WPC}8 :}b& w>4iAj$Q=}>7'lw+0"!zk4}Q\4V-p<J(¸铰fv %!CSg qj.VZڀ%(@dZXQm 0 0u 0) 0a 0> 0 09 0 02 0 0: 0# 0_ 0  0k 0| B *C D3m C D+ 0 0 06 0 0: 0h  0Fs CU6U> U*G 0qe 0U+ 0( AM 0 0! 0" 0# 0$ 0% 0n& 0M'^ )(w5(49(M(\( m^((u( 0( 0) 0^* 0:+ 0, 0, 0- 0. 0Y/ 0#0 01 01 02 03 0j4 0<5 0 6 06 D/7 D/7 D177777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 0N/8HP LaserJet 4000 Series PS0&d9 Z6Times New Roman RegularX(\$CEUS.,0.Normal<:Definition T<GD:Definition L , ;1` hp x (#;  8.` hp x (#886Definition('z&H1      XXX(o&H2  XXX(o&H3  XXX(&H4 XXX XXX(o&H5  XXX(o&H6  XXX20Address8SP6Blockquote , , ;1` hp x (#;   8.` hp x (#8,*CITE,dl*CODEK&<6X9`(Courier NewKXXXS'\  `&Times New RomanS42Emphasis6&)4Hyperlink            <:FollowedHype    4go2Keyboard K&<6X9`(Courier NewK XXXS'\  `&Times New RomanS<:Preformatted/%  ,Kk (#/K&<6X9`(Courier NewKXXXS'\  `&Times New RomanS/%  ,Kk (#/<:zBottom of I4$ ** ddI  B    ?(%2A`Arial?9*  dd9  XXXS'\  `&Times New RomanS  &0 d d'dxddd'dxd<:zTop of ForI4$** ddI  B    ?(%2A`Arial?9*  dd9  XXXS'\  `&Times New RomanS  0Kl.SampleK&<6X9`(Courier NewKS'\  `&Times New RomanS0.Strong 8dl6TypewriterK&<6X9`(Courier NewKXXXS'\  `&Times New RomanS42Variable:8HTML MarkupB      2 0CommentB   d<6X9`(Courier New\  `&Times New Roman%2A`Arial2J+M 0_level1  X 2( ` hp x 223  ..  5+ ` hp x 5  Ӂ Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(-2$ \!CEUS.,  ($*+,A<< c2G+M 0_level2   /%` ` hp x /23  ..  5+ ` hp x 5  2D+M 0_level3   ," hp x ,23  ..  5+ ` hp x 5  2A+M 0_level4  ` ) hp x )23  ..  5+ ` hp x 5  2>+M 0_level5   &hhp x &23  ..  5+ ` hp x 5  2;+M 0_level6   #p x #23  ..  5+ ` hp x 5  28+M 0_level7  h  p x 23  ..  5+ ` hp x 5  25+M 0_level8   pp x 23  ..  5+ ` hp x 5  22+M 0_level9    x 23  ..  5+ ` hp x 5  . s.:i+003|x U2JM 0_levsl1  X 2( ` hp x 223  Ԁ  5+ ` hp x 5  2GM 0_levsl2   /%` ` hp x /23  Ԁ  5+ ` hp x 5  2DM 0_levsl3   ," hp x ,23  Ԁ  5+ ` hp x 5  2AM 0_levsl4  ` ) hp x )23  Ԁ  5+ ` hp x 5  2>M 0_levsl5   &hhp x &23  Ԁ  5+ ` hp x 5  2;M 0_levsl6   #p x #23  Ԁ  5+ ` hp x 5  28M 0_levsl7  h  p x 23  Ԁ  5+ ` hp x 5  25M 0_levsl8   pp x 23  Ԁ  5+ ` hp x 5  22M 0_levsl9    x 23  Ԁ  5+ ` hp x 5  2JM 0_levnl1  X 2( ` hp x 223   5+ ` hp x 5  2GM 0_levnl2   /%` ` hp x /23   5+ ` hp x 5  2DM 0_levnl3   ," hp x ,23   5+ ` hp x 5  2AM 0_levnl4  ` ) hp x )23   5+ ` hp x 5  2>M 0_levnl5   &hhp x &23   5+ ` hp x 5  2;M 0_levnl6   #p x #23   5+ ` hp x 5  28M 0_levnl7  h  p x 23   5+ ` hp x 5  25M 0_levnl8   pp x 23   5+ ` hp x 5  22M 0_levnl9    x 23   5+ ` hp x 5  )1dxd)2dxd)3 dxd(O$ \!CEUS.,  _  HUMANRIGHTSCOMMITTEE    _Cagas_Ԁv.Philippines  CommunicationNo.788/1997  W  23October2001  * z  _CCPR_/C/73/D/788/1997   M  VIEWS    Submittedby:Messrs._Geniuval_ԀM._Cagas_,Wilson_Butin_ԀandJulio_Astillero_Ԁ(representedbyCrusade u  againstMiscarriageofJustice,Inc.) \  Statepartyconcerned:ThePhilippines ,| Dateofregisteredcommunication:17September1996(initialsubmission) L