ÿWPCû  ‰DŽõo[€¸>‘ ’ï¬Í;¼4@ç+È÷9Ý_Šå€?ˆc‘‹ Q>­ }çj6üsÊvÛaAùƒŒÅi-Žœº²íßHÂfê.»K¹zðþ#¹Ñ?”°2ŠA“Y›±¬AƒqìëŸÞâaeïlïæ2“ËeûJZ¥€=ÜÞÛÉ7ün%iƒˆâÇ5º©ðì€kO˜±¸Wgk$˼Ú:…>8÷Nnø(Û…ë‚ôG¯¦‹~›4t;^gœÓ½ZˆaÜÆ³†óŸ^nœìÁ £‰öúlWHQ@¦ñ RÜ~B$&K&ÜTf^*‚ö"_[ÃT“m£ùöûN51†H‰ÃÈóa?õ}àd[9Ò>/fº˜8v—E“e \³LCàíÇÁ‰Ãღ<ÝRÉTš=¤ jÐc"ëZj5÷çñunß®ÙM©;‡9׿Á_»YiïºZY‹V<ÂÜX0˜ Ø©…ø1ºÃ9D³CˆÏôçaŠ]^ !’ˆC§Ì€±¾O÷ûE ’ï>#KÉ+×ù¨a!g{™M ãAÒ;¯6¿!wºs$…³Ô å'ò]\.eÉ HfXÖ«ý€*n6ömy:®>ÁãUŠ8èXZð&3w+WlT'?–*RŒ\#ÁPUN %_ 0:e^ Ÿw«4¯ÃÒ mÔ 1ë 72x 1uª 72 0cQ 1´ 72A 1s 72 2 1: 72Ç Nù ˜HP LaserJet 4000 Series PSÈÙØÙÙØÈÙ0&Öd9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(ûœ$¡¡ÔUKUS.,Ô n, —{m,ê:i œ3|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ(¶éCEMU]emu}AutoList1(A)(A)(A)(A)(A)(A)(A)(A) (A)3#37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a) i)(;3£$´´Ô2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  à(ç CEMU]emu}AutoList2(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)(÷ CEMU]emu}AutoList3(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)(a) ( CEMU]emu}AutoList4(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)Ý ƒûœ!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ  Óò òÔ‡¼cð»XXÔPOLANDÔ#†X3ÞX»¼cðL#Ôó óÐ ° ÐÓ=ÓÌÌò òCAT€€A/49/44€(1994)ó óÐ “ã ÐÌÌÓ  Ó66.€€The€Committee€considered€the€initial€report€of€Poland€(CAT/C/9/Add.13)€at€its€160th€and€161stÐ O Ÿ Ðmeetings,€held€on€11€November€1993€(see€CAT/C/SR.160€and€161),€and€adopted€the€followingÐ 8 ˆ Ðconclusions€and€recommendations:€Ð ! q ÐÌòòIntroductionóóÐ ó C  ÐÌ67.€€The€Committee€thanks€Poland€for€its€report,€and€is€grateful€to€it€for€having€begun€a€fruitfulÐ Å  Ðdialogue€with€the€Committee€through€a€highly€qualified€delegation.Ð ®þ  ÐÌ68.€€Even€though€it€is€two€and€a€half€years€late,€the€report€is€in€keeping€with€the€requirements€of€theÐ €Ð  ÐConvention€and€the€Committeeððs€general€guidelines€concerning€the€form€and€contents€of€initialÐ i¹ Ðreports.Ð R¢ ÐÌòòPositive€aspectsóóÐ $t ÐÌ69.€€Poland€is€one€of€the€first€Eastern€European€countries€to€bring€about€broad€and€far„reachingÐ öF Ðreforms€in€all€areas€„€political,€economic,€social€and€legislative.€€It€has€ratified€the€EuropeanÐ ß/ ÐConvention€on€Human€Rights€and€the€Convention€against€Torture€without€reservations,€as€well€asÐ È Ðother€international€human€rights€instruments.Ð ± ÐÌ70.€€The€Committee€notes€with€satisfaction€the€considerable€progress€made€by€the€Government€ofÐ ƒÓ ÐPoland€in€Ô_ÔcombatingÔ_Ô€the€various€forms€of€torture.€€The€reform€of€prison€legislation€is€of€a€highÐ l¼ Ðstandard.Ð U¥ ÐÌòòSubjects€of€concernóóÐ ' w ÐÌ71.€€At€the€same€time,€the€Committee€notes€with€concern€that€the€reforms€of€criminal€legislation€andÐ ù!I  Ðcriminal€procedure€are€overdue€and€incomplete:€€Ð â"2! ÐÌà  à(a)€à ` àThe€legislation€contains€no€definition€of€torture;Ð ´$ # ÐÌà  à(b)€à ` àThe€Public€Prosecutor€has€more€powers€than€the€courts;Ð †&Ö!% ÐÌà  à(c)€à ` àThere€are€no€special€provisions€for€compensating€victims€of€torture.Ð X(¨#' Ѐà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àÐ A)‘$( ÐòòRecommendationsóóÐ **z%) ÐÌ72.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€Government€of€Poland€should:Ð ü+L'+ ÐÌà  à(a)€à ` àTake€the€necessary€steps€to€have€the€new€draft€Penal€Code€and€Code€of€CriminalÐ Î-)- ÐÔ_ÔProcedure€adopted,€thus€solving€the€specific€problems€brought€about€by€torture;Ð ° ÐÌà  à(b)€à ` àGuarantee€and€ensure€adequate€redress€and€compensation€for€victims€of€torture;Ð ‚Ò ÐÌà  à(c)€à ` àFormulate€a€specific€training€programme€on€torture€for€civilian€and€militaryÐ T¤ Ðpersonnel,€lawyers€and€the€medical€profession.