’WPCc ćfä„Ī{ü• čū@>r:lŠdż•čžqŗĢ?h[.P™å„ų{ē¢å)5俥s&ē‚žk&śPļ¤a³³ŽĮø›Nz¾:īÉ čK?½cŲøś%]Ī ½ČóĘ^Éę„E®1‰čs'(ƒšˆĄūxēC™4ZhROŹ>Nį¼Š·ųĘRe ÆNc|Iŗ~OAłó—˜o·ĪlL‚‚ZyQsüÄp»ÆI‹ńś’JŃŽæØ ˜Qū)µø~—£ŽŚcäŠäG²€y*)<Ą‹ńe;Ćü5O#Ā»948-Å’C“Śń­?l„ĢDg&±ģB琪V†rq(¶Š o Lu EĪēŠÖg·ZlpZŽ@‹pY2øŲ¶½e"'€ JUT5Aū°ĘńS®rs±Y§śŚ%@æ3œWµŒKĪŃéÉZ¦ø*¼8˜łż@·,ŹŪøp#Mß,.Éæō·Ģč²LV‘šĄY‰MUČvÖÉn>Óu‡/³œJ,ż²€Ėł[92'v‚Š@ŪØz›ä©ųČō™ É (Ó`‹aö€é э·Ėkįó§é†ķ(jYÓ„–m«®ū>ŲƒÅŹ½Už×‘ ł¹:1čÅ=õŪW…~M£cęėŪaœ”ośm #ɶUN %Ķ 0:Ó^ w41@ mBYNa˜\\YORK_UNIVERSITY\q_hrts_hp4000tnŅV,,,,ŅV0&Öd9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(ūœ$””ŌUKUS.,ŌŅøz/— ½”u/ź:i¢Ų+003|x’U‹’ĄĄĄ Ż ƒūœ!ŻŌUKUS.,ŌŻ  ŻŌ_ŌŌ€¼{ »XXŌņ ņÓ  ÓPOLANDó óŠ ° ŠÓ_ÓĢŌ€X;X»¼{ ŌÓ  Óņ ņCERD€26ņņthóó€No.€18€(A/8418)€(1971)ó óŠ Ń! ŠĢĢ28.€€From€its€56ņņthóó€to€its€58ņņthóó€meetings,€the€Committee€proceeded€to€determine€formally€its€view€asŠ  Ż Ša€Committee€(as€distinct€from€the€views€expressed€at€previous€meetings,€which€were€those€of€theŠ v Ę Šindividual€members)€as€to€which€reports€were€š šsatisfactoryšš,€in€the€sense€that€they€furnished€all€orŠ _ Æ Šmost€of€the€required€information,€and€which€reports€were€š šunsatisfactoryšš€or€š šincompletešš€andŠ H ˜ Štherefore€needed€to€be€supplemented€by€further€information.€€The€initial€report€(and€supplementaryŠ 1   Šreport,€if€any)€of€each€State€Party€was€put€before€the€Committee€separately€by€the€Chairman.€€WhereŠ j  Šthere€was€no€consensus,€the€question€whether€a€State€Partyššs€report€(or€reports)€was€š šsatisfactoryššŠ S  Šor€whether,€failing€that,€the€Committee€wished€to€request€additional€information€from€that€StateŠ ģ<  ŠParty,€was€decided€by€vote.Š Õ%  ŠĢ29.€€The€Committee€expressed€itself€as€satisfied€with€the€completeness€of€the€reports€submitted€byŠ §÷  Šthe€following€15€States€Parties,€from€which€no€additional€information€was€requested:€...€Poland€...€Š ą ŠĢĢÓ¹Óņ ņŠ  K› ŠCERD€€28ņņthóó,€No.€18€(A/9018)€(1973)ó óŠ ° ŠĢĢÓ  Ó183.€€The€initial€report€of€Poland,€submitted€on€14€January€1970,€and€a€supplementary€report€datedŠ l¼ Š19€May€1970,€were€considered€by€the€Committee€at€its€third€session€and€deemed€satisfactory.€€TheŠ U„ Šsecond€periodic€report,€submitted€on€18€February€1972,€was€considered€at€the€seventh€session€(theŠ > Ž Š136ņņthóó€meeting).Š ' w ŠĢ184.€€The€report€under€consideration€stated€that,€during€the€period€which€intervened€since€the€earlierŠ ł I Šreports€were€submitted,€there€had€been€no€changes€in€legislation;€that€there€had€been€no€amendmentsŠ ā 2  Što€the€legislative,€administrative€and€other€measures€described€€in€the€earlier€reports;€and€that€noŠ Ė   Šcivil€or€criminal€cases€based€on€racial€discrimination€had€been€brought€before€the€courts.€€SeveralŠ “  Šmembers€expressed€the€view€that,€under€these€circumstances,€the€report€under€consideration€shouldŠ ķ  Šbe€deemed€satisfactory.Š †Ö  ŠĢ185.