ÿWPC-  ؾ'º9A3êiëùRÔ?„ñºë ApÁkg+êcë˜fL»µˆ‚VGôõï œyª_ýLŠå×yPÐAznû!·’8ø‘€ÚtuRãR—Ÿ+5ãDú†‹ƒíu5Ú%¨Ð†”kò;ËWŽùÛàÙMݶF“CAB€¦Xk¯(¡Cï®?)¨U$,Jq&ÏuêØúÚ±‹ñ¾LA\k€¿leÿ2ÃUôNêŸÎÀyOŽ{› ´äÀ®øá—˜o¢éÌ0êHºvÉfÞtëiVæÜ —°½[à,]„ö<ôÔ™w[%E›ÿàïÜE}ÞB*éþ°’ž=í¬:} \9¿nû qÅSñ÷°ŠÖÙä}ÕNÛ“—Š-ÇšœÑÁ®Ÿ–)Ò˜Û§ëSNñfAF‡q˜Û6!7®tUÊ/I¸h1.û¨PÁ±ïòŸ1£ø7@͉8Îh…€´:"î U >Ë Ë Ë U@ 0 VI I 0 VŸ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ 08õ ˜\\YORK_UNIVERSITY\q_hrts_hp4000tnØÚØÚÚØØÚ0(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(J¨$¡¡Ó  ÓÔ€XïXXXÔÔ€XïXXXïÔd6— ²YZ6MAJTAB63|x ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ4‹‹ÿÿ2ParaNo. Ó8.‰‰ï9 ‘ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$8ÓÔS‡ô\  `&Times New RomanSÔÓ8.‰‰á9 ‘ éA™ñI¡ùQ©!$8ÓÔS‡ô\  `&Times New RomanSÔ<SSÿÿ:Footnote TexÔS‡ô\  `&Times New RomanSÔÔS‡ô\  `&Times New RomanSÔô\  `&Times New Romanô\  `‹&Times New Roman(ÖÃ9 Z‹(Times New Roman 6 ÿÿ4Heading 3ò òÔ  ÔÔ  Ôó ó6 ÿÿ4Heading 5òòÔ  ÔÔ  Ôóó<~~ÿÿ:Footnote RefÔ US ÔÔ‡XXXÔÔS‡ô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔò òòòÔ UK Ôó óóóÔS‡ô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔÔ‡XXXÔÝ ƒ¨!ÝÓ  ÓÔ€XðXXXÔÔ€XðXXXðÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òÔ‡¼¯»XXðÔÓ  ÓPERUÔ#†XðX»¼¯x#ÔÔ‡XðXXXðÔÔUKUS.,ÔÐ ° ÐÓ—ÓÌÔ#†XðXXXðÊ#ÔCAT€€Article€20€Examinations€Re:€Systematic€TortureÔUS.,UK.,éÔÔUKUS.,ÔÔ‡XðXXXðÔÐ ° ÐÌCAT,€A/55/44€(2000)ÔUS.,UK.,‘ÔÐ ˆØ Ðó óÔUKUS.,ÔÓ  ÓÌÓ  ÓV.€ACTIVITIES€OF€THE€COMMITTEE€UNDER€ARTICLE€20€OF€THE€CONVENTIONÐ ` ° ÐÌÔUS.,UK.,ÔÓ<ÓÓ  ÓÔUKUS.,Ô.€.€.Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌB.€òòInquiry€on€PeruóóÐ `  ÐÔUS.,UK.,ÕÔÔUKUS.,ÔÌÔUS.,UK.,IÔÔUKUS.,Ô219.€On€17€November€1999,€the€Committee€decided€to€include€in€its€annual€report€the€informationÐ è8  Ðappearing€below.Ð Ô$  ÐÔUS.,UK.,vÔÔUKUS.,ÔÌÔUS.,UK.,;ÔÔUKUS.,Ô220.€At€its€fourteenth€session,€in€April€1995,€the€Committee€examined€in€closed€session€informationÐ ¬ü  Ðon€allegations€of€systematic€practice€of€torture€in€Peru€which€had€been€communicated€to€it€by€non„Ð ˜è Ðgovernmental€organizations,€pursuant€to€article€20€of€the€Convention.Ð „Ô ÐÔUS.,UK.,hÔÔUKUS.,ÔÌÔUS.,UK.,ÝÔÔUKUS.,Ô221.€The€Committee€considered€that€the€information€appeared€to€be€reliable€and€that€it€containedÐ \¬ Ðwell„founded€indications€that€torture€was€being€systematically€practised€in€Peru.€€The€CommitteeÐ H˜ Ðinvited€the€State€party€to€cooperate€in€the€examination€of€the€information€and€subsequently€in€theÐ 4„ Ðconfidential€inquiry€that€it€had€decided€to€establish.€€The€Committee€is€satisfied€with€the€manner€inÐ  p Ðwhich€Peru€cooperated€throughout€the€procedure.Ð  \ ÐÌÔUS.,UK., ÔÔUKUS.,Ô222.€The€Committee€designated€for€the€inquiry€two€of€its€members.€€With€the€agreement€of€theÐ ä4 ÐGovernment€of€Peru,€the€two€Committee€members€visited€Peru€from€29€August€to€13€SeptemberÐ Ð  Ð1998.Ð ¼  ÐÔUS.,UK.,VÔÔUKUS.,ÔÌÔUS.,UK.,{ ÔÔUKUS.,Ô223.€The€Committee€completed€its€inquiry€in€May€1999€and€transmitted€its€report€with€conclusionsÐ ”ä Ðand€recommendations€to€the€Government€of€Peru€on€26€May€1999.Ð € Ð ÐÔUS.,UK.,¨ ÔÔUKUS.,ÔÌÔUS.,UK.,› ÔÔUKUS.,Ô224.€In€November€1999,€the€Committee€decided€to€postpone€any€decision€about€the€publication€ofÐ X"¨  Ðits€summary€account€of€the€inquiry.Ð D#”! ÐÔ#†XðXXXð£#ÔÔUS.,UK.,È ÔÓÉÓÐ  0$€" Ðò òCAT,€€A/56/44€(2001)ó óÐ ° ÐÌV.€€ACTIVITIES€OF€THE€COMMITTEE€UNDER€ARTICLE€20€OF€THE€CONVENTIONÐ ˆØ ÐÌ...Ð `° ÐÌB.€òòSummary€account€of€the€results€of€the€proceedings€concerning€the€inquiry€on€PeruóóÐ 8 ˆ ÐÓ  ÓÌÔ‡XðXXXðÔòòIntroductionóóÐ  ` ÐÌ144.