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Ðcommunication,€and€the€State€party,€Ð ·"! ÐÌòòAdopts€the€followingóó:€Ð ‰$Ù# ÐÓÔÓÌÌÓ  Óòòò òViews€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Optional€Protocoló óóóÐ D'”"& ÐÓ×ÓÓ  ÓÌÌ1.€The€author€of€the€communication,€initially€dated€15€June€1999,€is€Albert€Wilson,€a€BritishÐ *P%) Ðnational€resident€in€the€Philippines€from€1990€until€2000€and€thereafter€in€the€United€Kingdom.€HeÐ é*9&* Ðclaims€to€be€a€victim€of€violations€by€the€Philippines€of€articles€2,€paragraphs€2€and€3,€6,€7,€9,€10,Ð Ò+"'+ Ðparagraphs€1€and€2,€14,€paragraphs€1,€2,€3€and€6.€He€is€represented€by€counsel.€Ð », (, ÐÐ ¤-ô(- ÐÔ_ÔòòThe€facts€as€presented€by€the€authoróóÐ ° ÐÌ2.1€On€16€September€1996,€the€author€was€forcibly€arrested€without€warrant€as€a€result€of€aÐ ‚Ò Ðcomplaint€of€rape€filed€by€the€biological€father€of€the€author's€twelve€year€old€step-daughter€andÐ k» Ðtransferred€to€a€police€station.€He€was€not€advised€of€his€rights,€and,€not€speaking€the€local€language,Ð T¤ Ðwas€unaware€as€to€the€reasons€for€what€was€occurring.€At€the€police€station,€he€was€held€in€a€4€byÐ =  Ð4€foot€cage€with€three€others,€and€charged€on€the€second€day€with€attempted€rape€of€hisÐ & v Ðstepdaughter.€He€was€then€transferred€to€Valenzuela€municipal€jail,€where€the€charge€was€changedÐ  _ Ðto€rape.€There€he€was€beaten€and€ill-treated€in€a€"concrete€coffin".€This€sixteen€by€sixteen€foot€cellÐ ø H Ðheld€40€prisoners€with€a€six€inch€air€gap€some€10€foot€from€the€floor.€One€inmate€was€shot€by€aÐ á 1  Ðdrunken€guard,€and€the€author€had€a€gun€placed€to€his€head€on€several€occasions€by€guards.€TheÐ Ê   Ðbottoms€of€his€feet€were€struck€by€a€guard's€baton,€and€other€inmates€struck€him€on€the€guards'Ð ³  Ðorders.€He€was€ordered€to€strike€other€prisoners€and€was€beaten€when€he€refused€to€do€so.€He€wasÐ œì  Ðalso€constantly€subjected€to€extortion€by€other€inmates€with€the€acquiescence€and€in€some€instancesÐ …Õ  Ðon€the€direct€instruction€of€the€prison€authorities,€and€beaten€when€he€refused€to€pay€or€perform€theÐ n¾  Ðdirected€act(s).€There€was€no€running€water,€insufficient€sanitary€conditions€(a€single€non-flush€bowlÐ W§  Ðin€the€cell€for€all€detainees),€no€visiting€facility,€and€severe€food€rationing.€Nor€was€he€segregatedÐ @ Ðfrom€convicted€prisoners.€Ð )y ÐÌ2.2€Between€6€November€1996€to€15€July€1998,€the€author€was€tried€for€rape.€From€the€outset,€heÐ ûK Ðmaintained€that€the€allegation€was€fabricated€and€pleaded€not€guilty.€The€step-daughter's€mother€andÐ ä4 Ðbrother€testified€in€support€of€the€author,€stating€that€both€had€been€at€home€when€the€allegedÐ Í Ðincident€took€place,€and€that€it€could€not€have€occurred€without€their€knowledge.€The€police€medicalÐ ¶ Ðexaminer,€who€examined€the€girl€within€24€hours€of€the€alleged€incident,€made€internal€and€externalÐ Ÿï Ðfindings€which,€according€to€the€author,€were€wholly€inconsistent€with€alleged€forcible€rape.Ð ˆØ ÐMedical€evidence€procured€during€the€trial€also€contradicted€the€allegation,€and,€according€to€theÐ qÁ Ðauthor,€in€fact€demonstrated€that€the€act€could€not€have€taken€place€as€alleged.€There€was€alsoÐ Zª Ðevidence€of€several€other€witnesses€that€the€story€of€rape€had€been€fabricated€by€the€step-daughter'sÐ C“ Ðnatural€father,€in€order€to€extort€money€from€the€author.€Ð ,| ÐÌ2.3€On€30€September€1998€the€author€was€convicted€of€rape€and€sentenced€to€death,€as€well€as€toÐ þN ÐP50,000€indemnity,€by€the€Regional€Trial€Court€of€Valenzuela.€According€to€the€author,€theÐ ç 7 Ðconviction€was€based€solely€on€the€testimony€of€the€girl,€who€admitted€she€was€lying€when€she€firstÐ Ð!   Ðmade€the€allegation€of€attempted€rape,€and€there€were€numerous€inconsistencies€in€her€trialÐ ¹" ! Ðtestimony.€Ð ¢#ò" ÐÌ2.4€The€author€was€then€placed€on€death€row€in€Muntinlupa€prison,€where€a€thousand€death€rowÐ t%Ä $ Ðprisoners€were€kept€in€three€dormitories.€Foreign€inmates€were€continually€extorted€by€other€inmatesÐ ]&­!% Ðwith€the€acquiescence,€and€sometimes€at€the€direction€of,€prison€authorities.€The€author€refers€toÐ F'–"& Ðmedia€reports€that€the€prison€was€controlled€by€gangs€and€corrupt€officials,€at€whose€mercy€theÐ /(#' Ðauthor€remained€throughout€his€confinement€on€death€row.€Several€high-ranking€prison€officialsÐ )h$( Ðwere€sentenced€for€extortion€of€prisoners,€and€large€amounts€of€weapons€were€found€in€cells.€TheÐ *Q%) Ðauthor€was€pressured€and€tortured€to€provide€gangs€and€officials€with€money.€There€were€no€guardsÐ ê*:&* Ðin€the€dormitory€or€cells,€which€contained€over€200€inmates€and€remained€unlocked€at€all€times.€HisÐ Ó+#'+ Ðmoney€and€personal€effects€had€been€removed€from€him€en€route€to€the€prison,€and€for€three€weeksÐ ¼, (, Ðhe€had€no€visitors,€and€therefore€no€basic€necessities€such€as€soap€or€bedding.€Food€comprisedÐ ¥-õ(- Ðunwashed€rice€and€other€inappropriate€substances.€Sanitation€consisted€of€two€non-flushing€toiletÐ ° Ðbowls€in€an€area€which€was€also€a€200-person€communal€shower.€Ð ™é ÐÌ2.5€The€author€was€forced€to€pay€for€the€eight€by€eight€foot€area€in€which€he€slept€and€financiallyÐ k» Ðto€support€the€eight€others€with€him.€He€was€forced€to€sleep€alongside€drug-deranged€individualsÐ T¤ Ðand€persons€who€deliberately€and€constantly€deprived€him€of€sleep.