TheHumanRightsCommittee,establishedunderarticle28oftheInternationalCovenantonCivil  andPoliticalRights,  Meetingon:23October2001 p HavingconcludeditsconsiderationofcommunicationNo.788/1997,submittedtotheHumanRights B CommitteebyMessrs._Geniuval_ԀM._Cagas_,Wilson_Butin_ԀandJulio_Astillero_ԀundertheOptional +{ ProtocoltotheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights, d Havingtakenintoaccountallwritteninformationmadeavailabletoitbytheauthorsofthe  6 communication,andtheStateparty, !  Adoptsthefollowing: #" =   Viewsunderarticle5,paragraph4,oftheOptionalProtocol  \&!% .1.Theauthorsofthecommunication,dated17September1996,areMr._Geniuval_ԀM._Cagas_,Mr. /(#' Wilson_Butin_ԀandMr.Julio_Astillero_,allcitizensofthePhilippinesandcurrentlydetainedin )h$( _Tinangis_ԀJailandPenalFarm,Philippines.TheyclaimtobevictimsofaviolationbythePhilippines *Q%) ofarticle14(2)oftheCovenant.TheyarerepresentedbyCrusadeagainstMiscarriageofJustice, *:&* Inc.,anon-governmentalorganization. +#'+  -(-  Thefactsaspresentedbytheauthors   2.1On23June1992,thepoliceof_Libmanan_,_Camarines_ԀSur,Philippines,foundthebodiesofsix  womeninthehouseofDr.Dolores_Arevalo_,oneofthevictims.Theirhandshadbeenboundand l theirheadssmashed. U 2.2Althoughtherewasnoeyewitnesstotheactualkillings,aneighbour,Mr._Publio_Ԁ_Rili_,claimsto ' w haveseenfourmenenteringthehouseofDr._Arevalo_Ԁduringtheeveningof22June1992.Mr._Rili_  ` lateridentifiedthethreeauthorsasbeingamongtheindividualshesawontheeveninginquestion.  I Soonafterthefourmenenteredthehouse,thesamewitnessheard"thuddingsounds"emanating  2  fromthehouseofDr._Arevalo_.Hethensawacardrivingawayfromthepremises.    2.3Duringthesamenight,apolicemansawthecarinquestionandwrotedownitsnumberplate.   TheinvestigationlaterrevealedthatthenumberplatewasthatofacarownedbyMr._Cagas_.The   twootherco-accusedandauthorsareMr._Cagas_'employees. o  2.4Accordingtotheinvestigation,Mr._Cagas_ԀwasasupplierofmedicinesinahospitalwhereDr. A _Arevalo_ԀwasappointedChiefofHospitalsometimebeforetheincident.ItwasalsoreportedthatDr. *z _Arevalo_ԀrefusedtopurchasemedicalsuppliesfromMr._Cagas_. c 2.5TheprosecutionsubmittedtotheCourtacertifiedcopyofatelegramthathadallegedlybeen 5 sentbyMr._Cagas_ԀtoDr._Arevalo_'shusband,askinghimtotellhiswife,Dr._Arevalo_,nottoaskfor  rebatesinmedicalsuppliesanylonger.  2.6Theauthorswerearrestedon26,29and30June1992,onsuspicionofmurder(theso-called  _Libmanan_Ԁmassacre).Theyclaimthattheyareinnocent. r 2.7On14August1992,theauthorsappearedinCourtandwereordereddetaineduntilthetrial.On D 11November1992,theauthorsfiledapetitionforbailandon1December1992,theyfiledamotion -} toquashthearrestwarrants.On22October1993,theregionalTrialCourtrefusedtograntbail.On f 12October1994,theCourtofAppealsinManilaconfirmedtheTrialCourtOrderof22October O 1993.AmotionforreconsiderationoftheCourtofAppeals'decisionwasdismissedon20February  8 1995.On21August1995,theSupremeCourtdismissedtheauthors'appealagainsttheCourtof !!  