Ð =  ÐÌ73.€€The€Committee€hopes€to€receive€information€from€the€State€party€on€the€questions€raised€byÐ  _ Ðmembers€of€the€Committee€which€have€not€been€answered.à p àÐ  ø H Ðò òCAT€€A/52/44€Ô_Ô(1997)ó óÔ_ÔÐ ° ÐÌÌ95.€€The€Committee€considered€the€second€periodic€report€of€Poland€(CAT/C/25/Add.9)€at€its€276th,Ð l¼ Ð277th€and€279th€meetings,€held€on€20€and€21€November€1996€(see€CAT/C/SR.276,€277€and€279),Ð U¥ Ðand€adopted€the€following€conclusions€and€recommendations.Ð > Ž ÐÌòòIntroductionóóÐ  ` ÐÌ96.€€The€Committee€thanks€Poland€for€its€report€and€for€having€once€again€begun€a€fruitful€andÐ â 2  Ðconstructive€dialogue€with€the€Committee.€€Notwithstanding€the€delay€in€Poland's€submission€of€itsÐ Ë   Ðsecond€periodic€report,€the€latter€is€in€keeping€with€the€requirements€of€the€Convention€and€theÐ ´  Ðgeneral€guidelines€established€by€the€Committee€concerning€the€form€and€contents€of€reports.Ð í  ÐÌòòPositive€aspectsóóÐ o¿  ÐÌ97.€€Poland€is€one€of€the€first€Eastern€European€countries€to€have€initiated€at€an€early€date€radicalÐ A‘ Ðchanges€and€reforms€in€all€areas€-€economic,€political,€social€and€legislative.€€It€has€ratified€theÐ *z ÐEuropean€Convention€on€Human€Rights,€the€Convention€against€Torture€and€other€internationalÐ c Ðhuman€rights€instruments.€€The€Committee€notes€with€satisfaction€the€progress€made€in€Ô_ÔcombatingÔ_ÔÐ üL Ðthe€different€forms€of€torture.Ð å5 ÐÌòòFactors€and€difficulties€impeding€the€application€of€the€provisions€of€the€ConventionóóÐ · ÐÌ98.€€The€Committee€notes€that€most€of€the€reforms€mentioned€in€the€oral€and€written€reports€are€stillÐ ‰Ù Ðat€the€drafting€stage.Ð r ÐÌòòPrincipal€subjects€of€concernóóÐ D” ÐÌ99.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€about€certain€shortcomings€in€the€legislation€in€force€intended€toÐ f Ðcombat€torture.€€Domestic€legislation€does€not€contain€any€definition€of€torture,€as€€required€inÐ ÿO Ðarticles€1€and€4€of€the€Convention.€€Moreover,€there€is€no€way€for€the€Committee€to€determineÐ è 8 Ðwhether,€under€existing€legislation,€obedience€to€a€legitimate€hierarchical€authority€may€be€invokedÐ Ñ!!  Ðin€justification€of€an€act€of€torture.Ð º" ! ÐÌ100.€€The€Committee€is€also€concerned€that€Polish€legislation€permits€periods€of€pre-trial€detentionÐ Œ$Ü# Ðwhich€may€prove€excessive.Ð u%Å $ ÐÌ101.€€The€Committee€deplores€the€existence€in€Polish€legislation€of€provisions€authorizing€the€useÐ G'—"& Ðof€physical€force,€particularly€against€minors.Ð 0(€#' ÐÌ102.€€Lastly,€the€Committee€deplores€the€fact€that€a€supplementary€report€was€not€brought€to€theÐ *R%) Ðattention€of€its€members€until€the€meeting€at€which€the€periodic€report€was€submitted,€even€thoughÐ ë*;&* Ðit€contains€interesting€information.Ð Ô+$'+ ÐÌòòRecommendationsóóÐ ¦-ö(- Ї103.€€The€Committee€repeats€to€the€Government€of€Poland€the€recommendation€it€made€inÐ ° ÐNovember€1993,€at€the€conclusion€of€the€consideration€of€Poland's€initial€report,€namely,€that€aÐ ™é Ðdefinition€of€torture€which€fully€covers€all€the€elements€in€the€definition€contained€in€article€1€of€theÐ ‚Ò ÐConvention€should€be€incorporated€into€domestic€law.Ð k» ÐÌ104.