€He€was€forcibly€tattooed€withÐ =  Ða€permanent€gang€mark.€Inmates€were€stretched€out€on€a€bench€on€public€display€and€beaten€withÐ & v Ðwood€across€the€thighs,€or€otherwise€"taught€a€lesson".€The€author€states€he€lived€in€constant€fearÐ  _ Ðcoming€close€to€death€and€suicidal€depression,€watching€six€inmates€walk€to€their€execution€whileÐ ø H Ðfive€others€died€violent€deaths.€Fearing€death€after€a€"brutally€unfair€and€biased"€trial,€he€sufferedÐ á 1  Ðsevere€physical€and€psychological€distress€and€felt€"total€helplessness€and€hopelessness".€As€a€result,Ð Ê   Ðhe€is€"destroyed€both€financially€and€in€many€ways€emotionally".€Ð ³  ÐÌ2.6€On€21€December€1999,€i.e.€subsequent€to€the€submission€of€the€communication€under€theÐ …Õ  ÐOptional€Protocol,€the€Supreme€Court,€considering€the€case€on€automatic€review,€set€aside€theÐ n¾  Ðconviction,€finding€it€based€on€allegations€"not€worthy€of€credence",€and€ordered€the€author'sÐ W§  Ðimmediate€release.€The€Solicitor-General€had€filed€a€brief€with€the€Court€recommending€acquittalÐ @ Ðon€the€basis€that€material€contradictions€in€witness€testimony,€as€well€as€the€physical€evidence€to€theÐ )y Ðcontrary,€justified€the€conclusion€that€the€author's€guilt€had€not€been€shown€beyond€reasonableÐ b Ðdoubt.€Ð ûK ÐÌ2.7€On€22€December€1999,€on€his€release€from€death€row,€the€Bureau€of€Immigration€lifted€a€HoldÐ Í ÐDeparture€Order,€on€condition€that€the€author€paid€fees€and€fines€amounting€to€P22,740.-€forÐ ¶ Ðoverstaying€his€tourist€visa.€The€order€covered€the€entirety€of€his€detention,€and€if€he€had€not€paid,Ð Ÿï Ðhe€would€not€have€been€allowed€to€leave€the€country€for€the€United€Kingdom.€The€ruling€wasÐ ˆØ Ðconfirmed€after€an€appeal€by€the€British€Ambassador€to€the€Philippines,€and€subsequent€effortsÐ qÁ Ðdirected€from€the€United€Kingdom€to€the€Bureau€of€Immigration€and€the€Supreme€Court€in€order€toÐ Zª Ðrecover€these€fees€proved€similarly€unavailing.€Ð C“ ÐÌ2.8€Upon€his€return€to€the€United€Kingdom,€the€author€sought€compensation€pursuant€to€PhilippineÐ e ÐRepublic€Act€7309.€The€Act€creates€a€Board€of€Claims€under€the€Department€of€Justice€for€victimsÐ þN Ðof€unjust€imprisonment€or€detention,€compensation€being€calculable€by€month.€Upon€inquiry,€he€wasÐ ç 7 Ðinformed€on€21€February€2001€that€on€1€January€2001,€he€had€been€awarded€P14,000,€but€that€heÐ Ð!   Ðwould€be€required€to€claim€it€in€person€in€the€Philippines.€On€12€March€2001,€he€wrote€to€the€BoardÐ ¹" ! Ðof€Claims€seeking€reconsideration€of€quantum,€on€the€basis€that€according€to€the€legal€scale€40Ð ¢#ò" Ðmonths€in€prison€should€result€in€a€sum€of€P40,000.€On€23€April€2001,€he€was€informed€that€theÐ ‹$Û# Ðamount€claimed€was€'subject€to€availability€of€funds'€and€that€the€person€liable€for€the€author'sÐ t%Ä $ Ðmisfortune€was€the€complainant€accusing€him€of€rape.€No€further€clarification€on€the€discrepancyÐ ]&­!% Ðof€the€award€was€received.€Ð F'–"& ÐÌ2.9€On€9€August€2001,€after€applying€for€a€tourist€visa€to€visit€his€family,€the€author€was€informedÐ )h$( Ðthat€as€a€result€of€having€overstayed€his€tourist€visa€and€having€been€convicted€of€a€crime€involvingÐ *Q%) Ðmoral€turpitude,€he€had€been€placed€on€a€Bureau€of€Immigration€watchlist.€When€he€inquired€whyÐ ê*:&* Ðthe€conviction€should€have€such€effect€after€it€had€been€quashed,€he€was€informed€that€to€secureÐ Ó+#'+ Ðtravel€certification€he€would€have€to€attend€the€Bureau€of€Immigration€in€the€Philippines€itself.€Ð ¼, (, ÐÐ ¥-õ(- Ð2.10€The€author€also€sought€to€lodge€a€civil€suit€for€reparation,€on€the€basis€that€the€administrativeÐ ° Ðremedy€for€compensation€outline€above€would€not€take€into€account€the€extent€of€physical€andÐ ™é Ðpsychological€suffering€involved.€He€was€not€eligible€for€legal€aid€in€the€Philippines,€and€fromÐ ‚Ò Ðoutside€the€country€was€unable€to€secure€pro-bono€legal€assistance.€Ð k» ÐÌòòThe€complaintóóÐ =  ÐÌ3.1€The€author€alleges€a€violation€of€articles€6€and€7€by€virtue€of€the€mandatory€imposition€of€theÐ  _ Ðdeath€penalty€under€s.11€of€òòRepublic€óóAct€No.€7659€for€the€rape€of€a€minor€to€whom€the€offenderÐ ø H Ðstands€in€parental€relationship.òò€1óó€€Such€a€crime€is€not€necessarily€a€"most€serious€crime"€as€it€doesÐ á 1  Ðnot€involve€loss€of€life,€and€the€circumstances€of€the€offence€may€vary€greatly.€For€the€same€reasons,Ð Ê   Ðthe€mandatory€death€penalty€is€disproportionate€to€the€gravity€of€the€alleged€crime€and€contrary€toÐ ³  Ðarticle€7.€It€is€further€disproportionate€and€inhuman,€as€no€allowance€is€made€for€the€circumstancesÐ œì  Ðof€the€individual€crime€and€the€individual€offender€in€mitigation.€Ð …Õ  ÐÌ3.2€The€author€contends€that€the€time€spent€on€death€row€constituted€a€violation€of€article€7,Ð W§  Ðparticularly€in€the€light€of€the€massive€procedural€deficiencies€of€the€trial.€It€is€argued€that€there€is,Ð @ Ðin€this€instance,€a€violation€of€article€7€because€of€the€patently€unfair€proceedings€at€trial€and€theÐ )y Ðmanifestly€unsound€verdict€which€resulted€in€the€helplessness€and€anxiety€placed€on€the€author€givenÐ b Ðhe€was€wrongly€convicted.€This€was€aggravated€by€the€specific€treatment€and€conditions€he€wasÐ ûK Ðsubjected€to€on€death€row.