’WPC®  :ČGpĄżńŅÖųo•uŠb'qś’DŲśSW‡¬IĶžš)YÜļŲČ^†3*ģæ 8‡¹ź³¼Œ!Ø¹-üŹ™-\$u’=QÆIšbfʰźŽFu÷E­p2å„€’ 6°u½ć)S6½Cō5{Ņ0ČĶEń4“ś -}ķn‹_XĘaīČó.ęŪ{Č-šØŸO„×»šL$[c“œa£B±tYŸ"I<6a«„ ń ±P6s -¬AxX9§Ėž[)Ąŗ“ŽöUA“|z& ó. —āŹ–c.Šœ D̳8®)#ęĀf ]c ÕJˆ1ź[X¶üUćņ]ŸĪüsg„ėņ<(ū„n-\5÷TŠ`‹‹Ā![©…ķcŅ”Źü0·Ž`>²8ŗŖ;˘ årńSó‘:Ÿ›ēlp.*®żi„ėń|ålĮķ R×ŇA³¹Ÿšx"ųļŠÓģč(aŲP²ļ裚¦QrģĻ ŗœ“°{)ŠjŖL£)Ė*žÆH®ŖŸ³Ä©>ŹæøZįO6Čžē@9ū`$!—\Ū+E Yƒ;„J5ś”³Š`’ūõĄā‚z_U«÷±Ė“Nķ÷P£Žd}§%ę¹™ŗ„# +>JäEZ#ĮģUN­ %ū 0: ^ ; wG 4K _ n mp ‡ N                                                                             B‘ ˜HP LaserJet 4P,ü,,,,,ü0&Öd9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(üœ$””ŌUSUS.,Ō­{. Jc.bk1,¢3|x’U‹’ĄĄĄ  dŻ ƒüœ!ŻŌUSUS.,ŌŻ  ŻŌ_ŌŌUKUS.,ŌŌCEUK.,Ōņ ņÓ  ÓŌ€¼ėģ»XXŌPERUŠ ° ŠÓ  ÓĢĢŌ€X·@X»¼ėģŌŌ_ŌCEDAWŌ_Ō€€A/45/38€(1990)Š ģ< ŠĢĢó ó252.€€The€Committee€considered€the€initial€report€of€Peru€(Ō_ŌCEDAWŌ_Ō/C/5/Add.60)€at€its€163ņņrdóó€andŠ °  Š166ņņthóó€meetings,€on€30€and€31€January€1990€(Ō_ŌCEDAWŌ_Ō/C/SR.163€and€166).Š œ ģ ŠĢ253.€€The€representative€of€Peru,€introducing€the€report,€recalled€international€efforts€to€overcomeŠ t Ä  Šdiscrimination€and€achieve€the€full€participation€of€women€but€that€Ō_ŌthatŌ_Ō€had€taken€place€in€theŠ `°  Šcontext€of€economic€difficulty€relating€to€development.€€His€country€had€Ō_ŌhadŌ_Ō€to€cope€with€a€difficultŠ Lœ  Šdevelopment€problem€but€had€given€particular€attention€to€improving€the€status€of€women.€€PeruŠ 8ˆ  Šsupported€the€Convention€for€Peruššs€Constitution€provided€in€article€2€that€women€and€men€hadŠ $t  Šequal€rights€under€the€law.€€Under€Peruvian€jurisprudence,€the€Convention€would€prevail€overŠ `  Šnational€law€should€there€be€a€conflict.€€Different€cultures€and€values€existed€in€Peru€and€the€reportŠ üL Šreflected€that€diversity.€€For€that€reason,€elimination€of€discrimination€against€women€called€for€aŠ č8 Šspecial€effort.Š Ō$ ŠĢ254.€€Regarding€women€in€political€life,€women€constituted€5.5€per€cent€of€the€lower€house€ofŠ ¬ü Šparliament€and€4.8€per€cent€of€the€senate,€there€were€three€ministers€and€many€other€women€in€highŠ ˜č Špositions€in€the€public€service,€including€one€of€the€four€under„secretaries„general€in€the€diplomaticŠ „Ō Šservice.€€He€noted€that€in€the€forthcoming€elections,€there€were€many€female€candidates€who€hadŠ pĄ Šdecided€to€run€despite€the€threats€and€danger€that€Ō_ŌthatŌ_Ō€decision€implied€for€them.Š \¬ ŠĢ255.€€He€further€said€that€the€ņņde€factoóó€situation€of€women€fell€short€of€the€expectations€of€theŠ 4„ ŠConvention,€although€the€Government€was€making€efforts€to€achieve€equality.€€The€economicŠ  p Šsituation€of€the€country,€in€the€face€of€the€debt€crisis,€the€impact€of€drug€trafficking€and€terrorism€hadŠ  \ Šall€combined€to€restrict€the€countryššs€capabilities€and€the€understanding€of€the€internationalŠ ųH Šcommunity€of€that€situation€was€necessary,€and€the€elimination€of€discrimination€against€womenŠ ä4 Šwould€be€possible€only€if€the€developed€countries€co„operated€to€help€eradicate€poverty€and€violence.Š Š  ŠĢ256.€€He€further€stated€that€after€the€general€description€of€the€country,€the€report€describedŠ Ø"ų  Šconstitutional€provisions€as€well€as€the€civil€code.€€It€then€examined€issues€relating€to€the€family,Š ”#ä! Šincluding€issues€of€status,€property€and€divorce.€€It€examined€representation€in€elected€offices.€€ItŠ €$Š" Šnoted€gaps€in€legislation€concerning€womenššs€participation€in€the€labour€market.€€It€describedŠ l%¼ # Šassistance€in€the€health€area€to€vulnerable€groups,€which€had€not€succeeded€as€expected.€€RegardingŠ X&Ø!$ Šrural€women,€the€report€emphasized€the€absence€of€protective€measures€and€the€use€of€agriculturalŠ D'”"% Šco„operatives.Š 0(€#& ŠĢ257.€€He€stated€that€the€questions€posed€by€the€Committee€would€be€particularly€useful€in€helpingŠ *X%( Što€prepare€the€second€periodic€report.€€The€initial€report€reflected€the€Governmentššs€commitment€toŠ ō*D&) Šthe€elimination€of€discrimination€against€women,€but€was€not€intended€to€justify€what€had€not€beenŠ ą+0'* Šachieved.Š Ģ,(+ ŠŠ ø-), ŠŌ_Ō258.€€On€general€issues,€the€Committee€requested€information€on€the€extent€to€which€the€ConventionŠ ° Šhad€been€disseminated€in€the€country€and€on€measures€taken€to€eliminate€discriminatory€laws€thatŠ œģ Šcontinued€to€exist€in€the€legal€codes.€€Further€information€was€requested€on€the€type€of€governmentalŠ ˆŲ Šor€inter„ministerial€mechanisms€that€had€been€developed€in€order€to€promote€equal€rights€and€co„Š tÄ Šordinate€government€efforts€for€the€advancement€of€women,€especially€in€the€light€of€the€eliminationŠ `° Šof€the€National€Committee€of€Peruvian€Women€that€had€been€established€in€1976.€€The€importanceŠ L œ Šwas€noted€to€activate€the€Convention€in€those€movements€of€social€and€economic€crisis€and€as€legalŠ 8 ˆ Šelement€of€the€defence€of€the€rights€of€women€in€Peru.Š $ t ŠĢ259.€€Regarding€article€2,€it€was€noted€that€information€had€reached€the€Committee€from€non„Š ü L  Šgovernmental€organizations€indicating€possible€violations€of€human€rights€of€women€under€detentionŠ č 8  Šand€being€made€by€the€Government€to€combat€terrorism€in€the€country.€€A€confirmation€of€the€truthŠ Ō$  Šof€those€reports€was€requested€along€with€the€measures€being€taken€by€the€Government€to€remedyŠ Ą  Šthat€situation.€€In€addition,€information€was€requested€about€the€intention€of€the€Government€toŠ ¬ü  Šestablish€a€national€machinery€for€the€advancement€of€women€and€of€efforts€to€adjust€legislation€toŠ ˜č  Šeliminate€discrimination,€especially€about€any€laws€that€discriminated€against€indigenous€women.Š „Ō  ŠĢ260.€€Concerning€article€4,€information€on€the€extent€to€which€temporary€special€measures€wereŠ \¬ Šbeing€used€in€the€fields€of€education€and€work€was€requested.Š H˜ ŠĢ261.€€Questions€were€asked€about€the€extent€to€which€traditional€structures€impeded€the€progress€ofŠ  p Šwomen,€in€the€context€of€article€5,€and€how€far€the€Government€utilized€the€mass€media€and€otherŠ  \ Šmethods€of€information€dissemination€to€make€women€aware€of€the€Constitution€or€other€lawsŠ ųH Šfavouring€them,€especially€women€in€the€rural€areas.€€Information€on€the€extent€to€which€men€sharedŠ ä4 Šin€domestic€work€was€requested.Š Š  ŠĢ262.€€With€reference€to€prostitution,€in€terms€of€article€6,€information€on€the€extent€of€the€problem,Š Øų Šits€relation€to€poverty€and€measures€taken€to€deal€with€the€problem,€including€the€use€of€health€cards,Š ”ä Šwas€requested.Š €Š ŠĢ263.€€With€regard€to€article€7,€information€on€the€extent€to€which€women€voted,€particularly€inŠ X Ø Šrelation€to€their€proportion€in€the€population,€was€requested€as€well€as€on€any€impediments€to€that,Š D!” Šsuch€as€illiteracy.€€It€was€noted€that€women€seemed€conspicuously€absent€from€the€formulation€ofŠ 0"€  Šgovernment€policy,€and€information€on€measures€to€increase€their€participation€in€decision„makingŠ #l! Šwas€requested,€as€was€data€on€the€proportion€of€women€who€were€candidates€for€parliament€inŠ $X" Šrelation€to€those€elected.€€Questions€were€asked€about€the€size€of€the€womenššs€movement,€includingŠ ō$D # Šthe€housewife€committees€and€mothersšš€clubs,€and€their€use€as€the€vehicle€for€extending€the€literacy,Š ą%0!$ Špolitical,€health€and€education€programmes.Š Ģ&"% ŠĢ264.€€Questions€were€asked€concerning€the€legal€basis€for€the€transfer€of€nationality€within€theŠ ¤(ō#' Šmeaning€of€article€9,€whether€that€discriminated€against€women€and€any€measures€to€eliminateŠ )ą$( Šdiscrimination€against€women€in€terms€of€article€10.Š |*Ģ%) ŠĢ265.€€Concerning€employment€and€article€11,€information€on€the€extent€to€which€equal€pay€for€workŠ T,¤'+ Šof€equal€value€was€applied€in€law€and€practice,€as€well€as€any€positive€legislation€to€ensure€equalityŠ @-(, Šin€employment€was€requested,€together€with€information€about€whether€protective€provisions€of€theŠ ° Šlaw€might€lead€to€discrimination€against€women,€legal€protection€for€domestic€workers€and€whetherŠ œģ ŠPeru€was€a€party€to€ILO€Conventions.Š ˆŲ ŠĢ266.€€Regarding€article€12,€information€was€requested€on€the€legal€provisions€relating€to€abortion,Š `° Šthe€number€of€clandestine€abortions€and€the€extent€to€which€women€had€access€to€family€planningŠ L œ Šprogrammes€and€to€public€health€services,€especially€maternal€and€child€health€and€in€the€rural€areas.€Š 8 ˆ ŠIt€was€asked€whether€the€rates€of€infant€and€maternal€mortality€had€decreased.Š $ t ŠĢ267.€€Information€about€steps€taken€to€remove€discriminatory€laws€about€contracts€was€requestedŠ ü L  Šwithin€the€context€of€article€13.Š č 8  ŠĢ268.€€With€reference€to€women€in€the€rural€areas,€under€article€14,€it€was€asked€whether€women€wereŠ Ą  Šrecognized€as€heads€of€family€for€the€purpose€of€land€tenure€and€whether€they€had€equal€access€toŠ ¬ü  Šloans,€training€and€extension€services.€€In€addition,€information€was€requested€about€the€effect€onŠ ˜č  Šrural€women€of€illiteracy€as€well€as€the€role€of€womenššs€clubs€in€the€rural€area;€and,€further,€whetherŠ „Ō  Šthere€were€special€programmes€both€to€solve€the€problems€of€rural€women€and€protect€them€duringŠ pĄ Šany€civil€strife.Š \¬ ŠĢ269.€€With€regard€to€article€15,€clarification€was€requested€about€the€National€Population€Policy€andŠ 4„ Šparticularly€the€meaning€of€the€phrase€š šresponsible€paternity.ššŠ  p ŠĢ270.€€On€article€16,€questions€were€asked€about€the€basis€for€the€differential€minimum€age€ofŠ ųH Šmarriage€between€women€and€men€and€particularly€its€lowering.€€A€question€was€also€asked€aboutŠ ä4 Šthe€regulation€of€adoption,€particularly€international€adoption.€€The€legal€status€of€ņņde€factoóó€familiesŠ Š  Š(consensual€unions)€was€requested,€as€well€as€the€incidence€and€trends€of€those€unions,€whetherŠ ¼  Šadultery,€as€a€ground€for€divorce,€was€treated€differentially€for€women€and€men.€€Information€aboutŠ Øų Šthe€extent€of€violence€against€women€was€requested.Š ”ä ŠĢ271.€€In€response€to€the€questions,€the€representative€of€the€Government€of€Peru€reiterated€that€theŠ l¼ Šreport€ought€to€be€seen€in€the€national€context€where€the€country€was€suffering€a€grave€economicŠ X Ø Šcrisis,€arising€from€problems€of€the€external€debt€burden€that€had€significantly€reduced€the€resourcesŠ D!” Šavailable€for€development,€a€continuing€problem€of€terrorism€and€civil€strife€and€a€continuingŠ 0"€  Šproblem€with€drug€trafficking.€€The€lack€of€resources€had,€for€example,€made€it€impossible€for€theŠ #l! Šreport€to€have€been€presented€by€one€of€the€specialists€concerned€with€the€issue€since€travel€fundsŠ $X" Šhad€not€been€available.Š ō$D # ŠĢ272.€€Concerning€general€issues€as€well€as€those€raised€under€article€2,€he€stated€that€in€terms€of€legalŠ Ģ&"% Šnorms€the€Constitution€provided€for€equality€and€the€Convention€also€had€direct€standing€in€domesticŠ ø'#& Šlaw,€but€that€the€Constitution€was€more€recent€than€many€of€the€laws€in€the€Civil,€Criminal€andŠ ¤(ō#' ŠCommercial€Codes€which,€therefore,€often€contained€legal€provisions€contrary€to€the€ConstitutionŠ )ą$( Šand€the€Convention.€€Those€codes€had€not€yet€been€reviewed,€but€the€legal€norm,€enforced€by€theŠ |*Ģ%) Šcountryššs€courts,€was€for€any€law€contrary€to€the€Constitution€to€be€considered€null€and€void.€€InŠ h+ø&* Šterms€of€national€machinery,€it€had€been€decided€to€disband€the€National€Council€of€PeruvianŠ T,¤'+ ŠWomen€and€replace€it€with€a€decentralized€structure€with€womenššs€units€in€the€various€ministries,Š @-(, Šwhich,€regrettably,€could€boast€of€scant€resources.€€There€was€an€emerging€consciousness€of€the€needŠ ° Šfor€a€central€body,€a€view€held€by€all€political€parties,€and€as€a€result,€changes€were€expected€afterŠ œģ Šthe€forthcoming€elections.€€He€noted€that€terrorism€had€inflicted€a€major€toll€of€deaths,€primarilyŠ ˆŲ Šamong€the€rural€poor,€including€men,€women€and€children.€€The€Government€had€not€condonedŠ tÄ Šviolations€of€human€rights€and,€indeed,€had€ratified€all€human€rights€Conventions.€€Whenever€anyŠ `° Šallegation€of€violations€of€human€rights€had€been€levelled,€investigatory€commissions€had€beenŠ L œ Šestablished€and€there€had€been€instances€of€civil€penalties€for€those€in€the€military€or€civil€authoritiesŠ 8 ˆ Šfound€to€have€engaged€in€such€practices.€€Regarding€dissemination€of€information€about€theŠ $ t ŠConvention,€however,€he€noted€that€the€scarcity€of€resources€had€dictated€that€other€priorities€hadŠ  ` Što€be€followed.Š ü L  ŠĢ273.€€Concerning€prostitution,€with€regard€to€article€6,€it€was€stated€that€it€had€a€social€basis€relatedŠ Ō$  Što€the€socio„economic€situation€of€women€in€which€there€was€a€lack€of€employment€opportunities.