€€The€Committee€also€recommends€that€the€Government€continue€its€efforts€to€introduce€otherÐ =  Ðlegislative€reforms€and€to€secure€the€adoption€and€promulgation€of€the€numerous€draft€texts€referredÐ & v Ðto€by€the€delegation.Ð  _ ÐÌ105.€€In€this€connection,€the€Committee€recommends€reforms€of€the€legal€system€which€will€offerÐ á 1  Ðthe€possibility€of€formal,€effective€and€concrete€judicial€verification€of€the€constitutionality€of€policeÐ Ê   Ðcustody€and€pre-trial€detention€with€a€view€to€implementing€the€provisions€of€the€Convention.Ð ³  ÐÌ106.€€The€Committee€also€recommends€that€the€Government€intensify€its€programme€of€training€forÐ …Õ  Ðall€personnel€responsible€for€the€implementation€of€legislation,€including€doctors.Ð n¾  ÐÌ107.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€objective€inquiries€be€initiated,€and€pursued€with€dueÐ @ Ðdispatch,€into€the€activities€of€the€security€forces€in€order€to€determine€the€veracity€of€allegations€ofÐ )y Ðacts€of€torture€and,€where€the€findings€are€positive,€to€bring€the€offenders€before€the€courts.Ð b ÐÌ108.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€period€of€pre-trial€detention€be€shortened€and€that€theÐ ä4 Ðpossibility€of€extending€it€for€two€years€should€be€abolished.Ð Í ÐÌ109.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€statements€obtained€directly€or€indirectly€under€tortureÐ Ÿï Ðshould€not€be€admissible€as€evidence€in€the€courts.€€It€recommends€that€the€abolition€as€soon€asÐ ˆØ Ðpossible€of€legal€provisions€permitting€the€use€of€physical€force,€for€whatever€reason,€should€beÐ qÁ Ðenvisaged.Ð Zª ÐÌ110.€€Finally,€the€Committee€considers€that€the€likelihood€of€commission€of€acts€of€torture€or€ofÐ ,| Ðother€cruel,€inhuman€or€degrading€treatment€would€be€limited€if€suspects€had€easy€access€to€aÐ e Ðlawyer,€doctor€or€family€member€during€the€48€hours€of€police€custody.Ð þN ÐÓîÓÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÐ ¥-õ(- Їò òCAT€A/55/44€Ô_Ô(2000)ó óÔ_ÔÐ ° ÐÌÓ  ÓÌ82.à  àThe€Committee€considered€the€third€periodic€report€of€Poland€(CAT/C/44/Add.5)€at€itsÐ l¼ Ð412th,€415th€and€419th€meetings,€held€on€2,€3€and€5€May€2000€(CAT/C/SR.412,€415€and€419)€andÐ U¥ Ðadopted€the€following€conclusions€and€recommendations.Ð > Ž ÐÌò ò1.à  àIntroductionó óÐ  ` ÐÌ83.à  àThe€Committee€notes€with€satisfaction€that€the€third€periodic€report€is€comprehensive,Ð ã 3  Ðinformative€and€conforms€with€the€general€guidelines€for€the€preparation€of€State€party€reports,€withÐ Ì   Ðregard€to€both€form€and€content.Ð µ  ÐÌ84.à  àThe€oral€statement€of€the€delegation€of€Poland€and€its€explanations€and€clarifications€and€theÐ ‡×  Ðdiscussion€that€followed€complemented€the€written€information€provided.Ð pÀ  ÐÓq#ÓÌò ò2.à  àPositive€aspectsó óÐ B’ ÐÌ85.à  àThe€Committee€notes€with€appreciation€the€impressive€and€successful€efforts€made€by€theÐ e ÐState€party€that€have€led€to€major€transformation€in€the€political,€social,€economic,€legislativeÐ þN Ðand€institutional€spheres€in€Poland.Ð ç7 ÐÌÓ  Ó86.à  àThe€Committee€notes€in€particular:Ð ¹  ÐÌà  à(a)à ` àThe€adoption€of€the€new€Constitution€which€entered€into€force€on€17€October€1997Ð ‹Û Ðand€which€contains€new€elements€for€the€defence€of€freedoms€and€the€rights€of€citizens,€stipulatesÐ tÄ Ðthe€respect€of€international€law€binding€on€Poland€and€ensures€the€precedence€of€internationalÐ ]­ Ðagreements€over€domestic€law€in€case€of€conflict;Ð F– ÐÌà  à(b)à ` àThe€introduction€in€the€new€Constitution€of€the€norm€that€stipulates€that€"no€one€beÐ h Ðsubjected€to€torture€or€cruel,€inhuman€or€degrading€treatment€or€punishment",€which€is€an€importantÐ  Q Ðstep€towards€achieving€the€requirements€and€recommendations€of€the€Committee,€namely€that€aÐ ê : Ðdefinition€of€torture€which€fully€covers€all€the€elements€in€the€definition€contained€in€article€1€of€theÐ Ó!