€€Peru€ratified€the€Convention€against€Torture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€TreatmentÐ è 8  Ðor€Punishment€on€7July1988.€€At€the€time€of€ratification€it€did€not€declare€that€it€did€not€recognizeÐ Ô$  Ðthe€competence€of€the€Committee€provided€for€in€article20€of€the€Convention.€€The€possibility€ofÐ À  Ðmaking€such€a€reservation€is€provided€for€by€article28,€paragraph1,€of€the€Convention.€€TheÐ ¬ü  Ðprocedure€under€article20€is€therefore€applicable€to€Peru.Ð ˜è  ÐÌ145.€€The€application€to€Peru€of€the€confidential€procedure€provided€for€in€article20,€paragraphs€1„4,Ð pÀ Ðof€the€Convention€began€in€April1995€and€ended€in€May1999.€€In€accordance€with€article20,Ð \¬ Ðparagraph5,€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee,€after€holding€consultations€withthe€State€partyÐ H˜ Ðconcerned€on€15November1999,€decided,€on€16€May€2001,€during€its€twenty„sixth€session,€toÐ 4„ Ðinclude€in€the€annual€report€it€is€to€submit€to€the€GeneralAssembly€in2001€the€following€summaryÐ  p Ðof€the€results€of€the€inquiry€on€Peru.€€The€decision€was€taken€unanimously.Ð  \ ÐÌòòDevelopment€of€the€procedureóóÐ ä4 ÐÌ146.€€In€April€1995,€the€Committee€considered€in€closed€session€information€on€complaints€of€theÐ ¼  Ðsystematic€practice€of€torture€in€Peru€which€had€been€communicated€to€it,€pursuant€to€article20€ofÐ ¨ø Ðthe€Convention,€by€Human€Rights€Watch,€a€non-governmental€organization.€€It€recalled€that,€in€theÐ ”ä Ðconclusions€and€recommendations€it€had€adopted€on€9November1994€at€the€end€of€its€considerationÐ €Ð Ðof€the€initial€report€of€Peru,€it€had€stated:€€ð ðOne€cause€for€serious€concern€is€the€large€number€ofÐ l¼ Ðcomplaints€from€both€non-governmental€organizations€and€international€agencies€or€commissionsÐ X ¨ Ðindicating€that€torture€is€being€used€extensively€in€connection€with€the€investigation€of€acts€ofÐ D!” Ðterrorism€and€that€those€responsible€are€going€unpunished.ðð€€The€Committee€instructed€one€of€itsÐ 0"€  Ðmembers,€Mr.€Ricardo€Gil€Ô_ÔLavedraÔ_Ô,€to€Ô_ÔanalyseÔ_Ô€the€information€and€to€propose€further€action.Ð #l! ÐÌ147.€€In€August€1995,€the€Ô_ÔCoordinadoraÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔNacionalÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔDerechosÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔHumanosÔ_Ô,€a€PeruvianÐ ô$D # Ðnon-governmental€body€comprising€some€60€non„governmental€organizations,€also€sent€theÐ à%0!$ ÐCommittee€complaints€about€systematic€torture€in€that€State€party.Ð Ì&"% ÐÌ148.€€In€November€1995,€the€Committee€decided€to€request€the€Government€of€Peru€to€give€its€ownÐ ¤(ô#' Ðview€on€the€reliability€of€the€information€received.Ð )à$( ÐÌ149.€€In€May€1996,€the€Committee€instructed€another€of€its€members,€Mr.€Ô_ÔAlejandroÔ_ÔÐ h+¸&* ÐÔ_ÔGonzlezÔ_ÔÔ_ÔPobleteÔ_Ô€(Mr.€Gil€Ô_ÔLavedraÔ_Ô€had€not€been€re„elected€as€a€Committee€member),€to€determine,Ð T,¤'+ Ðon€the€basis€of€the€information€received€from€the€above„mentioned€non„governmental€sources€andÐ @-(, Ðthe€Governmentððs€observations,€whether€it€should€continue€to€apply€the€procedure€provided€for€underÐ ° Ðarticle20€of€the€Convention.Ð œì ÐÌ150.€€In€November€1996,€the€Committee€concluded€that€the€information€received€was€reliable€andÐ tÄ Ðcontained€well„founded€indications€that€torture,€as€defined€in€article1€of€the€Convention,€was€beingÐ `° Ðsystematically€Ô_ÔpractisedÔ_Ô€in€Peru.