€Some€members€referred€to€the€information€contained€inŠ 4„ Šthe€initial€and€supplementary€reports€submitted€earlier€by€Nigeria€and€raised€the€following€questions:Š  p ŠHad€there€been€any€new€evaluation€of€the€provisions€of€articles€50€and€51€of€the€Criminal€Code€inŠ  \ Šthe€light€of€article€4€of€the€Convention?€€Was€the€right€of€applying€to€the€High€Court€for€redress,€inŠ ųH Šaccordance€with€article€32€of€the€Constitution€(which€corresponded€in€part€to€article€6€of€theŠ ä4 ŠConvention)€limited€to€the€rights€specifically€enumerated€in€part€I€of€the€Constitution,€or€did€theŠ Š  ŠConstitutional€article€under€reference€apply€also€in€all€other€cases€of€racial€discrimination?€€WithŠ ¼  Šregard€to€the€implementation€of€article€7€of€the€Convention:€€How€was€the€Government€encouragingŠ Øų Šand€promoting€multiracial€organizations€and€movements€and€what€were€the€results€achieved€by€theŠ ”ä ŠNational€Committee€for€the€Dissemination€of€Information€on€the€Evils€of€ņņApartheidóó?€Š €Š ŠĢ176.€€The€representative€of€Nigeria€assured€the€Committee€that€his€Government€did€not€have€andŠ X Ø Šnever€would€have€diplomatic,€economic€or€other€relations€with€the€racist€rgimes€in€southern€Africa.€Š D!” ŠHe€recalled€that€his€country€held€the€chairmanship€of€the€Special€Committee€on€ņņApartheidóó€and€theŠ 0"€  Švice„chairmanship€of€the€United€Nations€Trust€Fund€for€South€Africa.€€The€National€Committee€forŠ #l! Šthe€Dissemination€of€Information€on€the€Evils€of€ņņApartheidóó,€while€not€vested€with€powers,€devotedŠ $X" Šitself€actively€to€emphasizing€the€evils€of€ņņapartheidóó€and€promoting€racial€tolerance.€€GovernmentŠ ō$D # Šinformation€media€also€participated€from€time€to€time€in€that€task.€€Equality€in€the€enjoyment€of€allŠ ą%0!$ Šthe€rights€enumerated€in€article€5€of€the€Convention€were€guaranteed€by€the€Constitution,€butŠ Ģ&"% Špolitical€activities€were€for€the€time€being€suspended.€€He€assured€the€Committee€that€hisŠ ø'#& ŠGovernmentššs€third€periodic€report€would€reflect€all€the€comments€made€by€members€of€theŠ ¤(ō#' ŠCommittee€and€requested€that€the€information€he€had€just€provided€be€regarded€as€part€of€NigeriaššsŠ )ą$( Šsecond€periodic€report.Š |*Ģ%) ŠĢ177.€€The€Committee€decided€that€the€statement€made€by€the€representative€of€Nigeria€would€formŠ T,¤'+ Špart€of€the€second€periodic€report€of€that€State€party.€€It€decided€to€consider€that€report€satisfactoryŠ @-(, Šand€to€request€Nigeria€to€include€the€information€requested€during€the€discussion€in€its€third€periodicŠ ° Šreport.Š œģ ŠŠ  ˆŲ Šņ ņŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€€29ņņTHóó€No.€18€(A/9618)€(1974)ó óŠ ° ŠĢĢņ ņó ó241.€€The€Committee€took€note€of€the€information€contained€in€the€third€periodic€report€of€Nigeria,Š tÄ Šsupplementing€the€information€contained€in€the€earlier€reports€submitted€by€that€country.€€It€notedŠ `° Šwith€satisfaction€that€Nigeria€had€signed€the€International€Convention€on€the€Suppression€andŠ L œ ŠPunishment€of€the€Crime€of€ņņApartheidóó.€€On€the€other€hand,€it€was€noted€with€regret€that€some€of€theŠ 8 ˆ Šquestions€raised€during€the€consideration€of€the€second€periodic€report€of€the€reporting€State€at€theŠ $ t Šseventh€session€of€the€Committee€(A/9018,€para.€175)€had€not€been€answered€in€the€third€periodicŠ  ` Šreport.Š ü L  ŠĢ242.€€The€questions€put€to€the€representative€of€Nigeria€related€to€the€following:€the€High€Court€ofŠ Ō$  ŠNigeria;€the€procedure€for€bringing€cases€to€the€High€Court€for€redress,€in€accordance€with€sectionŠ Ą  Š32€(1)€of€the€Constitution€of€Nigeria€and€article€6€of€the€Convention;€the€situation€in€NigeriaŠ ¬ü  Šregarding€the€granting€of€citizenship€after€1972;€and€the€application€of€the€definition€of€the€wordsŠ ˜č  Šš šseditious€intentionšš,€contained€in€article€50€(2)€(d)€of€the€Nigerian€Criminal€Code,€to€non„NigeriansŠ „Ō  Šas€well€as€Nigerians.€€The€representative€of€Nigeria€replied€to€all€those€questions.Š  pĄ Šņ ņŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€€A/32/18€(1977)Š ° ŠĢó óĢ177.€€The€fourth€periodic€report€of€Nigeria€was€considered€together€with€the€introductory€statementŠ tÄ Šmade€by€the€representative€of€the€Government€of€Nigeria€before€the€Committee.€€It€was€noted€thatŠ `° Šthe€present€report€did€not€contain€much€information€in€addition€to€that€which€had€already€beenŠ L œ Šsupplied€in€previous€reports€from€Nigeria.€Š 8 ˆ ŠĢ178.€€Noting€that€Nigeria€had€been€in€a€state€of€emergency€and€under€military€rule€since€1966,€someŠ  ` Šmembers€of€the€Committee€asked€about€the€scope€of€the€Emergency€Act€and€the€extent€to€which€itŠ ü L  Šaffected€the€fundamental€human€rights€provided€for€in€the€Constitution.Š č 8  ŠĢ179.€€Referring€to€article€2,€paragraph€1€(d),€of€the€Convention,€some€members€asked€whether€anyŠ Ą  Špenalty€was€attached€to€a€violation€of€the€provision€in€section€28€(1)€of€the€Nigerian€Constitution€ofŠ ¬ü  Š1963€relating€to€disabilities€or€restrictions:€they€wondered€whether€a€statement€of€policy€in€theŠ ˜č  ŠConstitution€was€sufficient€to€prohibit€and€bring€to€an€end€racial€discrimination€practised€in€violationŠ „Ō  Šof€that€policy.Š pĄ ŠĢ180.€€Several€members€expressed€the€view€that€sections€50€and€51€of€the€Nigerian€Criminal€CodeŠ H˜ Šdid€not€satisfy€the€requirements€of€article€4€of€the€Convention.€€It€was€noted€that,€as€early€as€itsŠ 4„ Šseventh€session,€the€Committee€had€asked€about€the€extent€to€which€the€provisions€of€those€sectionsŠ  p Šof€the€Penal€Code€had€been€reviewed€to€bring€them€into€line€with€the€provisions€of€the€Convention,Š  \ Šbut€that€the€present€report€did€not€answer€that€question.€Š ųH ŠĢ181.€€As€neither€the€reports€previously€received€from€the€Government€of€Nigeria,€nor€the€reportŠ Š  Šunder€consideration,€contained€information€on€the€legislative,€administrative€or€other€measuresŠ ¼  Šadopted€to€give€effect€to€article€5€of€the€Convention,€a€hope€that€the€fifth€periodic€report€would€giveŠ Øų Šsuch€information€was€expressed.Š ”ä ŠĢ182.€€With€respect€to€article€6€of€the€Convention,€it€was€observed€that,€although€satisfactory€progressŠ l¼ Šhad€been€made,€the€situation€could€be€further€improved.Š X Ø ŠĢ183.€€It€was€noted€that€no€information€on€the€implementation€of€article€7€of€the€Convention€had€yetŠ 0"€  Šbeen€received€from€the€Government€of€Nigeria;€and€it€was€observed€in€that€connection€that€theŠ #l! Šprovisions€of€that€article€were€mandatory€and€not€contingent€upon€the€existence€of€some€discernibleŠ $X" Šneed€for€their€application€in€a€particular€country.Š ō$D # ŠĢ184.€€The€information€on€the€implementation€of€United€Nations€resolutions€concerning€relations€withŠ Ģ&"% Šthe€racist€rgimes€in€southern€Africa,€in€response€to€general€recommendation€III€and€decision€2€(XI)Š ø'#& Šof€the€Committee,€was€welcomed€by€several€members.€€However,€it€seemed€to€some€members€thatŠ ¤(ō#' Šthe€scope€of€the€Order€of€1976€was€narrower€than€that€of€the€Decree€of€1973€cited€in€the€report,€inŠ )ą$( Šthat€the€earlier€law€prohibited€totally€any€kind€of€trade€relations€with€the€racist€rgimes€in€southernŠ |*Ģ%) ŠAfrica€while€the€later€law€appeared€to€apply€only€to€exportation€of€goods.Š h+ø&* ŠĢ185.€€It€was€noted€with€regret€that€the€report€contained€no€information€on€the€composition€of€theŠ @-(, ŠNigerian€population€in€terms€of€ethnic€and€racial€origin,€as€requested€in€general€recommendation€IVŠ ° Šof€the€Committee.€Š œģ ŠĢ186.€€Some€members,€welcoming€the€existence€in€Nigeria€of€a€National€Committee€for€theŠ tÄ ŠDissemination€of€Information€on€the€Evils€of€ņņApartheidóó,€asked€for€information€on€the€scope€of€thatŠ `° ŠCommitteeššs€action€and€the€content€of€its€programmes.Š L œ ŠĢ187.€€The€representative€of€the€Government€of€Nigeria€assured€the€Committee€that€the€observationsŠ $ t Šmade€by€its€members€would€be€carefully€studied€by€the€competent€authorities€in€Nigeria.Š   ` Šņ ņŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€€A/34/18€Ō_Ō(1979)ó óŌ_ŌŠ ° Šņ ņĢĢó ó291.€€The€fifth€periodic€report€of€Nigeria€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/20/Add.31)€was€considered€together€with€theŠ tÄ Šintroductory€statement€made€by€the€representative€of€the€reporting€State.Š `° ŠĢ292.€€The€report€was€commended€by€the€Committee€which€considered€it€as€a€valuable€effort€toŠ 8 ˆ Šmaintain€and€enhance€a€constructive€dialogue€between€the€reporting€State€and€the€Committee.Š $ t ŠĢ293.€€It€was€recalled€that,€during€the€consideration€of€the€fourth€period€report€of€Nigeria,€theŠ ü L  ŠCommittee€had€asked€to€what€extent€the€suspension€of€the€1963€Constitution€affected€theŠ č 8  Šimplementation€of€the€provisions€concerning€human€rights€and€especially€the€principle€of€non„Š Ō$  Šdiscrimination€contained€in€the€Convention.€€It€as€noted€that€the€fifth€periodic€report€offered€noŠ Ą  Šanswer€to€that€question.€€In€connection€with€the€reference€made€in€the€report€to€a€Constitution€of€theŠ ¬ü  ŠFederal€Republic€of€Nigeria€(Enactment)€Decree€1978,€it€was€asked€whether€that€decree€related€toŠ ˜č  Ša€new€Constitution€or€to€the€1963€Constitution,€which€had€been€partially€suspended.Š „Ō  ŠĢ294.€€Some€members€of€the€Committee€expressed€the€wish€to€receive€information€about€theŠ \¬ Šdemographic€and€ethnic€composition€of€Nigeriaššs€population.€It€was€recalled€that€although€theŠ H˜ ŠCommittee€when€considering€the€initial€report€of€Nigeria€had€requested€such€information,€yet€theŠ 4„ Šcurrent€report€contained€no€information€on€the€subject.€€It€was€pointed€out€that€the€complex€ethnicŠ  p Šstructure€of€Nigeria€was€an€important€factor€causing€internal€difficulties€to€that€country,€and€it€wasŠ  \ Šrequested€that€information€on€such€difficulties€be€also€reflected€in€the€next€report€of€Nigeria.Š ųH ŠĢ295.€€With€regard€to€the€implementation€of€article€3€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€CommitteeŠ Š  Šnoted€that€the€Constitution€of€Nigeria€was€especially€important€because€it€prohibited€anyŠ ¼  Šmanifestation€of€racism.€€Some€members€felt€nevertheless€that€more€information€was€required€onŠ Øų ŠNigeriaššs€international€stance€on€the€implementation€of€that€article€and€of€the€corresponding€generalŠ ”ä Šrecommendations€of€the€Committee.€€It€was€pointed€out,€in€particular,€that€the€Government€ofŠ €Š ŠNigeria€should€supply€further€information€on€its€relations€with€the€racist€rgimes€of€southern€Africa.Š l¼ ŠĢ296.€€The€Committee€noted€with€regret€that€the€information€contained€in€the€report€about€theŠ D!” Šimplementation€of€articles€2€and€4€of€the€Convention€could€not€be€considered€sufficient.€€It€wasŠ 0"€  Šrecalled€that€in€the€course€of€the€consideration€of€the€fourth€periodic€report€of€Nigeria,€there€had€beenŠ #l! Ša€discussion€about€Nigeriaššs€compliance€with€article€4€(a)€and€(b)€of€the€Convention.€€TheŠ $X" ŠCommittee€felt€that€sections€50,€51€and€63€of€the€Criminal€Code,€quoted€in€the€report,€did€notŠ ō$D # Šcorrespond€to€the€stipulations€of€articles€2€and€4€of€the€Convention.€€Specific€provisions€wereŠ ą%0!$ Šnecessary€as€no€analogy€was€permitted€in€criminal€law.€€With€regard€to€part€III€of€the€report€relatingŠ Ģ&"% Što€the€same€requirements€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€noted€the€expressions€of€principle€andŠ ø'#& Šthe€confirmation€of€Nigeriaššs€firm€undertaking€to€comply€with€the€provisions€of€those€articles€andŠ ¤(ō#' Šrequested€that€relevant€legal€or€administrative€texts€be€provided€to€the€Committee€in€the€nextŠ )ą$( Šperiodic€report.Š |*Ģ%) ŠĢ297.€€In€connection€with€the€implementation€of€article€5€of€the€Convention,€it€was€noted€that,Š T,¤'+ Šaccording€to€article€36€(2)€of€the€Nigerian€Constitution,€š šno€person€other€than€the€Government€of€theŠ @-(, ŠŌ_ŌFederation€or€of€a€State€or€any€other€person€or€body€authorized€by€the€President,€shall€own,€establishŠ ° Šor€operate€a€television€or€wireless€broadcasting€station€for€any€purpose€whatsoeveršš.