€Š Ą  ŠIt€was€difficult€to€change€that€situation€through€laws,€although€laws€existed,€for€example,€to€punishŠ ¬ü  Šthe€prostitution€of€minors.€€Solution€to€the€problem€was€only€possible€through€changing€the€rootŠ ˜č  Šcauses.Š „Ō  ŠĢ274.€€On€article€7,€the€fact€that€women€participated€in€the€electorate€in€a€lower€proportion€relativeŠ \¬ Što€their€numerical€strength€in€the€population€was€acknowledged,€but€it€was€also€noted€that€there€hadŠ H˜ Šbeen€increased€participation€recently€deriving€from€womenššs€increasing€participation€in€work€andŠ 4„ Šin€the€trade€unions.€€There€were,€however,€no€data€on€differences€between€the€voting€pattern€ofŠ  p Šwomen€and€men€since€no€figures€were€kept,€although€it€could€be€noted€that€in€the€most€recentŠ  \ Šelection€over€70€per€cent€of€the€eligible€electorate€in€general€had€participated.Š ųH ŠĢ275.€€Regarding€article€8,€the€representative€stated€that€there€had€been€efforts€to€increase€theŠ Š  Šproportion€of€women€in€the€diplomatic€service€and€the€representation€of€women€was€among€theŠ ¼  Šhighest€in€the€Latin€American€region,€including€offices€at€the€top€levels€of€the€foreign€ministry.Š Øų ŠĢ276.€€On€the€issue€of€nationality,€under€article€9,€it€was€noted€that€in€Peru€the€principle€of€both€ņņjusŠ €Š Šsolisóó€and€ņņjus€sanginióó€applied€to€determine€nationality€and,€accordingly,€there€was€no€differenceŠ l¼ Šbetween€women€and€men,€as€Peruvian€citizens€could€pass€nationality€to€their€children€through€theirŠ X Ø Šregistration.Š D!” ŠĢ277.€€Regarding€education€and€article€10,€it€was€stated€that€under€the€Constitution,€10€per€cent€of€theŠ #l! Špublic€budget€must€be€allocated€to€education.€€Universal€primary€education€was€a€goal€and€out€of€aŠ $X" Špopulation€of€20€million€in€1985,€7.7€million€were€students,€80€per€cent€of€them€in€free,€State„fundedŠ ō$D # Šinstitutions.€€There€had€been€an€average€annual€growth€of€4.8€per€cent€in€matriculation€and€one€effectŠ ą%0!$ Šhad€been€a€decline€by€1987€of€illiteracy€to€13€per€cent€of€the€population€from€a€figure€of€60€per€centŠ Ģ&"% Šat€an€earlier€time.Š ø'#& ŠĢ278.€€In€response€to€questions€on€article€11,€it€was€stated€that€the€legal€structure€did€not€permitŠ )ą$( Šinequality€in€the€workplace,€but€there€was€considerable€ņņde€factoóó€discrimination€due€to€attitudes€andŠ |*Ģ%) Šcustoms€and,€although€some€measures€had€been€taken,€the€problem€persisted.€€Some€special€effortsŠ h+ø&* Šhad€been€undertaken€to€help€women€withing€the€context€of€the€economic€crisis,€including€aŠ T,¤'+ Šprogramme€to€support€temporary€work€through€public€works€in€which€76€per€cent€of€the€participantsŠ @-(, Šwere€women,€direct€support€in€the€form€of€ņņcomedores€popularesóó€most€of€whose€members€wereŠ ° Šwomen,€and€joint€artesanal€workshops,€as€well€as€a€programme€to€provide€subsidized€foods.Š œģ ŠĢ279.€€Concerning€article€12,€the€representative€stated€that€abortions€were€legal€only€to€protect€the€lifeŠ tÄ Šof€the€woman,€and€there€was€a€high€number€of€clandestine€abortions.€€In€terms€of€family€planning,Š `° Šthe€general€population€law€referred€to€responsible€paternity€in€the€sense€of€an€equal€responsibilityŠ L œ Šfor€both€women€and€men,€and€family€planning€had€been€added€to€secondary€school€curriculum,€butŠ 8 ˆ Šthere€were€no€programmes€to€make€contraceptive€devices€available.€€The€effect€of€the€general€lackŠ $ t Šof€resources€to€provide€health€services€could€be€seen€in€the€return€of€incidences€of€tuberculosis,€aŠ  ` Šdisease€that€had€almost€disappeared€in€the€1970s.Š ü L  ŠĢ280.€€With€reference€to€rural€women€and€article€14,€it€was€noted€that€much€of€rural€property€wasŠ Ō$  Šcollectively€held€and€women€were€among€those€permitted€to€obtain€land€under€the€system.€€TheŠ Ą  Šdevelopment€of€mothersšš€clubs,€a€self„help€initiative€of€women€themselves,€which€involved€multipleŠ ¬ü  Šeconomic€efforts€by€women,€had€been€a€major€development.€€Under€the€regionalisation€policy,Š ˜č  Šrepresentatives€of€mothersšš€clubs€were€included€by€law€in€regional€assemblies.Š „Ō  ŠĢ281.€€The€existence€of€violence€in€the€family,€in€terms€of€article€16,€was€acknowledged€but€it€wasŠ \¬ Šstated€that€all€violence€was€a€crime€but€that€violence€inflicted€by€a€family€member€was€regardedŠ H˜ Šmore€seriously€and€punished€accordingly.€€There€was€a€body€in€Peru€entrusted€with€the€responsibilityŠ 4„ Šreferring€to€the€national€and€international€adoption€procedures.Š  p ŠĢ282.€€The€Committee€acknowledged€the€economic€difficulties€faced€by€Peru,€but€noted€that€it€wasŠ ųH Šparticularly€at€times€of€national€stress€that€womenššs€strengths€were€needed€and€in€that€context,€theŠ ä4 Šimportance€of€womenššs€self„help€movements€and€solidarity€was€stressed,€both€for€the€achievementŠ Š  Šof€equal€rights€and€of€national€development.€€In€view€of€the€constraints€in€providing€detailed€answersŠ ¼  Šand€information,€it€was€decided€to€request€the€representative€of€the€Government€to€transmit€theŠ Øų ŠCommitteeššs€questions€to€the€appropriate€national€authorities€who€would€in€turn€send€answers€to€theŠ ”ä ŠCommittee€through€the€Committeeššs€secretariat€in€Vienna.Š €Š ŠĢ283.€€The€Committee€noted€that€the€report,€while€reflecting€the€difficult€situation,€had€been€preparedŠ X Ø Šfrom€a€feminist€perspective.€€It€noted€the€scarcity€of€resources€to€implement€programmes€and€that,Š D!” Šwhen€the€economic€and€political€situation€improved,€there€would€be€the€possibility€to€address€theŠ 0"€  Šrecommendations€and€concerns€of€the€Committee.Š #l! ŠŌ_ŌŠ  $X" Šņ ņŌ_ŌCEDAWŌ_Ō€€A/50/38€(1995)Š ° ŠĢó óĢ398.€€At€its€275ņņthóó€meeting,€on€27€January€1995,€the€Committee€considered€the€second€periodic€reportŠ tÄ Šof€Peru€(Ō_ŌCEDAWŌ_Ō/C/13/Add.29).Š `° ŠĢ399.€€In€presenting€the€report,€the€representative€underlined€the€importance€that€the€Government€ofŠ 8 ˆ ŠPeru€attached€to€the€implementation€of€the€Convention,€which€it€had€ratified€in€1982.€She€informedŠ $ t Šthe€Committee€that€she€was€presenting€an€updated€version€of€the€second€periodic€report,€which€hadŠ  ` Šbeen€submitted€in€1991.€The€representative€Ō_ŌfocusedŌ_Ō€on€the€main€features€of€Peruvian€society,Š ü L  Šhighlighting€the€wide€differentiation€existing€between€rural€and€urban€areas,€with€specific€laws€forŠ č 8  Šeach,€and€the€efforts€to€include€these€differences€in€the€Constitution€of€1993,€including€some€ancientŠ Ō$  Šcustoms€of€the€indigenous€population.€She€highlighted€the€fact€that€terrorism,€economic€recessionŠ Ą  Šand€hyperinflation€had€nearly€led€the€country€to€a€state€of€collapse,€to€which€the€Government€hadŠ ¬ü  Šreacted€with€emergency€measures€for€political€stabilization€and€reconstruction€of€the€country.€TheŠ ˜č  Šmain€measures€taken€included€structural€changes€in€the€economy€and€in€international€economicŠ „Ō  Šrelations,€the€promotion€of€human€rights€and€democracy€and€the€adoption€of€a€new€constitutionŠ pĄ Šadapted€to€the€economic,€political€and€social€changes€that€had€occurred€during€the€past€few€years.Š \¬ ŠShe€pointed€out€that€the€new€Constitution€was€being€implemented€through€the€development€of€rulesŠ H˜ Šand€institutions€that€would€ensure€its€viability.€Since€1993,€a€Programme€for€the€Elimination€ofŠ 4„ ŠPoverty,€financed€from€both€national€and€international€resources,€was€being€implemented€in€the€mostŠ  p Šaffected€areas€of€the€country€and€with€specific€focus€on€education,€health€and€justice.€Š  \ ŠĢ400.€€The€representative€reported€on€the€main€current€aspects€of€women's€life€in€Peru.€The€publicŠ ä4 Švisibility€of€women€was€evident€in€the€large€number€who€participated€in€various€levels€ofŠ Š  Šdecision-making€and€as€community€leaders.€This€was€explained€by€the€high€level€of€participationŠ ¼  Šwomen€have€had€during€the€past€decade,€as€professional€and€community€leaders,€in€actions€forŠ Øų ŠŌ_ŌdefenseŌ_Ō€against€violence€and€of€providing€for€the€basic€needs€of€the€people.€She€reported€that€theŠ ”ä ŠGovernment€gave€special€importance€to€women's€organizations€and€non-governmental€organizations,Š €Š Šfor€which€it€had€created€a€law€ensuring€the€support€and€financing€of€their€activities.€She€informedŠ l¼ Šthe€Committee€that€a€Permanent€Commission€on€Women's€and€Children's€Rights€had€been€createdŠ X Ø Šin€the€Ministry€of€Justice.€This€Commission,€which€has€a€coordinating€function€between€the€StateŠ D!” Šand€civil€society,€develops€and€disseminates€studies€and€promotes€the€Ō_ŌdefenseŌ_Ō€of€human€rights€forŠ 0"€  Šwomen€and€children€as€well€as€legislative€changes,€and€coordinates€and€promotes€actions€regardingŠ #l! Šwomen€and€children€in€coordination€with€the€executive,€civil€society€and€international€organizations.Š $X" ŠIt€evaluates€its€activities€and€develops€a€platform€of€action€for€women.€The€Commission€includesŠ ō$D # Šmembers€from€governmental€institutions,€the€Church,€the€private€sector€and€non-governmentalŠ ą%0!$ Šorganizations€concerned€with€issues€related€to€women€and€children.Š Ģ&"% ŠĢ401.€€She€also€pointed€out€that,€as€a€result€of€terrorism,€there€had€been€a€growing€number€of€womenŠ ¤(ō#' Šheads€of€households.€Equality€in€access€to€education€had€nearly€been€reached€and€girls€representedŠ )ą$( Š50€and€40€per€cent€of€students€enrolled€in€primary€and€secondary€levels€of€education,€respectively.Š |*Ģ%) ŠWomen's€access€to€formal€market€labour€continued€to€be€restricted€by€their€parenting€activities,Š h+ø&* Šwhich€were€not€yet€shared€by€men.€Although,€at€the€national€level,€fertility€had€declined€and€moreŠ T,¤'+ Šwomen€knew€about€methods€of€contraception,€there€was€a€wide€difference€between€rural€and€urbanŠ @-(, ŠŌ_Ōareas.€She€stated€that€the€Constitution€gave€equality€between€women€and€men€clear€legal€support€andŠ ° Šthat€the€Civil€Code,€the€Labour€Code€and€the€Children's€Code€were€under€review.€The€GovernmentŠ œģ Šhad€appointed€a€growing€number€of€women€to€top€decision-making€levels€in€all€sectors€of€theŠ ˆŲ Šexecutive,€legislative€and€judicial€systems.Š tÄ ŠĢņņGeneral€commentsóóŠ L œ ŠĢ402.€€The€members€of€the€Committee€welcomed€the€fact€that€Peru€had€ratified€the€ConventionŠ $ t Šwithout€any€reservations,€that€the€Convention€was€an€integral€part€of€domestic€Peruvian€legislation,Š  ` Šand€that,€in€the€event€of€any€conflict,€the€Convention€would€prevail.Š ü L  ŠĢ403.€€Members€noted€that€Peru's€second€report€did€not€take€into€account€observations€made€by€theŠ Ō$  ŠCommittee€on€the€first€report€and€did€not€even€follow€the€Committee's€guidelines.€The€representativeŠ Ą  Šemphasized€that,€in€1990,€at€the€time€of€the€preparation€of€the€second€report,€the€country's€situationŠ ¬ü  Šhad€been€especially€difficult€and€had€impeded€the€normal€functioning€of€several€institutions.€SheŠ ˜č  Šinformed€the€Committee€that€subsequent€reports€would€take€into€account€the€guidelines€for€theŠ „Ō  Špreparation€of€the€reports.Š pĄ ŠĢ404.€€When€the€initial€report€was€submitted,€the€Committee,€while€recognizing€the€enormousŠ H˜ Šdifficulties€facing€the€country,€had€asked€for€more€detailed€information€concerning€the€existence€ofŠ 4„ Šwomen's€organizations.€Members€noted€that€the€current€report€did€not€provide€relevant€informationŠ  p Šon€that€point.€Members€also€asked€whether€the€report€had€been€published.€In€reply€to€a€question€asŠ  \ Što€whether€non-governmental€organizations€had€been€consulted,€the€representative€informed€theŠ ųH ŠCommittee€that€in€Peru€there€were€110€women's€non-governmental€organizations,€including€eightŠ ä4 Šnetworks,€and€that€common€action€was€being€developed€in€order€to€promote€a€new€social€perceptionŠ Š  Šof€women,€gender€perspective€in€social€and€economic€policies€and€women's€participation€inŠ ¼  Šdecision-making.Š Øų ŠĢ405.€€Members€expressed€concern€that€the€lack€of€official€statistics€on€the€status€of€women,€to€whichŠ €Š Šthe€report€referred,€was€a€source€of€sexist€prejudice€which€impeded€the€understanding€of€the€situationŠ l¼ Šof€women€in€Peru.€They€wanted€to€know€what€the€Government€was€doing€to€update€or€improve€dataŠ X Ø Špertaining€to€the€status€of€women.€The€representative€replied€that€subsequent€reports€would€includeŠ D!” Šstatistics€on€women€which€were€collected€in€the€1993€national€census.€The€National€Institute€ofŠ 0"€  ŠStatistics€and€Computing€had€formed€the€Inter-institutional€Commission€for€the€System€of€SocialŠ #l! ŠIndicators€on€Children,€Youth€and€Women€for€the€generation€and€systematization€of€statistics€onŠ $X" Šthese€groups.Š ō$D # ŠĢ406.€€In€the€context€of€legal€initiatives€undertaken€since€the€initial€report,€one€member€asked€whichŠ Ģ&"% Šof€the€two€Acts€-€No.€25011€and€No.€23506€-€afforded€better€protection€against€discrimination.€TheŠ ø'#& Šrepresentative€replied€that€law€No.€23506,€concerning€habeas€corpus€and€ņņamparoóó,€had€beenŠ ¤(ō#' Špromulgated€in€1982.