€€It€therefore€invited€the€State€party€to€submit€its€observations€on€theÐ L œ Ðsubstance€of€the€information€received.Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌ151.€€In€May€1997,€the€Committee€requested€the€Government€also€to€submit€its€observations€on€newÐ  ` Ðcomplaints€of€torture€which€had€been€brought€to€its€attention€by€Human€Rights€Watch€and€theÐ ü L  ÐÔ_ÔCoordinadoraÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔNacionalÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔDerechosÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔHumanosÔ_Ô€in€recent€months.€€Two€Committee€members,€Mr.Ð è 8  ÐÔ_ÔGonzlezÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔPobleteÔ_Ô€and€Mr.€Bent€Ô_ÔSrensenÔ_Ô,€agreed€to€follow€the€development€of€the€procedure.Ð Ô$  ÐÌ152.€€The€Government€of€Peru€subsequently€submitted€its€observations€and€requested€a€privateÐ ¬ü  Ðmeeting€between€its€representatives€and€Mr.€Ô_ÔGonzlezÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔPobleteÔ_Ô€and€Mr.€Ô_ÔSrensenÔ_Ô.€€The€meeting€wasÐ ˜è  Ðheld€in€the€UnitedNations€Office€at€Geneva€on€6€November€1997.Ð „Ô  ÐÌ153.€€On€20€November€1997,€during€its€nineteenth€session,€the€Committee€decided€to€conduct€aÐ \¬ Ðconfidential€inquiry,€designated€Mr.€Ô_ÔGonzlezÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔPobleteÔ_Ô€and€Mr.€Ô_ÔSrensenÔ_Ô€for€that€purpose,€invitedÐ H˜ Ðthe€Peruvian€Government€to€cooperate€in€the€inquiry€and€requested€it€to€agree€to€a€visittoPeru€byÐ 4„ Ðthe€designated€Committee€members.€€The€visit€was€agreed€to€and€took€place€from31August€to€13Ð  p ÐSeptember€1998.€€In€the€meantime,€the€Committee€continued€to€transmit€tothe€GovernmentÐ  \ Ðsummaries€of€complaints€received,€including€individual€cases,€and€to€request€information€on€them.€Ð øH ÐBetween1996€and1998,€the€Committee€transmitted€a€total€of€517cases€alleged€to€have€occurred€inÐ ä4 Ðthe€period€between€August1988€and€December1997.Ð Ð  ÐÌ154.€€The€Committee€members€making€the€inquiry€submitted€an€oral€report€to€the€Committee€inÐ ¨ø ÐNovember1998€and€a€written€report€in€May1999.€€Also€in€May1999,€the€Committee€decided€toÐ ”ä Ðendorse€the€report€and€transmit€it€to€the€State€party.€€This€was€done€on€26May1999.Ð €Ð ÐÌ155.€€In€November1999,€the€Committee€considered€the€Governmentððs€response€to€the€conclusionsÐ X ¨ Ðand€recommendations€contained€in€the€report€and,€on€15November1999,€it€consultedÐ D!” Ðrepresentatives€of€the€Government€concerning€the€possibility€of€including€a€summary€account€of€theÐ 0"€  Ðresults€of€the€inquiry€in€the€Committeeððs€annual€report,€as€required€by€article20,€paragraph5,€of€theÐ #l! ÐConvention.€€The€Committee€nevertheless€decided€to€postpone€the€adoption€of€a€decision€on€thisÐ $X" Ðmatter€and€to€request€the€State€party€to€provide€additional€information€on€the€implementation€of€theÐ ô$D # ÐCommitteeððs€recommendations€before€1September2000.€€Lastly,€the€Committee€decided€to€mentionÐ à%0!$ Ðin€the€annual€report€it€was€to€submit€to€the€GeneralAssembly€in2000€that€it€had€conducted€anÐ Ì&"% Ðinquiry€under€article20€of€the€Convention€in€connection€with€Peru.Ð ¸'#& ÐÌ156.€€The€State€party€sent€the€Committee€the€information€requested€on€1SeptemberÐ )à$( Ðand16October2000,€and€sent€additional€information€on€21December2000€and7February2001.Ð |*Ì%) ÐÌòòConclusions€contained€in€the€report€of€the€Committee€members€who€made€the€inquiryóóÐ T,¤'+ ÐÐ @-(, Ð157.€€As€indicated€above,€the€Committee€members€who€made€the€inquiry€submitted€their€writtenÐ ° Ðreport€in€May1999.