€€It€was€askedŠ œģ Šif€the€prohibition€mentioned€in€that€article€of€the€Constitution€applied€to€all€citizens,€whether€thisŠ ˆŲ Šprohibition€affected€the€nature€of€broadcasts,€and€whether€permission€was€granted€to€broadcast€oneŠ tÄ Štype€of€information€and€not€others.€€Moreover,€the€view€was€expressed€that€the€right€to€housing€andŠ `° Što€education€did€not€appear€to€be€duly€guaranteed€by€the€Constitution€and€it€was€suggested€that€theŠ L œ ŠGovernment€of€Nigeria€might€study€the€possibility€of€instituting€such€constitutional€guarantees.€Š 8 ˆ ŠWith€regard€to€the€practice€in€Nigeria€that€nobody€is€refused€or€denied€access€to€any€public€place€orŠ $ t Šservice€on€account€of€race,€colour€or€national€origin,€it€was€noted€that€reference€to€religion€had€beenŠ  ` Šomitted€and€it€was€asked€whether€this€common€law€obligation€was€embodied€in€a€written€law€ofŠ ü L  ŠNigeria.€€With€reference€to€article€32€(1)€of€the€Constitution,€quoted€in€the€report,€the€question€wasŠ č 8  Šraised€whether€the€fulfilment€of€an€obligation€imposed€by€law,€mentioned€in€paragraph€(b)€of€thatŠ Ō$  Šarticle,€referred€to€financial€obligations€arising€from€a€court€sentence€or€whether€it€encompassedŠ Ą  Šother€types€of€obligations€as€well.€€Finally,€the€Committee€expressed€interest€in€knowing€whetherŠ ¬ü  Šthe€state€of€emergency€referred€to€in€Nigeriaššs€previous€report€was€still€in€effect,€and€if€so,€whetherŠ ˜č  Šit€was€affecting€the€full€enjoyment€of€the€rights€listed€in€article€5€of€the€Convention,€and€whether€anyŠ „Ō  Šrestrictions€had€been€imposed€on€any€particular€tribal€or€racial€group.Š pĄ ŠĢ298.€€As€regards€the€implementation€of€article€6€of€the€Convention,€several€members€of€theŠ H˜ ŠCommittee€stated€that€the€information€contained€in€the€report€could€not€be€considered€as€satisfyingŠ 4„ Šthe€requirements€to€that€article.€€In€connection€with€article€42€of€the€Nigerian€Constitution€containingŠ  p Šprovisions€relating€to€protection€and€remedies€against€acts€of€racial€discrimination,€it€was€asked€whatŠ  \ Šprocedure€was€followed€for€the€application€of€those€legal€provisions,€what€steps€could€be€taken€byŠ ųH Šthe€plaintiff,€and€if€there€were€specific€procedures€enabling€an€individual€to€bring€a€suit€against€theŠ ä4 ŠState€for€discrimination€by€a€government€official.Š Š  ŠĢ299.€€It€was€also€asked€whether€the€Chief€Justice€of€Nigeria€had€made€any€rules€with€respect€to€theŠ Øų Špractice€and€procedure€of€a€High€Court€as€provided€for€in€article€42€(3)€of€the€Constitution€andŠ ”ä Šwhether€the€National€Assembly€had€exercised€the€powers€available€to€it€under€article€42€(4)€to€conferŠ €Š Šupon€a€High€Court€additional€powers€to€exercise€more€effectively€the€jurisdiction€conferred€uponŠ l¼ Šit€by€the€Constitution.€€With€regard€to€paragraph€4€(b)€of€the€same€article,€which€empowered€theŠ X Ø ŠNational€Assembly€to€make€provisions€for€the€rendering€of€financial€assistance€to€indigent€citizensŠ D!” Šin€specific€cases,€it€was€asked€what€specific€provisions€had€in€fact€been€made,€what€procedure€wasŠ 0"€  Šfollowed€to€render€such€assistance€and€what€the€term€š šindigent€citizenšš€actually€meant.€€TheŠ #l! ŠCommittee€was€of€the€view€that€it€had€to€be€informed€on€those€matters€so€as€to€be€able€to€form€anŠ $X" Šopinion€as€to€whether€the€relevant€provisions€of€the€Nigerian€Constitution€and€the€laws€implementingŠ ō$D # Šthem€were€in€conformity€with€the€Convention.Š ą%0!$ ŠĢ300.€€With€regard€to€the€implementation€of€article€7€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€was€of€theŠ ø'#& Šview€that,€in€its€next€report,€Nigeria€should€submit€additional€information€on€education,€exchangeŠ ¤(ō#' Šprogrammes€and€public€information€programmes€aimed€at€promoting€understanding,€tolerance,€andŠ )ą$( Šfriendship€among€nations,€and€in€particular€on€the€scope€of€the€activities€undertaken€and€the€resultsŠ |*Ģ%) Šachieved€by€the€National€Committee€for€the€Dissemination€of€Information€on€the€Evils€of€ņņApartheidóóŠ h+ø&* Šand€on€the€progress€made€by€Nigeria€in€the€search€for€the€cultural€identity€of€the€black€world€throughŠ T,¤'+ Šits€membership€in€African€regional€and€subregional€Ō_Ōorganizations.Š @-(, Ї301.€€The€representative€of€Nigeria€informed€the€Committee€that,€as€a€matter€of€fact€and€of€law,€thereŠ ° Šwas€no€longer€a€state€of€emergency€in€Nigeria€and€that€the€elections€were€in€their€final€stages.€€TheŠ œģ Š1963€Constitution€was€still€in€force;€the€1978€Constitution€had€been€ratified€and€would€enter€intoŠ ˆŲ Šforce€on€1€October€1979.€€However,€the€guarantees€of€the€1963€Constitution€concerning€fundamentalŠ tÄ Šhuman€rights€were€embodied€in€the€new€Constitution.€€With€regard€to€the€question€concerningŠ `° Šreligion,€he€stated€that€Nigeria€was€a€secular€State€and€every€citizen€was€free€to€practice€the€religionŠ L œ Šof€his€choice.€€He€finally€assured€the€Committee€that€complete€answers€to€other€questions€raised€byŠ 8 ˆ Šits€members€would€be€given€in€the€sixth€periodic€report€of€his€Government.Š  $ t Šņ ņŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€€A/36/18€(1981)ó óŠ ° ŠĢĢ220.€€The€sixth€periodic€report€of€Nigeria€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/66/Add.€25)€was€introduced€by€theŠ tÄ Šrepresentative€of€the€reporting€State€who€provided€supplementary€information€on€Nigeriaššs€stanceŠ `° Šwith€regard€to€the€implementation€of€article€3€of€the€Convention€and€on€the€role€it€had€played€in€theŠ L œ Šcrusade€against€racism€and€racial€discrimination.€€The€representative€referred,€in€particular,€to€theŠ 8 ˆ Šactivities€of€the€National€Committee€for€the€Dissemination€of€Information€on€the€Evils€of€ņņApartheidóó,Š $ t Šthe€Federal€Ministry€of€Information€and€the€newly€established€Human€Rights€Workshop€whose€mainŠ  ` Šobjects€were€respectively:€€the€promotion€of€racial€tolerance,€the€formulation€of€government€policiesŠ ü L  Šand€strategies€to€combat€racial€discrimination€and€ņņapartheidóó€and€the€explanation€of€fundamentalŠ č 8  Šhuman€rights€provisions€in€the€Nigerian€Constitution.€€He€also€referred€to€Nigeriaššs€contribution€toŠ Ō$  Šand€participation€in€international€conferences€of€solidarity€to€combat€racial€discrimination,€toŠ Ą  ŠNigeriaššs€co„operation€in€the€implementation€of€the€programme€of€the€Decade€for€Action€to€CombatŠ ¬ü  ŠRacism€and€Racial€Discrimination€and€to€an€official€statement€against€the€ņņapartheidóó€Ō_ŌrgimeŌ_Ō€of€SouthŠ ˜č  ŠAfrica,€made€by€the€Nigerian€President€during€his€recent€state€visit€to€the€United€Kingdom€of€GreatŠ „Ō  ŠBritain€and€Northern€Ireland.€€Furthermore€he€stated€that€his€Government€had€recently€takenŠ pĄ Šmeasures€against€companies€having€trading€links€with€South€Africa€and€that€it€had€also€been€keepingŠ \¬ Šall€other€enterprises€which€depended€on€Nigerian€raw€materials€under€surveillance.Š H˜ ŠĢ221.€€Members€of€the€Committee€welcomed€the€valuable€additional€information€provided€by€theŠ  p ŠNigerian€representative€and€expressed€their€appreciation€at€the€part€played€by€Nigeria€in€theŠ  \ Šinternational€campaign€against€racism€and€ņņapartheidóó.€€In€this€connection,€one€member€expressed€theŠ ųH Šwish€that€information€on€action€taken€under€article€3€of€the€Convention€should€form€part€of€theŠ ä4 Šfuture€period€reports€of€Nigeria.€€In€general,€it€was€hoped€that€the€next€periodic€report€would€complyŠ Š  Šwith€the€guidelines€prepared€by€the€Committee.Š ¼  ŠĢ222.€€Members€of€the€Committee€welcomed€also€the€information€provided€in€the€report,€about€theŠ ”ä Šend€in€1979€of€the€state€of€emergency€in€the€country,€under€which€some€of€the€fundamental€humanŠ €Š Šrights€provisions€of€the€1963€Constitution€of€Nigeria€had€been€suspended,€and€drew€attention€inŠ l¼ Šparticular€to€the€information€regarding€the€new€Nigerian€Constitution€of€1979.€€This€ConstitutionŠ X Ø Šestablished€the€right€to€form€š šbroad„basedšš€political€parties€in€order€to€soften€the€heavy€tribunalŠ D!” Šaccent€in€the€Nigerian€political€outlook.Š 0"€  ŠĢ223.€€It€was€noted€that€the€1979€Constitution€seemed€to€be€identical€with€the€previous€ConstitutionŠ $X" Šof€1963€except€for€section€39€which€replaced€section€28€of€the€1963€Constitution,€but€not€reproducedŠ ō$D # Šin€the€report.€€It€was€also€observed€that€Nigeriaššs€fifth€periodic€report€had€listed€the€provisions€of€theŠ ą%0!$ ŠConstitution€of€1978,€which€had€been€enacted€by€decree,€but€that€there€was€no€mention€of€thisŠ Ģ&"% ŠConstitution€in€the€sixth€periodic€report.€€It€was€therefore€asked€whether€the€enactment€referred€toŠ ø'#& Šin€the€fifth€periodic€report€of€Nigeria€as€the€1978€Constitution€was€identical€with€the€1979Š ¤(ō#' ŠConstitution€and€whether€the€Committee€could€be€provided€with€the€text€of€the€1979€ConstitutionŠ )ą$( Šin€order€to€ascertain€the€extent€to€which€the€provisions€of€the€Convention€were€being€applied.€€In€thatŠ |*Ģ%) Šconnection,€one€member€inquired€what€effect€the€1979€Constitution€had€Ō_ŌhadŌ_Ō€on€the€laws€promulgatedŠ h+ø&* Šunder€the€1978€Constitution€and,€in€particular,€whether€the€Criminal€Code€mentioned€in€the€fifthŠ T,¤'+ Šreport€and€the€Customs€Tariff€Order€of€1976,€which€prohibited€the€exportation€of€goods€to€SouthŠ @-(, ŠAfrica,€Rhodesia€and€Namibia€were€still€in€force.€€Another€member€noted€that€the€text€of€theŠ ° ŠFundamental€Rights€and€Freedoms€of€the€1963€Constitution€was€based€almost€word€by€word€on€theŠ œģ ŠEuropean€Convention€for€the€Protection€of€Human€Rights€and€Fundamental€Freedoms€which,Š ˆŲ Šhowever,€for€various€reasons€did€not€contain€a€general€guarantee€of€equality€before€the€law.€€HeŠ tÄ Štherefore€inquired€whether€the€present€Nigerian€Constitution€guaranteed€the€right€of€equality€beforeŠ `° Šthe€law€and€social€rights€contained€in€the€European€Social€Charter€to€both€Nigerian€citizens€and€toŠ L œ Šaliens.Š 8 ˆ ŠĢ224.€€Members€of€the€Committee€observed€that€various€questions€raised,€when€the€CommitteeŠ  ` Šexamined€Nigeriaššs€fifth€periodic€report,€with€regard€to€Nigeriaššs€compliance€with€articles€2€and€4Š ü L  Šof€the€Convention€had€still€not€been€answered.€€With€reference€to€article€2€of€the€Convention,€it€wasŠ č 8  Šobserved€that€mere€passing€of€decrees€could€not€eliminate€the€difficult€problems€created€by€tribalismŠ Ō$  Šand€it€was€asked€that€Nigeriaššs€next€periodic€report€should€give€more€information€about€the€newŠ Ą  Špolitical€organization€of€the€country€and€the€progress€made€in€dealing€with€tribalism.€€It€was€recalled,Š ¬ü  Šin€this€connection,€that€under€Committeeššs€General€Recommendation€IV,€States€parties€were€invitedŠ ˜č  Što€endeavour€to€include€in€their€periodic€reports€relevant€information€on€the€demographicŠ „Ō  Šcomposition€of€the€population.€€With€reference€to€article€4€of€the€Convention,€it€was€asked€thatŠ pĄ Šspecific€measures€to€give€effect€to€the€provisions€of€that€article€should€be€quoted€in€the€next€periodicŠ \¬ Šreport.Š H˜ ŠĢ225.€€With€regard€to€article€6€of€the€Convention,€one€member€requested€information€on€theŠ  p Šenactment€in€the€country€of€a€new€proposal€for€the€provision€of€legal€aid.Š  \ ŠĢ226.€€Referring€to€article€7€of€the€Convention,€it€was€asked€what€internal€measures€had€been€takenŠ ä4 Što€inform€the€population,€and€especially€school€children,€about€the€structure€of€the€United€Nations,Š Š  Šhuman€rights€and,€in€particular,€the€prejudices€which€could€lead€to€racial€discrimination.Š ¼  ŠĢ227.€€Replying€to€questions€raised€by€members€of€the€Committee,€the€representative€of€NigeriaŠ ”ä Šexplained€that€the€provisions€of€the€1963€Constitution€had€largely€become€obsolete.€€Few€provisionsŠ €Š Šhad€been€absorbed€into€the€new€1979€Constitution,€notably€those€of€chapter€IV€referring€to€suchŠ l¼ Šrights€as€the€right€to€life,€the€rights€to€the€dignity€of€the€human€person,€and€the€right€to€personalŠ X Ø Šliberty,€to€which€new€provisions€were€added,€referring€to€the€right€to€freedom€of€thought,€conscienceŠ D!” Šand€religion.€€The€1978€and€1979€Constitution€were€identical.