ÿWPC[ šIúqFã–‘·²kãû÷S'8 ó¶Küd¹,hmÜeäÿ!ä^<úÒbF‰Ð‡¶¶}‚³ib\…®rLi¥» ÁEŸÖ…'¯£œŠÅh*É ‘íü™³DäTUÞsG»³Ó°Üø 8ª}x,S ¥FÈR nOÚk¯AF×Cst½dVŠ™dD¦–hb D²Ž/qŠWëqfÜ‚ŽÊ^äTX¨K"Ôqü»ÝÂî™=“’#>Pº[=°0Ãuœ/ Ž›„Co ýõu’XNÚd”2ý6ì èÙ‚$(ŠaãE_ÓÍPâ'Ó #Á¶UNw %Å 0:Ë^ w4)8 m:QNY˜HP LaserJet 4000 Series PSÈÚØÚÚØÈÚ0&Öd9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(üœ$¡¡ÔUSUS.,Ôë‘(* 'gt) <Ÿ3|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ Ý ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ  Óò òÔ€¼ÿ»XXÔPERUÐ ° ÐÌÌÔ€X§èX»¼ÿÔÓ  ÓÔ_ÔCESCRÔ_Ô€€E/1998/22Ð ì< ÐÌÌó ó130.€€The€Committee€considered€the€initial€report€of€Peru€on€articles€1€to€15€of€the€CovenantÐ °  Ð(E/1990/5/Add.29)€at€its€14òòthóó€to€17òòthóó€meetings€on€7€and€9€May€1997€and,€at€its€26òòthóó€meeting,€on€16Ð œ ì ÐMay€1997,€adopted€the€following€concluding€observations.Ð ˆ Ø ÐÌA.€òòIntroductionóóÐ `°  ÐÌ131.€€The€Committee€expresses€its€appreciation€to€the€State€party€for€its€initial€report€and€for€itsÐ 8ˆ  Ðwritten€replies€to€the€Committee's€list€of€issues,€although€they€were€not€submitted€in€time€for€themÐ $t  Ðto€be€translated€and€for€Committee€members€to€study€them€in€greater€depth.€Ð `  ÐÌ132.€€The€Committee€also€expresses€its€thanks€to€the€Government€of€Peru€for€sending€a€high„levelÐ è8 Ðdelegation,€headed€by€the€Minister€of€Justice,€which€replied€to€most€of€the€questions€asked€orally€andÐ Ô$ Ðoffered€to€forward€information€on€those€questions€that€were€left€unanswered€or€were€notÐ À Ðsatisfactorily€answered.Ð ¬ü ÐÌ133.€€The€Committee€nevertheless€regrets€that€the€written€and€oral€information€provided€by€the€StateÐ „Ô Ðparty€was€essentially€legalistic€and€focused€heavily€on€civil€and€political€rights,€and€that€itÐ pÀ Ðexcessively€concerned€the€successes€achieved€by€the€Government's€social€policy,€rather€thanÐ \¬ Ðproviding€detailed€information€on€the€actual€state€of€economic,€social€and€cultural€rights€in€Peru.Ð H˜ ÐÌ134.€€The€Committee€wishes€to€express€its€gratitude€to€the€United€Nations€agencies€and€PeruvianÐ  p Ðnon„governmental€organizations€which€provided€it€with€documents€that€made€a€valuable€contributionÐ  \ Ðto€the€dialogue.Ð øH ÐÌB.€òòPositive€aspectsóóÐ Ð  ÐÌ135.€€The€Committee€notes€the€statement€by€the€State€partyððs€delegation€to€the€effect€that€Peru€hasÐ ¨"ø  Ðbegun€a€process€of€social€reform€involving€amendments€to€legislation,€and€notes€the€establishmentÐ ”#ä! Ðof€new€institutions€and€the€implementation€of€Ô_ÔprogrammesÔ_Ô€in€various€spheres.Ð €$Ð" ÐÌ136.€€The€Committee€notes€with€satisfaction€that€a€number€of€discriminatory€legal€provisions,Ð X&¨!$ Ðparticularly€relating€to€women,€have€been€eliminated.Ð D'”"% ÐÌ137.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€establishment€of€the€Ministry€for€the€Promotion€of€Women€andÐ )l$' ÐHuman€Development.Ð *X%( ÐÌ138.€€The€Committee€notes€with€satisfaction€the€establishment€of€the€National€Social€CompensationÐ à+0'* Ðand€Development€Fund,€which€carries€out€assistance€projects€and€projects€to€encourage€theÐ Ì,(+ Ðdevelopment€of€medium„sized€and€small€enterprises.€Ð ¸-), Ї139.€€The€Committee€notes€with€satisfaction€the€reforms€introduced€by€the€Government€to€improveÐ ° Ðthe€educational€system€and€to€make€it€accessible€to€all€sectors€of€society.