€€The€report€contains€the€conclusions€set€out€in€detail€below.Ð œì ÐÌòòComplaints€received€during€the€inquiryóóÐ tÄ ÐÌòòObservationsóóÐ L œ ÐÌ158.€€The€Committee€received€extensive€information€from€non„governmental€organizations€duringÐ $ t Ðthe€inquiry,€basically€concerning€cases€of€persons€with€whom€it€had€Ô_ÔhadÔ_Ô€some€form€of€contact€andÐ  ` Ðwho€claimed€to€have€been€victims€of€torture.€€A€large€number€of€such€cases€involved€persons€whoÐ ü L  Ðhad€been€arrested€in€the€context€of€activities€by€the€security€forces€against€armed€insurgent€groups,Ð è 8  Ðand€a€number€of€others€concerned€persons€arrested€in€the€course€of€investigations€of€ordinaryÐ Ô$  Ðoffences.€€People€in€the€former€group€claimed€that€they€had€been€tortured€by€members€of€the€anti„Ð À  Ðterrorist€branch€of€the€National€Police€or€by€the€army,€while€those€in€the€latter€group€blamed€policeÐ ¬ü  Ðofficers.€€In€both€cases€the€goal€was€basically€to€obtain€information€that€might€be€of€use€in€the€policeÐ ˜è  Ðinvestigation.Ð „Ô  ÐÌ159.€€Their€visit€to€the€country€enabled€the€Committee€members€to€delve€further€into€the€subject€ofÐ \¬ Ðtheir€inquiry.€€They€talked€with€representatives€of€non„governmental€organizations,€lawyers,€judgesÐ H˜ Ðand€prosecutors,€who€agreed€that€torture€was€widespread€and€referred€to€new€cases€or€elaborated€onÐ 4„ Ðcases€with€which€the€Committee€was€already€familiar€but€which€stood€out€because€of€their€impactÐ  p Ðon€public€opinion€or€their€value€as€indicators€of€the€extent€and€characteristics€of€torture.€€TheÐ  \ ÐCommittee€members€were€also€able€to€compare€that€information€with€oral€testimony€received€fromÐ øH Ðpeople€who€were€in€detention€at€the€time€or€had€been€detained€in€the€past.€€Some€of€the€people€withÐ ä4 Ðwhom€the€Committee€members€spoke€were€contacted€through€non„governmental€organizations,Ð Ð  Ðwhile€some€of€those€in€detention€were€selected€at€random.€€Many€of€the€persons€interviewed€whoÐ ¼  Ðclaimed€to€have€been€tortured€were€examined€by€the€doctors€taking€part€in€the€mission,€whoÐ ¨ø Ðconcluded,€in€the€great€majority€of€cases,€that€the€allegations€were€consistent€with€the€presence€orÐ ”ä Ðabsence€of€physical€signs€of€torture.€€The€Ombudsman€and€his€staff€expressed€their€concern€at€theÐ €Ð Ðpractice€of€torture€in€Peru€to€the€Committee€members.Ð l¼ ÐÌ160.€€On€the€basis€of€the€information€thus€obtained,€the€Committee€members€noted€that€the€numberÐ D!” Ðof€cases€had€decreased€in€1997„1998.€€The€above„mentioned€sources€confirmed€that€decrease,€whichÐ 0"€  Ðwas€linked€to€the€decrease€in€the€number€of€persons€detained€in€the€context€of€activities€againstÐ #l! Ðsubversive€groups,€due€in€turn€to€the€significant€decrease€in€the€activities€of€such€groups.€€DecreaseÐ $X" Ðdoes€not€mean€disappearance,€however,€since€the€Committee€has€continued€to€receive€informationÐ ô$D # Ðabout€cases€allegedly€occurring€in€1997„1998.€€The€Committee€members€also€noted,€on€the€basis€ofÐ à%0!$ Ðthe€information€received,€that€torture€of€persons€detained€in€the€course€of€investigations€of€ordinaryÐ Ì&"% Ðoffences€was€a€problem€that€some€sources€described€as€endemic,€although€its€particular€features€hadÐ ¸'#& Ðnot€earned€it€the€same€attention€as€the€torture€of€persons€accused€of€terrorism.Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌ161.€€The€Committee€members€were€able€to€compare€the€information€thus€received€with€informationÐ |*Ì%) Ðprovided€by€the€Government.€€The€latter€information€was€provided€in€both€written€and€oral€form.