Appeals'decision. " ! 2.8On5June1996,Mr._Cagas_ԀsentaletteronbehalfoftheauthorstotheCourtAdministratorof $# theSupremeCourt,submittingadditionalfactsinsupportoftheirclaimthattheirrighttobailhad u% $ beenwronglydenied. ^&!% 2.9On26July1996,theCourtAdministratorrepliedtotheauthorsthattheywerenolongerentitled 0(#' toraiseissuesthatwerenotraisedbeforetheSupremeCourt. )i$( 2.10Inafurthersubmissionof29May19989,theauthorsallegethaton24and25March1997,one *;&* ofthem,Mr.Julio_Astillero_Ԁhadbeensubjectedto"alcoholtortureortreatment"1byprisonguards +$'+ withthepurposetoforcehimtobecomea"Statewitness".Theallegedill-treatmenthadbeen , (, reportedtoJudgeMartin_Badong_,thethenpresidingjudgeoftheregionaltrialcourt,butthelatter -(- tooknoactioninthisrespect.   Thecomplaint   3.1Theauthorsallegedaviolationofarticle14(2)oftheCovenant.Theyclaimthattheorderfor U pre-trialdetentionisbasedsolelyoncircumstantialevidence,whichisnotsufficienttojustifya >  denialofbailandthatthisorderhasnotbeenproperlyreviewedbyhighercourts,whichhave ' w refusedtoreconsiderthefactsastheywereassessedbythetrialjudge.  ` 3.2Theauthorsclaimthat,byrejectingtheirclaimon26July1996,theCourtAdministratorrelied  2  onatechnicalityratherthanonthesubstanceofthelaw,whiletheissuewasrelatedtofundamental    constitutionalrights.   3.3Theauthorsnotethatwhilethepresumptionofinnocenceisaprincipleembodiedinthe   PhilippineConstitution,accusedwhoaredeniedbailaredeniedtheirrighttopresumptionof o  innocence.Theyfurthercontendthatadenialofbaildeprivesthemofadequatetimeandfacilities X  topreparetheirdefenceproperly,whichconstitutesabreachoftheprincipleofdueprocess. A 3.4Althoughnotexpresslyinvokedbytheauthors,thefactsassubmittedraiseissuesunderarticles c 9(3)and14(3)oftheCovenantinrelationtothetimethattheauthorshavespentinpre-trial L detention,andunderarticles7and10oftheCovenantinrelationtotheallegedill-treatmentto 5 whichMr.Julio_Astillero_Ԁwasallegedlysubjectedon24and25March1997.   ObservationsbytheStateparty   4.1Inasubmissiondated16March1998,theStatepartytransmitteditsobservationsonthemerits s ofthecase. \ 4.2Emphasizingthattherighttodueprocessoflawisthecornerstoneofcriminalprosecutionin .~ itsjurisdiction,theStatepartyconsidersthatthisprincipleiscompliedwithaslongasanaccused g hasbeenheardbyacompetentcourt,prosecutedundertheorderlyprocessoflaw,andpunishedonly  P afterajudgementhasbeenhandeddowninconformitywithconstitutionallaw.  9 4.3TheStatepartyalsopointsoutthattherighttobailcanbedeniedwheneverthechargesare " ! relatedtoanoffencepunishableby"perpetual_reclusion_"andwhentheevidenceisstrong,an #" assessmentthatislefttothejudge'sdiscretion. $# 4.4Inthepresentcase,theStatepartyisoftheopinionthattheauthors,althoughtheyweredenied _&!