€€The€Constitution,€which€had€actuallyŠ 0"€  Šbeen€applied€in€1978,€had€been€given€formal€legal€effect€in€1979€when€the€new€civilianŠ #l! Šadministration€replacing€the€military€administration€had€come€into€office,€and€it€had€then€becomeŠ $X" Šknown€as€the€1979€Constitution.€€The€representative€also€provided€some€details€on€the€suspensionŠ ō$D # Šof€some€of€the€fundamental€rights€provisions€of€the€1963€Constitution€during€the€state€of€emergencyŠ ą%0!$ Šwhich€had€been€lifted€in€1979€and€stated€that€questions€concerning€the€state€of€emergency€and€theŠ Ģ&"% Šformation€of€political€parties€were€ņņsub€judiceóó.€€At€present,€the€President€of€Nigeria€could€notŠ ø'#& Šproclaim€a€state€of€emergency€in€one€of€the€States€or€throughout€the€Federation€without€the€approvalŠ ¤(ō#' Šof€two€thirds€of€the€members€of€the€National€Parliament€or€the€Parliament€of€the€State€in€question.€Š )ą$( ŠĢ228.€€With€regard€to€the€implementation€of€articles€2,€3,€6€and€7€of€the€Convention,€the€representativeŠ h+ø&* Šreferred€to€relevant€provisions€of€the€1979€Nigerian€Constitution.Š T,¤'+ ŠŠ @-(, Š229.€€As€regards€specifically€the€problems€created€by€tribalism€in€the€country,€he€explained€that€theŠ ° Štotal€Nigerian€population€of€approximately€80€million€comprised€some€250€tribes€or€linguisticŠ œģ Šgroups.€€That€situation€had€contributed€to€the€international€difficulties€experienced€before€the€newŠ ˆŲ Šadministration€had€come€into€office.€€A€12„State€structure€had€been€brought€into€being€in€1967€asŠ tÄ Ša€means€of€solving€the€internal€difficulties€arising€from€ethnic€differences.€€A€further€7€States€hadŠ `° Šbeen€established€on€3€February€1976.€€Before€the€creation€of€the€19€States,€there€had€been€only€fourŠ L œ Šregions€in€addition€to€the€Federal€territory€of€Lagos,€and€that€situation€had€contributed€to€the€internalŠ 8 ˆ Šimbalances€referred€to€by€some€members€of€the€Committee.€€Although€such€imbalances€had€nowŠ $ t Šbeen€rectified,€the€Council€of€States€had€recently€recommended€to€the€Federal€Government€that€11Š  ` Šmore€States€should€be€created,€bringing€the€total€to€30.€€That€would€simplify€the€two„thirds€division,Š ü L  Šwhich€was€difficult€to€make€with€the€present€number€of€19,€and€which€had€led€to€some€friction.Š č 8  ŠĢ230.€€With€reference€to€article€4€of€the€Convention,€he€stated€that€Nigerian€legislation€prohibited€anyŠ Ą  Šincitement€to€racial€discrimination€and€that€section€63€of€the€Criminal€Code€specified€that€directingŠ ¬ü  Šor€assisting€an€unlawful€association€constituted€an€offence.Š ˜č  ŠĢ231.€€In€connection€with€article€6€of€the€Convention,€he€informed€the€Committee€that€in€addition€toŠ pĄ Šthe€Federal€High€Court€which€sat€in€Lagos,€each€of€the€19€States€of€the€Federation€had€a€High€CourtŠ \¬ Šand€Magistratesšš€Courts.€€For€Islamic€law,€there€were€ņņshariaóó€courts€in€various€States,€mainly€in€theŠ H˜ Šnorthern€part€of€the€country,€and€there€was€also€a€ņņshariaóó€Court€and€a€court€of€appeal€at€the€federalŠ 4„ Šlevel.€€Also€with€respect€to€Islamic€law,€there€were€the€district€courts€which€existed€in€the€northernŠ  p Špart€of€the€country€and€were€comparable€with€the€Magistratesšš€Courts.€€The€representative€gave€aŠ  \ Šdetailed€report€on€the€remedies€available€through€these€judicial€instances€in€the€event€of€a€breach€ofŠ ųH Šfundamental€human€rights.Š ä4 ŠĢ232.€€The€representative€then€provided€some€additional€information€relating€to€the€implementationŠ ¼  Šof€article€7€of€the€Convention€and€stated,€in€particular,€that€the€National€Committee€forŠ Øų ŠDissemination€of€Information,€under€the€responsibility€of€the€Federal€Minister€of€Information,€hadŠ ”ä Šlaunched€school€activities€designed€to€ensure€that€Nigerian€school€children€were€brought€up€in€aŠ €Š Šspirit€of€racial€tolerance.€€Most€schools€had€separate€programmes€designed€to€make€children€awareŠ l¼ Šof€the€meaning€and€objectives€of€the€Convention.Š X Ø ŠĢ233.€€He€finally€assured€the€Committee€that€the€next€periodic€report€would€provide€information€withŠ 0"€  Šregard€to€those€questions€which€had€remained€unanswered.Š  #l! Šņ ņŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€€(A/38/18)€(1993)ó óŠ ° Šņ ņĢĢó ó498.€€The€seventh€periodic€report€of€Nigeria€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/91/Add.32€and€Add.35)€was€considered€byŠ tÄ Šthe€Committee€together€with€the€texts€of€the€Constitution€of€1979,€the€Handbook€of€the€FederalŠ `° ŠCourt€of€Appeal,€the€Electoral€and€Appropriation€Acts€of€1982€and€other€documents€published€inŠ L œ Šthe€ņņOfficial€Gazetteóó€of€Nigeria.€€In€his€introductory€statement€the€representative€of€the€reporting€StateŠ 8 ˆ Špointed€out€that€Nigeria€was€in€the€forefront€of€the€struggle€against€racism,€ņņapartheidóó€and€racialŠ $ t Šdiscrimination.€€The€Nigerian€National€Committee,€which€had€been€established€to€promote€racialŠ  ` Štolerance,€had€organized€activities€to€disseminate€information€on€the€evils€of€ņņapartheidóó.€€He€referredŠ ü L  Što€some€provisions€of€the€Constitution€and€to€measures€taken€by€the€Government€to€eliminate€racialŠ č 8  Šdiscrimination€in€the€political,€economic,€social,€cultural€and€any€other€field€of€public€life.€Š Ō$  ŠFurthermore,€the€representative€stated€that€the€centre„piece€of€Government€policy€was€the€worth€ofŠ Ą  Šthe€human€person€and€the€principle€of€racial€equality.€€He€added€that€the€Nigerian€legal€systemŠ ¬ü  Šguaranteed€everyone,€irrespective€of€race,€colour€or€nationality,€the€right€to€equal€treatment€beforeŠ ˜č  Šthe€tribunals€and€all€others€administering€justice.€Š „Ō  ŠĢ499.€€The€Committee€commended€the€Government€of€Nigeria€for€the€faithfulness€with€which€itŠ \¬ Šsubmitted€its€periodic€reports€to€the€Committee€and€welcomed€the€supplementary€informationŠ H˜ Šcontained€in€the€unofficial€addendum€circulated€to€members€by€the€representative€of€the€reportingŠ 4„ ŠState.€€Members€of€the€Committee€noted€that€the€1979€Constitution€had€marked€a€turning€point€inŠ  p Šthe€history€of€the€country€and€radical€changes€had€been€introduced€in€many€of€its€policies.€€NotingŠ  \ Šthat€the€number€of€states€in€the€Federation€was€to€be€increased,€the€Committee€asked€informationŠ ųH Šabout€the€new€political€organization€of€the€country;€on€what€basis€the€boundaries€of€new€states€wereŠ ä4 Šdrawn€and€whether€the€reorganization€would€imply€any€amendments€to€the€Constitution€or€a€radicalŠ Š  Šchange€in€the€current€state„federal€relationship.€€They€also€requested€additional€information€on€theŠ ¼  Šdemographic€composition€of€the€population,€particularly€regarding€the€newly„created€administrativeŠ Øų Šand€political€states,€their€levels€of€economic€development€and€on€measures€taken€to€assist€statesŠ ”ä Šwhose€economic€situation€was€less€favourable€than€others.€Š €Š ŠĢ500.€€In€connection€with€article€2€of€the€Convention,€some€members€of€the€Committee€askedŠ X Ø Šadditional€information€on€the€role€and€powers€of€traditional€leaders,€on€the€various€sects€whichŠ D!” Šexisted€in€the€different€states€and€how€religious€activities€were€regulated€by€law.€€Information€wasŠ 0"€  Šalso€requested€on€the€expulsion€of€aliens€who€had€entered€Nigeria€in€accordance€with€the€agreementŠ #l! Šbetween€the€countries€comprising€the€Economic€Community€of€West€African€States€(Ō_ŌECOWASŌ_Ō),Š $X" Šhow€Ō_ŌECOWASŌ_Ō€regulated€the€movement€of€aliens€within€member€States;€whether€any€machineryŠ ō$D # Šexisted€to€deal€with€cases€of€aliens€who€stayed€beyond€the€allotted€time„period€and€whether€thereŠ ą%0!$ Šwere€any€provisions€in€the€agreement€relating€to€illegal€immigration€and€the€protection€of€migrantŠ Ģ&"% Šworkers.€€Members€of€the€Committee€also€wished€to€know€whether€Nigeria€had€ratified€theŠ ø'#& ŠŌ_ŌECOWASŌ_Ō€citizenship€code€and€whether€there€was€any€programme€in€the€country€to€inform€theŠ ¤(ō#' Špublic,€especially€through€the€mass€media,€about€the€regulations€of€Ō_ŌECOWASŌ_Ō.€€Lastly,€it€was€askedŠ )ą$( Šwhether€Nigeria€had€provided€any€assistance€to€the€countries€whose€citizens€had€been€expelled.€Š |*Ģ%) ŠWith€regard€to€other€foreigners,€more€details€were€requested€on€whether€there€were€any€groups€whoŠ h+ø&* Šbenefited€from€any€special€rights€under€treaties€or€agreements;€how€foreign€professionals€workingŠ T,¤'+ Šin€Nigeria€were€recruited;€what€their€status€was€and€what€benefits€they€were€entitled€to.€Š @-(, Ї501.€€With€regard€to€article€3€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€observed€that€Nigeria€had€givenŠ ° Šample€proof€of€its€total€commitment€to€the€fight€against€racial€democratic€and€ņņapartheidóó€by€theŠ œģ Šadoption€of€practical€measures€such€as€the€Import€Prohibition€Order€of€1983.€€Additional€informationŠ ˆŲ Šwas€requested€on€the€assistance€which€Nigeria€was€providing€to€front„line€States€to€enable€them€toŠ tÄ Šlessen€their€dependence€on€South€Africa.Š `° ŠĢ502.€€With€reference€to€article€4€of€the€Convention,€some€members€of€the€Committee€observed€thatŠ 8 ˆ Šthe€provisions€of€sections€50€(2),€51€(1)€(a)€and€63€of€the€Criminal€Code€fell€far€short€of€theŠ $ t Šrequirements€laid€down€in€paragraphs€(a)€and€(b)€of€that€article,€in€particular,€there€was€no€expressŠ  ` Šmention€of€racial€discrimination€in€either€of€those€provisions€of€the€Convention.€€Although€sectionŠ ü L  Š15€(2)€(d)€of€the€Constitution€prohibited€discrimination€on€the€grounds€of€place€of€origin,€sex,Š č 8  Šreligion,€status,€ethnic€or€linguistic€association€or€ties,€there€was€a€need€for€implementing€specificŠ Ō$  Šlegislation€to€prohibit€and€declare€punishable€by€law€incitement€to€racial€discrimination,€and€toŠ Ą  Šdeclare€illegal€and€prohibit€organizations€which€promoted€and€incited€racial€discrimination.Š ¬ü  ŠĢ503.€€As€far€as€article€5€of€the€Convention€was€concerned,€it€was€felt€that€the€report€described€inŠ „Ō  Šfrank€manner€the€difficulties€encountered€by€the€Government€in€the€field€of€housing,€medical€careŠ pĄ Šand€education.€€In€view€of€the€numerous€ethnic€groups€in€the€country,€some€members€requestedŠ \¬ Šfurther€information€on€the€education€system€and€on€the€teaching€of€the€various€languages,€inŠ H˜ Šparticular,€whether€members€of€various€ethnic€groups€could€receive€an€education€in€their€ownŠ 4„ Šlanguages,€especially€at€the€primary€level.€€They€also€requested€whether€there€were€specificŠ  p Šeducational€programmes€for€disadvantaged€groups€whose€languages€were€not€used€for€administrativeŠ  \ Špurposes€and€whether€there€were€special€funds€to€promote€the€cultural€activities€of€ethnic€groupsŠ ųH Šwith€a€different€heritage.Š ä4 ŠĢ504.€€With€reference€to€article€6€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€asked€for€theŠ ¼  Šclarification€on€whether€the€ordinary€judicial€system€constituted€the€normal€avenue€of€recourse€forŠ Øų Švictims€of€racial€discrimination€or€whether€any€other€procedure€had€been€established€in€Nigeria;€andŠ ”ä Šwhether€any€speedy€or€streamlined€legal€remedy€was€available€to€the€victims€of€racial€discriminationŠ €Š Što€obtain€redress,€as€for€example€in€the€case€of€an€individual€who€was€refused€admission€to€a€schoolŠ l¼ Šon€grounds€of€race.€€They€also€wished€to€obtain€information€on€court€cases€involving€racialŠ X Ø Šdiscrimination,€in€particular,€concerning€a€1980€case€in€which€a€Nigerian€citizen€had€been€deported.Š D!” ŠĢ505.€€With€respect€to€article€7€of€the€Convention,€further€details€were€requested€about€the€activitiesŠ #l! Šof€centres€in€Nigeria€devoted€to€the€study€of€African€languages,€art,€traditions,€history€and€literatureŠ $X" Šas€well€as€on€the€measures€taken€by€the€Government€to€improve€understanding€on€the€basis€ofŠ ō$D # Šequality€and€to€foster€the€cultural€and€linguistic€heritage€of€different€groups.€Š ą%0!$ ŠĢ506.€€In€reply€to€some€of€the€questions€raised€by€members€of€the€Committee,€the€representative€ofŠ ø'#& ŠNigeria€said€that€in€order€to€create€a€new€state€the€Constitution€stipulated€that,€after€approval€by€aŠ ¤(ō#' Štwo„thirds€majority€of€the€people€living€in€an€area,€a€request€must€be€submitted€and€approved€by€aŠ )ą$( Šsimple€majority€in€the€National€Assembly.Š |*Ģ%) ŠĢ507.