€Ð h+¸&* ÐThe€written€information€consisted€basically€of€replies€concerning€individual€cases€communicatedÐ T,¤'+ Ðby€the€Committee.€€The€Committee€members€noted€that,€according€to€those€replies,€those€responsibleÐ @-(, Ðhad€been€punished€in€some€cases,€but€virtually€only€when€the€victim€had€died.€€Punishment,Ð ° Ðmoreover,€was€too€mild€in€comparison€with€the€offence.€€The€Committee€members€noted€that€in€aÐ œì Ðlarge€number€of€cases€the€Government€provided€no€information€or€stated€that€there€was€noÐ ˆØ Ðinformation€on€file€with€the€competent€authorities.€€Also€in€a€large€number€of€cases,€the€GovernmentÐ tÄ Ðprovided€background€information€on€the€detention€and€trial€of€the€alleged€victim€but€made€noÐ `° Ðreference€to€the€allegations€of€torture.Ð L œ ÐÌ162.€€The€Committee€members€were€able€to€talk€with€government€officials€before€and€during€theirÐ $ t Ðvisit€to€the€country.€€Those€officials€stated€that€when€anti„insurgent€activities€had€been€at€their€heightÐ  ` Ðsome€abuses€had€been€committed,€but€such€abuses€had€been€the€exception,€punishment€had€beenÐ ü L  Ðimposed€and€measures€had€been€taken€to€ensure€that€they€did€not€recur.Ð è 8  ÐÌòòConclusionsóóÐ À  ÐÌ163.€€In€the€opinion€of€the€Committee€members,€the€large€number€of€complaints€of€torture,€whichÐ ˜è  Ðhave€not€been€refuted€by€the€information€provided€by€the€authorities,€and€the€similarity€of€the€cases,Ð „Ô  Ðin€particular€the€circumstances€under€which€persons€are€subjected€to€torture€and€its€objectives€andÐ pÀ Ðmethods,€indicate€that€torture€is€not€an€occasional€occurrence€but€has€been€systematically€used€as€aÐ \¬ Ðmethod€of€investigation.€€In€this€regard,€the€members€of€the€Committee€recall€the€views€expressedÐ H˜ Ðby€the€Committee€in€November€1993€on€the€main€factors€that€indicate€that€torture€is€systematicallyÐ 4„ ÐÔ_ÔpractisedÔ_Ô€in€a€State€party.€€These€views€are€as€follows:Ð  p ÐÌð ðThe€Committee€considers€that€torture€is€Ô_ÔpractisedÔ_Ô€systematically€when€it€is€apparent€that€the€tortureÐ øH Ðcases€reported€have€not€occurred€fortuitously€in€a€particular€place€or€at€a€particular€time,€but€are€seenÐ ä4 Ðto€be€habitual,€widespread€and€deliberate€in€at€least€a€considerable€part€of€the€territory€of€the€countryÐ Ð  Ðin€question.€€Torture€may€in€fact€be€of€a€systematic€character€without€resulting€from€the€directÐ ¼  Ðintention€of€a€Government.€€It€may€be€the€consequence€of€factors€which€the€Government€hasÐ ¨ø Ðdifficulty€in€controlling,€and€its€existence€may€indicate€a€discrepancy€between€policy€as€determinedÐ ”ä Ðby€the€central€Government€and€its€implementation€by€the€local€administration.€€Inadequate€legislationÐ €Ð Ðwhich€in€practice€allows€room€for€the€use€of€torture€may€also€add€to€the€systematic€nature€of€thisÐ l¼ Ðpractice.ððÐ X ¨ ÐÌÝ‚ ÿÿÿÝò òÔ  ÔÝ  Ýó óÔ& Ø ÔÝ‚ ÿÿÿ¤HÝÝ  ÝòòLegal€issuesóó݃ ¤HÞHÝÔ th·HԌР0"€  ÐŒÝ  ÝÔ'Ø0"ÒHÔÌòòObservationsóóÐ $X" ÐÌ164.€€The€Committee€members€noted€that,€despite€the€existence€of€constitutional€provisionsÐ à%0!$ Ðprotecting€them,€the€rights€of€detained€persons€have€been€undermined€by€the€anti„terrorist€legislation,Ð Ì&"% Ðmost€of€which€was€adopted€in€1992€and€is€still€in€force,€and€which€makes€detainees€particularlyÐ ¸'#& Ðvulnerable€to€torture.€€At€the€same€time,€the€rights€of€persons€detained€for€ordinary€crimes€have€alsoÐ ¤(ô#' Ðbeen€undermined€under€the€legislation€adopted€in1998€on€a€series€of€particularly€serious€offences.