€It€views€the€literacy€andÐ œì Ðschool„building€Ô_ÔprogrammesÔ_Ô€to€foster€the€education€of€children€and€adults€in€rural€areas€and€theÐ ˆØ Ðcomprehensive€assistance€Ô_ÔprogrammeÔ_Ô€for€children€as€positive€steps€towards€ensuring€realization€ofÐ tÄ Ðthe€right€to€education.€The€indigenous„language€literacy€and€education€Ô_ÔprogrammesÔ_Ô€are€also€ofÐ `° Ðparticular€importance,€since,€beyond€their€practical€objectives,€they€help€to€preserve€indigenousÐ L œ Ðlanguages€and€to€strengthen€the€cultural€identity€of€the€groups€speaking€the€languages€concerned.Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌC.€òòFactors€and€difficulties€impeding€the€implementation€of€the€CovenantóóÐ  ` ÐÌ140.€€Peru€is€made€up€of€three€distinct€societies,€living€almost€independently€of€each€other€andÐ è 8  Ðdivided€along€ethnic,€economic,€social,€cultural€and€linguistic€lines.€At€the€bottom€of€the€pyramidÐ Ô$  Ðlive€the€bulk€of€the€population,€namely€the€indigenous€Indians€of€the€Alto€Plano€or€the€mountainsÐ À  Ðand€the€Amazon€jungle.€Most€of€them€do€not€speak€Spanish,€but€Ô_ÔQuechuaÔ_Ô€or€Ô_ÔImaruÔ_Ô;€they€areÐ ¬ü  Ðextremely€isolated€and€Ô_ÔmarginalizedÔ_Ô.€They€are€thus€not€in€a€position€to€exercise€effectively€theirÐ ˜è  Ðeconomic,€social€and€cultural€rights.Ð „Ô  ÐÌ141.€€Given€the€situation€described€above,€the€Committee,€although€aware€of€the€high€cost€ofÐ \¬ Ðrebuilding€the€infrastructure€destroyed€during€many€years€of€internal€violence,€is€of€the€opinion€thatÐ H˜ Ðthe€greatest€obstacles€to€the€fulfilment€of€economic,€social€and€cultural€rights€are,òò€inter€aliaóó:€Ð 4„ ÐÌ(a)€€The€failure€to€address€the€persistent€and€serious€problems€of€poverty;€60€per€cent€of€PeruviansÐ  \ Ðlive€beneath€the€poverty€line€and€do€not€enjoy€proper€health€and€educational€facilities;Ð øH ÐÌ(b)€€Gross€inequality€in€the€distribution€of€wealth€among€the€population;Ð Ð  ÐÌ(c)€€The€failure€to€implement€agrarian€reforms;Ð ¨ø ÐÌ(d)€€The€lack€of€proper€health€services€and€the€drastic€reduction€of€public€expenditures€in€the€fieldÐ €Ð Ðof€health;Ð l¼ ÐÌ(e)€€The€impoverishment€of€State€schools€over€the€past€decade,€coupled€with€a€decline€in€teachersððÐ D!” Ðsalaries€and€the€consequent€deterioration€in€educational€standards,€accompanied€by€the€increasingÐ 0"€  Ðpoverty€of€families;€Ð #l! ÐÌ(f)€€The€acute€forms€of€discrimination€that€particularly€affect€women,€indigenous€people€and€otherÐ ô$D # Ðminority€groups,€and€the€great€inequalities€permeating€Peruvian€society.Ð à%0!$ ÐÌD.€òòPrincipal€subjects€of€concernóóÐ ¸'#& ÐÌ142.€€The€Committee€notes€with€concern€that€the€1993€Constitution€does€not€incorporate€theÐ )à$( Ðprovisions€of€the€Covenant,€which€consequently€do€not€constitute€a€part€of€domestic€law€andÐ |*Ì%) Ðtherefore€cannot€be€invoked€before€Peruvian€courts.€This€situation€is€contrary€to€what€had€been€theÐ h+¸&* Ðcase€under€the€1979€Constitution,€which€incorporated€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant.€TheÐ T,¤'+ ÐCommittee€notes€the€information€contained€in€the€State€partyððs€report€(paras.