€That€law€had€been€modified€in€1989€through€law€No.€25011,€and€in€1992€byŠ )ą$( Šlegislative€decree€No.€25433.€Those€laws€seek€to€guarantee€individual€freedom€to€men€and€womenŠ |*Ģ%) Šwhich€can€be€enforced€through€the€Constitution.€She€noted€that,€consequently,€women€can€enforceŠ h+ø&* Šthe€rights€established€in€the€Convention€through€those€laws.Š T,¤'+ ŠŠ @-(, ЇņņQuestions€relating€to€articlesóóŠ ° ŠĢņņArticle€2óóŠ ˆŲ ŠĢ407.€€Article€101€of€the€Constitution€provides€that€international€treaties€subscribed€to€by€Peru€shallŠ `° Šsubsequently€form€an€integral€part€of€national€legislation,€and€that€the€Convention€thus€supports€andŠ L œ Šprotects€women€against€all€forms€of€discrimination.€In€reply€to€concerns€raised€by€the€CommitteeŠ 8 ˆ Šrelating€to€the€real€force€of€this€provision,€the€representative€stated€that,€effectively,€the€ConstitutionŠ $ t Šof€Peru€provided€that€international€treaties€concluded€by€Peru€formed€part€of€municipal€law,€and,Š  ` Šaccordingly,€article€2,€which€established€that€everybody€is€equal€and€cannot€be€discriminated€againstŠ ü L  Šby€reason€of€sex,€was€part€of€the€law€of€the€land.€She€agreed€that€despite€the€increase€in€theŠ č 8  Šintegration€of€women€in€public€life€during€1990,€de€facto€inequality€between€women€and€men€wasŠ Ō$  Šstill€persistent.Š Ą  ŠĢ408.€€Asked€about€the€specific€content€of€the€equality€clause€in€the€National€Population€Law€andŠ ˜č  Šwhether€recourse€was€available€in€the€event€that€national€equality€legislation€was€not€applied€at€theŠ „Ō  Šlocal€level,€the€representative€said€that€the€National€Population€Law€established€equality€betweenŠ pĄ Šmen€and€women€where€family€planning€was€concerned€and€provided€recourse€to€courts.Š \¬ ŠĢ409.€€The€report€stated€that€relatively€minor€provisions€of€the€former€Civil€Code€concerning€womenŠ 4„ Šhad€been€retained€in€the€new€Code,€which€was€promulgated€in€1984.€Members€of€the€CommitteeŠ  p Šrequested€information€on€how€many€cases€had€been€heard€by€the€courts€under€the€new€Civil€CodeŠ  \ Šwith€a€view€to€halting€activities€that€discriminate€against€women.€The€representative€said€that€theŠ ųH ŠCivil€Code€of€1936,€which€discriminated€against€women,€had€been€replaced€by€the€1984€Civil€CodeŠ ä4 Šafter€the€promulgation€of€the€1979€Constitution,€and€that€the€main€changes€introduced€concerningŠ Š  Šdiscrimination€were€with€respect€to€married€women.€She€informed€the€Committee€that€there€was€noŠ ¼  Šinformation€on€cases€of€discrimination€or€their€prosecution€by€the€judiciary€and€that€studies€areŠ Øų Šrequired€in€this€regard.Š ”ä ŠĢņņArticle€3óóŠ l¼ ŠĢ410.€€As€to€the€new€Constitution€which€entered€into€force€in€December€1993,€various€concerns€hadŠ D!” Šbeen€expressed€with€respect€to€a€number€of€elements,€especially€the€fact€that€the€principle€ofŠ 0"€  Šfundamental€equality€had€been€eliminated€and€that€economic,€social€and€cultural€rights€had€beenŠ #l! Šomitted€from€the€category€of€fundamental€rights.€It€was€also€pointed€out€that,€by€and€large,€the€StateŠ $X" Šno€longer€shouldered€the€responsibility€for€social€welfare,€such€as€the€provision€of€health€services,Š ō$D # Šeducation€and€land€redistribution;€it€was€feared€that€all€this€had€negative€repercussions€for€womenŠ ą%0!$ Šand€had€affected€their€status.€The€representative€emphasized€that€the€1993€Political€Constitution€ofŠ Ģ&"% ŠPeru€included€chapters€on€"The€Fundamental€Rights€of€the€Person",€"Social€and€Economic€Rights"Š ø'#& Šand€"Political€Rights€and€Obligations".€These€three€chapters€made€specific€reference€to€the€role€ofŠ ¤(ō#' Šthe€State€in€the€area€of€employment,€health,€education,€security,€public€services€and€infrastructure.Š )ą$( ŠFurthermore,€she€pointed€out,€the€Government€had€given€priority€to€the€elimination€of€poverty€byŠ |*Ģ%) Šthe€establishment€of€a€large€programme€of€public€expenditure€on€education,€health€and€basic€justice.Š h+ø&* ŠThis€social€policy€put€special€emphasis€on€the€most€vulnerable€sectors€of€the€population,€specificallyŠ T,¤'+ Šwomen€and€children.€Furthermore,€article€4€of€the€Constitution€clearly€stated€that€the€community€andŠ @-(, Šthe€State€are€both€responsible€for€the€protection€of€abandoned€children,€adolescents,€mothers€and€theŠ ° Šelderly.€Following€the€1993€Constitution,€land€distribution€was€effected€through€market€mechanisms.Š œģ ŠĢ411.€€As€to€the€questions€of€specific€integrated€policies€for€women,€the€representative€informed€theŠ tÄ ŠCommittee€of€the€public€policy€regarding€women€and€its€objectives.€These€include:€access€toŠ `° Šdecision-making,€equality€and€equity€in€the€benefits€of€development,€equality€with€men€in€politicalŠ L œ Šparticipation€and€citizenship,€incorporation€of€gender€equity€in€the€mainstream€of€public€policies€andŠ 8 ˆ Šelimination€of€cultural€and€attitudinal€sex€stereotypes.€She€further€emphasized€that€the€GovernmentŠ $ t Šwas€coordinating€its€action€with€that€of€women's€NGOs,€specifically€in€nutrition,€health,€educationŠ  ` Šprogrammes€and€in€rural€areas.€She€also€made€reference€to€other€coordinating€activities€aroundŠ ü L  Šspecific€issues.Š č 8  ŠĢ412.€€Asked€whether€a€Police€Commissioner's€Office€for€Women€has€been€created€and,€if€so,€howŠ Ą  Šit€operated,€the€representative€replied€that,€since€1988,€the€Government€had€opened€12€women'sŠ ¬ü  Špolice€offices.€These€offices,€which€have€the€support€of€women's€NGOs,€offer€affected€women€legal,Š ˜č  Špsychological€and€social€advice.€These€actions€have€the€support€of€women's€NGOs.Š „Ō  ŠĢņņArticle€5óóŠ \¬ ŠĢ413.€€Members€of€the€Committee€noted€that€human€rights€organizations€had€documented€cases€ofŠ 4„ Šrape€perpetrated€against€rural€and€indigenous€women€in€areas€subject€to€civil€strife.€There€are€reportsŠ  p Šof€40€instances€of€rape€allegedly€committed€by€security€forces€in€the€course€of€interrogations€in€suchŠ  \ Šareas.€It€had€been€estimated€that€only€10€per€cent€of€all€rape€victims€officially€reported€the€crimeŠ ųH Šbecause€it€is€difficult€to€prosecute€perpetrators.€There€were€also€reports€of€rape€by€members€ofŠ ä4 ŠShining€Path.€In€reply€to€requests€for€more€information€about€the€causes€of€violence€experienced€byŠ Š  Šthese€women€and€preventive€action€that€has€been€taken,€the€representative€informed€the€CommitteeŠ ¼  Šthat,€according€to€investigations€carried€out€by€the€Government€and€NGOs€women€had€been€theŠ Øų Švictims€of€terrorist€activities€by€the€Shining€Path€and€the€Revolutionary€Movement€of€Tupac€Amaru,Š ”ä Šas€well€as€in€some€instances€by€the€security€police€force.€Investigations€were€under€way€to€prosecuteŠ €Š Šsuch€crimes.Š l¼ ŠĢ414.€€Peruvian€non-governmental€organizations€have€compiled€very€thorough€data€on€violenceŠ D!” Šagainst€women,€and€members€of€the€Committee€wanted€to€know€what€concrete€steps€or€initiativesŠ 0"€  Šthe€Government€had€taken€to€protect€the€fundamental€human€rights€and€dignity€of€women€and€theŠ #l! Šphysical€integrity€of€its€citizens.€In€reply,€the€representative€said€that€law€No.€26260,€promulgatedŠ $X" Šin€1993,€established€the€legal€framework€to€confront€domestic€violence.€That€law,€which€wasŠ ō$D # Šcurrently€being€implemented€and€disseminated,€had€been€accompanied€by€the€creation,€in€the€capital,Š ą%0!$ Šof€advice€centres€for€women.€Other€measures€were€being€implemented,€including€changes€in€schoolŠ Ģ&"% Šcurricula,€campaigns€for€the€dissemination€of€the€law€and€its€importance€and€the€opening€of€a€greaterŠ ø'#& Šnumber€of€women€commissioner's€offices.Š ¤(ō#' ŠĢņņArticle€6óóŠ |*Ģ%) ŠĢ415.€€When€the€initial€report€had€been€considered,€further€information€had€been€sought€with€respectŠ T,¤'+ Što€the€extent€of€prostitution,€the€role€played€in€that€phenomenon€by€poverty€and€the€steps€taken€toŠ @-(, Šcombat€it,€including€the€establishment€of€health€identification€cards.€While€the€current€reportŠ ° Šdescribed€a€disturbing€increase€in€the€number€of€women€engaged€in€drug-trafficking€and€terrorism,Š œģ Šno€mention€was€made€of€the€problem€of€prostitution,€even€though€the€aforementioned€activitiesŠ ˆŲ Šgenerally€led€to€prostitution.€The€representative€was€requested€to€inform€the€Committee€whetherŠ tÄ Šhouses€of€prostitution€were€widespread€and€health€checks€effective.€The€representative€informed€theŠ `° ŠCommittee€that€the€Penal€Code€regulated€prostitution€and€included€obligatory€sanitary€control.€SheŠ L œ Špointed€to€studies€carried€out€by€NGOs€and€to€studies€planned€by€the€Government€to€obtain€moreŠ 8 ˆ Šinformation€and€statistics€on€this€issue.€Child€prostitution€was€condemned€in€the€legal€code.Š $ t ŠĢ416.€€Replying€to€a€question€as€to€whether€the€Ministry€of€Justice€had€taken€any€steps€to€improve€theŠ ü L  Šcondition€of€female€prisoners,€the€representative€said€that€women€prisoners€represented€nearly€10Š č 8  Šper€cent€of€the€total€of€prisoners€and€that€they€were€placed€in€prisons€exclusive€to€women,€mostlyŠ Ō$  Šattended€by€women€officers.€Supreme€resolution€No.€047-92-JUS€specified€that€children€of€femaleŠ Ą  Šprisoners€up€to€the€age€of€three€could€be€accommodated€in€separate€child-care€centres.€She€noted€thatŠ ¬ü  Šmany€of€the€leaders€of€the€terrorist€movement€were€women.€She€also€noted€that€training€programmesŠ ˜č  Šin€human€rights€were€developed€for€police€officers€in€this€respect.Š „Ō  ŠĢņņArticle€7óóŠ \¬ ŠĢ417.€€Asked€about€specific€measures€taken€by€the€Government€to€increase€women's€participation€inŠ 4„ Šthe€decision-making€process,€the€representative€informed€the€Committee€that€the€Government€hadŠ  p Šappointed€two€women€ministers€and€increased€women's€visibility€by€nominating€them€to€variousŠ  \ Šlevels€of€decision-making€in€central€government€and€its€autonomous€agencies.Š ųH ŠĢ418.€€Regarding€the€request€for€specific€information€on€women€in€the€various€sectors€of€publicŠ Š  Šaffairs,€and€especially€in€politics,€she€informed€the€Committee€that€in€1979€the€right€to€vote€had€beenŠ ¼  Šextended€to€illiterates,€who€were€mostly€women.€However,€the€political€participation€of€women€wasŠ Øų Švery€low€and€its€growth€slow;€she€quoted€statistics€showing€that€at€the€local€level,€in€the€country€andŠ ”ä ŠLima,€respectively,€5€per€cent€and€11.6€per€cent€of€mayors€were€women.€In€1990,€women€representedŠ €Š Š40€per€cent€of€members€in€the€professional€organization€of€accountants,€and€20€to€25€per€cent€ofŠ l¼ Šmembers€in€professional€organizations€of€doctors,€lawyers,€architects€and€odontologists.€However,Š X Ø Šshe€also€emphasized€that€the€political€crisis€had€placed€many€women€in€leadership€positions€inŠ D!” Šimportant€political€parties€and€that,€at€the€local€level,€poverty€and€political€violence€had€givenŠ 0"€  Šwomen€a€leadership€role,€where€they€had€acquired€negotiating€and€managerial€skills.Š #l! ŠĢ419.€€The€representative€was€asked€for€information€on€the€participation€on€women€in€the€currentŠ ō$D # ŠParliament€as€compared€to€1991.€The€representative€informed€the€Committee€that,€in€1992,€theŠ ą%0!$ Šproportion€of€women€in€the€Congress€was€slightly€higher€than€in€the€past,€i.e.,€currently€8€per€cent.€Š Ģ&"% ŠĢņņArticle€11óóŠ ¤(ō#' ŠĢ420.€€According€to€the€report,€81€per€cent€of€all€women€are€unemployed€or€underemployed.€ProblemsŠ |*Ģ%) Šrelating€to€women's€employment€were€particularly€important€because€23€per€cent€of€all€PeruvianŠ h+ø&* Šhouseholds€were€headed€by€women.€This€was€also€significant€in€view€of€the€fact€that€women€haveŠ T,¤'+ Šaccess€to€various€vocational€education€and€training€programmes.€In€addressing€the€reasons€for€Ō_ŌtheŠ @-(, Šunemployment€rates€of€women,€the€representative€emphasized€that€the€heavy€burden€of€familyŠ ° Šresponsibilities€was€still€impeding€women's€employment.€She€informed€the€Committee€thatŠ œģ Šchild-care€alternatives€had€been€introduced€by€civil€society€and€that€the€Government€was€workingŠ ˆŲ Šin€cooperation€with€the€United€Nations€Children's€Fund€(UNICEF)€to€set€up€child-care€centres€andŠ tÄ Što€open€up€job€opportunities€for€women.Š `° ŠĢ421.€€The€representative€informed€the€Committee€that€law€No.€24705€of€1987,€which€qualifiedŠ 8 ˆ Šhome-makers€as€independent€workers€and,€in€consequence,€allowed€them€to€have€access€to€healthŠ $ t Šservices€and€pension€schemes€guaranteed€by€social€security,€was€being€implemented.Š  ` ŠĢ422.€€In€reply€to€a€question€concerning€the€proportion€of€women€who€could€obtain€access€to€socialŠ č 8  Šsecurity€protection,€the€representative€said€that€article€12€of€the€Constitution€established€that€theŠ Ō$  ŠGovernment€guarantees€social€security€to€all.