€Ð )à$( ÐAspects€such€as€the€extension€of€the€armed€forcesðð€powers€of€detention,€the€length€of€pre„trialÐ |*Ì%) Ðdetention,€incommunicado€detention€in€police€custody,€the€weakening€of€the€role€of€the€PublicÐ h+¸&* ÐProsecutorððs€Office€in€conducting€police€investigations€and€ensuring€respect€for€the€rights€ofÐ T,¤'+ Ðdetainees,€the€probative€value€given€to€police€reports,€the€limitations€on€the€habeas€corpus€procedureÐ @-(, Ðand€on€legal€assistance€to€detainees,€and€the€poor€medical€follow„up€of€persons€detained€are€mattersÐ ° Ðof€particular€concern€to€the€Committee€members€and€should€be€the€subject€of€corrective€legislation.€Ð œì ÐThe€existence€of€the€1998€legislation€leads€the€Committee€members€to€conclude€that€torture€has€beenÐ ˆØ Ðoccurring€with€the€authoritiesðð€acquiescence.€€The€Committee€members€also€noted€the€high€degreeÐ tÄ Ðof€impunity€enjoyed€by€those€responsible€for€acts€of€torture,€impunity€which€was€significantlyÐ `° Ðincorporated€into€the€1995€amnesty€legislation.Ð L œ ÐÌòòConclusionsóóÐ $ t ÐÌ165.€€In€the€Committee€membersðð€opinion,€it€will€not€be€possible€to€eradicate€torture€in€Peru€withoutÐ ü L  Ðradical€changes€in€this€area.€€Although€the€adoption€in€1998€of€legislation€defining€the€offence€ofÐ è 8  Ðtorture€and€clearly€establishing€jurisdictional€rules€is€a€positive€step,€past€cases€must€not€goÐ Ô$  Ðunpunished.€€Furthermore,€criminal€aspects€are€not€the€only€ones€that€must€be€given€attention.€€It€isÐ À  Ðalso€imperative€to€take€legislative€measures€for€reparation€and€compensation€of€the€victims.Ð ¬ü  ÐÌ166.€€In€the€Committee€membersðð€opinion,€the€legislation€in€force€contains€a€series€of€weaknessesÐ „Ô  Ðwhich€hinder€the€practical€implementation€of€the€obligations€established€by€the€Convention,€as€itÐ pÀ Ðprovides€little€protection€against€torture€under€criminal€law,€impedes€the€investigation€of€complaintsÐ \¬ Ðand€fosters€impunity€for€the€guilty,€all€of€which€is€attested€by€the€small€number€of€judicialÐ H˜ Ðinvestigations€of€cases€of€torture€and€the€even€smaller€number€of€government€employees€who€haveÐ 4„ Ðbeen€punished.Ð  p ÐÌ167.€€With€regard€to€the€time€limits€for€pre„trial€detention,€although€the€Constitution€authorizes€theÐ øH Ðextension€of€the€time€limit€by€decision€of€the€police€authorities€in€cases€of€terrorism,€espionage€andÐ ä4 Ðillicit€drug€trafficking,€there€should€be€a€government€decision€limiting€that€authority€to€the€pointÐ Ð  Ðwhere€the€time€limit€provided€for€in€article€2,€paragraph24€(j),€of€the€Constitution€is€re„establishedÐ ¼  Ðfor€all€offences.€€The€limitation€of€the€duration€of€incommunicado€detention€provided€for€in€articleÐ ¨ø Ð133€of€the€Code€of€Penal€Procedure€should€also€be€fully€enforced€for€all€types€of€offences.Ð ”ä ÐÌ168.€€Medical€examinations€of€all€detainees,€whichever€authority€has€effected€the€detention,€shouldÐ l¼ Ðbe€made€mandatory.€€The€Government€should€provide€the€human€and€material€resources€to€ensureÐ X ¨ Ðthat€this€is€done.€€The€initial€examination€should€take€place€within€24€hours€of€the€time€of€detentionÐ D!” Ðand€further€examinations€should€be€performed€whenever€the€prisoner€is€transferred€and€on€release.Ð 0"€  ÐÌ169.€€Similarly,€judges€should€order€an€immediate€prior€examination€of€detainees€as€soon€as€the€latterÐ $X" Ðare€brought€before€them.€€When€making€their€first€statement,€detainees€should€be€explicitly€askedÐ ô$D # Ðwhether€they€have€been€subjected€to€torture€or€other€cruel,€inhuman€or€degrading€treatment.€€FailureÐ à%0!