€126„127,€òòinter€aliaóó)Ð @-(, Ðthat,€before€being€definitively€incorporated€in€the€1993€Constitution,€any€human€rights€treaty€signedÐ ° Ðby€Peru€must€first€be€approved€by€Congress€by€a€two-thirds€majority€and€then€be€ratified€by€theÐ œì ÐPresident.€The€Peruvian€delegation€failed€to€give€the€Committee€a€straightforward€answer€indicatingÐ ˆØ Ðthat€those€steps€had€been€taken€by€the€State€party€vis--vis€the€Covenant.€Among€the€rights€containedÐ tÄ Ðin€the€Covenant€which€were€recognized€and€incorporated€in€the€1979€Constitution,€but€which€haveÐ `° Ðso€far€been€left€out€of€the€1993€Constitution,€are:Ð L œ ÐÌ(a)€€The€right€to€a€decent€standard€of€living€(art.€2€of€the€1979€Constitution);Ð $ t ÐÌ(b)€€The€rights€to€food€and€adequate€housing€(art.€18),Ð ü L  ÐÌ(c)€€Equality€of€opportunity€and€responsibilities€between€men€and€women€(art.€2);€Ð Ô$  ÐÌ(d)€€Labour€rights€in€general.Ð ¬ü  ÐÌ143.€€The€Committee€further€notes€that,€under€the€1993€Constitution,€international€human€rightsÐ „Ô  Ðinstruments€are€on€the€same€level€as€domestic€laws€and€that€a€recent€decision€of€the€Supreme€CourtÐ pÀ Ðof€Justice€stated€that€the€provisions€of€such€instruments€do€not€have€constitutional€status.Ð \¬ ÐÌ144.€€The€Committee€is€particularly€concerned€at€the€insufficient€fulfilment€of€the€right€to€educationÐ 4„ Ðof€the€indigenous€and€black€populations.€It€notes,€for€example,€that€about€22€per€cent€of€Quechua„Ð  p Ðspeaking€persons€in€Peru,€and€among€them€31€per€cent€of€females€over€six€years€old,€receive€noÐ  \ Ðschooling€at€any€level.€This€situation€has€lately€been€aggravated€as€a€result€of€the€decline€inÐ øH Ðgovernment€expenditures€relative€to€gross€domestic€product.Ð ä4 ÐÌ145.€€Most€of€the€Indian€and€mestizo€populations€of€Peru,€which€amount€to€over€three€quarters€ofÐ ¼  Ðthe€countryððs€total€population,€are€extremely€poor,€and€the€Committee€notes€with€concern€theÐ ¨ø Ðprecarious€health€situation€of€these€people.€The€Committee€finds€that€poor€women€with€no€educationÐ ”ä Ðhave€a€maternal€mortality€rate€10€times€higher€than€that€of€educated€women.Ð €Ð ÐÌ146.€€The€Committee€notes€with€concern€that€there€are€various€forms€of€discrimination€againstÐ X ¨ Ðwomen,€particularly€in€the€areas€of€education€and€employment.Ð D!” ÐÌ147.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€that€many€workers€do€not€earn€the€minimum€wage€fixed€by€law.Ð #l! ÐIt€is€also€concerned€that€the€minimum€wage€is€lower€than€the€cost€of€the€basic€shopping€basket,€asÐ $X" Ðthe€Peruvian€delegation€itself€recognized.€The€characterization€of€young€people€aged€16€to€25€asÐ ô$D # Ðð ðapprenticesðð€and€their€resulting€exclusion€from€coverage€by€the€relevant€labour€legislation€is€alsoÐ à%0!$ Ða€major€source€of€concern€to€the€Committee.Ð Ì&"% ÐÌ148.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€about€the€ineffectiveness€of€labour€legislation€to€protect€trade„Ð ¤(ô#' Ðunion€rights,€including€the€right€to€strike.€As€a€result,€despite€the€Government's€declared€policy€ofÐ )à$( Ðstrengthening€the€labour€inspection€services€and€introducing€changes€to€the€monitoring€andÐ |*Ì%) Ðapplication€of€labour€norms,€the€basic€rights€of€workers€are€frequently€violated.Ð h+¸&* ÐÌ149.