€Working€women,€whether€employed,€or€self-employedŠ Ą  Šindependent€workers,€have€access€to€social€security,€as€do€those€who€are€55€years€old€and€haveŠ ¬ü  Šcontributed€to€the€social€security€system€for€at€least€five€years.Š ˜č  ŠĢ423.€€Asked€about€the€sectors€in€which€women€and€men€were€typically€employed,€the€representativeŠ pĄ Šsaid€that,€in€1991,€67€per€cent€of€economically€active€women€were€engaged€in€tertiary€activities.€ThatŠ \¬ Šrepresented€a€10€per€cent€increase€compared€with€1981.Š H˜ ŠĢņņArticle€12óóŠ  p ŠĢ424.€€Since€family€planning€information€and€advisory€services€are€provided€by€private€agencies€andŠ ųH Šfinanced€by€international€organizations,€members€wanted€information€on€the€percentage€of€theŠ ä4 Špopulation€involved€in€family€planning,€on€the€profile€of€the€population€served€by€family€planningŠ Š  Šand€on€the€initiatives€the€Government€was€taking€in€this€context.€In€reply€to€the€Committee'sŠ ¼  Šconcerns,€the€representative€informed€it€that€knowledge€about€family€planning€methods€amongŠ Øų Šmarried€women€is€widespread.€Fifty-nine€per€cent€of€women€of€fertile€age€(15€to€44€years)€hadŠ ”ä Šemployed€some€form€of€contraception:€56€per€cent€of€them€used€modern€methods€and€44€per€centŠ €Š Špreferred€traditional€methods.€The€natural€rhythm€method€seemed€to€be€on€the€rise.€She€indicatedŠ l¼ Šthat€the€choice€of€method€was€directly€linked€to€location€(urban€or€rural)€and€to€the€level€ofŠ X Ø Šeducation,€with€women€living€in€urban€areas€and€with€a€high€level€of€education€tending€to€chooseŠ D!” Šmodern€methods.€In€so€far€as€public€action€in€this€context€was€concerned,€the€representativeŠ 0"€  Šinformed€the€Committee€that€the€National€Fund€for€Compensation€and€Social€Development,€one€ofŠ #l! Šthe€main€programmes€directed€to€the€elimination€of€poverty,€had€directed€7€per€cent€of€its€budget€toŠ $X" Šthe€health€sector,€mostly€for€the€improvement€and€expansion€of€health€centres.€Although€the€currentŠ ō$D # Šcoverage€of€the€health€infrastructure€per€capita€was€inadequate,€she€noted€that€it€had€doubled€sinceŠ ą%0!$ Šthe€last€decade.€Public€institutions€in€charge€of€family€planning€were€the€National€Council€ofŠ Ģ&"% ŠPopulation,€the€Ministry€of€Health€and€the€Peruvian€Institute€for€Social€Security.Š ø'#& ŠĢ425.€€In€reply€to€questions€regarding€the€legislation€relating€to€abortion€and€its€practice,€theŠ )ą$( Šrepresentative€informed€the€Committee€that€the€Penal€Code€of€1991,€which€replaced€that€of€1924,Š |*Ģ%) Šprovided€for€imprisonment€up€to€two€years€in€practice,€however€service€for€illegal€abortion€wasŠ h+ø&* Šimplemented.€She€stated€that€the€Peruvian€Government€considered€abortion€to€be€a€serious€publicŠ T,¤'+ Šhealth€issue€and€the€principal€cause€of€mortal€maternity,€especially€among€poor€women.€She€addedŠ @-(, ŠŌ_Ōthat€the€law€provided€only€for€therapeutic€abortion,€which€was€available€only€when€the€mother'sŠ ° Šhealth€or€life€was€in€danger.€Doctors€had€to€face€a€more€severe€punishment€depending€on€whetherŠ œģ Šthe€woman€had€consented€and€whether€the€abortion€had€led€to€her€injury€or€death.Š ˆŲ ŠĢ426.€€Members€requested€information€on€the€country's€population€policy,€as€well€as€more€statisticalŠ `° Šdata€on€the€health€situation.€They€also€asked€whether€data€were€available€on€the€prevalence€ofŠ L œ Šcontraception.€The€representative€quoted€statistics€which€showed€that€in€1993,€the€maternal€mortalityŠ 8 ˆ Šrate€was€261€per€100,000,€a€decrease€since€1981,€when€the€rate€had€been€321.€She€informed€theŠ $ t ŠCommittee€that€maternal€mortality€rates€among€women€without€formal€education€were€higher€thanŠ  ` Šthe€national€average€and€higher€than€the€rate€10€years€previously.€The€main€factors€identified€asŠ ü L  Šcauses€were€abortion€and€inadequate€sanitation.€Estimates€of€rates€of€infant€and€child€mortality€wereŠ č 8  Šan€average€of€64€and€92,€respectively,€per€thousand€for€the€period€1981-1991.€The€representativeŠ Ō$  Šinformed€the€Committee€that€in€Peru€only€half€of€childbirths€were€attended€by€professionals.Š Ą  ŠHowever,€in€rural€areas€only€18€per€cent€of€births€were€attended.€She€pointed€out€that€the€number€ofŠ ¬ü  Špersons€affected€by€human€immunodeficiency€virus€(HIV)/acquired€immunodeficiency€syndromeŠ ˜č  Š(AIDS)€was€increasing€and€that€the€registered€number€in€1992-1993€was€higher€than€the€totalŠ „Ō  Šregistered€from€1983€to€1991.€She€said€that€there€was€a€growing€proportion€of€women€and€childrenŠ pĄ Šamong€the€affected.€She€emphasized€that,€despite€the€growing€incidence€of€HIV/AIDS,€insufficientŠ \¬ Šattention€had€been€paid€to€the€disease€and€the€response€of€the€judicial-legal€system€to€it€wasŠ H˜ Šinadequate.€She€informed€the€Committee€that€when€the€disease€had€been€first€discovered,€there€wasŠ 4„ Šonly€one€woman€victim€for€each€20€affected€men;€today,€the€proportion€was€one€woman€for€eachŠ  p Šfour€men.€She€stated€that€this€increase€reflects€women's€social,€biological€and€epidemiologicalŠ  \ Švulnerability.Š ųH ŠĢņņArticle€14óóŠ Š  ŠĢ427.€€Most€rural€women€in€Peru€were€said€to€be€occupied€in€the€most€traditional€forms€of€farming,Š Øų Šin€which€they€undertook€the€most€menial€tasks.€In€reply€to€a€question€about€whether€any€measuresŠ ”ä Šwere€planned€to€improve€that€situation,€the€representative€said€that€rural€women€had€a€leading€roleŠ €Š Šin€their€communities€because€during€the€past€decade€many€men€had€died€or€migrated.€She€confirmedŠ l¼ Šthat€most€women€were€not€involved€in€income-generating€activities.€She€indicated€that€theŠ X Ø ŠGovernment€was€implementing€a€project€which€recognized€women's€rights€to€have€access€to€the€landŠ D!” Šwhich€they€directly€worked€and€thus€access€to€wealth.€Another€project,€designed€to€allow€the€transferŠ 0"€  Šof€technology€to€rural€areas,€included€the€participation€of€women€as€extension€agents.€She€said€thatŠ #l! Ša€network,€led€by€the€Food€and€Agriculture€Organization€of€the€United€Nations€(FAO)€and€made€upŠ $X" Šof€several€institutions€from€the€public€and€private€sectors,€had€been€created€for€the€support€of€ruralŠ ō$D # Šwomen.Š ą%0!$ ŠĢ428.€€Members€expressed€concern€at€the€fact€that,€in€the€absence€of€decentralization€called€for€underŠ ø'#& Šthe€national€regionalization€plan,€women€were€denied€any€involvement€in€decision-making.€TheŠ ¤(ō#' Šrepresentative€recalled€that€violence€and€economic€crises€had€induced€rural€women€to€assumeŠ )ą$( Švarious€public€duties.€She€emphasized€that,€during€the€previous€decade,€the€role€of€women€and€theŠ |*Ģ%) Šperception€society€had€of€them,€as€well€as€the€expectations€of€women€themselves,€had€changed.Š h+ø&* ŠNevertheless,€she€noted€that,€although€women€were€increasingly€integrated€and€accepted€in€theŠ T,¤'+ Špublic€sphere,€women's€equality€within€the€private€sphere€remained€a€problem.€Š @-(, Š429.€€In€reply€to€a€question€about€concrete€steps€the€Government€had€taken€to€raise€the€livingŠ ° Šstandards€of€indigenous€women,€the€representative€said€that€the€Government€had€primarily€directedŠ œģ Šits€efforts€to€supporting€the€basic€needs€of€rural€women.€At€the€present€time,€the€Ministry€ofŠ ˆŲ ŠAgriculture€was€developing€programmes€for€women's€access€to€resources.€It€was€also€coordinatingŠ tÄ Šthe€network€of€international€and€national€organizations€for€the€support€of€rural€women,€through€theirŠ `° Šorganization€and€the€management€of€credit.Š L œ ŠĢņņArticle€16óóŠ $ t ŠĢ430.€€Members€of€the€Committee€requested€more€detailed€information€on€the€Family€Code,€divorceŠ ü L  Šand€differential€views€on€adultery€by€men€and€women.€The€representative€informed€the€CommitteeŠ č 8  Šthat€the€Peruvian€Civil€Code€included€a€chapter€on€divorce€which€did€not€discriminate€betweenŠ Ō$  Šwomen€and€men.€Replying€to€questions€relating€to€the€provision€of€alimony€after€divorce,€theŠ Ą  Šrepresentative€said€that€alimony€was€awarded,€without€distinction€between€women€and€men,€to€theŠ ¬ü  Špartner€who€had€fewer€economic€resources€and€this€obligation€ceased€automatically€if€the€personŠ ˜č  Šreceiving€alimony€remarried.Š „Ō  ŠĢ431.€€Replying€to€the€Committee's€request€that€it€be€provided€with€statistics€on€divorce€and€childŠ \¬ Šcustody€(maternal/paternal/other),€the€representative€said€that€the€Government€was€in€the€process€ofŠ H˜ Šdeveloping€statistics€on€the€subject€and€identifying€the€main€variables€for€their€study.Š 4„ ŠĢņņConcluding€comments€of€the€CommitteeóóŠ  \ ŠĢņņIntroductionóóŠ ä4 ŠĢ432.€€The€Committee€commended€the€Government€of€Peru€for€ratifying€the€Convention€withoutŠ ¼  Šreservations.€The€report€did€not€follow€the€general€guidelines€and€lacked€important€details€such€asŠ Øų Šcomparative€statistics€over€time.€Information€requested€by€the€Committee€when€the€initial€report€wasŠ ”ä Šsubmitted€were€not€provided€in€the€second€periodic€report.€One€such€information€was€theŠ €Š Šinvolvement€of€women's€organizations€in€the€preparation€of€the€report.Š l¼ ŠĢņņPositive€aspectsóóŠ D!” ŠĢ433.€€The€Committee€noted€that€the€Convention€was€an€integral€part€of€the€Peruvian€domesticŠ #l! Šlegislation€and€in€the€event€of€any€conflict,€the€Convention€prevailed.Š $X" ŠĢ434.€€The€Committee€noted€that€although€the€Special€Commission€on€Women's€Rights€wasŠ ą%0!$ Šterminated€in€1990,€a€Permanent€Commission€on€Women€and€Children's€Rights€had€been€establishedŠ Ģ&"% Šin€1994€to€coordinate€activities€relating€to€women's€rights.Š ø'#& ŠĢ435.€€The€Committee€noted€the€passage€of€a€Domestic€Violence€Law,€which€had€been€supported€byŠ )ą$( Šmany€women's€groups.€It€would€complement€the€work€of€Police€Stations€(Comisarias€de€Policia)€inŠ |*Ģ%) Šdealing€with€cases€related€to€violence€against€women.€Likewise,€a€law€prohibiting€discriminationŠ h+ø&* Šagainst€pregnant€women€had€been€passed.Š T,¤'+ ŠŠ @-(, Š436.€€The€Committee€noted€the€increase€in€women€judges€in€Peru.Š ° ŠĢņņPrincipal€subjects€of€concernóóŠ ˆŲ ŠĢ437.€€The€Committee€asserted€that€peace€and€development€were€essential€for€promoting€women'sŠ `° Šrights€and€should€be€pursued,€even€as€the€Government€was€trying€to€extricate€itself€from€politicalŠ L œ Šcrisis.€Concern€was€raised€about€the€effects€of€recent€political€developments€in€Peru€on€women,Š 8 ˆ Šparticularly€in€the€exercise€of€their€civil€liberties.Š $ t ŠĢ438.€€The€Committee€raised€concern€about€reports€of€rape,€gang€rape€and€custodial€rape€which€hadŠ ü L  Šbeen€documented€by€human€rights€organizations,€especially€those€occurring€in€the€"emergencyŠ č 8  Šzones"€and€affecting€indigenous€and€peasant€women.Š Ō$  ŠĢ439.€€Special€concern€was€expressed€by€the€Committee€to€the€plight€of€displaced/refugee€women€andŠ ¬ü  Šchildren€in€resettlement€areas.Š ˜č  ŠĢ440.€€High€unemployment€rates€among€women€was€another€matter€of€concern€of€the€Committee.€ItŠ pĄ Šhad€forced€women€to€seek€employment€in€the€informal€sector€without€access€to€credit,€social€benefitsŠ \¬ Šand€other€supportive€infrastructure.Š H˜ ŠĢ441.€€The€Committee€was€alarmed€to€note€that€women€were€resorting€to€small-scale€drug€traffickingŠ  p Šas€a€means€of€survival.Š  \ ŠĢ442.€€Whereas€women€had€been€entering€universities€in€increasing€numbers,€illiteracy€among€womenŠ ä4 Šstill€remained€high.Š Š  ŠĢ443.€€The€health€status€of€women€and€children€in€Peru€was€of€great€concern€to€the€Committee,Š Øų Šparticularly€as€regards€high€maternal€mortality€rates€resulting€from€clandestine€abortions.Š ”ä ŠĢņņSuggestions€and€recommendationsóóŠ l¼ ŠĢ444.€€The€Committee€calls€upon€the€Government€to€ensure€the€provision€of€social€services€asŠ D!” Šeducation,€employment€and€health€as€this€greatly€affects€women.Š 0"€  ŠĢ445.€€The€Committee€strongly€recommends€the€strengthening€of€the€National€Council€for€HumanŠ $X" ŠRights€in€its€investigation€of€human€rights€abuses€against€women€detainees€and€civilians€and€callsŠ ō$D # Šfor€more€updated€and€gender-disaggregated€information€on€the€Nationwide€Register€of€DetaineesŠ ą%0!$ Šas€well€as€cases€of€enforced€disappearances.Š Ģ&"% ŠĢ446.€€The€Committee€urges€the€Government€to€look€into€the€causes€of€high€maternal€mortality€ratesŠ ¤(ō#' Šarising€from€clandestine€abortions€and€to€review€the€law€on€abortion,€taking€into€consideration€theŠ )ą$( Šhealth€needs€of€women€and€to€consider€suspending€the€penalty€of€imprisonment€for€women€whoŠ |*Ģ%) Šhave€undergone€illegal€abortion€procedures.Š h+ø&* ŠĢ447.€€The€Committee€suggests€further€that€the€Government€seek€the€cooperation€of€Ō_ŌmedicalŠ @-(, Šassociations€and€of€judges€and€lawyers€to€consider€more€expansive€use€of€the€therapeutic€exceptionŠ ° Što€the€criminal€prohibition€of€abortion,€in€cases€of€danger€to€the€mother's€health.Š œģ ŠĢ448.€€The€Committee€calls€for€more€effective€measures€to€hasten€the€reintegration€of€displaced€andŠ tÄ Šrefugee€women€into€society.