€€Some€members€noted€that€the€supplementary€report€of€Poland€had€contained€information€onŠ XØ  Šadministrative€and€other€measures€adopted€in€order€to€promote€and€develop€the€cultural€activitiesŠ A‘ Šof€minority€groups,€and€stated€that€it€would€be€desirable€for€future€reports€to€contain€information€onŠ *z Šthe€progress€achieved€in€that€regard.€€An€inquiry€was€made€regarding€the€status€of€the€relations€ofŠ c Šthe€reporting€State€with€the€racist€rgimes€in€southern€Africa,€although€it€was€noted€that€generalŠ üL Šrecommendation€III,€which€related€to€that€subject,€was€adopted€after€the€report€under€considerationŠ å5 Šhad€been€submitted.Š Ī ŠĢ186.€€The€representative€of€Poland€stated€that€his€Government€would€continue€to€furnish€theŠ  š ŠCommittee€with€all€the€relevant€information€that€would€be€useful€to€its€work.€€He€assured€theŠ ‰Ł ŠCommittee€that€his€Government€had€no€relations€with€the€Governments€of€any€of€the€racist€rgimesŠ rĀ Šin€the€world.Š [« ŠĢ187.€€The€Committee€decided€to€consider€the€report€satisfactory,€and€expressed€the€hope€that€theŠ -} ŠGovernment€of€Poland€would€continue€to€co„operate€with€the€Committee€and€to€supply€it€withŠ f Šinformation€relevant€to€its€work€in€future€periodic€reports.Š  ’O Šņ ņCERD€€29ņņthóó,€No.€18€(A/9618)€(1974)ó óŠ ° ŠĢĢ245.€€The€Committee€considered€the€third€periodic€report€of€Poland€together€with€the€informationŠ l¼ Šsubmitted€by€the€Government€of€the€reporting€State€in€response€to€decision€3€(VII).€€It€took€note€ofŠ U„ Šthe€statements€that,€during€the€period€covered€by€the€report,€no€new€legislative€or€administrativeŠ > Ž Šmeasures€having€direct€reference€to€the€implementation€of€the€provisions€of€the€Convention€hadŠ ' w Šbeen€adopted;€that€the€legal€acts€described€in€previous€reports€had€continued€to€be€in€force;€and€thatŠ  ` Šno€cases€concerning€any€form€of€racial€discrimination€had€come€before€the€courts.€€The€CommitteeŠ ł I Šnoted€with€appreciation€that€„€although€it€had€been€informed€by€the€representative€of€Poland€at€theŠ ā 2  Šseventh€session€(during€the€consideration€of€that€countryššs€second€periodic€report)€that€theŠ Ė   ŠGovernment€of€the€reporting€State€had€no€relations€with€the€Government€of€any€of€the€racist€rgimesŠ “  Šin€the€world€(A/9018,€para.€186)€„€the€Government€of€the€reporting€State€had€formally€confirmedŠ ķ  Šin€its€third€periodic€report,€in€response€to€the€Committeeššs€general€recommendation€III,€that€it€didŠ †Ö  Šnot€maintain€diplomatic,€economic€or€any€other€relations€with€the€racist€rgimes€in€southern€Africa.€Š oæ  ŠOn€the€other€hand,€it€was€noted€with€regret€that€the€report€currently€under€consideration€did€notŠ XØ  Šrespond€to€the€wish€expressed€at€the€seventh€session€(A/9018,€para.€185)€to€receive€information€onŠ A‘ Šthe€progress€achieved€by€the€administrative€and€other€measures€which€had€been€adopted€in€order€toŠ *z Špromote€and€develop€the€cultural€activities€of€minority€groups,€and€that€the€report€contained€noŠ c Šinformation€on€the€implementation€of€article€7€of€the€Convention.Š üL ŠĢ246.