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€that€the€bulk€of€the€population€is€excluded€from€any€form€ofÐ @-(, Ðsocial€security€because€of€the€existence€of€a€sizeable€informal€sector€in€the€economy.Ð ° ÐÌ150.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€at€the€modification€of€the€national€pension€scheme€by€law-decreeÐ ˆØ ÐNo.€€25967€and€by€the€new€legislation€on€the€private€pension€scheme€under€law-decree€No.€25897,Ð tÄ Ðwhich,€according€to€various€sources,€including€ILO,€have€prejudiced€workersðð€rights.Ð `° ÐÌ151.€€The€Committee€is€also€concerned€at€the€situation€of€pension€rights€cases€pending€since€1992,Ð 8 ˆ Ðwhich,€according€to€information€received€by€the€Committee,€affect€some€50,000€pensioners€whoÐ $ t Ðhave€not€received€their€pensions.€With€respect€to€the€civil€servants€affected€by€decree€No.€817,€theÐ  ` Ðpending€cases€affect€280,000€pensioners€and€50,000€active€workers.Ð ü L  ÐÌ152.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€about€the€high€mortality€rate€among€children€and€women€due€toÐ Ô$  Ðthe€lack€of€proper€health€services,€or€inadequate€health€services.Ð À  ÐÌ153.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€about€the€large€number€of€child€workers€and€street€children€inÐ ˜è  ÐPeru€and€the€inadequacy€of€the€measures€taken€by€the€Government€to€combat€these€phenomena.Ð „Ô  ÐÌ154.€€The€Committee€notes€with€concern€the€high€levels€of€illiteracy,€truancy€and€school€drop-out.€Ð \¬ ÐÌ155.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€about€the€great€number€of€forced€evictions€of€people€in€theÐ 4„ ÐAmazon€basin,€resulting€in€the€destruction€of€their€habitat€and€way€of€life.Ð  p ÐÌE.€òòSuggestions€and€recommendationsóóÐ øH ÐÌ156.€€In€the€Committee's€view,€the€introduction€and€implementation€of€much„needed€social„justiceÐ Ð  Ðmeasures,€i.e.€political,€economic€and€social€reforms,€are€needed€in€order€to€break€the€vicious€circleÐ ¼  Ðof€violence€and€counter„violence€and€to€win€over€the€indigenous€population,€the€peasants€and€otherÐ ¨ø Ðunderprivileged€sectors€of€Peruvian€society.Ð ”ä ÐÌ157.€€The€Committee€also€calls€upon€the€Government€to€make€a€greater€effort€to€translate€theÐ l¼ ÐCovenant€into€appropriate€indigenous€languages€and€to€give€more€publicity€to€its€provisions.Ð X ¨ ÐÌ158.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€partyððs€next€periodic€report€contain€specificÐ 0"€  Ðinformation€on€the€activities€of€the€Defender€of€the€People€and€those€of€the€Court€of€ConstitutionalÐ #l! ÐGuarantees€in€the€field€of€human€rights,€especially€with€regard€to€the€protection€of€economic,€socialÐ $X" Ðand€cultural€rights.Ð ô$D # ÐÌ159.€€The€Committee€urges€the€State€party€to€take€effective€action€to€eliminate€all€forms€ofÐ Ì&"% Ðdiscrimination€and€Ô_ÔmarginalizationÔ_Ô€that€affect€indigenous€populations€in€the€enjoyment€of€theirÐ ¸'#& Ðeconomic,€social€and€cultural€rights.Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌ160.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€Government€of€Peru€take€steps€to€guarantee€equalityÐ |*Ì%) Ðbetween€men€and€women€in€all€fields.Ð h+¸&* ÐÌ161.