Š `° ŠĢ449.€€The€Committee€encourages€the€Government€of€Peru€to€take€measures€that€the€strengtheningŠ 8 ˆ Šof€the€family€leads€simultaneously€to€a€strengthening€of€individual€rights€of€women€and€to€an€equalŠ $ t Šdistribution€of€responsibilities€between€women€and€men.Š  ` ŠĢ450.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€organ€which€was€created€to€coordinate€the€activitiesŠ č 8  Šregarding€women's€rights€be€politically€and€administratively€strengthened€in€order€to€coordinateŠ Ō$  Špublic€policies€aimed€at€improving€the€situation€and€position€of€women.Š Ą  ŠĢ451.€€The€Committee€asks€that€the€subsequent€report€be€written€in€conformity€with€the€reportingŠ ˜č  Šguidelines€and€contain€comparative€statistics.Š „Ō  ŠĢŠ  \¬ Šņ ņŌ_ŌCEDAWŌ_Ō€€A/53/38/Rev.1€(1998)Š ° ŠĢó óĢ292.€€The€Committee€considered€the€combined€third€and€fourth€periodic€reports€of€PeruŠ tÄ Š(Ō_ŌCEDAWŌ_Ō/C/PER/3„4)€at€its€397ņņthóó€and€398ņņthóó€meetings,€on€6€July€1998€(see€Ō_ŌCEDAWŌ_Ō/C/SR.397€andŠ `° Š398).Š L œ ŠĢņņIntroduction€by€the€State€partyóóŠ $ t ŠĢ293.€€The€representative€of€Peru€informed€the€Committee€that,€since€1990,€womenššs€access€toŠ ü L  Šeducation,€employment€and€health€care€services€in€Peru€had€improved.€€The€right€to€equality€beforeŠ č 8  Šthe€law€and€freedom€from€discrimination€had€been€entrenched€in€the€1993€constitution,€and€theŠ Ō$  ŠGovernment€of€Peru€had€introduced€legislative€measures€to€ensure€ņņde€jureóó€equality€to€women€andŠ Ą  Što€encourage€their€full€participation€in€the€social,€political€and€economic€development€of€the€country.€Š ¬ü  ŠThe€representative€acknowledged€that,€despite€the€introduction€of€these€other€policies€designed€toŠ ˜č  Šrespond€to€the€current€Ō_ŌsocioŌ_Ō„political€and€economic€changes,€structural€inequalities€persisted.Š „Ō  ŠĢ294.€€The€representative€noted€recent€legislative€changes€including€the€statutory€definition€ofŠ \¬ Šdiscrimination,€legal€provisions€guaranteeing€pregnant€adolescents€and€mothers€access€to€education,Š H˜ Šthe€obligation€to€ensure€that€candidatesšš€lists€for€all€public€elections€included€a€minimum€of€25€perŠ 4„ Šcent€of€women€or€men,€the€removal€of€all€protective€measures€relating€to€womenššs€employment€andŠ  p Šthe€reform€of€the€penal€code€provision€allowing€rapists€to€avoid€prosecution€by€marrying€theirŠ  \ Švictims.Š ųH ŠĢ295.€€The€representative€described€institutional€mechanisms€to€ensure€implementation€of€theseŠ Š  Šlegislative€guarantees,€including€the€Ministry€for€the€Advancement€of€Women€and€HumanŠ ¼  ŠDevelopment€established€in€1996€and€the€Special€Office€for€the€Defence€of€the€Rights€of€WomenŠ Øų Šwithin€the€office€of€the€Special€Ō_ŌOmbudspersonŌ_Ō.Š ”ä ŠĢ296.€€The€representative€stated€that,€of€the€5€million€women€living€in€poverty,€18€per€cent€live€inŠ l¼ Šextreme€poverty€but€that€the€Government€had€committed€itself€to€a€50€per€cent€reduction€in€the€rateŠ X Ø Šof€extreme€poverty€by€the€year€2000.Š D!” ŠĢ297.€€The€representative€informed€the€Committee€that€domestic€and€sexual€violence€continued€to€beŠ #l! Ša€serious€problem.€€However,€only€a€fraction€of€victims€reported€incidents€of€abuse.€€He€notedŠ $X" Šapproaches€which€had€been€introduced€to€eradicate€violence€against€women,€including€the€1993Š ō$D # ŠDomestic€Violence€Act,€awareness„raising€campaigns,€the€establishment€of€police€officers€forŠ ą%0!$ Šwomen,€training€of€members€of€the€police€force,€prosecutors€and€judges€and€the€creation€of€shelters.Š Ģ&"% ŠĢ298.€€The€representative€stated€that€women€living€in€rural€areas,€particularly€those€belonging€toŠ ¤(ō#' Šindigenous€groups,€remained€Ō_ŌmarginalizedŌ_Ō€and€had€higher€rates€of€maternal€mortality,€adolescentŠ )ą$( Špregnancy€and€illiteracy€than€women€living€in€Peruššs€urban€centres.€€The€representative€noted€thatŠ |*Ģ%) Šamong€the€illiterate€population€in€Peru,€72€per€cent€were€women,€the€majority€of€whom€were€rural,Š h+ø&* Šindigenous€women.€€Integrated€literacy€programmes€had€been€designed€and€were€being€implementedŠ T,¤'+ Šby€the€Ministry€for€the€Advancement€of€Women.Š @-(, ŠŌ_Ō‡299.€€The€representative€noted€that€economically€active€women€were€primarily€concentrated€inŠ ° Štrading,€the€hotel€and€restaurant€sectors,€agriculture€and€manufacturing;€most€women€were€over„Š œģ Šrepresented€in€the€lower€income€bracket.Š ˆŲ ŠĢ300.€€The€representative€indicated€that€pregnancy€rates€among€adolescents€were€high,€particularlyŠ `° Šamong€indigenous€groups€and€that€the€maternal€mortality€rate€was€high€at€261€deaths€per€100,000Š L œ Šlive€births,€but€that€this€was€being€addressed€through€the€implementation€of€an€emergency€plan.€€InŠ 8 ˆ Šaddition,€the€Programme€for€Reproductive€Health€and€Family€Planning€for€1996„2000€hadŠ $ t Šguaranteed€access€to€an€integrated€range€of€services€designed€to€address,€ņņinter€aliaóó,€maternal€health,Š  ` Šcontraception€and€sexually€transmitted€diseases.Š ü L  ŠĢ301.€€The€representative€stated€that,€during€the€past€10€years,€there€had€been€significant€displacementŠ Ō$  Šfrom€rural€communities€to€urban€centres€and€that€the€Government€was€currently€seeking€to€identifyŠ Ą  Šinternally€displaced€persons.€€Many€displaced€persons,€the€majority€of€whom€were€women,€had€beenŠ ¬ü  Šreturned€to€their€places€of€origin€and€the€Ministry€for€the€Advancement€of€Women€had€providedŠ ˜č  Šemergency€support€and€reintegration€programmes€to€women€heads€of€households.Š „Ō  ŠĢ302.€€The€representative€concluded€by€reaffirming€his€Governmentššs€commitment€to€theŠ \¬ Šimplementation€of€the€Convention€and€to€providing€the€Committee€with€all€the€necessary€materialsŠ H˜ Što€assist€it€in€its€task.Š 4„ ŠĢņņConcluding€comments€of€the€CommitteeóóŠ  \ ŠĢņņIntroductionóóŠ ä4 ŠĢ303.€€The€Committee€expresses€its€gratitude€to€the€Government€of€Peru€for€the€comprehensive€andŠ ¼  Šfrank€information€contained€in€its€third€and€fourth€periodic€reports,€as€well€as€in€the€supplementaryŠ Øų Šreport,€explaining€current€policies,€projects€and€programmes€for€implementation€of€the€Convention.€Š ”ä ŠThe€Committee€also€welcomes€the€comprehensive€answers€to€the€questions€posed€by€the€pre„sessionŠ €Š Šworking€group,€which€had€provided€further€information€regarding€the€situation€of€Peruvian€womenŠ l¼ Šand€the€obstacles€which€continued€to€impede€implementation€of€the€Convention.Š X Ø ŠĢ304.€€The€Committee€stresses€the€need€to€include,€in€subsequent€reports€and€on€an€ongoing€basis,Š 0"€  Šcomparative€statistical€data€for€men€and€women€covering€different€periods€so€as€to€be€able€to€assessŠ #l! Šmeaningfully€and€in€appropriate€depth€changes€in€the€situation€of€Peruvian€women.Š $X" ŠĢ305.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€Peruvian€delegation,€headed€by€the€Deputy€Minister€for€theŠ ą%0!$ ŠAdvancement€of€Women€and€Human€Development.Š Ģ&"% ŠĢņņPositive€aspectsóóŠ ¤(ō#' ŠĢ306.€€The€Committee€notes€the€efforts€made€by€the€Peruvian€Government€to€promote€complianceŠ |*Ģ%) Šwith€its€commitment€to€implement€the€Convention,€notwithstanding€the€difficult€situation€beingŠ h+ø&* Šfaced€by€the€country€owing€to€the€economic€crisis€and€terrorist€violence.Š T,¤'+ ŠŠ @-(, Š307.€€The€Committee€notes€that€since€the€entry€into€force€of€the€1993€constitution,€the€GovernmentŠ ° Šof€Peru€has€been€introducing€significant€new€legislation€together€with€reforms€in€current€legislationŠ œģ Što€promote€compliance€with€the€Convention,€including€the€establishment€of€the€Office€of€theŠ ˆŲ ŠOmbudsman,€establishment€of€the€independence€of€the€judiciary,€and€Act€No.€26260€on€DomesticŠ tÄ ŠViolence,€which€represents€a€fundamental€advance€in€confronting€a€serious€problem€in€PeruvianŠ `° ŠSociety.Š L œ ŠĢ308.€€The€Committee€views€as€especially€significant€the€establishment€of€the€Ministry€for€theŠ $ t ŠAdvancement€of€Women€and€Human€Development€as€a€mechanism€for€the€advancement€of€womenŠ  ` Šin€the€country€and€the€attainment€of€gender€equality.€€In€that€regard€it€listened€with€great€interest€toŠ ü L  Šthe€policies€and€programmes€being€undertaken€by€the€Government,€as€well€as€its€objective€ofŠ č 8  Šimplementation€as€quickly€as€possible€of€the€follow„up€programme€to€the€Beijing€Platform€forŠ Ō$  ŠAction€and€the€Cairo€Programme€of€Action.Š Ą  ŠĢ309.€€The€Committee€emphasizes€collaboration€by€Peruvian€civil€society€as€a€whole€and€in€particularŠ ˜č  Šby€womenššs€non„governmental€organizations;€in€that€regard,€it€considers€that€their€tiers€with€theŠ „Ō  ŠMinistry€for€the€Advancement€of€Women€and€Human€Development€offers€a€suitable€framework€forŠ pĄ Šimplementation€of€the€Convention.Š \¬ ŠĢņņFactors€and€difficulties€affecting€implementation€of€the€ConventionóóŠ 4„ ŠĢ310.€€One€of€the€main€obstacles€to€full€implementation€of€the€Convention€is€poverty,€which€affectsŠ  \ Š44€per€cent€of€Peruvian€women.€€The€situation€is€worsening,€with€18€per€cent€of€women€living€inŠ ųH Šextreme€poverty.€€Long„term€poverty€as€a€result€of€structural€adjustment€policies€divorced€fromŠ ä4 Šsocial€development,€debt„servicing€and€the€aftermath€of€terrorism€has€led€to€a€serious€deteriorationŠ Š  Šin€the€quality€of€life€of€millions€of€women,€who€have€no€access€to€education,€medical€and€hospitalŠ ¼  Šservices,€employment€and€the€basic€resources€needed€for€subsistence.€€Notwithstanding€the€nationalŠ Øų Šstrategy€for€poverty€alleviation€introduced€by€the€Government,€the€feminization€of€poverty€is€a€realityŠ ”ä Šin€the€country,€and€is€worsening€in€rural€areas€and€indigenous€settlements,€as€well€as€in€areasŠ €Š Šdeclared€emergency€zones.€€Although€the€Committee€notes€that€government€macroeconomicŠ l¼ Šindicators€show€progress,€and€that€there€has€been€a€distinct€reduction€in€the€percentage€of€peopleŠ X Ø Šclassified€as€poor,€more€than€half€the€countryššs€population€(13€million)€suffer€from€poverty€orŠ D!” Šextreme€poverty.Š 0"€  ŠĢņņPrincipal€subjects€of€concern€and€the€Committeeššs€recommendationsóóŠ $X" ŠĢ311.€€The€Committee€notes€with€great€concern€the€situation€of€women€who€have€been€displaced€fromŠ ą%0!$ Štheir€places€of€origin€with€their€families€as€a€result€of€terrorist€activity.€€It€takes€note€of€theŠ Ģ&"% Šprogrammes€being€implemented€by€the€Government€to€return€such€women€to€their€places€of€originŠ ø'#& Šor€to€settle€them€where€they€currently€resided.Š ¤(ō#' ŠĢ312.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€greatest€possible€care€should€be€given€to€such€women,Š |*Ģ%) Šwho,€in€the€main,€were€heads€of€households,€and€who€should€be€the€beneficiaries€of€programmes€toŠ h+ø&* Špromote€their€participation€in€the€labour€force€together€with€access€for€them€and€their€families€toŠ T,¤'+ Šeducation,€health€care,€housing,€drinking€water€and€other€essential€services.Š @-(, Š313.€€The€Committee€notes€with€concern€that,€notwithstanding€the€introduction€of€significant€legalŠ ° Šchanges€for€implementation€of€the€provisions€of€the€Convention,€inequality€between€men€and€womenŠ œģ Šis€still€a€reality€in€Peru.Š ˆŲ ŠĢ314.€€The€Committee€recommends€the€formulation€of€a€working€strategy€involving€training,€publicityŠ `° Šand€legal€literacy€regarding€the€new€legal€provisions€to€achieve€ņņde€factoóó€compliance€with€legislationŠ L œ Špromoting€the€rights€of€women.€€It€also€recommends€systematic€dissemination€of€the€Convention€atŠ 8 ˆ Šall€levels,€to€men€and€women€in€communities,€and€in€particular€to€all€governmental€authorities€andŠ $ t Špersons€responsible€for€its€implementation.€€There€is€also€a€need€for€penalties€against€thoseŠ  ` Šinfringing€current€legislation.Š ü L  ŠĢ315.€€The€Committee€notes€that,€under€the€1993€constitution,€international€agreements€form€part€ofŠ Ō$  Šnational€legislation.€€It€is€not€clear€whether,€in€order€to€implement€this€provision,€the€Convention€hasŠ Ą  Šbeen€adopted€by€Congress.Š ¬ü  ŠĢ316.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€an€explanation€be€given€in€the€next€report€as€to€whether€theŠ „Ō  ŠConvention€is€already€incorporated€in€legislation,€whether€the€judiciary€has€the€authority€toŠ pĄ Šimplement€Convention€provisions€before€the€courts,€what€degree€of€access€there€is€for€women€to€theŠ \¬ ŠConvention€and€to€the€Ombudsman€and,€lastly,€whether€cases€of€discrimination€have€been€resolvedŠ H˜ Šby€the€courts€with€reference€to€the€Convention.Š 4„ ŠĢ317.€€The€Committee€notes€the€prevalence,€throughout€Peruvian€society,€of€socio„cultural€patternsŠ  \ Šof€behaviour€that€perpetuated€prejudices€and€discrimination€against€women.€€The€Committee€drawsŠ ųH Šattention€to€the€fact€that,€despite€the€legislative€changes€and€the€commitment€of€the€Government€ofŠ ä4 ŠPeru€to€implement€the€Convention,€change€would€not€come€about€in€practice€unless€efforts€are€madeŠ Š  Što€change€societyššs€attitudes€to€and€prejudices€with€respect€to€women.