€€In€the€matter€of€aliens,€he€indicated€that,€in€accordance€with€the€relevant€agreements,€aliensŠ T,¤'+ Šmust€have€the€relevant€documentation€and€could€stay€in€the€country€a€maximum€of€90€days,€if€theyŠ @-(, Šcommitted€no€crimes.Š ° ŠĢ508.€€Concerning€the€implementation€of€article€4€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€said€that€hisŠ ˆŲ ŠGovernment€had€hoped€that€the€provisions€of€that€article€were€being€implemented€through€theŠ tÄ ŠCriminal€Code€and€through€chapter€II€of€the€Constitution.€€However,€after€having€heard€theŠ `° Šobservations€made€by€the€Committee,€he€would€bring€the€matter€to€his€Governmentššs€attention€withŠ L œ Ša€view€to€strengthening€implementation€of€article€4€in€the€light€of€the€observations€that€explicitŠ 8 ˆ Šsanctions€were€required€to€reinforce€sections€50€and€51€of€the€Criminal€Code.€Š $ t ŠĢ509.€€Replying€to€another€point€raised,€he€said€that€recourse€could€be€brought€to€the€State€courts€orŠ ü L  Šthe€federal€courts,€whichever€of€the€two€was€most€convenient.€€He€also€referred€to€the€case€of€anŠ č 8  Šindividual€who€had€been€unlawfully€detained€and€deported€and€explained€that€the€Court€had€decidedŠ Ō$  Šagainst€the€Government€and€the€individual€had€been€awarded€substantial€compensation.Š Ą  ŠĢ510.€€With€regard,€in€particular,€to€the€right€to€education,€the€representative€of€Nigeria€said€that€anŠ ˜č  Šexpanded€programme€had€resulted€in€virtually€free€education€at€all€levels€and€that€a€need€for€teachersŠ „Ō  Šhad€been€satisfied€through€exchange€programmes€with€other€countries€and€that€many€teachers€hadŠ pĄ Šbeen€hired€on€contract€from€Ghana.Š \¬ ŠĢ511.€€The€representative€of€Nigeria€stated€that€the€other€questions€raised€by€members€of€theŠ 4„ ŠCommittee€would€be€brought€to€the€attention€of€his€Government€for€a€full€reply€in€his€countryššs€nextŠ  p Šperiodic€report.Š  \ ŠĢŠ  ä4 Šņ ņŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€€A/40/18€(1985)ó óŠ ° ŠĢĢ371.€€The€eighth€periodic€report€of€Nigeria€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/118/Add.14)€was€considered€by€the€CommitteeŠ tÄ Šat€its€720ņņthóó€meeting,€on€19€March€1985€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/SR.720).€€The€report€was€introduced€by€theŠ `° Šrepresentative€of€Nigeria,€who€presented€additional€information,€subsequently€issued€in€an€addendumŠ L œ Što€the€report€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/118/Add.26).Š 8 ˆ ŠĢ372.€€Members€of€the€Committee€commended€the€Nigerian€Government€for€its€report.€€They€pointedŠ  ` Šout€that€the€addendum€presented€by€the€representative€of€Nigeria€testified€to€the€seriousness€withŠ ü L  Šwhich€the€Government€had€approached€the€dialogue€with€the€Committee.€€The€addendum€conformedŠ č 8  Što€the€Committeeššs€general€guidelines€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/70/Rev.1)€and€furnished€up„to„date€informationŠ Ō$  Šwith€regard€to€the€new€Government.€€It€was€encouraging€to€learn€that€the€essential€provisions€of€theŠ Ą  ŠConstitution€and€the€national€legislation€had€been€kept€intact,€so€that€the€Convention€continued€toŠ ¬ü  Šbe€implemented.Š ˜č  ŠĢ373.€€The€Committee€pointed€out€that€though€Nigeria€was€the€most€populous€country€in€Africa,€withŠ pĄ Ša€long€history€and€great€religious€and€cultural€diversity,€no€information€had€been€provided€onŠ \¬ Šdemographic€trends.€€The€next€report€should€contain€full€information€on€the€ethnic€composition€ofŠ H˜ Šthe€population.Š 4„ ŠĢ374.€€In€relation€to€article€2€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€asked€whether€the€newŠ  \ ŠGovernment€had€reviewed€the€countryššs€policies€and€legislation€for€any€possible€conflicts€with€theŠ ųH ŠConvention,€as€required€by€article€2,€paragraph€1€(c).€€They€wished€to€know€how€the€NigerianŠ ä4 ŠGovernment€interpreted€article€23,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Convention,€which€could€sometimes€warrantŠ Š  Šgranting€special€privileges€temporarily€under€the€law,€to€disadvantaged€groups€in€order€to€ensureŠ ¼  Štheir€adequate€development.€€In€that€connection,€information€was€requested€concerning€theŠ Øų Šdifferences€in€the€living€standards€of€the€various€ethnic€groups,€particularly€with€regard€to€healthŠ ”ä Šservices€and€housing.€€Members€of€the€Committee€welcomed€the€Governmentššs€liberal€policyŠ €Š Štowards€religious€sects,€which€would€contribute€to€better€relations€among€ethnic€groups,€because€ofŠ l¼ Šthe€interrelationship€between€the€latter€and€the€religious€groups.€€Regarding€the€allocation€of€fundsŠ X Ø Što€the€states,€members€wished€to€know€more€about€the€governmentššs€revenue„raising€operations€andŠ D!” Što€what€extent€states€were€required€to€raise€their€own€resources.€€They€were€also€interested€inŠ 0"€  Šknowing€how€the€new€Government€would€respond€to€any€request€for€the€creation€of€a€new€stateŠ #l! Šemanating€from€specific€groups€or€regions€which€wanted€greater€participation€in€their€own€affairs.Š $X" ŠĢ375.€€Members€of€the€Committee€praised€Nigeria€for€its€exemplary€opposition€to€ņņapartheidóó€and€itsŠ ą%0!$ Švanguard€role€in€the€struggle€against€that€policy.€€They€wished€to€continue€to€receive€information€onŠ Ģ&"% Šaction€being€taken€by€Nigeria€in€its€implementation€of€article€3€of€the€Convention.Š ø'#& ŠĢ376.€€The€Committee€indicated€that€the€implementation€of€article€4€of€the€Convention€had€beenŠ )ą$( Šdiscussed€in€connection€with€previous€reports.€€On€those€occasions€the€Committee€had€pointed€outŠ |*Ģ%) Šthat,€for€full€compliance€with€article€4,€explicit€sanctions€were€required€to€reinforce€relevantŠ h+ø&* Šsanctions€of€the€Nigerian€Criminal€Code.€€The€Committee€reiterated€its€opinion€that€the€relevantŠ T,¤'+ Šprovisions€of€the€Criminal€Code€of€Nigeria€did€not€fully€meet€the€requirements€of€article€4€of€theŠ @-(, ŠŌ_ŌConvention.€€The€definition€of€seditious€intention€given€in€the€report€referred€only€to€hostilityŠ ° Šbetween€classes.€€Members€of€the€Committee€asked€whether€any€provision€of€the€Nigerian€CriminalŠ œģ ŠCode€applied€specifically€to€racial€or€ethnic€hostility.€€Furthermore,€they€observed€that€the€CriminalŠ ˆŲ ŠCode€did€not€seem€to€prohibit€organizations€which€promoted€and€incited€racial€discrimination,€asŠ tÄ Šwas€required€under€article€4€(b)€of€the€Convention.Š `° ŠĢ377.€€In€relation€to€article€5€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€noted€that,€notwithstanding€theŠ 8 ˆ Šmilitary€take„over,€the€report€indicated€that€human€rights€had€safeguarded.€€The€Committee€inquiredŠ $ t Šwhether€the€rights€provided€for€under€article€5€of€the€Convention€had€been€modified€by€ConstitutionŠ  ` Š(Suspension€and€Modification)€Decree€No.€1€of€1984.€€Members€sought€clarification€of€currentŠ ü L  Špolicy€on€the€right€to€form€political€parties.€€They€wished€to€know€whether€trade€unions€wereŠ č 8  Šassociated€with€political€parties€and€whether€section€37€of€the€1979€Constitution€permitted€tradeŠ Ō$  Šunions€to€form€a€political€party.€€The€Committee€asked€whether€measures€had€been€passed€toŠ Ą  Šestablish€legal€equality€in€situations€where€there€were€incongruities€in€economic€and€social€patterns.€Š ¬ü  ŠMembers€were€interested€to€know€what€incentives€the€Government€had€provided€to€encourage€equalŠ ˜č  Šaccess€to€education,€particularly€in€view€of€the€fact€that€free€primary€and€secondary€education€hadŠ „Ō  Šbeen€abolished.€€The€Committee€needed€a€fuller€picture€of€educational€and€cultural€measures€beingŠ pĄ Šundertaken€for€Nigeriaššs€own€development.€€Members€expressed€the€hope€that€the€next€report€wouldŠ \¬ Šgive€a€detailed€account€of€the€measures€the€Government€was€taking€to€apply€its€oil€wealth€to€ensureŠ H˜ Šthe€economic,€social€and€cultural€rights€of€its€citizens€under€article€5€(e)€of€the€Convention.€Š 4„ ŠMembers€also€asked€whether€there€was€any€specific€protection€under€the€law€for€immigrants€andŠ  p Šforeign€workers.€€Further€information€was€requested€on€cases€(d)€and€(e)€referred€to€in€the€addendumŠ  \ Što€the€report€in€connection€with€article€5€of€the€Convention.€Š ųH ŠĢ378.€€Regarding€article€6€of€the€Convention,€members€were€interested€to€know€what€effectiveŠ Š  Šprotection€and€remedies€were€available€in€Nigeria€in€order€to€obtain€the€speedy€redress€of€violationsŠ ¼  Šof€human€rights€and€fundamental€freedoms.€€They€sought€clarification€as€to€whether€the€casesŠ Øų Šreferred€to€in€the€addendum€had€arisen€as€a€result€of€racial€discrimination€or€of€arbitrary€decisionsŠ ”ä Štaken€by€the€authorities.€€The€next€report€should€contain€further€information€on€recourse€procedure,Š €Š Šup„to„date€information€on€court€judgements€and€concrete€illustrations€of€cases€involving€racialŠ l¼ Šdiscrimination.Š X Ø ŠĢ379.€€Where€article€7€of€the€Convention€was€concerned,€members€of€the€Committee€commended€theŠ 0"€  ŠGovernment€for€its€implementation€of€that€article.€€They€requested€further€information€on€what€wasŠ #l! Šbeing€done€to€disseminate€the€principles€and€objectives€of€the€Convention€and€other€human€rightsŠ $X" Šinstruments,€and€on€whether€they€were€studied€in€university€courses.Š ō$D # ŠĢ380.€€In€reply€to€the€questions€raised€and€observations€made€by€members€of€the€Committee,€theŠ Ģ&"% Šrepresentative€of€Nigeria€said€that€he€would€briefly€answer€a€few€of€the€questions€raised€by€theŠ ø'#& ŠCommittee;€the€remaining€questions€would€be€referred€to€his€Government€for€consideration€andŠ ¤(ō#' Šwould€be€adequately€discussed€in€Nigeriaššs€next€report.Š )ą$( ŠĢ381.€€He€explained€that€states€in€Nigeria€were€entitled€to€raise€their€own€revenue€to€supplement€theŠ h+ø&* Šfunds€allocated€to€them€by€the€federal€Government;€the€federal€Government€in€fact€encouraged€themŠ T,¤'+ Što€do€Ō_Ōso.Š @-(, Ї382.€€He€emphasized€that€Nigeria,€which€was€in€the€forefront€of€the€fight€against€ņņapartheidóó€and€racialŠ ° Šdiscrimination,€maintained€no€diplomatic€or€military€relations€with€South€Africa.€€He€also€drewŠ œģ Šattention€to€the€Import€Prohibition€Order€of€1983,€which€stipulated€that€any€enterprise€intending€toŠ ˆŲ Šenter€into€a€contract€with€Nigeria€must€submit€a€declaration€stating€that€it€had€no€businessŠ tÄ Šconnections€with€South€Africa.Š `° ŠĢ383.€€The€Committeeššs€recommendations€regarding€Nigeriaššs€implementation€of€article€4€of€theŠ 8 ˆ ŠConvention€had€been€referred€to€his€Government.€€Having€considered€the€matter€and€havingŠ $ t Šreviewed€section€50€(2)€of€the€Criminal€Code,€which€defined€seditious€intention€as€š šan€intention€...Š  ` Što€promote€feelings€of€ill€will€and€hostility€between€different€classes€of€the€population€of€Nigeriašš,Š ü L  Šthe€Government€had€concluded€that€the€word€š šclassesšš€also€meant€races€in€that€context,€so€that€theŠ č 8  Šsection€in€question€fulfilled€Nigeriaššs€obligations€under€article€4.€€However,€since€the€CommitteeŠ Ō$  Šmaintained€that€it€still€had€not€been€provided€with€any€legislation€that€specifically€met€theŠ Ą  Šrequirements€of€that€article,€he€would€once€again€refer€the€question€to€his€Government.€€TheŠ ¬ü  ŠGovernmentššs€position€on€the€matter€would€be€stated€precisely€in€the€next€report.Š ˜č  ŠĢ384.€€Turning€to€questions€raised€in€connection€with€the€implementation€of€article€5€of€theŠ pĄ ŠConvention,€he€stated€that€trade€unions€in€Nigeria€were€not€related€to€political€parties.€€The€right€toŠ \¬ Šform€trade€unions,€which€derived€from€section€37€of€the€1979€Constitution,€had€remained€unaffectedŠ H˜ Šby€the€suspension€of€political€activities€under€Constitution€(Suspension€and€Modification)€DecreeŠ 4„ ŠNo.€1€of€1984.€€In€the€somewhat€similar€case€of€ņņArchbishop€Anthony€Olubunmi€Okogie€and€othersŠ  p Švs.€Attorney„General€of€Lagos€State€and€othersóó,€cited€in€the€section€of€the€addendum€relating€toŠ  \ Šarticle€5€of€the€Convention,€the€Court€of€Appeal€had€held€that€section€18€of€the€Constitution,€whichŠ ųH Šhad€not€been€affected€by€the€Constitution€(Suspension€and€Modification)€Decree€No.€1€of€1984,€hadŠ ä4 Šnot€been€intended€to€abrogate€the€enjoyment€of€the€freedom€of€expression€conferred€on€theŠ Š  ŠArchbishop€under€section€36€of€the€Constitution.