€Ð ä4 ÐÌ3.3€In€terms€of€article€9,€the€author€argues€his€initial€arrest€took€place€without€warrant€and€inÐ ¶ Ðviolation€of€domestic€law€governing€arrests.€Nor€was€he€informed€at€the€time€of€his€arrest€of€theÐ Ÿï Ðreasons€therefore€in€a€language€he€could€understand,€or€promptly€brought€before€a€judge.€Ð ˆØ ÐÌ3.4€As€to€the€claim€of€a€violation€of€articles€14,€paragraphs€1,€2€and€3,€the€author€contends,€firstly,Ð Zª Ðthat€his€trial€was€unfair.€He€contends€that€in€emotive€cases€such€as€rape€of€children,€a€single€judgeÐ C“ Ðis€not€necessarily€immune€to€pressures€on€his€or€her€independence€and€impartiality,€and€should€notÐ ,| Ðbe€allowed€to€impose€the€death€penalty;€rather,€a€judge€and€jury€or€bench€constituted€of€severalÐ e Ðjudges€should€determine€capital€cases.€It€is€alleged€that€the€trial€judge€was€subjected€to€"enormousÐ þN Ðpressure"€from€local€individuals€who€packed€the€courtroom€and€desired€the€author's€conviction.Ð ç 7 ÐAccording€to€the€author,€some€of€these€persons€were€brought€in€from€other€areas.€Ð Ð!   ÐÌ3.5€Secondly,€the€author€contends€that€the€trial€court's€analysis€was€manifestly€unsound€and€violatedÐ ¢#ò" Ðhis€right€to€presumption€of€innocence,€when€it€observed€that€the€author's€defense€of€denial€that€theÐ ‹$Û# Ðalleged€act€took€place€"cannot€prevail€over€the€positive€assertions€of€the€minor-victim".€In€the€lightÐ t%Ä $ Ðof€the€irreversible€nature€of€the€death€penalty,€the€author€argues€capital€trials€must€scrupulouslyÐ ]&­!% Ðobserve€all€international€standards.€Referring€to€the€United€Nations€Safeguards€on€the€Rights€ofÐ F'–"& ÐThose€Facing€the€Death€Penalty,€the€author€observes€that€a€capital€conviction€must€be€"based€uponÐ /(#' Ðclear€and€convincing€evidence€leaving€no€room€for€an€alternative€explanation€of€the€facts".€Ð )h$( ÐÌ3.6€Under€article€14,€paragraph€6,€the€author€observes€that€particularly€in€the€light€of€theÐ ê*:&* Ðcompensation€procedure€provided€under€domestic€law,€that€the€State€party€was€under€an€obligationÐ Ó+#'+ Ðto€provide€fair€and€adequate€compensation€for€the€miscarriage€of€justice.€In€this€case,€the€actualÐ ¼, (, Ðaward€was€some€one-quarter€of€his€entitlement€under€that€scheme,€and€this€was€almost€whollyÐ ¥-õ(- Ðnegated€by€the€requirement€to€pay€immigration€fines€and€fees.€In€a€related€claim€of€violation€ofÐ ° Ðarticle€2,€paragraph€3,€the€author€contends€that€instead€of€being€properly€compensated€for€theÐ ™é Ðviolations€at€issue,€he€was€forced€himself€to€pay€for€the€time€unjustly€held€in€prison,€and€remains€onÐ ‚Ò Ðthe€list€of€excludable€aliens,€despite€having€been€fully€cleared€of€all€charges€against€him.€ThisÐ k» Ðviolates€his€right€to€an€effective€remedy,€amounts€to€double€jeopardy€in€the€form€of€an€additionalÐ T¤ Ðpunishment€and€contravenes€his€family€rights.€Ð =  ÐÌ3.7€As€to€admissibility€issues,€the€author€states€that€he€has€not€submitted€his€claim€to€anotherÐ  _ Ðinternational€procedure,€and,€concerning€the€conditions€of€detention€in€prison,€that€he€unsuccessfullyÐ ø H Ðattempted€to€raise€concerns€regarding€his€treatment€and€the€conditions€of€detention.€This€remedy€wasÐ á 1  Ðineffective€as€he€only€had€access€to€the€individuals€themselves€responsible€for€the€incidents€inÐ Ê   Ðquestion.€Ð ³  ÐÌòòThe€State€party's€submissions€on€admissibility€and€meritsóóÐ …Õ  ÐÌ4.1€By€submission€of€5€August€2002,€the€State€party€contests€the€admissibility€and€merits€of€theÐ W§  Ðcase,€arguing€that€numerous€judicial,€quasi-judicial€or€administrative€remedies€would€be€availableÐ @ Ðto€the€author.€Article€32€of€the€Civil€Code€makes€any€public€officer€or€private€individual€liable€forÐ )y Ðdamages€for€infringement€of€the€rights€and€liberties€of€another€individual,€including€rights€to€be€freeÐ b Ðfrom€arbitrary€detention,€from€cruel€punishment,€and€so€on.€The€author€may€also€file€a€claim€ofÐ ûK Ðdamages€for€malicious€prosecution,€and/or€a€case€alleging€violations€of€the€revised€penal€code€onÐ ä4 Ðcrimes€against€liberty€and€security€or€crimes€against€honour.€He€may€also€lodge€a€complaint€to€theÐ Í ÐPhilippine€Commission€on€Human€Rights,€but€has€not€done€so.€The€Supreme€Court's€decision€toÐ ¶ Ðvacate€the€lower€court's€judgment,€which€was€the€result€of€automatic€review€on€death€penalty€cases,Ð Ÿï Ðshows€that€due€process€guarantees€and€adequate€remedies€are€available€in€the€judicial€system.€Ð ˆØ ÐÌ4.2€As€to€the€article€7€claims,€the€State€party€contends€that€it€cannot€adequately€respond€to€theÐ Zª Ðallegations€made,€as€they€require€further€investigation.€In€any€event,€the€author€should€haveÐ C“ Ðsubmitted€his€claim€to€a€proper€forum€such€as€the€Philippine€Commission€on€Human€Rights.€Ð ,| ÐÌ4.3€On€the€article€14€claims,€the€State€party€states€that€the€case€was€tried€before€a€competent€court,Ð þN Ðthat€the€author€was€able€to€present€and€cross-examine€evidence€and€witnesses,€and€that€he€enjoyedÐ ç 7 Ða€(successful)€right€of€appeal.€Nor€is€there€anything€to€suggest€the€trial€judge€promulgated€hisÐ Ð!   Ðdecision€based€on€anything€other€than€a€good€faith€appreciation€of€the€evidence.€Ð ¹" ! ÐÌ4.4€As€to€the€inadequate€sum€of€compensation€paid,€the€State€party€points€out€that€on€24€AugustÐ ‹$Û# Ð2001,€the€Board€of€Claims€granted€the€author€an€additional€amount€of€P26,000€bringing€theÐ t%Ä $ Ðcompensation€to€the€total€P40,000€claimed.