Š ¼  ŠĢ318.€€The€Committee€recommends,€as€a€matter€of€priority,€the€inclusion€in€gender€equalityŠ ”ä Šprogrammes€of€a€component€to€promote€the€gradual€elimination€of€such€harmful€stereotypes,€andŠ €Š Ša€general€awareness„raising€campaign€to€eradicate€them.€€It€suggests€prioritizing€those€sectors€withŠ l¼ Šthe€greatest€impact€on€the€population,€such€as€the€various€levels€of€education,€the€mass€media,€healthŠ X Ø Šsector€agencies€and€workers,€community€leaders€and€others.Š D!” ŠĢ319.€€The€Committee€expresses€concern€as€to€whether€the€definition€contained€in€Act€No.€26772,Š #l! Šwhich€establishes€what€is€meant€by€discrimination,€is€consistent€with€article€1€of€the€ConventionŠ $X" Šrelating€to€direct€and€indirect€discrimination.€€It€also€expresses€concern€at€a€clause€in€the€Act€whichŠ ō$D # Šdefined€discrimination€as€š šthe€act€of€according€different€treatment€to€people,€without€there€being€anyŠ ą%0!$ Šobjective€and€reasonable€justification,€on€the€basis€of€race,€sex,€...šš.Š Ģ&"% ŠĢ320.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€š šany€objective€and€reasonable€justificationšš€be€used€only€asŠ ¤(ō#' Ša€basis€for€the€implementation€of€temporary€special€measures€which€accelerate€the€ņņde€factoóó€equalityŠ )ą$( Šbetween€women€and€men.€€It€further€requests€the€Government€of€Peru€to€include€information€on€theŠ |*Ģ%) Šmanner€in€which€the€criterion€of€š šobjective€and€reasonable€justificationšš€has€been€implemented€andŠ h+ø&* Šwhether€a€definition€of€discrimination€reflecting€article€1€of€the€Convention€is€now€an€enforceableŠ T,¤'+ Špart€of€the€law.Š @-(, Š321.€€The€Committee€observes€that€article€4€is€being€misinterpreted€and€that€no€distinction€is€beingŠ ° Šmade€between€protective€measures€and€the€definitions€of€affirmative€temporary€special€measuresŠ œģ Šcontemplated€in€the€Convention.€€However,€reference€is€made,€in€the€supplementary€report,€to€theŠ ˆŲ Šrequirement€that,€as€an€affirmative€action€measure,€25€per€cent€of€the€candidates€on€the€lists€ofŠ tÄ Šcandidates€for€election€to€Parliament€must€be€women.Š `° ŠĢ322.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€Government€take€steps€to€help€increase€the€access€ofŠ 8 ˆ Šwomen€to€management€and,€in€particular,€decision„making€posts.€€The€Committee€requests€that€theŠ $ t Šnext€report€contain€the€results€of€the€steps€taken€to€increase€the€access€of€women€to€ParliamentŠ  ` Šthrough€the€requirement€of€a€25€per€cent€quota€for€women€in€the€lists€of€candidates.Š ü L  ŠĢ323.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€at€the€lack€of€information€on€the€migration€of€Peruvian€womenŠ Ō$  Šabroad€and€on€the€protection€afforded€to€them€by€the€Government,€given€the€new€problem€createdŠ Ą  Šby€the€vulnerability€of€such€women€to€exploitation€and€discrimination.Š ¬ü  ŠĢ324.€€The€Committee€requests€information€on€the€issue€in€the€next€periodic€report.Š „Ō  ŠĢ325.€€The€Committee€expresses€concern€at€the€effects€of€regulating€prostitution€and€wishes€to€knowŠ \¬ Šwhether€such€regulation€has€the€effect€of€protecting€the€rights€of€prostitutes€and€preventing€themŠ H˜ Šfrom€falling€victim€to€violence,€trafficking€and€exploitation€and€from€contracting€diseases€orŠ 4„ Šwhether,€on€the€contrary,€it€protects€the€health€of€the€clients€and€makes€it€easier€for€them€to€obtainŠ  p Šsexual€services.Š  \ ŠĢ326.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€next€periodic€report€contain€information€on:Š ä4 ŠĢ(a)€€Any€increase€or€decrease€in€the€number€of€women€prostitutes;Š ¼  ŠĢ(b)€€The€existence€of€under„age€prostitutes;Š ”ä ŠĢ(c)€€The€situation€of€women€who€engage€in€prostitution€without€meeting€the€establishedŠ l¼ Šrequirements,€and€that€of€their€clients;Š X Ø ŠĢ(d)€€The€number€of€women€and€men€who€have€been€accused,€arrested,€tried€and€convicted€forŠ 0"€  Šoffences€relating€to€prostitution€and€trafficking€in€persons;Š #l! ŠĢ(e)€€Sociological€characteristics€of€women€engaged€in€prostitution;Š ō$D # ŠĢ(f)€€The€prevalence€of€sexually€transmitted€diseases€and€other€diseases€among€prostitutes.Š Ģ&"% ŠĢ327.€€The€Committee€expresses€concern€at€the€fact€that,€although€the€report€mentions€Act€No.€26260Š ¤(ō#' Šon€domestic€violence,€it€does€not€make€reference€to€any€specific€measures€taken€to€deal€with€casesŠ )ą$( Šof€violence,€including€incest,€the€incidence€of€which€is€extremely€high.€€Moreover,€the€CommitteeŠ |*Ģ%) Šis€deeply€disturbed€by€the€instances€of€sexual€violence€against€rural€and€indigenous€women€and€theŠ h+ø&* Šhigh€rate€of€sexual€abuse€of€teenagers€and€girls€in€emergency€zones.Š T,¤'+ ŠŌ_ŌŠ @-(, Š328.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€Government€take€the€necessary€practical€measures€toŠ ° Šimplement€the€Act€and€make€necessary€efforts€to€treat€the€victims€and€to€provide€training€to€policeŠ œģ Šofficers,€members€of€the€army,€and€court,€medical€and€paramedical€personnel,€psychologists€andŠ ˆŲ Šnursing€staff€whose€job€it€is€to€treat€the€victims.€€The€Committee€also€recommends€that€officialŠ tÄ Šrecords€be€kept€and€the€necessary€monitoring€system€be€established€so€as€to€make€it€possible€toŠ `° Ševaluate€the€magnitude€of€the€problem€and€how€it€is€evolving.€€The€womenššs€police€offices€haveŠ L œ Šbeen€a€valid€initiative€to€deal€with€such€situations€but€they€appear€to€be€insufficient.Š 8 ˆ ŠĢ329.€€The€Committee€emphasizes€the€vital€importance€of€education€in€improving€the€situation€ofŠ  ` Šwomen.€€It€notes€with€concern€that€drop„out€rates€among€girls€are€very€high,€particularly€in€poorŠ ü L  Šurban€areas€and€in€rural€and€indigenous€areas.Š č 8  ŠĢ330.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€programmes€be€undertaken€to€curb€and€reverse€that€trendŠ Ą  Šand,€where€such€programmes€exist,€it€recommends€that€they€should€be€made€more€systematic.Š ¬ü  ŠĢ331.€€The€Committee€notes€with€concern€that€illiteracy€rates€among€women€are€very€high€and€itŠ „Ō  Šstresses€the€importance€of€Ō_ŌfocusingŌ_Ō€on€educating€women€so€that€they€can€exercise€their€rights€asŠ pĄ Šcitizens.Š \¬ ŠĢ332.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€particular€attention€be€paid€to€literacy€programmes€and€thatŠ 4„ Šthey€be€implemented€in€a€sustained€manner€and€it€requests€that€information€on€progress€made€in€thatŠ  p Šarea€be€included€in€the€next€report.Š  \ ŠĢ333.€€The€Committee€expresses€concern€at€the€situation€of€women€in€the€employment€area€and€itŠ ä4 Šdraws€attention€to€the€need€for€programmes€and€projects€designed€to€increase€the€access€of€theŠ Š  Šworking€female€population€in€the€labour€force€and€to€increase€the€number€of€women€in€allŠ ¼  Šoccupational€categories,€since€they€are€currently€concentrated€mainly€in€commerce,€services€and€jobsŠ Øų Šwhere€the€pay€is€extremely€low.€€Many€women€are€underpaid€and€they€are€paid€less€than€men€forŠ ”ä Šwork€of€equal€value.Š €Š ŠĢ334.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€greater€efforts€be€made€to€achieve€the€principles€of€equal€payŠ X Ø Šand€equal€pay€for€work€of€equal€value,€to€educate€women€so€as€to€enable€them€to€enter€the€labourŠ D!” Šforce,€to€provide€training€and€retraining€programmes€so€as€to€encourage€women€to€gain€access€toŠ 0"€  Šnon„traditional€jobs,€to€guarantee€their€right€to€social€security€and€thus€to€ensure€that€women€are€ableŠ #l! Što€be€active€agents€in€the€development€of€the€country.Š $X" ŠĢ335.€€The€Committee€notes€with€concern€the€high€percentage€of€women€heads€of€household€in€PeruŠ ą%0!$ Šand€the€need€for€systematic€programmes€to€meet€the€needs€of€such€women.Š Ģ&"% ŠĢ336.€€The€Committee€requests€information€on€the€outcome€of€the€efforts€made€in€that€sector.Š ¤(ō#' ŠĢ337.€€The€Committee€notes€with€concern€that€maternal€and€infant€mortality€and€teenage€pregnancyŠ |*Ģ%) Šrates€are€high€and€that€preventable€diseases€are€common,€all€of€which€contributed€to€serious€flawsŠ h+ø&* Šin€the€Peruvian€health€system.€€It€notes€that€the€main€factor€which€affected€women€primarily€in€theŠ T,¤'+ Šmost€disadvantaged€sectors€is€lack€of€resources€to€avail€themselves€of€medical€care€when€needed€andŠ @-(, Šwith€the€necessary€speed.Š ° ŠĢ338.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€all€efforts€be€made€so€that€such€women€may€exercise€theirŠ ˆŲ Šright€to€health€and€receive€proper€care€and€the€necessary€information€and€medical€and€paramedicalŠ tÄ Špersonnel€as€part€of€basic€respect€for€their€human€rights.Š `° Š€Ģ339.€€The€Committee€notes€with€concern€that€there€is€a€close€link€between€the€number€of€abortionsŠ 8 ˆ Šperformed€and€the€high€maternal€mortality€rate,€and€it€stresses€that€criminalizing€abortion€does€notŠ $ t Šdiscourage€abortions,€but€rather€has€the€effect€of€making€the€procedure€unsafe€and€dangerous€forŠ  ` Šwomen.Š ü L  ŠĢ340.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€Government€of€Peru€review€its€law€on€abortion€andŠ Ō$  Šensure€that€women€have€access€to€full€and€complete€health€services,€which€include€safe€abortion,€andŠ Ą  Što€emergency€medical€attention€when€complications€arise€from€abortions.€€The€Committee€alsoŠ ¬ü  Šrequests€that€information€be€included€in€the€next€periodic€report€on€the€implementation€of€theseŠ ˜č  Šmeasures€and€on€the€health€services€that€are€available€to€women€who€need€emergency€medicalŠ „Ō  Šattention€as€a€result€of€complications€arising€as€a€result€of€abortion.Š pĄ ŠĢ341.€€The€Committee€expresses€concern€at€the€lack€of€information€and€lack€of€access€to€adequateŠ H˜ Šcontraception€among€poor€women€in€urban€and€rural€areas,€indigenous€women€and€teenage€girls.Š 4„ ŠĢ342.€€The€Committee€recommends€the€establishment€of€family€planning€programmes€that€emphasizeŠ  \ Šsex€education,€use€of€adequate€contraception€and€responsible€use€of€sterilization€services€whereŠ ųH Šnecessary,€with€the€patientššs€express€authorization€and€after€the€consequences€of€such€procedure€hadŠ ä4 Šbeen€fully€explained.Š Š  ŠĢ343.€€The€Committee€recommends€the€implementation€of€programmes€to€prevent€cervical€and€breastŠ Øų Šcancer,€which€are€also€major€causes€of€mortality€among€women,€and€programmes€to€prevent€theŠ ”ä Šspread€of€HIV/AIDS,€as€well€as€to€treat€this€disease.Š €Š ŠĢ344.€€Despite€the€support€given€by€Peru€to€Ō_ŌmicrocreditŌ_Ō,€the€report€does€not€describe€activities€in€thisŠ X Ø Šarea,€which€are€extremely€important€and€necessary€in€order€to€improve€the€status€of€women€livingŠ D!” Šin€poverty,€primarily€in€rural€areas.Š 0"€  ŠĢ345.€€The€Committee€requests€that€the€next€report€contain€an€account€of€the€results€of€theŠ $X" Šprogrammes€implemented€by€the€Ministry€for€the€Advancement€of€Women€and€HumanŠ ō$D # ŠDevelopment,€other€government€bodies€and€non„governmental€organizations,€and€also€statisticsŠ ą%0!$ Šcomparing€the€situation€of€women€with€that€of€men€and€comparing€the€situation€in€the€periodŠ Ģ&"% Šcovered€by€the€next€report€with€that€in€the€period€covered€by€the€present€report.Š ø'#& ŠĢ346.€€The€Committee€requests€the€wide€dissemination€in€Peru€of€the€present€concluding€commentsŠ )ą$( Šin€order€to€make€the€people€of€Peru,€and€particularly€Government€administrators€and€politiciansŠ |*Ģ%) Šaware€of€the€steps€that€have€been€taken€to€ensure€ņņde€factoóó€equality€for€women€and€the€further€stepsŠ h+ø&* Šthat€are€required€in€that€regard.€€It€also€requests€the€Government€to€continue€to€disseminate€widely,Š T,¤'+ Šand€in€particular€to€womenššs€and€human€rights€organizations,€the€Convention,€the€CommitteeššsŠ @-(, Šgeneral€recommendations€and€the€Beijing€Declaration€and€the€Platform€for€Action.Š ° ŠŌUK.,CE.,OŌŠ  œģ ŠĢņ ņŌCEUK.,ŌŌ_ŌCEDAWŌ_Ō€€A/57/38€part€III€(2002)ó óŠ œģ ŠĢĢ454.€€The€Committee€considered€the€fifth€periodic€report€of€Peru€(Ō_ŌCEDAWŌ_Ō/C/PER/5)€at€its€583rdŠ `° Šand€584th€meetings,€held€on€15€August€2002€(see€Ō_ŌCEDAWŌ_Ō/C/SR.583€and€584).Š L œ ŠĢ(a)€€ņņIntroduction€by€State€partyóóŠ $ t ŠĢ455.€€In€introducing€the€fifth€periodic€report,€the€representative€of€Peru€noted€the€followingŠ ü L  Šsignificant€changes€that€had€occurred€during€the€period€covered€by€the€reports:€the€large€number€ofŠ č 8  Šnorms,€policies€and€mechanisms€adopted€relating€to€discrimination€against€women€and€the€specialŠ Ō$  Šinterest€paid€to€womenššs€political€participation€through€the€establishment€of€30€per€cent€quotas€inŠ Ą  Šan€effort€to€include€a€minimum€number€of€women€or€men€on€candidate€lists€for€the€NationalŠ ¬ü  ŠCongress.Š ˜č  ŠĢ456.