#  ÐConvention€be€incorporated€in€domestic€law;Ð ¼" ! ÐÌà  à(c)à ` àThe€abolition€of€the€death€penalty;Ð Ž$Þ# ÐÌà  à(d)à ` àThe€fact€that€no€statute€of€limitation€applies€with€respect€to€war€crimes€and€crimesÐ `&°!% Ðagainst€humanity.Ð I'™"& ÐÌò ò3.à  àPrincipal€subjects€of€concernó óÐ )k$( ÐÌ87.à  àThe€Committee€is€concerned€that€the€amendments€to€domestic€legislation€do€not€contain€anyÐ î*>&* Ðprovisions€for€the€prosecution€and€punishment€of€those€guilty€of€the€crime€of€torture,€as€required€byÐ ×+''+ Ðarticles€1€and€4€of€the€Convention.Ð À,(, ÐÐ ©-ù(- ÐÔ_Ô88.à  àThe€Committee€is€also€concerned€that€the€new€Penal€Code€does€not€introduce€any€substantialÐ ° Ðchange€regarding€orders€of€superiors€when€they€are€invoked€as€justification€of€torture.€€AccordingÐ ™é Ðto€existing€legislation,€criminal€responsibility€of€the€recipient€of€an€order€is€based€on€his€awarenessÐ ‚Ò Ðof€the€criminal€nature€of€the€command.Ð k» ÐÓg(ÓÌÓ  Ó89.à  àThe€new€Penal€Code€does€not€include€the€"danger€of€exposure€to€torture"€as€one€of€theÐ =  Ðgrounds€for€the€refusal€of€extradition€as€is€required€by€article€3€of€the€Convention.Ð & v ÐÌ90.à  àThe€Committee€notes€that,€in€spite€of€the€efforts€of€the€State€party,€some€drastic€acts€ofÐ ø H Ðaggressive€behaviour€by€police€officers€continue€to€occur,€which€has€resulted€in€death€in€someÐ á 1  Ðinstances.Ð Ê   ÐÌ91.à  àThe€Committee€is€also€concerned€about€the€persistence€in€the€army€of€the€practice€of€the€so„Ð œì  Ðcalled€"fala",€whereby€new€recruits€are€subjected€to€abuse€and€humiliation.Ð …Õ  ÐÌò ò4.à  àRecommendationsó óÐ W§  ÐÌ92.à  àAlthough€the€Committee€notes€that€the€new€Polish€Constitution€recognizes€internationalÐ *z Ðconventions€ratified€by€Poland€to€be€part€of€the€Polish€legal€system,€it€also€notes€that€in€the€PolishÐ c Ðlegal€system€there€are€no€provisions€for€making€charges€relating€to,€nor€penalties€applicable€to,€theÐ üL Ðcrime€of€torture.€€Therefore,€the€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€introduce€suchÐ å5 Ðlegislative€changes€as€are€necessary€to€identify€torture€as€a€specific€crime€and€to€enable€prosecutionsÐ Î Ðof€torture,€as€defined€in€the€Convention,€and€the€application€of€appropriate€penalties.Ð · ÐÌ93.à  àThe€Committee€further€recommends€that€the€Penal€Code€be€amended€to€ensure€that€ordersÐ ‰Ù Ðof€superiors€cannot€be€invoked,€in€any€circumstances,€as€justification€of€torture.Ð r ÐÌ94.à  àThe€State€party€should€introduce€an€effective€and€reliable€complaint€system€that€will€allowÐ D” Ðthe€victims€of€torture€and€other€forms€of€cruel,€inhuman€or€degrading€treatment€or€punishment€to€fileÐ -} Ðcomplaints.Ð f ÐÓí0ÓÓ  ÓÌ95.à  àLegislative€and€administrative€measures€should€be€introduced€to€safeguard€against€excessiveÐ è 8 Ðuse€of€force€by€the€police,€in€particular€in€connection€with€the€supervision€of€public€meetings€andÐ Ñ!!  Ðto€safeguard€against€the€persistence€of€abusive€measures€associated€with€the€practice€of€so„calledÐ º" ! Ð"fala"€in€the€army.Ð £#ó" ÐÌÌÓÙ8Ó