€Although€advised€that€the€check€was€ready€for€pick-up,Ð ]&­!% Ðthe€author€has€not€yet€done€so€and€it€is€therefore€no€longer€valid,€although€it€can€readily€be€replaced.Ð F'–"& ÐAs€to€the€contention€that€the€author€was€denied€civil€remedies,€the€State€party€points€out€that€he€wasÐ /(#' Ðadvised€by€the€Board€of€Claims€to€consult€a€practicing€lawyer,€but€that€he€has€failed€to€pursueÐ )h$( Ðredress€through€the€courts.€Ð *Q%) ÐÌòòThe€author's€comments€on€the€State€party's€submissionsóóÐ Ó+#'+ ÐÌ5.1€By€letter€of€6€April€2002,€the€author€responds€to€further€aspects€of€the€State€party's€submissions.Ð ¥-õ(- ÐOn€the€fair€trial€issues,€he€points€out€that€even€the€Solicitor-General€regarded€the€charge€against€himÐ ° Ðas€deeply€flawed,€and€that€thus,€especially€in€capital€cases,€the€trial€judge's€good€faith€"honest€belief"Ð ™é Ðis€not€sufficient€to€legitimize€a€wrongful€conviction.€The€Supreme€Court's€decision€makes€clear€thatÐ ‚Ò Ðthe€proceedings€failed€to€comply€with€what€the€author€regards€as€the€minimum€standards€set€out€inÐ k» Ðarticle€14.€The€author€contends€that€the€trial€judge's€approach€was€biased€against€him€on€account€ofÐ T¤ Ðhis€gender,€substituted€his€own€evaluation€of€the€medical€evidence€for€that€of€the€expert€involved,Ð =  Ðand€failed€to€respect€the€presumption€of€innocence.€Ð & v ÐÌ5.2€Moreover,€the€author's€application€to€exclude€the€media€from€trial€was€denied€and€full€access€toÐ ø H Ðthe€press€was€granted€even€before€arraignment.€Police€parading€of€suspects€before€the€media€in€theÐ á 1  ÐPhilippines€is€well-documented,€and€in€this€case€the€presence€of€media€from€the€moment€the€authorÐ Ê   Ðwas€first€brought€before€a€prosecutor€undermined€the€fairness€of€the€trial.€During€trial,€the€court€wasÐ ³  Ðpacked€with€people€from€"children,€feminist€and€anti-crime€organizations"€that€were€pressing€forÐ œì  Ðconviction.€Public€and€media€access€enhances€the€fear€of€partial€proceedings€in€highly€emotiveÐ …Õ  Ðcases.€Ð n¾  ÐÌ5.3€The€author€also€argues,€with€reference€to€the€Committee's€decision€in€òòMbenge€v€Zaireóó,€òò2óó€that€theÐ @ Ðviolation€of€his€article€14€rights€led€to€an€imposition€of€the€death€sentence€contrary€to€the€provisionsÐ )y Ðof€the€Covenant,€and€thus€in€violation€of€article€6.€The€author€also€argues,€with€reference€to€theÐ b Ðdecision€in€òòJohnson€v€Jamaicaóó,€òò3óó€that€as€the€imposition€of€the€death€sentence€was€in€violation€of€theÐ ûK ÐCovenant,€his€resulting€detention,€particularly€in€the€light€of€the€treatment€and€conditions€suffered,Ð ä4 Ðwas€cruel€and€inhuman€punishment,€contrary€to€article€7.€Ð Í ÐÌ5.4€The€author€argues€generally,€with€reference€to€the€Committee's€General€Comment€on€article€6,Ð Ÿï Ðthat€the€re-imposition€of€the€death€penalty€in€a€State€party€is€contrary€to€the€object€and€purpose€ofÐ ˆØ Ðthe€Covenant€and€violates€article€6,€paragraphs€1€to€3.€In€any€event,€the€manner€in€which€theÐ qÁ ÐPhilippines€has€re-introduced€the€death€penalty€violates€article€6,€paragraph€2,€as€well€as€theÐ Zª Ðobligation€contained€in€article€2,€paragraph€2,€to€give€effect€to€Covenant€rights.€The€Republic€ActÐ C“ Ð7659,€providing€for€the€death€sentence€for€46€offences€(of€which€23€mandatorily),€is€flawed€andÐ ,| Ðaffords€no€protection€of€Covenant€rights.€Ð e ÐÌ5.5€At€the€time€of€the€author's€trial,€the€applicable€criminal€procedure€required€a€rape€charge€to€beÐ ç 7 Ðbrought€by€the€victim€or€her€parents€or€guardian,€who€have€not€expressly€pardoned€the€offender.€TheÐ Ð!   Ðauthor€argues€that€to€provide€for€a€mandatory€death€penalty€for€an€offence€which€cannot€even€beÐ ¹" ! Ðprosecuted€ex€officio€by€the€State€is€a€standing€invitation€for€extortion€ð!ð€fabricating€an€allegationÐ ¢#ò" Ðand€seeking€money€for€an€express€pardon.€The€author€repeatedly€asserted€at€trial€that€the€claimantÐ ‹$Û# Ðhad€sought€US$25,000€in€exchange€for€an€"affidavit€of€desistance".€The€author's€suffering€is€a€directÐ t%Ä $ Ðresult€of€the€State's€failure€to€guarantee€the€most€strict€legal€procedures€and€safeguards€in€capitalÐ ]&­!% Ðcases€generally,€and,€in€particular,€in€his€case.€Ð F'–"& ÐÌ5.6€As€to€the€descriptions€of€conditions€of€detention€suffered€before€conviction€in€Valenzuela€jail,Ð )h$( Ðthe€author€refers€to€the€Committee's€jurisprudence€which€has€consistently€found€similar€treatmentÐ *Q%) Ðinhumane€and€in€violation€of€articles€7€and€10.€òò4óó€€The€conditions€in€Valenzuela€are€well-documentedÐ ê*:&* Ðin€reports€of€Amnesty€International€and€media€sources,€and€plainly€fall€beneath€what€the€CovenantÐ Ó+#'+ Ðrequires€of€all€States€parties,€regardless€of€their€budgetary€situation.€He€also€advances€a€specificÐ ¼, (, Ðviolation€of€article€10,€paragraph€2,€in€that€he€was€not€separated€from€convicted€prisoners.€Ð ¥-õ(- Ї5.7€The€author€argues€that€there€is€no€obligation€to€report€or€complain€about€conditions€of€detentionÐ ° Ðwhen€to€do€so€would€foreseeably€result€in€victimization.òò5óó€€The€author€provides€copies€of€three€lettersÐ ™é Ðhe€òòdidóó€write€to€the€Philippine€Commission€on€Human€Rights€in€1997,€which€resulted€in€him€beingÐ ‚Ò Ðbeaten€up€and€locked€in€his€cell€for€several€days.€In€1999,€while€on€death€row,€the€Department€ofÐ k» ÐJustice€was€alerted€of€threats€to€the€author's€life€and€asked€to€take€steps€to€protect€him.