% bail,havenotbeendeniedtherighttobepresumedinnocent,becauseonlyafulltrialonthemerits H'"& wouldallowtodeclarethemguiltybeyondreasonabledoubt. 1(#' 4.5Moreover,theStatepartyconsidersthat,althoughpre-trialdetentionisasituationinwhichthe *S%) authorsmightlackadequatetimeandfacilitiestopreparetheirdefence,theprincipleofsucha *<&* detentiondoesnotdetractfromtheessenceofdueprocessoflawaslongastheelementsofdue +%'+ processreferredtoinparagraph4.2arepresent. ,(,  -(- 4.6TheStatepartyemphasizesthatMr._Cagas_Ԁhadadmittedinhisletterof5June1996totheCourt  Administratorthat"thedefectnotedintheOrderof[22October1993]wasneverraisedinthe  certiorarithatreachedtheCourtofAppealsandtheSupremeCourt"andthatMr._Cagas_Ԁadmitted  tohavedirectlyaddressedhisgrievancetotheCourtAdministrator.TheStatepartynotesinthis k respectthattheOfficeoftheCourtAdministratorisundertheauthorityoftheSupremeCourtand T isnotinanymannerinvolvedintheadjudicationofcases;itthereforelacksthecompetenceto =  reviewdecisionstakenbytheSupremeCourt.TheStatepartyfurtherindicatesthattheauthorswere & v dulyrepresentedbyaprominenthumanrightsattorney.  _  Commentsbytheauthors   1  5.1Inaletterdated29May1998,theauthorssubmittedtheircommentsontheobservationsofthe   Stateparty.   5.2Theauthorsreiteratetheirclaimthatwhenbailisdenied,theconstitutionalrightofanaccused o  tobepresumedinnocentissubstantiallyimpaired.Moreover,whenanaccusedisdetainedbefore X  thetrial,helacksadequatetimeandfacilitiesforthepreparationofhisdefence,whicheventually A leadstothelossofsubstantivedueprocess. *z 5.3Asageneralrule,bailmaybegrantedinallcriminalproceedings.Theonlyexceptiontothisrule L iswhenanaccusedischargedwithacapitaloffencecarryingaseverepenaltyand,most 5 importantly,whentheevidenceagainsttheaccusedisstrong.Thisalsorequiresthatanyexception  totherighttobailmustbeadequatelyjustifiedinthedecision.  5.4Inthepresentcase,theauthorsareoftheopinionthatthejustificationforthedenialofbailis  absentfromtheOrderoftheTrialCourtof22October1993.Moreover,theysuggestthatthe r requirementofstrongevidencewasnotsatisfied.Inthisregard,theauthorsnotethattheprosecution [ merelyshowedthattheyweresuspectswhomighthavecommittedthecrime,basingtheirfindings D oncircumstantialevidence.Theauthorsconsiderthat,intheabsenceofaneyewitnesswhosawthe -} actualmurders,circumstantialevidencepresentedinthecaseisnotsufficienttoprovethatthe f authorsweretheperpetratorsofthecrime. O 5.5TheauthorsalsonotethatboththeCourtofAppealsandtheSupremeCourthavelimitedtheir !!  considerationonaproceduralaspectofthecase,consideringthattheassessmentoffactswasatthe " ! trialjudge'sdiscretion,andhavenotaddressedtheissueoftherighttobailbyassessingthe #" constitutionalrequirementofstrongevidencetodenybail.Theauthorshavethereafterraisedthis $# issuewiththeCourtAdministrator,claimingthatthelatterhasthepoweranddutytocallthe u% $ attentionoftrialjudgeswhenatravestyofjusticeismanifestlyoccurringwithinhisjurisdiction. ^&!