€€As€defined€in€section€36,€freedom€of€expressionŠ ¼  Šalso€meant€the€freedom€to€hold€opinions€and€to€receive€and€impart€ideas€and€information€withoutŠ Øų Šinterference.€€He€informed€the€Committee€that€universal,€free€primary€education€had€not€beenŠ ”ä Šabolished.€€It€had€been€maintained€as€a€means€of€promoting€the€Governmentššs€educational€objectivesŠ €Š Šembodied€in€section€18€of€the€1979€Constitution.€Š l¼ ŠĢ385.€€Regarding€procedures€available€to€ensure€the€enjoyment€of€fundamental€human€rights€inŠ D!” Šrelation€to€the€implementation€of€article€6€of€the€Convention,€he€pointed€out€that€section€42,Š 0"€  Šparagraphs€1€to€4,€of€the€Nigerian€Constitution€provided€for€adequate€and€impartial€treatment€at€lawŠ #l! Šof€allegations€of€infringement€of€fundamental€rights,€and€that€Ō_ŌthatŌ_Ō€provision€had€been€discussed€fullyŠ $X" Šin€Nigeriaššs€seventh€periodic€report.Š ō$D # ŠĢ386.€€With€regard€to€the€implementation€of€article€7€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€of€NigeriaŠ Ģ&"% Šinformed€the€Committee€that€the€various€international€human€rights€instruments,€including€thoseŠ ø'#& Šrelating€to€ņņapartheidóó,€were€included€in€the€university€curriculum€in€Nigeria,€generally€in€the€contextŠ ¤(ō#' Šof€human€rights€courses€offered€by€the€international€law€departments.€€Nigeriaššs€next€periodic€reportŠ )ą$( Šwould€present€the€complete€curricula€of€those€departments.Š  |*Ģ%) Šņ ņŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€ó ó€ņ ņA/44/18€(1989)ó óŠ ° Šņ ņĢĢó ó418.€€The€Committee€considered€the€ninth€periodic€report€of€the€Federal€Republic€of€NigeriaŠ xČ Š(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/149/Add€25)€at€its€851ņņstóó€and€852ņņndóó€meetings,€held€on€22€August€1989€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/SR.851Š d“ Šand€852).€Š P   ŠĢ419.€€The€representative€of€the€State€party,€introducing€his€report,€said€that€during€the€period€underŠ ( x Šconsideration€Nigeria€had€continued€its€efforts€to€protect€the€rights,€dignity€and€worth€of€the€humanŠ  d Šbeing,€thus€maintaining€the€tenets€of€the€Convention€of€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€RacialŠ  P  ŠDiscrimination.€€He€drew€the€Committeeššs€attention€to€the€cases€listed€in€the€report,€whichŠ ģ <  Šdemonstrated€that€citizens€were€able€to€go€before€the€courts€and€that€where€judgements€were€adverseŠ Ų(  Što€the€Government,€it€complied€with€them.€€He€also€drew€attention€to€the€information€provided€underŠ Ä  Šarticle€5€of€the€Convention,€which€showed€that€efforts€were€being€made€to€improve€the€livingŠ °  Šstandards€of€ethnic€groups,€as€well€as€housing€and€services,€and€to€reduce€unemployment.Š œģ  ŠĢ420.€€Having€noted€that€the€report€did€not€answer€some€of€the€questions€raised€during€discussion€ofŠ tÄ Šthe€previous€report€and€did€not€fully€comply€with€the€guidelines€elaborated€by€the€Committee,Š `° Šmembers€of€the€Committee€sought€further€information€on€the€countryššs€current€Ō_ŌrgimeŌ_Ō€and€theŠ Lœ Šalliance€between€the€military€and€civilian€groups;€on€the€nature€of€the€relationship€existing€betweenŠ 8ˆ Šthe€Armed€Force€Ruling€Council€(Ō_ŌAFRCŌ_Ō)€and€the€federal€Government;€on€the€demographicŠ $t Šcomposition€of€the€country,€notably€the€relationship€between€Muslims€and€Christians€and€whetherŠ ` Šboth€groups€participated€in€the€Government.€€With€reference€to€the€issue€of€the€creation€of€new€statesŠ üL Šwithin€the€Nigerian€federation,€it€was€asked€whether€states€would€be€established€in€response€toŠ č8 Šethnic,€linguistic€or€religious€demands€and€whether€the€information€was€available€on€theŠ Ō$ Šdemographic€composition€and€ethnic€representation€of€existing€states.€€It€was€also€asked€whether€theŠ Ą Šsystem€ensured€that€all€ethnic€groups€were€adequately€represented€in€provincial€governments.€€MoreŠ ¬ü Šdetailed€information€was€sought€on€the€representation€of€various€ethnic€groups€within€each€of€twoŠ ˜č Šgoverning€bodies€„€Ō_ŌAFRCŌ_Ō€and€the€National€Council€of€Ministers.Š „Ō ŠĢ421.€€Members€also€wished€to€know€when€full€civilian€government€was€likely€to€be€restored.€€At€theŠ \ ¬ Šsame€time,€it€was€stated€that€the€reporting€of€events€up€to€1986€in€the€ninth€periodic€report€was€toŠ H!˜ Šbe€commended€and€that€the€record€of€the€Government€that€had€come€to€power€in€the€latter€part€ofŠ 4"„  Š1985€with€regard€to€the€implementation€of€the€Convention€bore€no€comparison€to€that€of€theŠ  #p! Šadministration€it€had€replaced.€€It€was€noted€that€the€rule€of€law€was€being€upheld.€€The€fear€wasŠ  $\" Šexpressed€that€the€Committee€was€at€times€overstepping€the€bounds€of€what€was€required€of€it€underŠ ų$H # Šthe€Convention€by€delving€into€general€human€rights€issues,€which€were€dealt€with€by€other€bodies.€Š ä%4!$ ŠIt€was€pointed€out,€with€reference€to€the€constant€requests,€addressed€to€developing€countries€inŠ Š& "% Šparticular,€for€statistical€data€regarding€ethnic€and€religious€groups,€that€the€establishment€of€rigidŠ ¼' #& Šdistinctions€between€such€groups€was€not€conducive€to€harmony€and€racial€and€religious€integration.€Š Ø(ų#' ŠIt€was€emphasized€that€the€report€covered€the€situation€in€Nigeria€up€to€1986,€whereas€most€of€theŠ ”)ä$( ŠCommitteeššs€comments€and€questions€related€to€developments€since€that€date€and€wouldŠ €*Š%) Šconsequently€need€to€be€answered€by€the€representative€of€Nigeria€or€dealt€with€as€soon€as€possibleŠ l+¼&* Šin€the€tenth€periodic€report.Š X,Ø'+ ŠŠ D-”(, Š422.€€With€reference€to€article€2€of€the€Convention,€additional€information€was€requested€on€theŠ ° Šimplementation€of€provisions€contained€in€paragraph€(c)€of€that€article;€and€on€the€measures€beingŠ œģ Štaken€to€defuse€the€š šethnic,€religious€and€linguistic€tensionsšš€mentioned€in€paragraph€3€of€the€report.Š ˆŲ ŠĢ423.€€With€regard€to€article€3€of€the€Convention,€it€was€declared€that€Nigeria€played€an€outstandingŠ `° Šrole€in€the€ņņanti„apartheidóó€movement€and€was€an€inspiration€to€others.€€However,€details€of€the€caseŠ L œ Šof€Dr.€Patrick€Wilmont,€reportedly€deported€for€criticizing€Nigerian€businessmen€who€had€soldŠ 8 ˆ ŠNigerian€oil€to€South€Africa,€were€requested€and€it€was€asked€what€action€had€been€taken€againstŠ $ t Šthese€businessmen.Š  ` ŠĢ424.€€As€for€the€implementation€of€article€4€of€the€Convention,€members€regretted€the€reportššs€failureŠ č 8  Što€provide€information€on€Nigeriaššs€implementation€of€that€article€and€the€hope€was€expressed€thatŠ Ō$  Šthe€following€report€would€contain€such€information€as€well€as€a€response€to€the€comments€madeŠ Ą  Šin€that€connection€by€the€Committeeššs€members€during€the€consideration€of€the€eighth€periodicŠ ¬ü  Šreport.Š ˜č  ŠĢ425.€€In€connection€with€article€5€of€the€Convention,€it€was€asked€why€the€Government€had€removedŠ pĄ ŠShariah€from€the€list€of€debatable€items€in€the€Constituent€Assembly,€leaving€it€in€the€hands€of€theŠ \¬ Šmilitary;€whether€that€decision€complied€with€article€5€(d)€(vii)€of€the€Convention;€what€was€theŠ H˜ Šstatus€of€the€Islamic€Courts€in€the€11€northern€Nigerian€states€and€what€was€the€possibility€of€theirŠ 4„ Šextension€to€other€regions.€€With€reference€to€the€clashes€between€Muslims€and€Christians€in€KadunaŠ  p Šstate€in€April€1987,€additional€information€was€requested€on€the€treatment€of€the€detainees€and€howŠ  \ Šquickly€they€had€been€brought€before€the€relevant€military€authorities€and€on€whether€any€action€hadŠ ųH Šbeen€taken€against€the€offending€members€of€the€security€forces.€€The€information€was€also€requestedŠ ä4 Šon€the€judicial€inquiry€into€the€deaths€of€24€convicts€during€a€prison€riot€on€6€May€1987€in€BeninŠ Š  Šprison.€€With€reference€to€thousands€of€prisoners€awaiting€trial,€it€was€asked€what€action€was€beingŠ ¼  Štaken€to€expedite€those€trials.€€The€clarification€of€the€phrase€š šacts€prejudicial€to€public€orderšš€inŠ Øų Šparagraph€20€of€the€report€was€requested.Š ”ä ŠĢ426.€€Further€information€was€sought€on€the€reason€for€the€temporary€ban€that€the€Government€hadŠ l¼ Šplaced€on€the€journal€ņņNewswatchóó€on€25€April€1987€and€on€the€actions€taken€by€the€GovernmentŠ X Ø Šagainst€the€National€Association€of€Nigerian€Students,€the€Nigerian€Labour€Congress€and€theŠ D!” ŠAcademic€Staff€Union€of€Universities€in€July€1988.Š 0"€  ŠĢ427.€€Having€noted€that€the€dual€nationality€of€a€number€of€citizens€of€Benino„Nigerian€origin€hadŠ $X" Šincreased€the€difficulty€of€combating€illegal€traffic€in€narcotics€and€in€immigration,€members€wishedŠ ō$D # Što€know€whether€any€steps€had€been€taken€to€resolve€that€problem€and€also€requested€an€explanationŠ ą%0!$ Šof€the€presence€of€Cameroon€troops€in€Bornu€state€and€of€the€border€clashes€in€that€area.€€MembersŠ Ģ&"% Šalso€wished€to€know€whether€there€were€any€restrictions€of€any€kind€on€the€application€of€article€5Š ø'#& Š(d)€(Ō_ŌiŌ_Ō)€and€(v)€in€any€of€the€states€in€Nigeria€and,€if€so,€what€reasons€could€be€given;€and€whatŠ ¤(ō#' Šguarantees€there€were€for€the€participation€of€representatives€of€all€groups€or€tribes€in€the€federalŠ )ą$( ŠGovernment.€Š |*Ģ%) ŠĢ428.€€With€reference€to€article€6€of€the€Convention,€members€noted€that€the€report€gave€no€detailsŠ T,¤'+ Šon€its€applications€and€asked€what€action€was€taken€by€the€Government€to€assure€the€š šeffectiveŠ @-(, Šprotection€and€remediesšš€called€for€by€that€article,€and€to€what€extent€the€legal€assistance€to€membersŠ ° Šof€the€indigenous€populations,€particularly€in€any€cases€of€racial€discrimination,€was€provided€by€theŠ œģ ŠNigerian€Aid€Council.Š ˆŲ ŠĢ429.€€With€regard€to€article€7€of€the€Convention,€the€hope€was€expressed€that€Nigeria€would€studyŠ `° Šthe€Committeeššs€guidelines€on€that€article€and€that€its€following€report€would€provide€a€clear€pictureŠ L œ Šof€the€situation€in€the€country.Š 8 ˆ ŠĢ430.€€The€representative€of€the€State€party,€replying€to€questions€and€comments€from€members€ofŠ  ` Šthe€Committee,€assured€them€that€all€their€observations€would€be€duly€taken€into€account€by€theŠ ü L  ŠGovernment€of€Nigeria,€which,€since€its€accession€to€power€in€1987,€had€been€untiring€in€its€effortsŠ č 8  Što€promote€human€rights.€€It€was€not€right€to€describe€Nigeria€as€a€State€torn€by€religious€tension.€Š Ō$  ŠAlthough€Muslims€and€Christians€lived€side€by€side,€there€was€a€large€number€of€Ō_ŌanimistsŌ_Ō€in€theŠ Ą  Šcountry.€€Nigeria€was€a€secular€State€whose€21€states€had€not€been€constituted€on€the€basis€ofŠ ¬ü  Šreligious€criteria.€€In€that€area,€the€country€had€made€considerable€progress€and,€in€any€case,€theŠ ˜č  Štensions€that€had€arisen€in€the€past€had€Ō_ŌhadŌ_Ō€an€economic€rather€than€a€religious€cause.€€He€informedŠ „Ō  Šthe€Committee€that€Nigeria€did€not€recognize€dual€nationality.€€As€far€as€the€Armed€Forces€RulingŠ pĄ ŠCouncil€was€concerned,€there€was€no€provision€requiring€it€to€be€composed€of€Christians€orŠ \¬ ŠMuslims;€every€effort€was€made€to€achieve€as€equitable€a€representation€as€possible€of€the€21€statesŠ H˜ Šof€the€federation.€€The€same€principle€applied€to€the€National€Council€of€Ministers.€€The€ArmedŠ 4„ ŠForces€Ruling€Council€was€the€supreme€legislative€organ€of€the€country,€while€the€National€CouncilŠ  p Šof€Ministers€was€responsible€for€questions€of€policy.€€On€the€question€of€demographic€data,€measuresŠ  \ Šhad€been€taken€with€a€view€to€holding€a€national€census€in€1991.€€The€new€Constitution€would€comeŠ ųH Šinto€force€in€1992€with€the€countryššs€return€to€civilian€rule;€it€would€reaffirm€the€fundamental€rightsŠ ä4 Šand€principles€proclaimed€in€articles€2€and€4€of€the€1979€Constitution.€€The€representative€alsoŠ Š  Šprovided€some€clarification€of€the€parts€of€the€report€dealing€with€religious€freedom.Š ¼  ŠĢ431.€€In€connection€with€application€of€article€4€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€said€that€in€theŠ ”ä ŠNigerian€Governmentššs€view€article€50€of€the€Criminal€Code€ensured€the€application€of€article€4,Š €Š Šsince€in€its€context€the€word€š šclassesšš€should€also€be€understood€as€including€races.