€The€responseÐ T¤ Ðwas€a€serious€threat€to€his€life,€with€a€gun€being€placed€against€his€head€by€a€guard€(when€he€hadÐ =  Ðalready€seen€another€inmate€shot).€The€author€submits€that€the€State€party's€inability€to€respond€toÐ & v Ðthese€claims€in€their€submissions€only€underlines€the€lack€of€an€effective€domestic€'machinery€ofÐ  _ Ðcontrol'€and€the€need€for€investigation€and€compensation€for€the€violations€of€article€7€he€suffered.€Ð ø H ÐÌ5.8€As€to€the€conditions€of€detention€on€death€row,€it€is€submitted€that€they€caused€serious€additionalÐ Ê   Ðdetriment€to€the€author's€mental€health€and€constituted€a€separate€violation€of€article€7.€The€authorÐ ³  Ðsuffered€extreme€anxiety€and€severe€suffering€as€a€result€of€the€detention,€with€a€General€PsychiatricÐ œì  ÐAssessment€finding€the€author€"very€depressed€and€suffering€from€severe€longstanding€[PostÐ …Õ  ÐTraumatic€Stress€Disorder]€that€can€lead€to€severe€and€sudden€self-destructive€behaviour".€TheÐ n¾  Ðauthor€refers€to€the€Committee's€jurisprudence€that€while€in€principle€mental€strain€followingÐ W§  Ðconviction€does€not€violate€article€7,€"the€situation€could€be€different€in€cases€involving€capitalÐ @ Ðpunishment"òò6óó€and€that€"each€case€must€be€considered€on€its€own€merits,€bearing€in€mind€theÐ )y Ðimputability€ð8ð€on€the€State€party,€the€specific€conditions€of€imprisonment€in€the€particularÐ b Ðpenitentiary€and€their€psychological€impact€on€the€person€concerned".òò7óó€Ð ûK ÐÌ5.9€In€this€case,€the€author's€conviction€and€the€conditions€of€detention€fell€well€below€minimumÐ Í Ðstandards€and€were€plainly€imputable€to€the€State€party.€In€addition,€death€row€inmates€on€appealÐ ¶ Ðwere€not€separated€from€those€whose€convictions€had€become€final.€During€the€author's€detention,Ð Ÿï Ðsix€prisoners€were€executed€(three€convicted€of€rape).€In€one€case,€a€communications€failureÐ ˆØ Ðprevented€a€presidential€reprieve€from€stopping€an€execution.€In€another,€three€prisoners€wereÐ qÁ Ðexecuted€despite€the€Human€Rights€Committee's€request€for€interim€measures€of€protection.òò8óó€€SuchÐ Zª Ðevents,€which€took€place€while€the€author€was€on€death€row,€heightened€the€mental€anxiety€andÐ C“ Ðhelplessness€suffered,€with€detrimental€effect€on€his€mental€health€and€thus€violated€article€7.€Ð ,| ÐÌ5.10€Concerning€the€State€party's€contention€that€adequate€remedies€are€in€place,€the€author€submitsÐ þN Ðthat€the€system€lacks€effective€remedies€for€accused€persons€in€detention,€and€that€the€SupremeÐ ç 7 ÐCourt€decision€represents€only€partial€reparation,€providing€no€redress€for€the€violations€of€his€rightsÐ Ð!   Ðto€be€free,€for€example,€from€torture€or€unlawful€detention.€The€Supreme€Court€decision€itself€cannotÐ ¹" ! Ðbe€considered€as€a€form€of€compensation€since€it€only€ended€an€imminent€violation€of€his€right€toÐ ¢#ò" Ðlife,€for€which€no€compensation€would€have€been€possible.€The€Court€did€not€order€compensation,Ð ‹$Û# Ðrestitution€of€legal€fees,€reparation€nor€an€investigation.€The€author's€mental€injury€and€suffering,Ð t%Ä $ Ðas€well€as€damage€to€reputation€and€way€of€life,€including€stigmatism€as€a€child€rapist/paedophileÐ ]&­!% Ðin€the€United€Kingdom,€remain€without€remedy.€Ð F'–"& ÐÌ5.11€Far€from€receiving€appropriate€reparation€for€the€violation€suffered,€the€author€was€in€factÐ )h$( Ðdoubly€punished€by€having€to€pay€immigration€fees€and€by€being€excluded€from€entering€theÐ *Q%) ÐPhilippines,€both€issues€subsequently€unresolved€despite€representations€to€the€Philippine€authoritiesÐ ê*:&* ÐThe€exclusion€also€prevents€the€author€from€effectively€using€any€remedies€available€in€theÐ Ó+#'+ ÐPhilippines,€even€if€they€were€appropriate,€which€he€denies.€In€particular,€the€civil€remedies€the€StateÐ ¼, (, Ðparty€invokes€are€neither€"available"€nor€"effective"€if€he€cannot€enter€the€country,€and€thereforeÐ ¥-õ(- Ðneed€not€be€exhausted.€Ð ° ÐÌ5.12€In€any€event,€according€to€the€author,€the€State€party's€domestic€law€denies€remedies€in€hisÐ ‚Ò Ðauthor's€case.€The€Constitution€requires€the€State's€consent€to€be€sued,€òò9óó€which€has€neither€expresslyÐ k» Ðnor€implicitly€been€given€in€this€case.€Under€statutory€law,€the€State€is€only€responsible€for€theÐ T¤ Ðwrongful€conduct€of€'special€agents'€(a€person€specially€commissioned€to€perform€a€particular€task).Ð =  ÐPublic€officials€acting€within€the€scope€of€their€duties€are€personally€liable€for€damage€caused€(butÐ & v Ðmay€invoke€immunity€if€the€suit€affects€the€property,€rights€or€interests€of€the€State).€Thus,€the€StateÐ  _ Ðis€not€liable€for€illegal€acts€that€are€ultra€vires€and€committed€in€violation€of€an€individual's€rightsÐ ø H Ðand€liberties.òò10óó€€The€author€thus€submits€there€are€no€available€civil€remedies€to€redress€adequatelyÐ á 1  Ðthe€wrongs€caused,€and€that€the€State€party€has€failed€to€adopt€adequate€measures€of€compensation,Ð Ê   Ðespecially€for€damage€resulting€from€fundamental€rights€protected€under€articles€6,€7€and€14.Ð ³  ÐAccordingly,€it€has€breached€its€obligation€to€provide€effective€remedies€in€article€2,€paragraph€3.€Ð œì  ÐÌ5.13€Finally,€the€author€argues€that€such€non-judicial€remedies€as€may€be€available€are€not€effectiveÐ n¾  Ðbecause€of€the€extremely€serious€nature€of€the€violations,€and€inappropriate€in€terms€of€quantum.