€€With€regard€to€legislation,€the€representative€of€Peru€referred€to€the€ratification€of€the€OptionalŠ pĄ ŠProtocol€to€the€Convention€of€9€April€2001€and€other€international€human€rights€instruments€and€toŠ \¬ Šthe€legislation€on€the€civil€rights€of€adolescents€adopted€in€1999,€which€corrected€the€discriminatoryŠ H˜ Šdifference€in€the€legal€age€for€marriage,€the€Educational€Development€of€Rural€Girls€and€AdolescentsŠ 4„ ŠAct,€promulgated€in€2001,€aimed€at€eliminating€discrimination€in€the€area€of€education€with€specialŠ  p Šattention€to€rural€areas,€the€Act€granting€compulsory€health€insurance€to€women€in€grass„roots€socialŠ  \ Šorganizations,€a€police€directive€on€avoiding€sexual€harassment€which€establishes€a€procedure€forŠ ųH Šadministrative€sanctions€when€such€cases€arise€within€the€National€Police€and€the€Law€relating€toŠ ä4 ŠEducational€Policy€in€the€Area€of€Human€Rights,€which€establishes€a€national€plan€for€the€humanŠ Š  Šrights€dissemination€and€education.Š ¼  ŠĢ457.€€The€representative€of€Peru€also€mentioned,€in€the€area€of€civil€legislation,€the€adoption€of€anŠ ”ä Šact€establishing€new€grounds€for€divorce€and€an€act€withdrawing€the€possibility€of€conciliationŠ €Š Šprocedures€in€cases€of€domestic€violence,€and€said€that€the€Act€on€Equality€of€Opportunity,€the€actŠ l¼ Šsetting€forth€criminal€penalties€for€sexual€harassment€and€the€act€withdrawing€the€possibility€ofŠ X Ø Šconciliation€in€cases€of€domestic€violence€were€currently€under€debate.Š D!” ŠĢ458.€€With€regard€to€new€mechanisms,€the€representative€of€Peru€stressed€the€importance€of€theŠ #l! Šestablishment€of€the€Ministry€of€Women€and€Social€Development,€whose€mandate€was€to€promoteŠ $X" Šgender€equality€and€equality€of€opportunity,€principally€for€adult€women€of€full€age,€children,Š ō$D # Šadolescents€and€other€social€groups€suffering€discrimination€or€exclusion,€as€well€as€theŠ ą%0!$ Šestablishment€and€upgrading€of€the€post€of€Deputy€Public€Defender€for€Womenššs€Rights€of€theŠ Ģ&"% ŠOffice€of€the€Public€Defender.€In€this€context,€she€also€referred€to€the€establishment€of€an€agency€forŠ ø'#& ŠŌ_ŌcombatingŌ_Ō€discrimination€against€policewomen€and€the€Commission€on€Women€of€the€Congress€ofŠ ¤(ō#' Šthe€Republic,€in€addition€to€various€cross„sectoral€and€inter„institutional€bodies€working€onŠ )ą$( Šcoordination€and€cooperation€for€the€advancement€of€womenššs€rights.Š |*Ģ%) ŠĢ459.€€With€regard€to€policies€recently€instituted,€the€representative€of€Peru€referred€to€the€signing€inŠ T,¤'+ ŠJuly€2002,€by€the€different€political€forces€in€the€country,€of€the€Governance€Agreement,€whichŠ @-(, Šcontains€29€concerted€State€policies€for€the€next€20€years;€the€eleventh€policy,€supported€by€theŠ ° ŠMinistry€of€Women€and€Social€Development,€refers€explicitly€to€the€promotion€of€equalŠ œģ Šopportunities€without€discrimination.€The€representative€also€noted€the€adoption€of€numerous€plans,Š ˆŲ Šincluding€the€2002„2007€National€Plan€of€Action€against€violence€towards€women,€the€National€PlanŠ tÄ Šof€Action€for€Children€and€Adolescents,€which€was€intended€to€be€a€framework€document€forŠ `° Šactions,€programmes€and€strategies€which€the€different€sectors€and€institutions€of€government€andŠ L œ Šcivil€society€would€be€responsible€for€implementing€to€ensure€the€human€rights€of€Peruvian€childrenŠ 8 ˆ Šand€adolescents€and€the€2000„2006€National€Plan€for€Adults€of€Full€Age,€which€contains€specialŠ $ t Šmeasures€for€adult€women€of€full€age€and€takes€their€conditions€and€gender€needs€into€account€in€theŠ  ` Šframework€of€a€proposal€for€healthy€ageing.Š ü L  ŠĢ460.€€The€representative€of€Peru€went€on€to€inform€the€Committee€of€the€promulgation€in€FebruaryŠ Ō$  Š2000€of€the€National€Equal€Opportunity€Plan€for€Women€and€Men€2000„2005,€in€response€toŠ Ą  Šinternational€commitments€accepted€by€the€Peruvian€State,€the€coordination,€follow„up€andŠ ¬ü  Ševaluation€of€which€was€under€the€responsibility€of€the€Ministry€of€Women€and€Social€Development.Š ˜č  ŠShe€also€referred€to€the€inter„ministerial€commitment€for€the€Advancement€of€Women,€signed€by€theŠ „Ō  Šheads€of€the€various€ministries€on€International€Womenššs€Day,€8€March,€in€order€to€help€achieveŠ pĄ Šequality€of€opportunity€for€women.Š \¬ ŠĢ461.€€The€representative€of€Peru€then€listed€a€series€of€programmes€conducted,€including€the€NationalŠ 4„ ŠProgramme€against€Family€Violence€and€Sexual€Abuse,€the€National€Wawa€Ō_ŌWasiŌ_Ō€Programme€whichŠ  p Šprovided€comprehensive€day€care€for€children€under€three€years€of€age€whose€mothers€worked,€theŠ  \ Šnational€PRO€Ō_ŌJOVENŌ_Ō€programme€of€the€Ministry€of€Labour€and€Promotion€of€Employment,€whichŠ ųH Šin€1996€began€to€dispense€vocational€training€to€young€men€and€women€with€special€emphasis€onŠ ä4 Šdisabled€youth€and€women€with€family€responsibilities,€Ō_ŌPROFECEŌ_Ō,€a€female€employmentŠ Š  Šconsolidation€programme,€Ō_ŌBONOPYMEŌ_Ō,€which€Ō_ŌfocusedŌ_Ō€on€businesses€with€fewer€than€20€workers,Š ¼  Šin€which€most€of€the€small€and€Ō_ŌmicroscaleŌ_Ō€businesses€were€run€by€women,€and,€lastly,€the€literacyŠ Øų Šprogramme,€which€was€transferred€to€the€Ministry€of€Education€in€2002,€which€had€a€total€of€44,200Š ”ä Šwomen€beneficiaries€in€2002.Š €Š ŠĢ462.€€In€conclusion,€she€listed€various€diagnostic€and€other€studies€carried€out€to€gain€a€fullŠ X Ø Šappreciation€of€the€various€problems€affecting€Peruvian€women€and,€on€that€basis,€undertake€policyŠ D!” Šdesign€and€implementation,€including€a€diagnostic€study€on€the€situation€of€rural€women€and€genderŠ 0"€  Šand€racial€stereotypes.Š #l! ŠĢ(b)€€ņņConcluding€comments€of€the€CommitteeóóŠ ō$D # ŠĢņņIntroductionóóŠ Ģ&"% ŠĢ463.€€The€Committee€expresses€appreciation€to€the€State€party€for€its€fifth€periodic€report,€whichŠ ¤(ō#' Šfollowed€the€Committeeššs€guidelines€on€the€preparation€of€reports,€as€well€as€for€the€frank€and€openŠ )ą$( Šoral€presentation€given€by€the€State€party.€The€Committee€also€commends€the€breadth€of€the€repliesŠ |*Ģ%) Što€the€written€questions€put€by€the€Committee€to€the€State€party,€which€provided€additionalŠ h+ø&* Šinformation€on€the€status€of€implementation€of€the€Convention€in€Peru.Š T,¤'+ ŠŠ @-(, ŠŌ_Ō464.€€The€Committee€commends€the€State€party€for€having€sent€the€delegation€headed€by€the€AdviserŠ ° Šfor€Gender€Affairs€and€Human€Rights€in€the€Ministry€of€Women€and€Social€Development.Š œģ ŠĢņņPositive€aspectsóóŠ tÄ ŠĢ465.€€The€Committee€congratulates€the€State€party€on€the€ratification€of€the€Optional€Protocol€to€theŠ L œ ŠConvention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€Discrimination€against€Women€on€9€April€2001€andŠ 8 ˆ Šon€the€conduct€of€campaigns€to€publicize€its€content.Š $ t ŠĢ466.€€The€Committee€commends€the€State€party€on€the€efforts€made€to€implement€the€ConventionŠ ü L  Šthrough€the€formulation€and€adoption€of€numerous€programmes,€laws,€plans€and€policies€for€theŠ č 8  Šadvancement€of€women,€including€the€Educational€Development€of€Rural€Girls€and€Adolescents€ActŠ Ō$  Špromulgated€in€2001,€the€2002„2006€National€Plan€for€Adults€of€Full€Age,€which€contains€specialŠ Ą  Šmeasures€for€adult€women€of€full€age,€the€2002„2007€National€Plan€of€Action€against€violenceŠ ¬ü  Štowards€women€and€the€National€Programme€against€Family€Violence€and€Sexual€Abuse€created€inŠ ˜č  ŠApril€2001.Š „Ō  ŠĢ467.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€strengthening€of€national€machinery,€in€particular€the€creationŠ \¬ Šof€the€Ministry€of€Women€and€Social€Development,€and€the€upgrading€of€the€post€of€DeputyŠ H˜ ŠDefender€for€Womenššs€Rights.Š 4„ ŠĢ468.€€The€Committee€commends€the€State€party€for€the€establishment€of€norms€envisaging€aŠ  \ Šminimum€quota€of€30€per€cent€for€women€on€candidate€lists€for€the€National€Congress,€whichŠ ųH Šresulted€in€an€increase€in€the€participation€of€women€in€decision„making€at€the€municipal€level€andŠ ä4 Šin€their€representation€in€Congress.Š Š  ŠĢ469.€€The€Committee€notes€with€satisfaction€the€inclusion€of€the€promotion€of€equal€opportunitiesŠ Øų Šwithout€discrimination€in€the€š šGovernance€Agreementšš,€which€contains€29€concerted€State€policiesŠ ”ä Šfor€the€next€20€years.Š €Š ŠĢņņPrincipal€areas€of€concern€and€recommendationsóóŠ X Ø ŠĢ470.€€Although€the€Committee€welcomes€the€creation€of€the€Ministry€of€Women€and€SocialŠ 0"€  ŠDevelopment€with€responsibility€for€overseeing€fulfilment€of€the€international€commitmentsŠ #l! Šconcerning€womenššs€rights,€it€is€concerned€to€note€that€the€Ministry€does€not€play€its€rightful€roleŠ $X" Šas€guiding€and€normative€agency€for€the€formulation€and€development€of€policies€and€programmesŠ ō$D # Što€promote€equality,€or€have€a€large€enough€budget.€It€is€also€concerned€that€the€Ministry€does€notŠ ą%0!$ Šhave€an€explicit€mandate€enabling€it€to€guarantee€and€require€the€various€sectors€of€government€toŠ Ģ&"% Špromote€plans€and€programmes€geared€to€gender€equality.Š ø'#& ŠĢ471.€€The€Committee€encourages€the€State€party€to€strengthen€the€role€of€the€Ministry€of€Women€andŠ )ą$( ŠSocial€Development€as€a€guiding€and€normative€body,€with€an€adequate€budget,€and€to€give€it€theŠ |*Ģ%) Šnecessary€funding€for€the€formulation€and€development€of€policies€and€programmes€geared€to€genderŠ h+ø&* Šequality.€The€Committee€also€recommends€that€the€State€party€should€give€the€Ministry€greaterŠ T,¤'+ Šauthority€within€the€framework€of€the€State€institutions€to€ensure€effective€gender€mainstreaming€inŠ @-(, Šall€sectors€of€government€and€to€promote€gender€equality.Š ° ŠĢ472.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€that,€although€the€report€states€that€the€National€EqualŠ ˆŲ ŠOpportunity€Plan€for€Women€and€Men€2000„2005€remains€in€force,€the€Plan€lacks€a€strategic€visionŠ tÄ Šdesigned€to€achieve€fundamental€changes€in€the€status€and€position€of€women€and€that€policies€haveŠ `° Šnot€been€proposed€to€the€State€for€the€promotion€of€equality€and€gender€mainstreaming€in€the€variousŠ L œ Šsectors€of€government.Š 8 ˆ ŠĢ473.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€process€of€review€and€consultation€should€continue€forŠ  ` Šthe€elaboration€of€a€new€plan,€including€civil€society€and€in€particular€womenššs€organizations,€withŠ ü L  Ša€view€to€its€prompt€approval€scheduled€for€2002.Š č 8  ŠĢ474.€€Although€there€is€a€new€poverty€relief€strategy€for€2001„2006,€the€Committee€is€concernedŠ Ą  Šabout€the€lack€of€poverty€eradication€programmes€geared€specifically€to€the€female€population.Š ¬ü  ŠĢ475.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€include€a€gender€perspective€in€povertyŠ „Ō  Šeradication€strategies€and€programmes€and,€when€appropriate,€introduce€temporary€special€measures,Š pĄ Šin€conformity€with€article€4,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Convention,€with€a€view€to€eradicating€povertyŠ \¬ Šamong€women,€especially€rural€women.Š H˜ ŠĢ476.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€that,€although€there€is€an€Act€for€prevention,€protection€andŠ  p Šattention€to€violence€in€the€family€and€another€Act€requiring€public€criminal€proceedings€in€casesŠ  \ Šof€crimes€against€sexual€freedom,€as€well€as€a€National€Programme€against€Family€Violence€andŠ ųH ŠSexual€Abuse,€the€figures€for€violence€towards€women€are€still€very€high.€The€Committee€isŠ ä4 Šconcerned€that€there€is€no€centralized€register€for€sex€crimes,€that€proper€attention€has€not€been€givenŠ Š  Što€sexual€abuse€and€that€incest€has€not€been€characterized€as€a€specific€offence.€Moreover,€theŠ ¼  ŠCommittee€is€concerned€about€the€lack€of€specific€legislation€to€combat€sexual€harassment.Š Øų ŠĢ477.€€The€Committee€requests€the€State€party€to€take€into€account€General€Recommendation€No.€19Š €Š Šon€violence€towards€women,€and€to€guarantee€systematic€implementation€of€the€National€ProgrammeŠ l¼ Šof€Action€and€of€all€the€laws€and€measures€relating€to€violence€towards€women€and€to€monitor€theirŠ X Ø Šimpact.€The€Committee€also€urges€the€State€party€to€guarantee€that€such€violence€will€be€prosecutedŠ D!” Šand€punished€with€due€speed€and€severity€and€to€ensure€that€women€subjected€to€such€violenceŠ 0"€  Šreceive€compensation€and€immediate€protection€and€that€the€conciliation€procedure€envisaged€in€theŠ #l! Šlaw€on€family€violence€is€not€used€to€exonerate€the€perpetrators.€The€Committee€recommends€thatŠ $X" Šthe€State€party€should€conduct€campaigns€to€increase€awareness,€including€zero„tolerance€campaigns,Š ō$D # Šwith€the€aim€of€making€violence€towards€women€socially€and€morally€unacceptable.€The€CommitteeŠ ą%0!$ Šrecommends€that€the€State€party€should€reinforce€measures€to€guarantee€that€public€officials€š"š€inŠ Ģ&"% Šparticular€the€judiciary,€health€sector€workers,€police€and€social€workers€š"š€are€alert€to€all€types€ofŠ ø'#& Šviolence€towards€women.