€€Nevertheless,Š l¼ Šan€amendment€to€that€article€would€shortly€be€made.Š X Ø ŠĢ432.€€Referring€to€the€questions€relating€to€article€6€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€said€thatŠ 0"€  Šin€1986,€following€the€Committeeššs€recommendation€on€the€subject€during€its€consideration€ofŠ #l! ŠNigeriaššs€eighth€periodic€report,€the€Government€had€passed€a€decree€to€amend€the€Legal€AssistanceŠ $X" ŠAct€for€the€purpose€of€providing€such€assistance€in€civil€cases€as€well.Š ō$D # ŠĢ433.€€Lastly,€since€the€Committee€had€taken€up€consideration€of€the€ninth€periodic€report€of€NigeriaŠ Ģ&"% Šthree€years€after€its€submission,€that€report€certainly€needed€to€be€updated.€€In€its€tenth€periodicŠ ø'#& Šreport,€the€Government€of€Nigeria€would€be€expected€to€provide€full€information€on€developmentsŠ ¤(ō#' Šduring€the€past€three€years,€as€well€as€replies€to€questions€asked€during€the€consideration€of€the€ninthŠ )ą$( Šperiodic€report.Š  |*Ģ%) Šņ ņŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€€A/48/18€(1993)ó óŠ ° ŠĢĢŌUSUK.,Ō306.€€The€tenth,€eleventh€and€twelfth€periodic€reports€of€Nigeria,€submitted€in€one€documentŠ tÄ Š(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/226/Add.9),€were€considered€by€the€Committee€at€its€993ņņrdóó€and€998ņņthóó€meetings,€held€onŠ `° Š6€and€10€August€1993€(see€Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/SR.993€and€998).Š L œ ŠĢ307.€€The€reports€were€introduced€by€the€representative€of€the€State€party€who€indicated€that,€withŠ $ t Ša€population€of€over€88.5€million,€Nigeria€was€the€most€populous€black€country€in€the€world.€€TheŠ  ` Špredominant€ethnic€groups€were€the€Ō_ŌHausaŌ_Ō,€Fulani,€Yoruba€and€Ibo.€€Other€major€ethnic€groupsŠ ü L  Šincluded€the€Edo,€Ō_ŌIbibioŌ_Ō,€Ō_ŌIsokoŌ_Ō,€Ō_ŌUrhoboŌ_Ō,€Ō_ŌItsekiriŌ_Ō,€Ō_ŌKanuriŌ_Ō,€Ō_ŌNupeŌ_Ō,€Ō_ŌEfikŌ_Ō,€Ō_ŌIjawŌ_Ō,€Ō_ŌEgbiraŌ_Ō,€Ō_ŌIdomaŌ_Ō,€Ō_ŌTivŌ_Ō,Š č 8  ŠŌ_ŌKamiriŌ_Ō,€Ō_ŌChambeŌ_Ō,€Ō_ŌGwarisŌ_Ō€and€Ō_ŌEkoiŌ_Ō,€and€there€were€over€200€smaller€ethnic€groups€with€their€ownŠ Ō$  Šculture€and€traditions.€€Despite€their€ethnic,€cultural€and€linguistic€diversity,€Nigerians€exhibited€aŠ Ą  Šcohesiveness€that€was€a€product€of€centuries€of€trade,€inter-marriage€and€other€contacts.€Š ¬ü  ŠĢ308.€€The€civil,€political,€economic,€social€and€cultural€rights€of€all€Nigerians,€regardless€of€the€raceŠ „Ō  Šor€minority€to€which€they€belonged,€were€ensured€and€protected€by€a€number€of€institutions,€suchŠ pĄ Šas€courts€of€law,€which€were€independent€of€government€control,€and€the€Public€ComplaintsŠ \¬ ŠCommissioner,€whose€office€had€been€in€existence€for€two€decades€and€who€handled€complaintsŠ H˜ Šfrom€individuals,€groups€and€corporate€bodies.€€The€Code€of€Conduct€Bureau€had€been€establishedŠ 4„ Što€complement€the€efforts€of€the€Public€Complaints€Commissioner.€€The€Nigerian€Law€ReviewŠ  p ŠCommission€regularly€reviewed€national€laws€to€bring€them€into€line€with€contemporary€domesticŠ  \ Šissues€and€international€legal€instruments.€€Additionally,€Nigeria€had€recently€established€a€humanŠ ųH Šrights€monitoring€unit€under€the€Federal€Ministry€of€Justice€in€order€to€enhance€the€implementationŠ ä4 Šof€human€rights€instruments€and€to€receive€petitions€and€complaints€on€human€rights€violations.Š Š  ŠState€governments€had€similar€units€in€their€justice€ministries.Š ¼  ŠĢ309.€€Members€of€the€Committee€welcomed€the€resumption€of€dialogue€with€Nigeria€and€expressedŠ ”ä Šthe€hope€that€Nigeria's€cooperation€with€the€Committee€would€be€regular€in€the€future.€€They€notedŠ €Š Šthat€the€report€under€consideration€failed€to€answer€the€many€questions€raised€during€theŠ l¼ Šconsideration€of€the€ninth€periodic€report€and€to€comply€fully€with€the€Committee's€guidelines.€€TheyŠ X Ø Šalso€regretted€the€absence€of€detailed€information€on€the€ethnic€composition€of€Nigerian€society,Š D!” Šwhich€was€crucial€for€the€Committee's€monitoring€of€the€implementation€of€the€Convention.€€TheyŠ 0"€  Šrequested€additional€information€on€the€numerous€internal€conflicts€and€ethnic€violence€and€theirŠ #l! Šcauses,€and€concerning€the€recent€suspension€of€basic€guarantees€for€the€enjoyment€of€fundamentalŠ $X" Šhuman€rights.€€Additional€information€was€also€requested€as€to€especially€vulnerable€groups,€suchŠ ō$D # Šas€the€Ō_ŌOgoniŌ_Ō,€who€were€suffering€from€the€degradation€and€pollution€of€their€lands€as€a€result€of€oilŠ ą%0!$ Šexploitation€by€multinational€corporations,€as€well€as€from€acts€of€the€police€and€oil€companies.€€InŠ Ģ&"% Šthe€latter€connection,€members€wished€to€know€how€the€Government€planned€to€accede€to€theŠ ø'#& Šdemands€of€minorities€to€manage€their€own€economies€and€resources;€what€the€effects€of€theŠ ¤(ō#' ŠNigerian€Enterprises€Promotion€Decree€of€1989€(repealing€the€Ō_ŌIndigenizationŌ_Ō€Decree€of€1977)€wouldŠ )ą$( Šbe€in€regard€to€the€participation€of€local€ethnic€groups€in€the€exploitation€of€natural€resources.€€TheyŠ |*Ģ%) Šalso€wished€to€have€more€detailed€information€concerning€the€impact€of€the€policy€of€national€unityŠ h+ø&* Šon€ethnic€and€religious€minority€groups€in€30€states.€€They€considered€that€the€tense€politicalŠ T,¤'+ Šsituation€in€Nigeria,€which€was€the€result€of€many€factors,€not€least€the€ethnic€and€religiousŠ @-(, Šdifficulties€which€were€surfacing,€adversely€affected€the€implementation€of€the€Convention,€and€theyŠ ° Šfelt€that€the€Committee€should€keep€the€implementation€of€the€Convention€by€Nigeria€under€review,Š œģ Štaking€it€up€again€at€its€next€session.Š ˆŲ ŠĢ310.€€With€respect€to€article€1€of€the€Convention,€members€asked€what€the€rights€and€guarantees€ofŠ `° Šnon-citizens€were€under€the€Constitution€and€why€a€distinction€was€made€in€national€legislationŠ L œ Šbetween€citizens€of€Nigeria€by€birth€and€other€Nigerians.Š 8 ˆ ŠĢ311.€€In€regard€to€article€2€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€wished€to€know€how€theŠ  ` ŠGovernment€of€Nigeria€encouraged€the€formation€of€Ō_ŌintegrationistŌ_Ō€multiracial€organizations€andŠ ü L  Šmovements,€referred€to€in€paragraph€9€of€the€report,€how€those€organizations€functioned€and€whatŠ č 8  Štheir€impact€was€on€general€government€policy€with€respect€to€the€implementation€of€theŠ Ō$  ŠConvention.Š Ą  ŠĢ312.€€As€far€as€article€3€of€the€Convention€was€concerned,€members€of€the€Committee€congratulatedŠ ˜č  Šthe€Government€of€Nigeria€on€the€steps€taken,€especially€at€the€international€level,€to€implement€itsŠ „Ō  Šprovisions,€but€pointed€out€that€Nigeria€must€also€undertake€to€prevent,€prohibit€and€eradicate€allŠ pĄ Špractices€of€racial€segregation€in€the€territories€under€its€jurisdiction.Š \¬ ŠĢ313.€€While€noting€that€Section€39€of€the€Constitution€of€Nigeria€seemed€to€meet€the€requirementsŠ 4„ Šof€article€4€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€indicated€that€the€report€did€not€explainŠ  p Šhow€its€provisions€were€implemented.€€In€addition,€they€pointed€out€that€the€definition€of€"seditiousŠ  \ Šintention"€did€not€cover€all€the€instances€of€racial€discrimination€contemplated€in€article€4€and€askedŠ ųH Šfor€further€clarification€on€that€issue.€€Members€felt€that€the€system€of€special€courts€and€militaryŠ ä4 Štribunals€was€not€compatible€with€the€protection€of€the€rights€set€out€in€article€4€of€the€Convention.€Š Š  ŠFurthermore,€clarification€was€sought€of€the€reported€proscription€by€a€Decree€of€20€May€1992€ofŠ ¼  Šall€ethnic,€religious€and€regional€associations€that€had€supported€political€candidates.€€Finally,Š Øų Šmembers€asked€whether€the€Constitution€prohibited€the€existence€of€racist€organizations€or€bannedŠ ”ä Šparticipation€in€such€organizations.Š €Š ŠĢ314.€€Having€emphasized€that€under€article€5€of€the€Convention€the€State€had€an€obligation€toŠ X Ø Šguarantee€the€civil,€political,€economic,€social€and€cultural€rights€of€the€whole€population€and€notŠ D!” Šjust€of€citizens,€members€wished€to€receive€more€detailed€information€on€the€implementation€of€allŠ 0"€  Šits€provisions.€€They€asked,€in€particular,€what€had€been€done€to€ensure€the€fair€and€equitableŠ #l! Šrepresentation€of€all€ethnic€groups€in€federal€and€state€parliaments€and€what€concrete€steps€had€beenŠ $X" Štaken€to€achieve€national€reconciliation;€what€action€had€been€envisaged€to€prevent€regionalŠ ō$D # Šinterference€and€the€long-term€dissolution€of€local€government€councils;€whether€the€right€toŠ ą%0!$ Šfreedom€of€opinion€and€expression€was€guaranteed€by€law;€whether€freedom€of€movement€andŠ Ģ&"% Šresidence€was€permitted€within€the€borders€of€the€State;€what€the€prospects€were€for€increasedŠ ø'#& Šinvestment€in€employment,€education€and€housing€and€what€the€Government€policy€was€in€thisŠ ¤(ō#' Šregard.Š )ą$( ŠĢ315.€€In€connection€with€article€6€of€the€Convention,€members€wished€to€know€whether€victims€ofŠ h+ø&* Šacts€of€racial€discrimination€had€the€right€to€compensation;€how€human€rights€institutions,€such€asŠ T,¤'+ Šthe€office€of€Ombudsman,€functioned;€to€what€extent€those€institutions€were€independent€and€howŠ @-(, Šfar€the€Government€responded€to€their€recommendations.Š ° ŠĢ316.€€With€respect€to€article€7€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€wished€to€knowŠ ˆŲ Šwhether€training€was€provided€for€officials€who€had€to€deal€with€ethnic€conflicts,€with€a€view€toŠ tÄ Šeradicating€prejudice€which€lead€to€racial€discrimination€and€to€fostering€understanding€and€toleranceŠ `° Šamong€racial€and€ethnic€groups.Š L œ ŠĢ317.€€Replying€to€the€questions€asked€and€comments€made,€the€representative€of€the€State€party€saidŠ $ t Šthat€Nigeria€would€henceforth€maintain€its€dialogue€with€the€Committee€and€that€every€effort€wouldŠ  ` Šbe€made€to€submit€the€reports€in€time.€€The€concept€of€national€unity€was€not€at€variance€with€theŠ ü L  Šexistence€of€many€ethnic€groups.€€It€was€part€of€the€aspiration€to€forge€a€single€nation€so€that€allŠ č 8  Šcitizens€would€consider€themselves€Nigerians€and€put€Nigeria€first.€€It€by€no€means€impliedŠ Ō$  Šprohibition€of€the€culture,€language€and€traditions€of€different€ethnic€groups.€€The€report€did€notŠ Ą  Šcontain€data€on€the€demographic€composition€of€Nigeria€because€such€figures€were€not€available;Š ¬ü  Šthe€population€census€carried€out€two€years€previously€had€not€provided€for€the€collection€ofŠ ˜č  Šinformation€on€ethnic€groups€or€religion,€in€order€to€prevent€states€from€inflating€figures€in€order€toŠ „Ō  Šincrease€their€revenue€from€the€Federal€Government,€as€had€happened€in€the€past.Š pĄ ŠĢ318.€€The€representative€provided€the€Committee€with€some€information€on€the€institutionalŠ H˜ Šorganization€of€the€Nigerian€Federal€State€and€said€that€the€past€practice€of€states€of€depriving€localŠ 4„ Šgovernments€of€the€funds€allocated€to€them€by€the€Federal€Government€had€been€eliminated€by€theŠ  p Šdirect€transfer€of€10€per€cent€to€local€governments.€€The€various€conflicts€referred€to€by€members€asŠ  \ Šethnic€or€religious€had€in€fact€been€triggered€by€economic€factors,€such€as€the€land€question.€€TheŠ ųH Šway€to€control€"ethnic"€conflicts€was€by€tackling€the€underlying€cause€-€the€underdevelopment€of€theŠ ä4 Šcountry.€€The€representative€provided€further€information€with€respect€to€the€situation€of€the€Ō_ŌOgoniŌ_ŌŠ Š  Šin€Rivers€State,€pointing€out€that€the€Federal€Government€gave€back€to€the€oil-producing€areas€theŠ ¼  Š3€per€cent€of€the€total€revenue€from€oil€exploitation€reserved€for€their€development,€and€2.5€per€centŠ Øų Šfor€the€protection€of€the€environment.Š ”ä ŠĢ319.€€With€regard€to€article€4€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€said€that€the€GovernmentŠ l¼ Šdiscouraged€people€from€forming€political€parties€based€on€religious€or€ethnic€criteria,€since€suchŠ X Ø Šcriteria€necessarily€implied€the€exclusion€of€certain€sections€of€the€population;€any€such€party€thatŠ D!” Šgained€power€would€be€unrepresentative€of€the€whole€nation€that€it€ruled.