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€make€the€necessary€efforts€to€ensureÐ @-(, Ðcompliance€with€the€legislation€on€minimum€wage,€safety€and€health€in€the€workplace,€and€equal€payÐ ° Ðfor€equal€work€for€men€and€women,€and€to€ensure€the€legal€recognition€of€young€people€from€16€toÐ œì Ð25€years€of€age€as€workers.€To€that€end,€the€Committee€stresses€that€sufficient€resources€should€beÐ ˆØ Ðallocated€to€the€labour„inspection€services€to€enable€them€to€perform€their€task€properly.€It€alsoÐ tÄ Ðrecommends€that€the€State€party€take€steps€to€ensure€that€the€private€pension€system€is€not€promotedÐ `° Ðto€the€detriment€of€the€public€pension€system,€in€terms€of€safeguarding€pensioners'€acquired€rights.Ð L œ ÐÌ162.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€urgent€steps€be€taken,€in€particular€by€raising€the€awarenessÐ $ t Ðof€employers€and€State€agents,€with€a€view€to€guaranteeing€fully€the€right€to€engage€in€trade„unionÐ  ` Ðactivities€and€the€right€to€strike.Ð ü L  ÐÌ163.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party,€in€cooperation€with€UNICEF€and€ILO,€launchÐ Ô$  Ða€Ô_ÔprogrammeÔ_Ô€to€combat€the€exploitation€of€child€labour€and€the€abandonment€and€exploitation€ofÐ À  Ðstreet€children.€The€Committee€recommends€that€other€steps€be€taken€to€prevent€and€combat€the€useÐ ¬ü  Ðof€child€labour,€based€on€the€full€observance€of€international€standards€relating€to€the€minimum€ageÐ ˜è  Ðfor€the€employment€of€children,€as€set€forth€in€ILO€Convention€No.€138€(Minimum€Age€Convention,Ð „Ô  Ð1973),€which€it€would€be€appropriate€for€Peru€to€ratify.Ð pÀ ÐÌ164.€€The€Committee€calls€upon€the€State€party€to€improve€the€working€conditions€of€domesticÐ H˜ Ðemployees€and€make€them€consistent€with€the€obligations€under€the€Covenant.Ð 4„ ÐÌ165.€€The€Committee€encourages€the€State€party€to€take€steps€to€improve€the€health„care€system€andÐ  \ Ðextend€it€to€all€sections€of€the€population.Ð øH ÐÌ166.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€Government€increase€its€investment€in€education.€TheÐ Ð  ÐCommittee€recalls€in€this€respect€the€State€partyððs€obligation€to€ensure€compulsory€and€free€primaryÐ ¼  Ðeducation€to€all€children€in€Peru,€with€a€view€to€reducing€the€illiteracy€rate.Ð ¨ø ÐÌ167.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€consider€ratifying€the€Additional€Protocol€toÐ €Ð Ðthe€American€Convention€on€Human€Rights€in€the€Area€of€Economic,€Social€and€Cultural€RightsÐ l¼ Ð(Protocol€of€San€Salvador).Ð X ¨ ÐÌ168.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€Peruvian€authorities€take€immediate€measures€to€put€aÐ 0"€  Ðstop€to€the€forced€eviction€of€people,€especially€in€the€Amazon€basin.Ð #l! ÐÌ169.€€The€Committee€calls€upon€Peru€to€submit€as€soon€as€possible€all€the€relevant€informationÐ ô$D # Ðwhich€it€failed€to€provide€during€the€consideration€of€its€initial€report.€The€State€party€should,€inÐ à%0!$ Ðparticular,€provide€detailed€information€on€the€legislative€and€other€measures€and€practices€adoptedÐ Ì&"% Ðin€connection€with€the€right€to€adequate€housing€and€the€right€to€social€security,€particularly€inÐ ¸'#& Ðrelation€to€the€functioning€of€the€pension€system.Ð ¤(ô#' Ð