% 5.6InordertoenabletheCommitteetotakeitsdecisioninthelightofallappropriateinformation, 0(#' theauthorsalsodrawtheattentionoftheCommitteeonthefollowinglatestdevelopments: )i$( 8  -Amotionforreinvestigationwasdeniedon20May1998.*;&*   8  -TheoriginaltelegramallegedlysentbyMr._Cagas_ԀtoMrs._Arevalo_'shusbandand , (, primarilyusedbytheprosecutiontoestablishthemotiveforthecrimewasnever -(- producedandisapparentlylost.Theauthorsprovidecertificatesaccordingtowhich  theoriginalofthisdocumentcannotbefound.    FurtherobservationsbytheStateparty  k 6.TheprecedingcommentsweresubmittedtotheStatepartyon30October1998.On20September >  2000,anotherletterwassenttotheStatepartyinvitingittosubmititsobservationsonthemeritsof ' w thecase.Byanote_verbale_Ԁof2October2000,theStatepartyinformedtheCommitteethatitdidnot  ` wishtomakeanyfurthercommentsonthecaseandreferredtoitsprevioussubmissionof16March  I 1998.  2   IssuesandproceedingsbeforetheCommittee    7.1Beforeconsideringanyclaimcontainedinacommunication,theHumanRightsCommittee   must,inaccordancewithrule87ofitsRulesofProcedure,decidewhetherornotthecomplaintis p  admissibleundertheOptionalProtocoltotheCovenant. Y  7.2NotingthattheStatepartyhasnotraisedanyobjectionstotheadmissibilityofthe +{ communication,thattheauthorshaveexhaustedallavailabledomesticremediesandthatthesame d matterisnotbeingexaminedunderanotherprocedureofinternationalinvestigationorsettlement, M theCommitteedeclaresthecommunicationadmissible. 6 7.3Withregardtotheallegationofviolationofarticle14(2),onaccountofthedenialofbail,the  Committeefindsthatthisdenialdidnotaprioriaffecttherightoftheauthorstobepresumed  innocent.Nevertheless,theCommitteeisoftheopinionthattheexcessiveperiodofpreventive  detention,exceedingnineyears,doesaffecttherighttobepresumedinnocentandthereforereveals s aviolationofarticle14(2). \ 7.4Withregardtotheissuesraisedunderarticles9(3)and14(3)oftheCovenant,theCommittee .~ notesthat,atthetimeofthesubmissionofthecommunication,theauthorshadbeendetainedfora g periodofmorethanfouryears,andhadnotyetbeentried.TheCommitteefurthernotesthat,atthe  P timeoftheadoptionoftheCommittee'sViews,theauthorsappeartohavebeendetainedwithout  9 trialforaperiodinexcessofnineyears,whichwouldseriouslyaffectthefairnessofthetrial. !"  RecallingitsGeneralComment8accordingtowhich"pre-trialdetentionshouldbeanexceptionand " ! asshortaspossible,andnotingthattheStatepartyhasnotprovidedanyexplanationjustifyingsuch #" alongdelay,theCommitteeconsidersthattheperiodofpre-trialdetentionconstitutesinthepresent $# caseanunreasonabledelay.TheCommitteethereforeconcludesthatthefactsbeforeitreveala v% $ violationofarticles9(3)oftheCovenant.Furthermore,recallingtheStateparty'sobligationto _&!% ensurethatanaccusedpersonbetriedwithoutunduedelay,theCommitteefindsthatthefactsbefore H'"& italsorevealaviolationofarticle14(3)(c)oftheCovenant. 