Š 0"€  ŠĢ320.€€With€respect€to€article€6€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€of€the€State€party€informed€theŠ $X" ŠCommittee€that€the€Nigerian€legal€system€did€not€prevent€anyone€who€considered€he€had€sufferedŠ ō$D # Šracial€discrimination€from€seeking€remedy€through€the€courts.€€There€were€three€levels€of€courts:Š ą%0!$ Šmagistrate€courts,€High€Courts€and€the€Supreme€Court.€€Some€states€also€had€customary€courts,€suchŠ Ģ&"% Šas€Ō_ŌShariahŌ_Ō€courts,€for€dealing€with€problems€of€custom€and€practice€specific€to€certain€areas.Š ø'#& ŠĢņņConcluding€observationsóóŠ )ą$( ŠĢ321.€€At€its€1008ņņthóó€meeting,€held€on€17€August€1993,€the€Committee€adopted€the€followingŠ h+ø&* Šconcluding€observations.Š T,¤'+ ŠŠ @-(, Š(a)€€ņņIntroductionóóŠ ° ŠĢ322.€€The€Committee€noted€the€submission€of€the€report€which,€however,€did€not€fully€comply€withŠ ˆŲ Šthe€Committee's€revised€guidelines€on€the€preparation€of€reports.€€The€resumption€of€the€dialogueŠ tÄ Šwith€the€representative€of€Nigeria€had€contributed€to€a€better€understanding€of€the€situation€in€thatŠ `° Šcountry.€€The€Committee€hoped€that€in€the€future€the€State€party€would€comply€with€its€obligationsŠ L œ Šunder€article€9€of€the€Convention.€€The€Committee€noted€that,€in€response€to€questions€asked€andŠ 8 ˆ Šcomments€made€by€members,€some€additional€information€had€been€provided€orally€by€theŠ $ t Šdelegation.€€The€Committee€welcomed€the€Government's€commitment€to€supply€it€with€additionalŠ  ` Šwritten€information.Š ü L  ŠĢ(b)€€ņņPositive€aspectsóóŠ Ō$  ŠĢ323.€€The€Committee€noted€with€interest€that,€since€its€independence,€Nigeria€had€been€striving€toŠ ¬ü  Šreconcile€regional€and€religious€tensions€and€to€accommodate€the€interests€of€diverse€ethnic€groups.€Š ˜č  ŠThe€recent€creation€of€nine€additional€states€within€the€Federal€Republic€of€Nigeria€attested€to€thatŠ „Ō  Štrend.€€The€expected€entry€into€force€on€27€August€1993€of€a€new€Constitution€and€transition€fromŠ pĄ Šmilitary€to€civilian€rule€would€enhance€democratic€development€thus€creating€favorable€conditionsŠ \¬ Šfor€a€more€effective€implementation€of€the€Convention.€€The€Committee€noted€with€appreciation€theŠ H˜ Šsteps€Nigeria€had€taken€at€the€international€level€to€implement€article€3€of€the€Convention.Š 4„ ŠĢ(c)€€ņņFactors€and€difficulties€impeding€the€application€of€the€ConventionóóŠ  \ ŠĢ324.€€The€Committee€noted€that€the€advent€of€an€elected€government€would€contribute€to€theŠ ä4 Šimprovement€of€the€overall€human€rights€situation€in€the€country,€which,€apart€from€a€rather€tenseŠ Š  Špolitical€situation,€was€also€considerably€influenced€by€a€severe€economic€crisis€and€continuingŠ ¼  ŠŌ_ŌinterethnicŌ_Ō€or€religious€conflicts.Š Øų ŠĢ(d)€ņņ€Principal€subjects€of€concernóóŠ €Š ŠĢ325.€€The€Committee€expressed€its€concern€over€the€ongoing€Ō_ŌinterethnicŌ_Ō€conflicts.€€The€CommitteeŠ X Ø Šwas€particularly€concerned€over€reports€that€the€Nigerian€Police€Force€had,€in€some€circumstancesŠ D!” Šof€violence,€been€ineffective€in€protecting€the€rights€of€civilians.Š 0"€  ŠĢ326.€€The€Committee€found€that€national€legislation,€particularly€Section€50,€paragraph€(d),Š $X" Šsubsection€(21),€of€the€Nigerian€Criminal€Code,€did€not€fully€meet€the€requirements€of€article€4€ofŠ ō$D # Šthe€Convention€and€that€the€provisions€of€article€5€of€the€Convention€were€not€adequatelyŠ ą%0!$ Šimplemented.Š Ģ&"% ŠĢ(e)€€ņņSuggestions€and€recommendationsóóŠ ¤(ō#' ŠĢ327.€€The€Committee€recommended€that€national€legislation€be€brought€into€full€compliance€withŠ |*Ģ%) Šthe€provisions€of€the€Convention,€in€particular€regarding€a€definition€of€racial€discrimination€(articleŠ h+ø&* Š1€of€the€Convention);€prohibition€of€racist€organizations€and€propaganda€activities€that€promote€andŠ T,¤'+ Šincite€racial€discrimination€(article€4€(b)€of€the€Convention);€the€effective€enjoyment€of€the€rights€setŠ @-(, Šforth€in€article€5€of€the€Convention;€and€the€provision€of€effective€protection€and€remedies€toŠ ° Ševeryone€within€the€jurisdiction€of€the€State€party€against€any€acts€of€racial€discrimination€(articleŠ œģ Š6€of€the€Convention).Š ˆŲ ŠĢ328.€€Furthermore,€the€Committee€requested€that€in€its€next€report€the€Government€of€Nigeria€shouldŠ `° Šprovide€it€with€better€data€on€the€ethnic€composition€of€the€society.Š L œ ŠĢ329.€€In€the€light€of€all€information€available€to€it,€the€Committee€found€that€the€actual€situation€inŠ $ t ŠNigeria€warranted€closer€monitoring€of€the€implementation€of€the€Convention€and€decided€to€requestŠ  ` Šthe€Government€of€Nigeria€to€provide€the€Committee€with€additional€information€to€be€consideredŠ ü L  Šby€the€Committee€at€its€spring€session€in€1994.€ŌUK.,US.,ųŌŠ  č 8  Šņ ņŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€€A/50/18€Ō_Ō(1995)ó óŌ_ŌŠ ° ŠĢĢŌUSUK.,Ō598.€€The€thirteenth€periodic€report€of€Nigeria€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/263/Add.3€and€Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/283)€wasŠ tÄ Šconsidered€by€the€Committee€at€its€1115ņņthóó€and€1117ņņthóó€meetings,€held€on€10€and€11€August€1995Š `° Š(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/SR.1114€and€1116).Š L œ ŠĢ599.€€The€report€was€introduced€by€the€representative€of€the€State€party€who€said€that€one€of€theŠ $ t Šmajor€tasks€facing€the€present€administration€which€assumed€power€in€November€1993€was€theŠ  ` Šrestoration€of€law€and€order€among€the€diverse€cultural,€ethnic€and€linguistic€groups€existing€inŠ ü L  ŠNigeria.€€In€doing€so,€the€administration€ensured€that€the€fundamental€human€rights€enshrined€in€theŠ č 8  ŠNigerian€Constitution€of€1979€were€not€unduly€tampered€with.€€It€also€intended€to€announce€aŠ Ō$  ŠŌ_ŌprogrammeŌ_Ō€of€transition€to€democratic€rule€on€1€October€1995.€€The€representative€also€referred€toŠ Ą  Šthe€ethnic€composition€of€his€country€and€to€the€constitutional€provisions€devoted€to€the€recognition,Š ¬ü  Špromotion€and€enforcement€of€the€rights€of€groups€and€individuals.€€He€stated€that€the€FederalŠ ˜č  ŠGovernment€had€made€provision€for€direct€funding€of€the€Local€Government€Councils,€that€it€hadŠ „Ō  Šestablished€an€Oil€Mineral-Producing€Areas€Development€Commission€and€that€the€NigerianŠ pĄ ŠInvestment€Promotion€Commission€Decree€of€1995€was€designed€to€attract€foreign€investment€intoŠ \¬ Šthe€country.Š H˜ ŠĢ600.€€The€representative€further€referred€to€measures€taken€by€its€Government€in€the€educational€fieldŠ  p Šand€for€the€advancement€of€women,€and€stated€that€under€Section€39€of€the€1979€Constitution,Š  \ ŠNigerian€citizens€were€guaranteed€the€enjoyment€of€political€and€civil€rights€without€discrimination.€Š ųH ŠThe€various€rights€enshrined€in€the€Constitution€were€justiciable€and€many€Nigerians€sought€redressŠ ä4 Šin€the€courts€of€law€when€those€rights€were€violated.€€They€were€entitled€to€legal€aid€to€initiateŠ Š  Šproceedings.€€Finally,€he€stated€that€measures€to€ensure€compliance€with€article€7€of€the€ConventionŠ ¼  Šincluded€the€establishment€of€the€Technical€Aid€Corps€Ō_ŌProgrammeŌ_Ō€of€the€Ministry€of€ForeignŠ Øų ŠAffairs,€whereby€young€graduates€volunteered€to€serve€in€developing€countries€for€a€given€period.Š ”ä ŠĢ601.€€Members€of€the€Committee€expressed€appreciation€for€the€readiness€of€the€State€party€toŠ l¼ Šcontinue€the€dialogue€with€the€Committee,€for€its€timely€submission€of€the€report,€and€for€the€highŠ X Ø Šlevel€of€representation€participating€in€the€discussion.€€It€was€observed,€however,€that€Nigeria'sŠ D!” Šreporting€record€showed€a€lack€of€continuity€in€that€questions€asked€in€connection€with€one€reportŠ 0"€  Šhad€not€been€answered€in€subsequent€reports.€€In€addition,€the€Committee€had€received€considerableŠ #l! Šinformation€on€the€legal€framework€but€rather€little€on€actual€practice;€it€was€stressed€that,€inŠ $X" Šreporting,€States€parties€should€go€beyond€a€list€of€legislative€measures€and€should€provideŠ ō$D # Šinformation€on€their€application€in€practice.Š ą%0!$ ŠĢ602.€€In€connection€with€article€1€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€took€note€of€theŠ ø'#& Šdifficulties€encountered€by€the€Federal€Government€of€Nigeria€in€its€efforts€to€promote€harmonyŠ ¤(ō#' Šamong€the€250€ethnic€groups€living€in€the€country,€and€welcomed€the€special€measures€taken€orŠ )ą$( Šplanned€by€the€Government€in€that€regard.€€They€also€noted€that€section€39€(1)€of€the€1979€NigerianŠ |*Ģ%) ŠConstitution€provided€for€the€protection€of€citizens€against€discrimination,€but€did€not€coverŠ h+ø&* Šnon-citizens€or€provide€protection€against€discriminatory€actions€or€practices€outside€theŠ T,¤'+ Šgovernmental€sector.€€In€addition,€it€was€observed€that€it€was€not€clear€which€constitutionalŠ @-(, ŠŌ_Ōprovisions€were€currently€in€force.Š ° ŠĢ603.€€With€regard€to€article€2€of€the€Convention,€reference€was€made€to€numerous€allegations€ofŠ ˆŲ Šdiscrimination€and€other€violations€of€human€rights€on€grounds€of€ethnic€origin€which€had€beenŠ tÄ Šbrought€to€the€attention€of€the€Committee€by€non-governmental€organizations.€€According€to€thoseŠ `° Šallegations,€the€Nigerian€security€forces€would€have€committed€a€series€of€human€rights€abuses,Š L œ Šincluding€killings,€torture€and€massive€arrests,€particularly€against€the€Ogoni€ethnic€group;€theŠ 8 ˆ ŠFederal€Government€was€alleged€to€have€fomented€ethnic€antagonism€and€to€tolerate€a€situation€ofŠ $ t Šimpunity€with€respect€to€the€perpetration€of€human€rights€abuses.€€It€was,€therefore,€asked€whetherŠ  ` Šthere€had€been€any€investigation€on€whether€in€Ogoniland€unlawful€orders€had€been€given,€whatŠ ü L  Šmeasures€the€Government€had€taken€to€consult€ethnic€groups€about€their€grievances,€whether€thereŠ č 8  Šwas€a€problem€of€"tribalism"€in€the€country€and,€if€so,€what€policy€the€Government€was€undertakingŠ Ō$  Što€mitigate€it.€€Detailed€information€was€also€requested€on€the€action€taken€recently€against€theŠ Ą  ŠMovement€for€the€Survival€of€the€Ogoni€People€and,€in€particular,€against€Mr.€Ken€Saro-Wiva,Š ¬ü  Šleader€of€the€Movement€arrested€in€May€1994,€and€against€other€members€of€the€Movement€arrestedŠ ˜č  Šin€August€1995.€€In€addition,€further€details€were€requested€as€to€how€national€integration€was€beingŠ „Ō  Šactively€encouraged,€how€the€Government€viewed€the€aspirations€of€the€various€ethnic€groups€andŠ pĄ Šthe€movements€for€their€survival€and€what€it€was€doing€or€intended€to€do€to€accommodate€theirŠ \¬ Šviews.€€It€was€further€asked€what€measures€were€being€taken€to€preserve€the€identity€of€the€ethnicŠ H˜ Šgroups€affected€by€the€changes€and€deterioration€of€their€environment,€how€the€distribution€ofŠ 4„ Šrevenue€was€actually€regulated€and€why€the€benefits€from€the€use€of€natural€resources€were€notŠ  p Šequitably€shared€among€the€population€as€a€whole€and,€more€particularly,€among€the€people€fromŠ  \ Šwhose€land€they€were€extracted.€€It€was€also€asked€why€the€Nigerian€Government€had€refused€toŠ ųH Šauthorize€a€non-governmental€organization€to€conduct€an€investigation€into€the€situation€inŠ ä4 ŠOgoniland€in€1994.€€It€was€pointed€out,€in€this€connection,€that€a€glaring€discrepancy€existed€betweenŠ Š  Šinformation€on€the€situation€in€Nigeria€contained€in€the€report€and€that€provided€by€reliableŠ ¼  Šnon-governmental€sources.€Š Øų ŠĢ604.€€With€reference€to€article€3€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€acknowledged€theŠ €Š Šleading€role€of€Nigeria€in€the€struggle€against€apartheid€and€in€its€dismantling.€€In€this€connection,Š l¼ Šinformation€was€requested€on€what€Nigeria€was€currently€doing€at€the€international€level€to€honourŠ X Ø Šits€commitment€to€combat€racial€discrimination,€and,€in€particular,€to€provide€assistance€in€manyŠ D!” Šareas€of€Africa€for€the€solution€of€ethnic€conflicts.€Š 0"€  ŠĢ605.€€With€regard€to€article€4€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€pointed€out€that€specificŠ $X" Špenal€provisions€should€be€enacted€by€Nigeria€in€order€to€fully€comply€with€the€provisions€of€thatŠ ō$D # Šarticle,€and€that€precise€information€on€the€progress€made€in€this€regard€should€be€included€inŠ ą%0!