$ Ðto€ask€should€invalidate€the€accusedððs€statement.€€Similarly,€any€physician€examining€a€personÐ Ì&"% Ðdetained€or€being€released€should€question€him€or€her€specifically€about€torture,€take€the€answer€intoÐ ¸'#& Ðaccount€in€conducting€the€medical€examination,€and€include€both€the€question€and€answer€in€theÐ ¤(ô#' Ðmedical€report.Ð )à$( ÐÌ170.€€Any€provision€that€is€in€contradiction€with€the€constitutionally-vested€power€of€the€PublicÐ h+¸&* ÐProsecutorððs€Office€to€investigate€any€offence€from€the€outset€should€be€repealed€and€substantialÐ T,¤'+ Ðpenalties€should€be€established€for€any€interference€with€the€exercise€of€this€power.€€To€that€end,€theÐ @-(, ÐGovernment€should€grant€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€the€human€and€material€resources€neededÐ ° Ðto€exercise€this€power€effectively€throughout€the€country.Ð œì ÐÌ171.€€The€public€defender€service€should€be€given€the€legal€powers€and€human€and€materialÐ tÄ Ðresources€necessary€for€ensuring€that€every€detainee€is€able€to€avail€himself€of€it€from€the€time€pre„Ð `° Ðtrial€detention€is€ordered.Ð L œ ÐÌ172.€€Every€judge,€on€learning€from€the€accusedððs€statement€that€the€accused€has€been€subjected€toÐ $ t Ðtorture€in€an€effort€to€force€him€or€her€to€corroborate€the€police€report,€without€prejudice€to€theÐ  ` Ðordering€of€a€medical€examination,€should€immediately€order€the€statement€referred€to€the€PublicÐ ü L  ÐProsecutorððs€Office€for€investigation€of€the€complaint.€€If€the€grounds€for€the€complaint€areÐ è 8  Ðsubstantiated,€criminal€proceedings€against€those€responsible€should€be€conducted€as€part€of€theÐ Ô$  Ðsame€proceedings,€and€the€judgement€must€take€into€account€the€complaint€based€on€the€allegationÐ À  Ðof€torture€as€well€as€the€complaint€against€the€accused.€€To€thatend,€the€provisions€prohibiting€policeÐ ¬ü  Ðofficers€who€have€helped€in€the€preparation€of€self-incriminating€statements€from€being€called€onÐ ˜è  Ðto€testify€should€be€repealed.Ð „Ô  ÐÌ173.€€All€legal€provisions€or€rules€of€inferior€rank€which€limit€the€competence€of€criminal€courtÐ \¬ Ðjudges€to€hear€applications€for€habeas€corpus€should€be€repealed.€€In€particular,€any€provision€whichÐ H˜ Ðvests€judges€outside€the€ordinary€justice€system€with€competence€to€hear€applications€for€habeasÐ 4„ Ðcorpus€should€be€repealed.Ð  p ÐÌ174.€€Legislation€should€be€enacted€to€the€effect€that,€in€cases€which€might€involve€any€of€theÐ øH Ðoffences€against€humanity€referred€to€in€TitleXIV-A€of€the€Penal€Code,€an€inquiry€shall€be€openedÐ ä4 Ðeven€when€the€alleged€perpetrator(s)€have€not€been€individually€identified.€€Legislation€should€alsoÐ Ð  Ðbe€enacted€stipulating€that,€where€such€offences€are€concerned,€criminal€proceedings€and€sentencingÐ ¼  Ðshall€not€be€time-barred€and€the€granting€of€amnesty€or€pardon€shall€be€inadmissible.Ð ¨ø ÐÌ175.€€Lastly,€the€trend€towards€the€expansion€of€the€jurisdiction€of€military€courts,€intensified€withÐ €Ð Ðthe€promulgation€of€Legislative€Decree€No.895€of€24May1998,€should€be€reversed;€the€jurisdictionÐ l¼ Ðof€such€courts€should€be€strictly€limited€to€offences€of€official€misconduct.Ð X ¨ ÐÌÝ‚ ÿÿÿÝò òÔ  ÔÝ  Ýó óÝ‚ ÿÿÿ[iÝÝ  ÝòòPlaces€of€detention€visitedóó݃ [i‰iÝÔ $niԌР0"€  ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ‚ ÿÿÿÝò òÔ  ÔÝ  Ýó óÝ‚ ÿÿÿjÝÝ  Ý݃ jCjÝÔ $(jÔŒÌŒÝ  ÝÝ‚"ÿÿÿÝòòÔ  ÔÝ  ÝÝ‚"ÿÿÿšjÝÝ  ÝóóòòMinistry€of€the€Interior€facilitiesóóòò݃"ÿÿšjÅjÝÔ ­jԌР$X" ÐŒóóÝ  ÝÝ‚"ÿÿÿÝòòÔ  ÔÝ  ÝÝ‚"ÿÿÿbkÝÝ  Ý݃"ÿÿbkkÝÔ ukԌ̌óóÝ  ÝÝ‚"ÿÿÿÝòòÔ  ÔÝ  ÝóóÝ‚"ÿÿÿçkÝÝ  ÝòòObservationsóóòò݃"ÿÿçklÝÔ úkԌРà%0!