1(#' 7.5Withregardtotheallegationsofill-treatmentsufferedbyMr.Julio_Astillero_,theCommittee *S%) notesthattheallegationsareverygeneralinnature,andfailtodescribethenatureoftheactswhich *<&* wereallegedlycarriedout.Thus,whiletheStatepartydidnotrespondtotheCommittee'sinvitation +%'+ tocommentontheauthors'submissionof29May1998,theCommitteeisoftheopinionthatthe ,(, authorshavenotsufficientlysubstantiatedthattherightsofMr._Astillero_Ԁunderarticles7and10of -(- theCovenantwereviolated.  8.TheHumanRightsCommittee,actingunderarticle5,paragraph4,oftheOptionalProtocolto  theInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights,isoftheviewthatthefactsbeforeit k discloseaviolationofarticles9(3),14(2)and14(3)(c)oftheCovenant. T 9.Inaccordancewitharticle2,paragraph3(a),oftheCovenant,theStatepartyisunderan & v obligationtoprovidetheauthorswithaneffectiveremedy,whichshallentailadequatecompensation  _ forthetimetheyhavespentunlawfullyindetention.TheStatepartyisalsounderanobligationto  H ensurethattheauthorsbetriedpromptlywithalltheguaranteessetforthinarticle14or,ifthisis  1  notpossible,released.    10.Bearinginmindthat,bybecomingaStatepartytotheOptionalProtocol,theStatepartyhas   recognizedthecompetenceoftheCommitteetodeterminewhethertherehasbeenaviolationofthe   Covenantornotandthat,pursuanttoarticle2oftheCovenant,theStatepartyhasundertakento n  ensuretoallindividualswithinitsterritoryandsubjecttoitsjurisdictiontherightsrecognizedinthe W  Covenanttoprovideaneffectiveandenforceableremedyincaseaviolationhasbeenestablished, @ theCommitteewishestoreceivefromtheStateparty,within90days,informationaboutthe )y measurestakentogiveeffecttoitsViews. b _________________ 4 *ThefollowingmembersoftheCommitteeparticipatedintheexaminationofthepresent  communication:Mr._Abdelfattah_ԀAmor,Mr._Nisuke_ԀAndo,Ms.Christine_Chanet_,Mr.Louis_Henkin_,  Mr.Ahmed_Tawfik_Ԁ_Khalil_,Mr._Eckart_ԀKlein,Mr.David_Kretzmer_,Ms.CeciliaMedina_Quiroga_,  Mr.Rafael_Rivas_Ԁ_Posada_,SirNigel_Rodley_,Mr.Martin_Scheinin_,Mr.IvanShearer,Mr._Hip;lito_ q _Solari_Ԁ_Yrigoyen_ԀandMr.Maxwell_Yalden_. Z ThetextoftwoindividualopinionssignedbythreeCommitteemembers:Ms.CeciliaMedina ,| _Quiroga_,Mr.Rafael_Rivas_Ԁ_Posada_ԀandMr._Hip;lito_Ԁ_Solari_Ԁ_Yrigoyen_,areappendedtothepresent e document. N [AdoptedinEnglish,FrenchandSpanish,theEnglishtextbeingtheoriginalversion.Subsequently !   tobeissuedinArabic,ChineseandRussianaspartoftheCommittee'sannualreporttotheGeneral " ! Assembly.] #"    Appendices  ]&!% ?X IndividualopinionbyCommitteemembersMs.CeciliaMedina_Quiroga_ԀandMr.Rafael_Rivas_ 0(#' _Posada_Ԁ(dissenting) )j$(  Inthiscase,theCommitteehasdecidedthatthePhilippinesviolated,tothedetrimentofMr._Cagas_, *=&* Mr._Butin_ԀandMr._Astillero_,articles9(3),14(2)and14(3)oftheInternationalCovenantonCivil +&'+ andPoliticalRights.InthisrespectIconcurwiththemajorityvote,butIdissentfromthatvotein ,(, thatIbelievethattheCommitteeshouldalsohavefoundthattheStatehadviolatedarticle14(1)of -(- theCovenant.Iexplainmyreasonsbelow:  (a)InthefilebeforetheCommitteethereisnoindicationthatthethreeauthorsofthe  communicationhavebeentriedandhavebeenconvictedandsentencedtoacustodialpenalty.Itmay k thereforebepresumedthattheyhavebeendeprivedoftheirlibertyforaperiodofnineyearswithout T atrialandwithoutaconviction,sinceitwastheresponsibilityoftheStatetoinformtheCommittee =  aboutthismatter,andthishasnotsofarbeendone.Thisisaclearviolationofarticles9(3)and14 & v (3)oftheCovenant.Itshouldbenotedthatsuchalengthydeprivationoflibertycanonlybe  _ consideredasequivalenttotheservingofasentence,inthiscasewithoutaconvictiontobackitup.  H This,inmyopinion,callsintoquestiontheStateparty'scompliancewiththeprovisionsofarticle  1  9(1)oftheCovenant,whichprohibitsarbitrarydetention.    (b)Thefactthatforsomanyyearsnotrialhasbeenheld,apartfromconstitutingaviolationof   article14(3),inevitablyjeopardizestheproductionofevidence.Thisvitiatesanytrialoftheauthors   thatmaypossiblybeheld.Thus,forexample,thepossibilitythatthejudgementmaybebasedon n  statementsbywitnesses,mademanyyearsaftertheeventsoccurred,placestheaccusedinasituation W  ofdefencelessness,contrarytotheguaranteesgrantedbytheCovenant.Itisnotpossibleforatrial @ forhomicideormurder,whicheverthecasemaybe,heldnineormoreyearsaftertheeventstobe )y a"fairtrial"inthetermsestablishedbyarticle14(1). b (c)Lastly,throughhavingallowedtimetopasswithoutprovidingtheaccusedwithdueprocessas 4 laiddownbytheCovenant,theStatehasnotonlyviolatedarticle14(1)byomission,buthasplaced  itselfinapositionwhereitwillbeimpossibleforittocomplywiththeCovenantinthefuture.  Consequently,andinaddition,Icannotagreewithparagraph9oftheViewsofthemajority.I  considerthat,inthepresentcase,itisincumbentontheStatetoreleasethedetaineesimmediately.  Obviously,thereisaStateinterestincriminalprosecution,butthisprosecutioncanbecarriedout q onlywithinthelimitspermittedbyinternationallaw.IftheorgansofcriminaljusticeinaStateare Z ineffective,theStatemustsolvetheprobleminamannerotherthanthatofinfringingtheguarantees C oftheaccused. ,| (Signed):CeciliaMedina_Quiroga_Ԁ N (Signed):Rafael_Rivas_Ԁ_Posada_Ԁ  7  IndividualopinionofCommitteememberMr._Hip;lito_Ԁ_Solari_Ԁ_Yrigoyen_Ԁ(dissenting) #"  Ibasemydissentingvote,rejectingthemajorityvoteconcerningtheviolationofCovenantarticles u% $ 7and10sufferedbytheauthorMr.Julio_Astillero_,onthefollowingconsiderations: ^&!% Inacommunicationof29May1998,theauthorsstatedthatoneoftheirnumber,Julio_Astillero_,had 0(#' beensubjectedtotortureontwooccasions,on24and25March1997.Theycalledthekindof )i$( torturewhichhesuffered"alcoholtreatment"andnamedtheprincipalperpetratorofthistreatment *R%) asMarlon_Argarin_,whoatthattimewasworkingasaprisonguardat_Tinangis_ԀJail-PenalFarmin *;&* Pili,_Camarines_ԀSurregion(Philippines),wheretheywerebeingheld.Theyfurtherstatedthatthe +$'+ guard_Argarin_ԀlaterbecameChiefofSecurityoftheOperationsServiceandthatinthepracticeof , (, tortureheenjoyedthecomplicityofotherguardsinthesameprisonwheretheeventsinquestion -(- occurred.Theyalsocomplainedthatthepurposeofthetortureinflictedonprisoner_Astillero_Ԁwas  toforcehimtobecomea"Statewitness".  