€The€Committee€also€recommends€that€the€State€party€should€collectŠ ¤(ō#' Šspecific€data€on€all€types€of€violence€against€women.€The€Committee€requests€the€State€party€toŠ )ą$( Šcategorize€incest€as€a€specific€crime€under€the€Penal€Code€and€to€promulgate€specific€legislation€toŠ |*Ģ%) Šcombat€sexual€harassment.Š h+ø&* ŠĢ478.€€The€Committee€notes€with€concern€that€gender„based€discrimination€persists€in€the€Ō_ŌlabourŠ @-(, Šmarket,€including€limited€and€low„level€job€access€for€women€and€their€reduced€access€to€resourcesŠ ° Šand€new€technologies.€The€Committee€is€also€concerned€about€wage€discrimination€and€vertical€andŠ œģ Šhorizontal€segregation.€The€Committee€is€concerned€at€the€precarious€conditions€of€women€workingŠ ˆŲ Šin€the€informal€sector€and€at€part„time€work,€who€have€no€labour€protection,€no€access€to€socialŠ tÄ Šsecurity€and€no€due€respect€for€their€labour€rights.€It€is€also€of€concern€to€the€Committee€thatŠ `° Šlegislation€preventing€discrimination€in€employment€appears€to€be€based€on€criminal€penalties€onlyŠ L œ Šand€that€appropriate€civil€remedies€do€not€exist.Š 8 ˆ ŠĢ479.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€necessary€measures€should€be€taken€to€guaranteeŠ  ` Šimplementation€of€the€provisions€of€article€11€of€the€Convention€and€application€of€the€InternationalŠ ü L  ŠLabour€Organization€Conventions,€in€particular€those€on€non„discrimination€in€employment€andŠ č 8  Šequal€remuneration€for€women€and€men.€The€Committee€recommends€that€measures€should€be€takenŠ Ō$  Što€eliminate€occupational€segregation,€in€particular€through€education€and€training.Š Ą  ŠĢ480.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€that,€although€progress€is€observed€in€the€composition€ofŠ ˜č  ŠCongress€and€in€local€government,€as€a€result€of€the€provisions€adopted,€the€participation€of€womenŠ „Ō  Šin€Congress,€in€the€judicial€area€and€at€the€countryššs€senior€levels€of€politics€and€administration€stillŠ pĄ Šseems€inadequate.Š \¬ ŠĢ481.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€strategies€should€be€adopted€to€increase€the€number€ofŠ 4„ Šwomen€involved€in€decision„making€at€all€levels,€through€the€adoption€of€temporary€specialŠ  p Šmeasures€in€accordance€with€article€4,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Convention,€and€that€the€State€party€shouldŠ  \ Šstrengthen€its€activities€to€promote€women€to€posts€of€responsibility€in€both€the€public€and€privateŠ ųH Šsectors,€with€special€training€programmes€and€publicity€campaigns€on€the€importance€of€womenššsŠ ä4 Šparticipation€in€development€planning€and€decision„making.Š Š  ŠĢ482.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€about€the€situation€of€womenššs€health€and€particularly€theirŠ Øų Šreproductive€health.€The€Committee€is€especially€concerned€about€the€disappearance€of€the€Women,Š ”ä ŠHealth€and€Development€Programme.€The€Committee€notes€with€concern€the€high€maternalŠ €Š Šmortality€rate€and€particularly€mortality€resulting€from€illegal€abortions,€including€amongŠ l¼ Šadolescents,€and€the€requirements€that€may€prevent€women€from€obtaining€medical€treatment€inŠ X Ø Šabortion€cases.€The€Committee€is€also€concerned€about€the€inadequacy€of€sex€education€and€theŠ D!” Šlimited€dissemination,€availability€and€supply€of€all€contraceptive€methods,€particularly€amongŠ 0"€  Šindigenous€women€and€in€the€most€vulnerable€sectors€of€the€population,€as€well€as€amongŠ #l! Šadolescents.€The€Committee€notes€with€concern€that€the€rate€of€HIV/AIDS€infection€among€womenŠ $X" Šis€increasing,€particularly€among€young€women.Š ō$D # ŠĢ483.€€The€Committee€urges€the€State€party€to€consider€the€possibility€of€reviving€the€Women,€HealthŠ Ģ&"% Šand€Development€Programme.€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€should€give€priorityŠ ø'#& Što€the€situation€of€the€adolescent€population€and€also€urges€it€to€adopt€measures€to€strengthen€theŠ ¤(ō#' Šfamily€planning€programme€and€to€guarantee€access€to€sexual€and€reproductive€health€services,Š )ą$( Šattending€to€the€information€needs€of€the€population,€particularly€adolescents,€by€pursuingŠ |*Ģ%) Šprogrammes€and€policies€geared€to€increasing€knowledge€about€various€contraceptive€methods€andŠ h+ø&* Štheir€availability,€on€the€understanding€that€family€planning€is€the€responsibility€of€both€partners.€ItŠ T,¤'+ Šalso€urges€the€State€party€to€promote€sex€education€for€the€entire€population,€including€adolescents,Š @-(, Šgiving€special€attention€to€efforts€to€prevent€and€combat€HIV/AIDS€and€to€improve€the€disseminationŠ ° Šof€information€about€risks€and€ways€of€transmission.Š œģ ŠĢ484.€€The€Committee€notes€with€concern€that,€in€the€period€covered€by€the€report,€mention€is€madeŠ tÄ Šof€numerous€cases€of€sterilization€of€women€without€prior€informed€consent,€using€psychologicalŠ `° Šviolence€or€the€promise€of€financial€incentives,€thus€affecting€womenššs€right€to€decide€the€numberŠ L œ Šand€spacing€of€their€children.€The€Committee€is€also€concerned€that,€although€the€Deputy€DefenderŠ 8 ˆ Šfor€Womenššs€Rights€and€other€organs€have€condemned€these€practices,€those€responsible€have€notŠ $ t Šbeen€punished.Š  ` ŠĢ485.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€all€necessary€measures€should€be€taken€to€continue€to€provideŠ č 8  Šthe€service€of€surgical€sterilization€so€as€to€give€women€the€right€of€free€choice€as€regards€theirŠ Ō$  Šreproductive€health,€after€they€have€been€duly€informed€of€the€medical€details€and€consequences€ofŠ Ą  Šthe€operation€and€have€given€their€consent.€The€Committee€also€recommends€that€a€recurrence€ofŠ ¬ü  Šthese€incidents€should€be€avoided€in€the€future.€It€further€recommends€that€efforts€should€beŠ ˜č  Šcontinued€to€bring€before€the€courts€the€persons€responsible€for€this€violation€of€the€right€to€health.Š „Ō  ŠĢ486.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€about€the€dearth€of€information€on€the€treatment€of€women€andŠ \¬ Šgirls€and€the€exploitation€of€prostitution.Š H˜ ŠĢ487.€€The€Committee€requests€the€State€party€to€include€information€and€data€in€its€next€report€onŠ  p Šsteps€taken€to€prevent€and€combat€trafficking€in€women€and€girls€and€the€exploitation€of€prostitution,Š  \ Šand€on€steps€taken€to€protect€and,€where€applicable,€rehabilitate€and€reintegrate€women€and€girls€whoŠ ųH Šare€victims€of€these€abuses.€The€Committee€urges€the€State€party€to€apply€the€laws€prohibiting€theŠ ä4 Šexploitation€of€the€prostitution€of€women.Š Š  ŠĢ488.€€The€Committee€notes€with€concern€that€the€minimum€age€at€which€a€girl€can€legally€contractŠ Øų Šmatrimony€„€16€years,€and€in€exceptional€cases€14€years€„€is€very€young,€resulting€in€serious€risks€toŠ ”ä Šgirlsšš€health€and€preventing€them€from€completing€their€education.Š €Š ŠĢ489.€€The€Committee€urges€the€State€party€to€take€measures€to€raise€the€minimum€legal€age€for€girlsŠ X Ø Što€contract€matrimony€in€order€to€bring€it€into€line€with€article€1€of€the€Convention€on€the€Rights€ofŠ D!” Šthe€Child,€which€defines€a€š šchildšš€as€anyone€under€the€age€of€18€years,€and€with€article€16,€paragraphŠ 0"€  Š2,€of€the€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€Discrimination€against€Women.€TheŠ #l! ŠCommittee€urges€the€State€party€to€conduct€awareness„raising€campaigns€on€the€negativeŠ $X" Šimplications€of€early€marriage€for€the€health€and€education€of€girls.Š ō$D # ŠĢ490.€€Despite€the€reduction€in€the€general€illiteracy€rate,€the€Committee€expresses€its€concern€at€theŠ Ģ&"% Šhigh€rate€of€illiteracy€in€the€female€population,€especially€in€rural€areas.€Another€matter€of€concernŠ ø'#& Što€the€Committee€is€the€high€number€of€school€dropouts€among€girls€and€adolescents€in€rural€areas.Š ¤(ō#' ŠĢ491.€€The€Committee€requests€the€State€party€to€set€up€programmes€specially€designed€to€reduceŠ |*Ģ%) Šfemale€illiteracy,€in€particular€among€women€and€girls€in€rural€areas,€and€to€keep€girls€in€school.Š h+ø&* ŠĢ492.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€at€the€persistence€of€traditional€stereotypes€associated€withŠ @-(, Šwomenššs€and€menššs€roles€and€responsibilities€in€the€family€and€in€society€in€general.Š ° ŠĢ493.€€The€Committee€requests€the€State€party€to€design€and€implement€comprehensive€educationalŠ ˆŲ Šprogrammes€and€to€urge€the€communications€media€to€help€modify€cultural€patterns€of€conduct€inŠ tÄ Šthe€publicizing€and€planning€of€entertainment€in€relation€to€womenššs€and€menššs€roles€andŠ `° Šresponsibilities,€in€accordance€with€article€5€of€the€Convention.€The€Committee€also€recommendsŠ L œ Šthat€policies€should€be€developed€and€programmes€implemented€to€ensure€the€elimination€ofŠ 8 ˆ Šstereotypes€associated€with€traditional€roles€in€the€family,€workplace,€politics€and€society€in€general.Š $ t ŠĢ494.€€Although€the€Committee€recognizes€that€the€State€party€is€taking€action€in€the€Amazon€region,Š ü L  Šthrough€the€National€Institute€for€Family€Well„Being,€primarily€for€children€and€adolescents€livingŠ č 8  Šin€situations€of€risk€or€abandonment,€it€is€concerned€that€there€are€no€specific€programmes€forŠ Ō$  Šindigenous€women.Š Ą  ŠĢ495.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€should€strengthen€the€current€programme€andŠ ˜č  Šset€up€specific€programmes€for€indigenous€women€in€order€to€improve€their€economic,€social€andŠ „Ō  Šfamily€situation€and€develop€their€economic€skills,€and€to€promote€respect€for€their€rights€on€an€equalŠ pĄ Šfooting€with€men.Š \¬ ŠĢ496.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€at€the€lack€of€data€in€the€reports€on€the€emigration€of€women€andŠ 4„ Šgirls,€in€order€that€their€rights€may€be€ensured€on€an€equal€footing€with€those€of€men.Š  p ŠĢ497.€€The€Committee€requests€the€Government€to€include€data€in€its€next€report€on€the€emigrationŠ ųH Šof€women€and€girls€and€on€the€measures€the€State€is€adopting€to€ensure€their€protection.Š ä4 ŠĢ498.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€that€the€report€does€not€contain€sufficient€information€on€theŠ ¼  Šsituation€of€women€belonging€to€minority€groups,€in€particular€women€of€African€descent.Š Øų ŠĢ499.€€The€Committee€requests€the€State€party€to€provide€information€in€its€next€periodic€report€onŠ €Š Šthe€situation€of€women€belonging€to€minority€groups,€especially€on€the€situation€of€women€ofŠ l¼ ŠAfrican€descent€in€terms€of€health,€education€and€employment.Š X Ø ŠĢ500.€€The€Committee€requests€the€State€party€to€respond€to€the€specific€concerns€expressed€in€theseŠ 0"€  Šconcluding€comments€in€its€next€periodic€report,€in€accordance€with€article€18€of€the€Convention.Š #l! ŠThe€Committee€urges€the€State€party€to€deposit,€as€soon€as€possible,€its€instrument€of€acceptance€ofŠ $X" Šthe€amendment€to€article€20,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Convention€on€the€Committeeššs€meeting€time.Š ō$D # ŠĢ501.€€Taking€into€account€the€gender€dimensions€of€declarations,€programmes€and€platforms€forŠ Ģ&"% Šaction€adopted€by€relevant€United€Nations€conferences,€summits€and€special€sessions€(such€as€theŠ ø'#& Šspecial€session€of€the€General€Assembly€to€review€and€appraise€the€implementation€of€theŠ ¤(ō#' ŠProgramme€of€Action€of€the€International€Conference€on€Population€and€Development€(the€twenty„Š )ą$( Šfirst€special€session),€the€special€session€of€the€General€Assembly€on€children€(the€twenty„seventhŠ |*Ģ%) Šspecial€session),€the€World€Conference€against€Racism,€Racial€Discrimination,€Xenophobia€andŠ h+ø&* ŠRelated€Intolerance€and€the€Second€World€Assembly€on€Ageing),€the€Committee€requests€the€StateŠ T,¤'+ Šparty€to€include€information€on€the€implementation€of€aspects€of€these€documents€relating€to€relevantŠ @-(, Šarticles€of€the€Convention€in€its€next€periodic€report.Š ° ŠĢ502.€€The€Committee€requests€the€State€party€to€widely€disseminate€these€concluding€comments,€inŠ ˆŲ Šorder€to€inform€the€Peruvian€population,€especially€public€officials€and€politicians,€of€the€steps€thatŠ tÄ Šhave€been€taken€to€ensure€de€jure€and€de€facto€equality€of€women€and€of€other€measures€that€needŠ `° Što€be€taken€to€that€end.€It€also€requests€the€State€party€to€continue€to€disseminate€widely,€especiallyŠ L œ Šamong€womenššs€and€human€rights€groups,€the€Convention€and€its€Optional€Protocol,€the€GeneralŠ 8 ˆ ŠRecommendations€of€the€Committee,€the€Beijing€Declaration€and€Platform€for€Action€and€theŠ $ t Šoutcome€of€the€twenty„third€special€session€of€the€General€Assembly,€entitled€š šWomen€2000:€genderŠ  ` Šequality,€development€and€peace€for€the€twenty„first€centuryšš.ŌUK.,CE.,KŌ