€InÐ W§  Ðthe€first€place,€if,€as€the€State€party€contends,€there€is€no€record€of€the€author's€complaints€to€theÐ @ ÐPhilippine€Human€Rights€Commission,€this€underscores€the€ineffectiveness€and€inadequacy€of€thisÐ )y Ðmechanism,€especially€in€terms€of€protecting€rights€under€articles€6€and€7€of€the€Covenant.€In€anyÐ b Ðcase,€the€Commission€simply€provides€financial€assistance,€rather€than€compensation,€and€such€aÐ ûK Ðnon-judicial€and€non-compensatory€remedy€cannot€be€considered€an€effective€and€adequate€remedyÐ ä4 Ðfor€violations€of€articles€6€and€7.€Ð Í ÐÌ5.14€Secondly,€the€administrative€compensation€mechanism€awarding€the€author€some€compensationÐ Ÿï Ðcannot€be€considered€a€substitute€for€a€judicial€civil€remedy.€The€Committee€has€observed€thatÐ ˆØ Ð"administrative€remedies€cannot€be€deemed€to€constitute€adequate€and€effective€remedies€within€theÐ qÁ Ðmeaning€of€article€2(3)€of€the€Covenant,€in€the€event€of€particular€serious€violations€of€humanÐ Zª Ðrights";€òò11óó€€rather,€access€to€court€is€required.€In€any€event,€the€compensation€provided€is€inadequateÐ C“ Ðin€terms€of€article€14,€paragraph€6,€and€the€inability€to€enter€the€country€renders€the€remedyÐ ,| Ðineffective€in€practice.€Even€though€the€P40,000€amount€awarded€was€the€maximum€amountÐ e Ðpermissible,€it€is€a€token€and€symbolic€amount,€even€allowing€for€differences€between€countries€inÐ þN Ðlevels€of€compensation.€After€deducting€the€immigration€fees€charged,€some€P18,260€(US$343)Ð ç 7 Ðremained.€Ð Ð!   ÐÌòòIssues€and€proceedings€before€the€CommitteeóóÐ ¢#ò" ÐÌòòConsideration€of€admissibilityóóÐ t%Ä $ ÐÌ6.1€Before€considering€any€claims€contained€in€a€communication,€the€Human€Rights€CommitteeÐ F'–"& Ðmust,€in€accordance€with€article€87€of€its€rules€of€procedure,€decide€whether€or€not€it€is€admissibleÐ /(#' Ðunder€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€Covenant.€Ð )h$( ÐÌ6.2€As€to€the€exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies,€the€State€party€contends€that€the€author€could€lodgeÐ ê*:&* Ða€complaint€with€the€Philippine€Human€Rights€Commission€and€a€civil€claim€before€the€courts.€TheÐ Ó+#'+ ÐCommittee€observes€that€the€author€did€in€fact€complain€to€the€Commission€while€in€prison,€butÐ ¼, (, Ðreceived€no€response€to€these€replies,€and€that€the€Commission€is€empowered€to€grant€"financialÐ ¥-õ(- Ðassistance"€rather€than€compensation.€It€further€observes€that€a€civil€action€may€not€be€advancedÐ ° Ðagainst€the€State€without€its€consent,€and€that€there€are,€under€domestic€law,€extensive€limitationsÐ ™é Ðon€the€ability€to€achieve€an€award€against€individual€officers€of€the€State.€Viewing€these€elementsÐ ‚Ò Ðagainst€the€backdrop€of€the€author's€exclusion€from€entry€to€the€Philippines,€the€Committee€considersÐ k» Ðthat€the€State€party€has€failed€to€demonstrate€that€the€remedies€advanced€are€both€available€andÐ T¤ Ðeffective,€and€that€it€is€not€precluded,€under€article€5,€paragraph€2(b)€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€fromÐ =  Ðconsidering€the€communication.€Ð & v ÐÌ6.3€The€State€party€suggests€that€the€Supreme€Court's€decision€and€subsequent€compensation€raiseÐ ø H Ðissues€of€admissibility€concerning€some€or€all€of€the€author's€claims.€The€Committee€observes€thatÐ á 1  Ðthe€communication€was€initially€submitted€well€prior€to€the€Supreme€Court's€decision€in€his€case.Ð Ê   ÐIn€cases€where€a€violation€of€the€Covenant€is€remedied€at€the€domestic€plane€prior€to€submission€ofÐ ³  Ðthe€communication,€the€Committee€may€consider€a€communication€inadmissible€on€grounds€of,€forÐ œì  Ðexample,€lack€of€'victim'€status€or€want€of€a€'claim'.€Where€the€alleged€remedy€occurs€subsequentÐ …Õ  Ðto€submission€of€a€communication,€however,€the€Committee€may€nevertheless€address€the€issueÐ n¾  Ðwhether€there€was€a€violation€of€the€Covenant€and€then€go€to€the€sufficiency€of€the€afforded€remedy.Ð W§  Ð(See,€for€example,€òòDergachev€v€Belarusóó).òò12óó€€It€follows€that€the€Committee€regards€the€events€referredÐ @ Ðto€the€State€party€by€way€of€remedy,€as€relevant€to€the€issues€of€determination€of€the€merits€of€aÐ )y Ðcommunication€and€an€adequacy€of€the€remedy€to€be€granted€to€the€author€for€any€violations€of€hisÐ b ÐCovenant€rights,€rather€than€amounting€to€an€obstacle€to€the€admissibility€of€claims€alreadyÐ ûK Ðsubmitted.€Ð ä4 ÐÌ6.4€As€to€the€claim€under€article€14,€paragraphs€1€and€3,€of€the€Covenant,€concerning€an€unfair€trial,Ð ¶ Ðthe€Committee€observes€that€these€claims€have€not€been€substantiated€by€relevant€facts€or€arguments.Ð Ÿï ÐContrary€to€what€is€suggested€by€the€author,€the€Supreme€Court€did€not€find€the€author's€trial€unfair,Ð ˆØ Ðbut€rather€reversed€his€conviction€after€reassessment€of€the€evidence.€Consequently,€this€part€of€theÐ qÁ Ðcommunication€is€inadmissible€under€article€2€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€Ð Zª ÐÌ6.5€As€to€the€author's€claims€under€article€14,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Covenant€concerning€theÐ ,| Ðpresumption€of€innocence,€the€Committee€observes€that€events€occurring€after€the€point€that€theÐ e Ðauthor€no€longer€faced€a€criminal€charge,€subsequent€events€fall€outside€the€scope€of€article€14,Ð þN Ðparagraph€2.