Inaddition,theauthorsstatedthatacomplaintconcerningalltheseeventswasmadebeforeJudge k _Martn_Ԁ_Badong_,thePresidentoftheCourtofFirstInstance,Branch33,Pili,_Camarines_ԀSurregion, T who,accordingtothem,tooknoactiontoinvestigatethecomplaint. =  Althoughtheauthorsdidnotexplainwhattheso-called"alcoholtreatment"consistedof,thereis  _ nodoubt,inviewofthecomplaint'sterminology,whichisconsistentwiththetextofarticle7ofthe  H Covenant,thatwhatwasinvolvedwastortureorcruel,inhumanordegradingtreatmentor  1  punishment,towhichnoonemaybesubjected.Sinceprisoner_Astillero_Ԁwasdeprivedofhisliberty    andsubjectedtotorture,hewasnottreatedhumanelyorwiththerespectinherentlyduetothe   humanindividual.   Thecomplaintaboutviolationofarticles7and10oftheCovenantwasfullysubstantiatedbythe n  followingdetails: W  0  (a)Datesonwhichthetortureoccurred;)y(#(# 0  (b)Placeinwhichtorturewasperpetrated;b(#(# 0  (c)Nameoftheallegedtorturer;K(#(# 0  (d)Hisjobatthetimeofthetorture;4(#(# 0  (e)Theposthelateroccupied;(#(# 0  (f)Existenceofotheraccomplices;(#(# 0  (g)Jobsoftheallegedaccomplices;(#(# 0  (h)Specificreferencetothecomplaintlodgedaboutthetorture;(#(# 0  (_i_)Nameofthejudgewhoreceivedthecomplaint;q(#(# 0  (j)Titleofthejudge;Z(#(# 0  (k)Preciseidentificationofthecourtwithwhichthecomplaintwaslodged.C(#(# Allthesecommentsbytheauthors,linkedtothecomplaintoftorture,togetherwithothertypesof e comments,werebroughttotheattentionoftheStatepartyon30October1998.TheStateparty N remainedsilentinthefaceofthesecomments,afactwhich,astheCommitteehasdeclaredonother  7 occasions,constitutesalackofcooperationthroughnon-compliancewithitsobligationunderarticle !   4(2)oftheOptionalProtocoltosubmittotheCommitteewrittenexplanationsorstatements " ! clarifyingthematterandtheremedy,ifany,thatmayhavebeentakenbythatState. #" TheStateparty'slackofcooperationwas,moreover,repeatedwhen,inreplytoafurtherrequestby t% $ theCommitteeof20September2000,inanote_verbale_Ԁitagainstatedthatitwishedtomakeno ]&!% furthercommentonthequestion,referringtoitsinitialcommunicationof16March1998.The F'"& observationsmadebytheStatepartyinthatcommunicationinnowayclarifytheactsoftorture /(#' complainedof,sincetheseactswerenotifiedtotheCommitteeafterthesubmissionoftheState's )h$( observations. *Q%) Consequently,theCommitteeshouldtaketheauthors'complaintsintoaccountand,onthebasisof +#'+ alltheelementsbeforeit,considerthattherehasbeenaviolationofarticles7and10ofthe , (, CovenanttothedetrimentoftheprisonerJulio_Astillero_. -(- Ї(Signed):_Hip;lito_Ԁ_Solari_Ԁ_Yrigoyen_Ԁ   Notes  k 1Theauthorsdonotexplainintheircommunicationwhatsuchatreatmententails. >  }X