$ ÐŒóóÝ  ÝÌ176.€€The€Committee€members€making€the€inquiry€found€unsatisfactory€conditions€of€detention,Ð ¸'#& Ðparticularly€in€the€cells€of€the€following€places€of€detention:Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌ(a)€€National€Anti-Terrorism€Department€(Ô_ÔDINCOTEÔ_Ô),€Lima;Ð |*Ì%) ÐÌ(b)€€Criminal€Investigation€Division€(Ô_ÔDIVINCRIÔ_Ô),€Lima;Ð T,¤'+ ÐÐ @-(, ÐÔ_Ô(cÔ_Ô)€€Criminal€Investigation€Division,€Chiclayo;Ð ° ÐÌ(d)€€Cells€adjacent€to€the€Courthouse,€Chiclayo.Ð ˆØ ÐÌ177.€€They€noted€from€the€registers€of€those€facilities€and€during€interviews€with€inmates€thatÐ `° Ðarrested€persons€may€be€detained€there€for€periods€of€up€to€35days.€€They€also€noted€that,€in€certainÐ L œ Ðcases,€persons€under€interrogation€by€Ô_ÔDINCOTEÔ_Ô€were€forced€to€spend€the€night€in€the€interrogationÐ 8 ˆ Ðrooms€lying€on€the€floor€and€handcuffed.Ð $ t ÐÌòòConclusionsóóÐ ü L  ÐÌ178.€€The€Committee€members€are€of€the€view€that€a€long€period€of€detention€in€the€cells€of€theÐ Ô$  Ðdetention€places€referred€to€above,€i.e.€twoweeks,€amounts€to€inhuman€and€degrading€treatment.€Ð À  ÐLonger€periods€of€detention€in€those€cells€amount€to€torture.€€Moreover,€the€practice€of€forcingÐ ¬ü  Ðpersons€under€interrogation€to€spend€the€night€in€the€interrogation€rooms€lying€handcuffed€on€theÐ ˜è  Ðfloor€also€amounts€to€torture.Ð „Ô  ÐÌ179.€€The€Peruvian€authorities€should€take€measures€to:Ð \¬ ÐÌ(a)€€Improve€in€particular€the€hygienic€conditions€of€detention;Ð 4„ ÐÌ(b)€€Ensure€that€periods€of€detention€are€in€strict€conformity€with€the€limits€established€by€law;€andÐ  \ ÐÌÔ_Ô(cÔ_Ô)€€Prohibit€the€practice€of€forcing€detainees€under€interrogation€to€spend€the€night€in€theÐ ä4 Ðinterrogation€rooms€lying€handcuffed€on€the€floor.Ð Ð  ÐÌòòMinistry€of€Justice€facilitiesóóÐ ¨ø ÐÌ180.€€The€members€of€the€Committee€conducting€the€investigation€visited€the€Castro€Ô_ÔCastroÔ_Ô,Ð €Ð ÐÔ_ÔLuriganchoÔ_Ô€and€Santa€Monica€prisons€in€Lima.€€In€Chiclayo€they€visited€the€Ô_ÔPisciÔ_Ô€prison,€includingÐ l¼ Ðsections€for€women€and€for€persons€convicted€of€terrorism€.Ð X ¨ ÐÌòòObservationsóóÐ 0"€  ÐÌ181.€€The€Committee€members€conducting€the€investigation€noted€great€overcrowding€in€almost€allÐ $X" Ðprisons,€which€inevitably€leads€to€hygiene€problems.€€In€certain€cases,€the€problems€are€aggravatedÐ ô$D # Ðby€the€lack€of€running€water.€€The€Committee€members€did€not€receive€any€complaint€of€torture€inÐ à%0!$ Ðthe€prisons.€€Although€certain€punishments€amounting€to€torture€at€the€instigation€of€the€formerÐ Ì&"% Ðgovernor€of€Ô_ÔLuriganchoÔ_Ô€prison€were€reported€to€them,€they€noted€that€the€new€governor€wasÐ ¸'#& Ðenergetically€pursuing€a€nÔ_ÔewÔ_Ô€policy€of€eradicating€brutal€practices€by€the€prison€guards.€Ð ¤(ô#' ÐFurthermore,€none€of€the€many€cases€of€torture€submitted€by€non„governmental€organizations€orÐ )à$( Ðreported€during€interviews€related€to€premises€under€the€jurisdiction€of€the€Ministry€of€Justice.Ð |*Ì%) ÐÌ182.€€The€Committee€members€noted€the€excessive€Ô_ÔrigourÔ_Ô€of€the€maximum-security€regimes,Ð T,¤'+ Ðonefeature€of€which€is€that€they€are€applied€as€soon€as€a€person€enters€prison;€in€other€words,€theyÐ @-(, Ðare€applied€to€both€tried€and€untried€prisoners.€€At€their€most€stringent,€these€regimes€involveÐ ° Ðconstant€confinement€in€the€cell€with€only€one€hour€in€the€yard€a€day€for€an€initial€period€of€one€year,Ð œì Ðrenewable€every€six€months.Ý‚-ÿÿÿÝÔUSUS.,ÔÔUSUS.,ÔÔ€XðXXXðÔÔ€X