€This€claim€is€accordingly€inadmissible€òòratione€materiae€óóunder€article€3€of€the€OptionalÐ ç 7 ÐProtocol.€Ð Ð!   ÐÌ6.6€Concerning€the€claim€under€article€14,€paragraph€6,€of€the€Covenant,€the€Committee,€theÐ ¢#ò" ÐCommittee€notes€that€the€author's€conviction€was€reversed€in€the€ordinary€course€of€appellate€reviewÐ ‹$Û# Ðand€not€on€the€basis€of€a€new€or€newly-discovered€fact.€In€these€circumstances,€this€claim€fallsÐ t%Ä $ Ðoutside€the€scope€of€article€14,€paragraph€6€and€is€inadmissible€òòratione€materiae€óóunder€article€3€ofÐ ]&­!% Ðthe€Optional€Protocol.€Ð F'–"& ÐÌ6.7€In€the€absence€of€any€further€obstacles€to€admissibility,€the€Committee€regards€the€author'sÐ )h$( Ðremaining€claims€as€sufficiently€substantiated,€for€purposes€of€admissibility,€and€proceeds€to€theirÐ *Q%) Ðexamination€on€the€merits.€Ð ê*:&* ÐÌÌÐ ¥-õ(- ÐòòConsideration€of€the€meritsóóÐ ° ÐÌ7.1€The€Human€Rights€Committee€has€considered€the€present€communication€in€the€light€of€all€theÐ ‚Ò Ðinformation€made€available€to€it€by€the€parties,€as€provided€in€article€5,€paragraph€1€of€the€OptionalÐ k» ÐProtocol.€Ð T¤ ÐÌ7.2€As€to€the€author's€claims€relating€to€the€imposition€of€the€death€penalty,€including€passing€ofÐ & v Ðsentence€of€death€for€an€offence€that€under€the€law€of€the€State€party,€enacted€subsequent€to€capitalÐ  _ Ðpunishment€having€once€been€removed€from€the€criminal€code,€carried€mandatory€capitalÐ ø H Ðpunishment,€without€allowing€the€sentencing€court€to€pay€due€regard€to€the€specific€circumstancesÐ á 1  Ðof€the€particular€offence€and€offender,€the€Committee€observes€that€the€author€is€no€longer€subjectÐ Ê   Ðto€capital€punishment,€as€his€conviction€and€hence€the€imposition€of€capital€punishment€wasÐ ³  Ðannulled€by€the€Supreme€Court€in€late€December€1999,€after€the€author€had€spent€almost€15€monthsÐ œì  Ðin€imprisonment€following€sentence€of€death.€In€these€circumstances,€the€Committee€considers€itÐ …Õ  Ðappropriate€to€address€the€remaining€issues€related€to€capital€punishment€in€the€context€of€theÐ n¾  Ðauthor's€claims€under€article€7€of€the€Covenant€instead€of€separately€determining€them€under€articleÐ W§  Ð6.€Ð @ ÐÌ7.3€As€to€the€author's€claims€under€articles€7€and€10€regarding€his€treatment€in€detention€and€theÐ b Ðconditions€of€detention,€both€before€and€after€conviction,€the€Committee€observes€that€the€StateÐ ûK Ðparty,€rather€than€responding€to€the€specific€allegations€made,€has€indicated€that€they€require€furtherÐ ä4 Ðinvestigation.€In€the€circumstances,€therefore,€the€Committee€is€obliged€to€give€due€weight€to€theÐ Í Ðauthor's€allegations,€which€are€detailed€and€particularized.€The€Committee€considers€that€theÐ ¶ Ðconditions€of€detention€described,€as€well€as€the€violent€and€abusive€behaviour€both€of€certain€prisonÐ Ÿï Ðguards€and€of€other€inmates,€as€apparently€acquiesced€in€by€the€prison€authorities,€are€seriously€inÐ ˆØ Ðviolation€of€the€author's€right,€as€a€prisoner,€to€be€treated€with€humanity€and€in€with€respect€for€hisÐ qÁ Ðinherent€dignity,€in€violation€of€article€10,€paragraph€1.€As€at€least€some€of€the€acts€of€violenceÐ Zª Ðagainst€the€author€were€committed€either€by€the€prison€guards,€upon€their€instigation€or€with€theirÐ C“ Ðacquiescence,€there€was€also€a€violation€of€article€7.€There€is€also€a€specific€violation€of€article€10,Ð ,| Ðparagraph€2,€arising€from€the€failure€to€segregate€the€author,€pre-trial,€from€convicted€prisoners.€Ð e ÐÌ7.4€As€to€the€claims€concerning€the€author's€mental€suffering€and€anguish€as€a€consequence€of€beingÐ ç 7 Ðsentenced€to€death,€the€Committee€observes€that€the€authors'€mental€condition€was€exacerbated€byÐ Ð!   Ðhis€treatment€in,€as€well€as€the€conditions€of,€his€detention,€and€resulted€in€documented€long-termÐ ¹" ! Ðpsychological€damage€to€him.€In€view€of€these€aggravating€factors€constituting€further€compellingÐ ¢#ò" Ðcircumstances€beyond€the€mere€length€of€time€spent€by€the€author€in€imprisonment€under€a€sentenceÐ ‹$Û# Ðof€death,òò13óó€the€Committee€concludes€that€the€author's€suffering€under€a€sentence€of€death€amountedÐ t%Ä $ Ðto€an€additional€violation€of€article€7.€None€of€these€violations€were€remedied€by€the€SupremeÐ ]&­!% ÐCourt's€decision€to€annul€the€author's€conviction€and€death€sentence€after€he€had€spent€almost€fifteenÐ F'–"& Ðmonths€of€imprisonment€under€a€sentence€of€death.€Ð /(#' ÐÌ7.5€As€to€the€author's€claims€under€article€9€the€Committee€notes€that€the€State€party€has€notÐ *Q%) Ðcontested€the€factual€submissions€of€the€author.€Hence,€due€weight€must€be€given€to€the€informationÐ ê*:&* Ðsubmitted€by€the€author.€The€Committee€concludes€that€the€author€was€not€informed,€at€the€time€ofÐ Ó+#'+ Ðarrest,€of€the€reasons€for€his€arrest€and€was€not€promptly€informed€of€the€charges€against€him;€thatÐ ¼, (, Ðthe€author€was€arrested€without€a€warrant€and€hence€in€violation€of€domestic€law;€and€that€after€theÐ ¥-õ(- Ðarrest€the€author€was€not€brought€promptly€before€a€judge.€Consequently,€there€was€a€violation€ofÐ ° Ðarticle€9,€paragraphs€1,€2€and€3,€of€the€Covenant.€Ð ™é ÐÌ8.