$ ŠNigeria's€next€periodic€report.€€It€was€asked,€in€particular,€whether€the€Government€had€concludedŠ Ģ&"% Šits€review€of€how€to€unify€the€Criminal€Code€that€operated€in€the€south€and€the€Penal€Code€thatŠ ø'#& Šoperated€in€the€north€of€the€country,€what€was€the€status€of€the€Convention€in€Nigerian€domestic€lawŠ ¤(ō#' Šand€whether€its€articles€could€be€invoked€directly€before€the€court.€Š )ą$( ŠĢ606.€€With€reference€to€article€5€of€the€Convention€it€was€asked€how€the€verdict€was€determined€inŠ h+ø&* Šcriminal€trials,€whether€there€were€complaints€of€ethnic€bias€in€court€proceedings,€whether€threatsŠ T,¤'+ Šwere€ever€made€to€the€security€of€persons€because€of€their€ethnic€origin€and€how€effective€was€theŠ @-(, Šremedy€obtained€in€the€case€of€discrimination€in€general,€and€discrimination€in€employment,€inŠ ° Šparticular.€€More€information€was€requested€on€the€establishment€and€functioning€of€civilŠ œģ Šdisturbances€special€tribunals€to€try€certain€types€of€offences,€the€judgements€of€which€were€withoutŠ ˆŲ Šappeal.€€It€was€observed€that€because€there€was€no€avenue€of€appeal€from€the€decisions€of€suchŠ tÄ Štribunals€their€operation€might€infringe€the€right€to€equal€treatment€provided€for€by€article€5€(a)€ofŠ `° Šthe€Convention.€€Information€was€also€requested€on€the€reply€of€the€Nigerian€Government€to€theŠ L œ ŠInternational€Labour€Organization€with€regard€to€the€expulsion€of€Chadian€workers,€and€on€anyŠ 8 ˆ Šmeasures€that€prohibit€political€activities€and€limit€press€freedom.€€Information€was€further€requestedŠ $ t Šon€any€plans€affecting€ethnic€relations€that€might€feature€in€the€restoration€of€civilian€rule.Š  ` ŠĢ607.€€Referring€to€article€6€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€wished€to€receiveŠ č 8  Šexamples€of€judgements€passed€in€application€of€section€39€of€the€1979€Constitution€relating€toŠ Ō$  Šmeasures€to€combat€racial€discrimination.€€They€also€wished€to€know€more€about€the€circumstancesŠ Ą  Šin€which€persons€had€applied€to€a€court€for€the€redress€of€alleged€violations€of€fundamental€humanŠ ¬ü  Šrights,€what€action€the€Government€had€taken€in€that€regard,€and€what€was€the€relationship€betweenŠ ˜č  Šthe€Federal€Court€of€Appeal€and€the€Shariah€Court€of€Appeal.€€Information€was€requested€on€theŠ „Ō  ŠLegal€Aid€Scheme€and€the€modifications€made€in€it.€€In€addition,€members€of€the€Committee€wishedŠ pĄ Što€receive€details€of€decrees,€other€enactments€and€court€rulings€relating€to€the€punishment€ofŠ \¬ Šviolations€of€civil€liberties€and€acts€of€racial€discrimination€and€description€of€remedies€available.€Š H˜ ŠĢ608.€€With€regard€to€article€7€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€wished€to€know€how,Š  p Šin€practice,€law€enforcement€officials€were€trained€to€face€situations€of€ethnic€conflict,€how€ethnicŠ  \ Šdiscrimination€was€avoided€in€their€recruitment€and€whether€they€were€given€training€in€the€area€ofŠ ųH Šhuman€rights€and€the€prevention€of€discrimination.€€They€also€wished€to€know€how€the€GovernmentŠ ä4 Šintended€to€foster€the€idea€of€tolerance,€responsibility€and€cooperation€among€ethnic€groups€and€whatŠ Š  Šwas€the€legal€status€of€associations€representing€ethnic€groups.Š ¼  ŠĢ609.€€In€their€replies,€the€representatives€of€Nigeria€stated€that€the€allegations€of€human€rightsŠ ”ä Šviolations€perpetrated€by€the€security€forces€against€the€Movement€for€the€Survival€of€Ogoni€PeopleŠ €Š Šin€general€were€groundless.€€Those€members€of€the€Movement€who€had€been€arrested€were€chargedŠ l¼ Šwith€criminal€offences.€€They€were€part€of€a€group€which€had€transformed€the€originally€peace-lovingŠ X Ø Šand€constitutionally€minded€Movement€into€a€violent€one.€€No€representatives€of€any€organization,Š D!” Šnational€or€international,€had€been€prevented€from€visiting€Ogoniland.€€With€regard€to€the€questionŠ 0"€  Šon€revenue€distribution,€the€representatives€indicated€that€the€trend€was€for€the€FederalŠ #l! ŠGovernments's€share€of€revenue€to€decrease€while€that€of€states€and€local€governments€increased.€Š $X" ŠThey€also€referred€to€various€measures€introduced€by€the€Government€to€minimize€environmentalŠ ō$D # Šdegradation€in€the€areas€where€hydrocarbons€were€extracted.Š ą%0!$ ŠĢ610.€€With€regard€to€article€4€of€the€Convention,€the€representatives€referred€to€the€committee€set€upŠ ø'#& Šby€the€Federal€Government€to€review€and€reform€the€Criminal€Code€and€assured€the€Committee€thatŠ ¤(ō#' Šit€would€be€informed€of€the€results€of€the€review€and€reform€procedure.Š )ą$( ŠĢ611.€€Referring€to€article€5€of€the€Convention,€the€representatives€enumerated€the€fundamentalŠ h+ø&* Šhuman€rights€enshrined€in€the€1979€Constitution€which€had€not€been€suspended€under€military€rule.€Š T,¤'+ ŠThey€also€stated€that€the€establishment€of€the€civil€disturbances€Special€Tribunal€had€been€promptedŠ @-(, Šby€the€level€of€damage€and€the€nature€of€the€crimes€committed€in€the€north€of€the€country.€€TheyŠ ° Šadded€that€the€rights€of€the€defendant€were€the€same€in€all€tribunals€without€exception.€€TheŠ œģ Šrepresentatives€further€stated€that€political€associations€recently€created€would€have€an€opportunityŠ ˆŲ Što€transform€themselves€into€political€parties€in€preparation€for€future€elections,€and€that€freedomŠ tÄ Šof€the€press€was€guaranteed€in€the€country.Š `° ŠĢ612.€€With€reference€to€article€6€of€the€Convention,€the€representatives€indicated€that€under€the€1979Š 8 ˆ ŠConstitution€a€Public€Complaints€Committee€and€a€Code€of€Conduct€Bureau€had€been€established,Š $ t Šboth€of€which€were€still€operating€and€had€authority€to€enforce€their€decisions.€€The€PublicŠ  ` ŠComplaints€Committee€had€wide€powers€to€deal€with€allegations€of€unfair€treatment€of€members€ofŠ ü L  Šthe€public€by€civil€servants€as€well€as€grievances€concerning€both€public€and€private€enterprises€andŠ č 8  Šemployers.Š Ō$  ŠĢņņConcluding€observationsóóŠ ¬ü  ŠĢ613.€€At€its€1125ņņthóó€meeting,€held€on€17€August€1995,€the€Committee€adopted€the€followingŠ „Ō  Šconcluding€observations:Š pĄ ŠĢ(a)€€ņņIntroductionóóŠ H˜ ŠĢ614.€€The€will€and€the€readiness€of€the€State€party€to€continue€the€dialogue€with€the€Committee€areŠ  p Šwelcomed.€€The€regularity€of€the€submission€of€reports€by€the€State€party,€in€accordance€with€articleŠ  \ Š9€(1)€of€the€Convention€is€appreciated.€€The€attendance€of€a€high-level€delegation€and€the€furtherŠ ųH Šinformation€submitted€are€also€welcomed.€Š ä4 ŠĢ615.€€It€is€noted€that€the€State€party€has€not€made€the€declaration€provided€for€in€article€14,€and€someŠ ¼  Šmembers€requested€that€the€possibility€of€such€a€declaration€be€considered.Š Øų ŠĢ(b)€€ņņPositive€aspectsóóŠ €Š ŠĢ616.€€The€recognition€by€the€delegation€of€the€existence€in€Nigeria€of€more€than€250€groupsŠ X Ø Šdistinguished€by€ethnic€origin€and€the€preoccupation€of€the€Government€to€assure€harmonious€andŠ D!” Špeaceful€relations€between€these€groups€are€well€noted.Š 0"€  ŠĢ617.€€The€leading€part€played€by€Nigeria€in€the€struggle€against€apartheid€is€acknowledged€withŠ $X" Šsatisfaction.Š ō$D # ŠĢ618.€€The€Nigerian€educational€programmes€which€implement€the€provisions€of€article€7€of€theŠ Ģ&"% ŠConvention€are€welcomed.Š ø'#& ŠĢ619.€€Since€some€ethnic€tensions€have€been€associated€with€ecological€changes,€the€CommitteeŠ )ą$( Šwelcomed€the€statement€on€the€action€taken€to€ameliorate€the€ecological€and€developmental€situationŠ |*Ģ%) Šin€the€oil€producing€areas€of€the€country,€including€the€establishment€of€the€Oil€Mineral€ProducingŠ h+ø&* ŠAreas€Development€Commission€and€the€direct€allocation€of€compensatory€payments.Š T,¤'+ ŠŠ @-(, Š(c)€€ņņPrincipal€subjects€of€concernóóŠ ° ŠĢ620.€€Concern€is€expressed€that€the€record€of€Nigeria's€reporting€shows€that€many€questions€raisedŠ ˆŲ Šin€connection€with€previous€reports€have€not€been€fully€answered€in€subsequent€reports.Š tÄ ŠĢ621.€€It€is€noted€that€not€all€the€grounds€of€discrimination€listed€in€article€1€(1)€of€the€Convention€areŠ L œ Šcovered€by€the€Constitution€and€legislation€of€the€State€party.Š 8 ˆ ŠĢ622.€€Concern€is€expressed€at€the€delay€in€introducing€legislation€in€implementation€of€the€provisionsŠ  ` Šof€article€4€of€the€Convention.Š ü L  ŠĢ623.€€Concern€is€expressed€that€while€the€report€and€the€further€information€describe€the€legalŠ Ō$  Šframework€for€action€against€racial€discrimination,€little€is€said€about€the€implementation€in€practiceŠ Ą  Šof€the€relevant€provisions.Š ¬ü  ŠĢ624.€€Concern€is€expressed€that€in€circumstances€such€as€those€of€Nigeria,€in€which€political€andŠ „Ō  Šreligious€differences€may€easily€be€associated€with€ethnic€differences,€any€breakdown€in€law€andŠ pĄ Šorder€can€exacerbate€ethnic€tension.€Š \¬ ŠĢ625.€€Concern€is€expressed€over€allegations€that€agents€of€the€Government€have€contributed€to€ethnicŠ 4„ Šantagonisms€in€the€course€of€attempts€to€maintain€law€and€order,€particularly€in€the€Rivers€State.Š  p ŠĢ626.€€Concern€is€expressed€about€the€training€of€law€enforcement€officials€in€accordance€with€theŠ ųH ŠCommittee's€General€Recommendation€XIII.Š ä4 ŠĢ627.€€Particular€concern€is€expressed€that€Decree€12€(Federal€Military€Government€Supremacy€andŠ ¼  ŠEnforcement€Decree,€1994),€that€states€"no€act€of€the€federal€military€government€may€be€questionedŠ Øų Šhenceforth€in€a€court€of€law"€and€which€ousts€"courts€of€jurisdiction"€can€adversely€affectŠ ”ä Šproceedings€invoking€protection€against€racial€discrimination.€Š €Š ŠĢ628.€€Particular€concern€is€also€expressed€that€trial€by€Special€Tribunals,€some€of€them€with€no€rightŠ X Ø Šof€appeal,€could€counter€the€right€to€equality€before€the€law,€without€distinction€as€to€ethnic€origin,Š D!” Šin€accordance€with€article€5€of€the€Convention.Š 0"€  ŠĢ(d)€€ņņSuggestions€and€recommendationsóóŠ $X" ŠĢ629.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€in€its€next€periodic€report€the€State€party€should€describe€theŠ ą%0!$ Šactions€it€has€taken€against€individuals€or€groups€which€cause€disaffection€against€ethnic€groups€andŠ Ģ&"% Što€defend€the€rights€of€their€members.€Š ø'#& ŠĢ630.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€in€the€course€of€its€current€review€of€its€legislation,€theŠ )ą$( ŠGovernment€give€the€necessary€attention€to€measures€designed€to€meet€the€requirements€of€articlesŠ |*Ģ%) Š1€(1)€and€4€of€the€Convention.Š h+ø&* ŠĢ631.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€Government€review€the€effectiveness€of€the€protectionŠ @-(, Šit€provides€against€racial€discrimination€in€the€enjoyment€of€civil,€political,€economic,€social€andŠ ° Šcultural€rights€in€accordance€with€article€5€of€the€Convention.Š œģ ŠĢ632.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€investigate€situations€of€ethnic€disorder€andŠ tÄ Šthe€causes€thereof,€including€any€possible€unlawful€orders,€with€a€view€to€taking€the€necessaryŠ `° Šremedial€measures€in€accordance€with€the€Convention€and€to€ensure€that€no€one€can€act€withŠ L œ Šimpunity€in€these€circumstances.€Š 8 ˆ ŠĢ633.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€Government,€when€promoting€projects€of€economicŠ  ` Šdevelopment,€undertake€the€necessary€measures€to€effectively€protect€the€identity€of€ethnic€groupsŠ ü L  Šin€the€areas€concerned.Š č 8  ŠĢ634.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€Government€review€the€effectiveness€of€the€recourseŠ Ą  Šmeasures€which€should€be€available€to€all€persons€within€their€jurisdiction€in€accordance€with€articleŠ ¬ü  Š6.Š ˜č  ŠĢ635.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€ratify€the€amendments€to€article€8,€paragraphŠ pĄ Š6,€of€the€Convention,€adopted€by€the€fourteenth€meeting€of€States€parties.Š \¬ ŠĢ636.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party's€fourteenth€periodic€report,€due€on€5€JanuaryŠ 4„ Š1996,€will€be€submitted€in€due€time.Š  p ŠĢŌUK.,US.,IaŌ