€The€Human€Rights€Committee,€acting€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Optional€Protocol€toÐ k» Ðthe€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€as€found€by€theÐ T¤ ÐCommittee€reveal€violations€by€the€Philippines€of€article€7,€article€9,€paragraphs€1,€2€and€3,€andÐ =  Ðarticle€10,€paragraphs€1€and€2,€of€the€Covenant.€Ð & v ÐÌ9.€In€accordance€with€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€is€under€anÐ ø H Ðobligation€to€provide€the€author€with€an€effective€remedy.€In€respect€of€the€violations€of€article€9€theÐ á 1  ÐState€party€should€compensate€the€author.€As€to€the€violations€of€articles€7€and€10€suffered€while€inÐ Ê   Ðdetention,€including€subsequent€to€sentence€of€death,€the€Committee€observes€that€the€compensationÐ ³  Ðprovided€by€the€State€party€under€its€domestic€law€was€not€directed€at€these€violations,€and€thatÐ œì  Ðcompensation€due€to€the€author€should€take€due€account€both€of€the€seriousness€of€the€violations€andÐ …Õ  Ðthe€damage€to€the€author€caused.€In€this€context,€the€Committee€recalls€the€duty€upon€the€State€partyÐ n¾  Ðto€undertake€a€comprehensive€and€impartial€investigation€of€the€issues€raised€in€the€course€of€theÐ W§  Ðauthor's€detention,€and€to€draw€the€appropriate€penal€and€disciplinary€consequences€for€theÐ @ Ðindividuals€found€responsible.€As€to€the€imposition€of€immigration€fees€and€visa€exclusion,€theÐ )y ÐCommittee€takes€the€view€that€in€order€to€remedy€the€violations€of€the€Covenant€the€State€partyÐ b Ðshould€refund€to€the€author€the€moneys€claimed€from€him.€All€monetary€compensation€thus€due€toÐ ûK Ðthe€author€by€the€State€party€should€be€made€available€for€payment€to€the€author€at€the€venue€of€hisÐ ä4 Ðchoice,€be€it€within€the€State€party's€territory€or€abroad.€The€State€party€is€also€under€an€obligationÐ Í Ðto€avoid€similar€violations€in€the€future.€Ð ¶ ÐÌ10.€Bearing€in€mind€that,€by€becoming€a€party€to€the€Optional€Protocol,€the€State€party€hasÐ ˆØ Ðrecognized€the€competence€of€the€Committee€to€determine€whether€there€has€been€a€violation€of€theÐ qÁ ÐCovenant€or€not€and€that,€pursuant€to€article€2€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€has€undertaken€toÐ Zª Ðensure€to€all€individuals€within€its€territory€and€subject€to€its€jurisdiction€the€rights€recognized€in€theÐ C“ ÐCovenant,€and€to€provide€an€effective€and€enforceable€remedy€in€case€a€violation€has€beenÐ ,| Ðestablished,€the€Committee€wishes€to€receive€from€the€State€party,€within€90€days,€information€aboutÐ e Ðthe€measures€taken€to€give€effect€to€the€Committee's€Views.€The€State€party€is€also€requested€toÐ þN Ðpublish€the€Committee's€Views.€Ð ç 7 ÐÌ_______________Ð ¹" ! ÐÌAdopted€in€English,€French€and€Spanish,€the€English€text€being€the€original€version.€SubsequentlyÐ ‹$Û# Ðto€be€issued€in€Arabic,€Chinese€and€Russian€as€part€of€the€Committee's€annual€report€to€the€GeneralÐ t%Ä $ ÐAssembly.€Ð ]&­!% ÐÌ*€The€following€members€of€the€Committee€participated€in€the€examination€of€the€presentÐ /(#' Ðcommunication:€Mr.€Abdelfattah€Amor,€Mr.€Nisuke€Ando,€Mr.€Prafullachandra€Natwarlal€Bhagwati,Ð )h$( ÐMr.€Alfredo€Castillero€Hoyos,€Ms.€Christine€Chanet,€Mr.€Franco€Depasquale,€Mr.€Maurice€GllÐ *Q%) ÐAhanhanzo,€Mr.€Walter€Klin,€Mr.€Ahmed€Tawfik€Khalil,€Mr.€Rajsoomer€Lallah,€Mr.€Rafael€RivasÐ ê*:&* ÐPosada,€Sir€Nigel€Rodley,€Mr.€Martin€Scheinin,€Mr.€Ivan€Shearer,€Mr.€Hipð;ðlito€Solari€Yrigoyen,€Ms.Ð Ó+#'+ ÐRuth€Wedgwood,€Mr.€Roman€Wieruszewski€and€Mr.€Maxwell€Yalden.€Ð ¼, (, ÐÐ ¥-õ(- ЇòòNotesóóÐ ° ÐÌ1.€S.11€òòRepublic€óóAct€7659€provides€that:€"ð8ðthe€death€penalty€shall€also€be€imposed€if€the€crime€ofÐ ‚Ò Ðrape€is€committed€with€any€of€the€following€attendant€circumstances:€1.€When€the€victim€is€underÐ k» Ðeighteen€(18)€years€of€age€and€the€offender€is€a€parent,€ascendant,€step€parent,€guardianð8ð".Ð T¤ ÐÌ2.€Case€No.€16/1977,€Views€adopted€on€25€March€1983.Ð & v ÐÌ3.€Case€No.€592/1994,€Views€adopted€on€20€October€1998.Ð ø H ÐÌ4.€The€author€refers,€by€way€of€example,€to€òòCarballal€v€Uruguayóó€Case€No€33/1978,€Views€adoptedÐ Ê   Ðon€27€March€1981;€òòMassiotti€v€Uruguayóó€Case€No€25/1978,€Views€adopted€on€26€July€1982;€òòMaraisÐ ³  Ðv€Madagascaróó€Case€No€115/1982,€Views€adopted€on€1€April€1985;€òòAntonaccio€v€Uruguayóó€Case€NoÐ œì  Ð63/1979,€Views€adopted€on€28€October€1971;€òòEstrella€v€Uruguayóó€Case€No€74/1989,€Views€adoptedÐ …Õ  Ðon€29€March€1983;€òòWight€v€Madagascaróó€Case€No€115/1981,€Views€adopted€on€1€April€1985;€andÐ n¾  ÐòòTshisekedi€v€Zaireóó€Case€No€242/1987,€Views€adopted€on€2€November€1989.Ð W§  ÐÌ5.€The€author€refers€to€òòPhilip€v€Jamaicaóó€Case€No€594/1992,€Views€adopted€on€20€October€1998.Ð )y ÐÌ6.€òòPratt€&€Morgan€v€Jamaicaóó€Case€Nos.€210/1986€and€225/1987,€Views€adopted€on€6€April€1989.Ð ûK ÐÌ7.€òòFrancis€v€Jamaicaóó€Case€No€606/1994,€Views€adopted€on€25€July€1995.Ð Í ÐÌ8.€òòPiandiong€et€al.€v€The€Philippinesóó€Case€No€869/1999,€Views€adopted€on€19€October€2000.Ð Ÿï ÐÌ9.€Article€XVI,€Section€3.Ð qÁ ÐÌ10.€C€Sangco€:€òòPhilippine€Law€on€Torts€and€Damages€óó(1994).€Ð C“ ÐÌ11.€òòBautista€Arellana€v€Colombiaóó€Case€No€563/1993,€Views€adopted€on€27€October€1995.Ð e ÐÌ12.€Case€No€921/2000,€Views€adopted€on€2€April€2002.€Ð ç 7 ÐÌ13.€òòJohnson€v€Jamaicaóó€Case€No€588/1994,€Views€adopted€on€22€March€1996;€òòFrancis€v€JamaicaóóÐ ¹" ! ÐCase€No€606/1994,€Views€adopted€on€25€June€1995.€Ð ¢#ò" ÐÓPÓ