€€The€information€submitted€by€the€Government€of€Poland€in€response€to€the€CommitteeššsŠ Ī Šdecision€3€(VII)€relating€to€the€implementation€of€the€provisions€of€article€4,€paragraphs€(a)€and€(b),Š · Šof€the€Convention€appeared€to€meet€the€requirements€of€those€provisions.€€It€was€noted€with€regret,Š  š Šhowever,€that€whereas€the€texts€of€the€legislative€provisions€satisfying€the€obligations€of€theŠ ‰Ł Šreporting€State€under€paragraph€(a)€of€that€article€were€supplied,€no€legislative€texts€correspondingŠ rĀ Što€the€requirements€of€paragraph€(b)€were€furnished;€and€the€hope€was€expressed€that,€in€futureŠ [« Šreports,€the€Government€of€Poland€would€provide€the€Committee€with€the€legislative€texts€on€theŠ D” Šbasis€of€which€the€statementņ ņ€ó ówas€made€that€š šno€community€organization€or€political€party€of€a€racistŠ -} Šnature€can€legally€operate€on€the€territory€of€the€Polish€Statešš,€which€appeared€to€be€in€fullŠ i Šconformity€with€the€provisions€of€article€4,€paragraph€(b),€of€the€Convention.Š  R ŠĢ247.€€In€connexion€with€the€statement,€contained€in€the€third€periodic€report,€that€there€had€been€š šnoŠ Ō!$  Šcases€concerning€racial€discrimination€of€any€form€in€Polish€courtsšš,€it€was€asked€whether€thatŠ ½" ! Šstatement€meant€that€there€had€been€no€cases€of€racial€discrimination€at€all€or€that€there€were€otherŠ ¦#ö" Šstate€agencies€competent€to€deal€with€allegations€of€racial€discrimination.€€In€the€event€that€thereŠ $ß# Šwere€such€state€agencies,€information€about€them,€about€the€procedures€followed€in€filing€complaintsŠ x%Č $ Šwith€them,€and€about€their€practices€was€requested.Š a&±!% ŠĢ248.€€The€representative€of€Poland€assured€the€Committee€that€his€Governmentššs€next€report€wouldŠ 3(ƒ#' Šdeal€with€all€the€points€raised€during€the€discussion.€Š  )l$( Šņ ņCERD€€A/31/18€+€CORR.1€(1976)ó óŠ ° ŠĢĢ178.€€The€Committee€considered€the€fourth€periodic€report€of€Poland€together€with€the€introductoryŠ l¼ Šstatement€made€by€the€representative€of€the€Government€of€the€reporting€State.Š U„ ŠĢ179.€€Members€of€the€Committee€noted€that€the€bulk€of€the€information€contained€in€the€report€underŠ ' w Šconsideration€had€already€been€supplied€in€previous€reports.€€The€appreciation€of€that€informationŠ  ` Šexpressed€at€earlier€sessions€remained€valid,€it€was€observed;€but€it€was€also€recalled€that€the€gapsŠ ł I Što€which€the€Committee€had€drawn€attention€during€its€consideration€of€past€reports€of€Poland€hadŠ ā 2  Šnot€been€filled€by€the€current€report,€and€some€of€the€questions€raised€in€the€past€had€remainedŠ Ė   Šunanswered.€€Recalling€that,€when€the€Committee€considered€Polandššs€third€periodic€report€it€hadŠ “  Šbeen€assured€that€the€next€report€would€deal€with€all€the€points€raised€during€the€discussion,Š ķ  Šmembers€of€the€Committee€expressed€the€hope€that€the€clarifications€sought€and€the€additionalŠ †Ö  Šinformation€requested€would€be€included€in€the€fifth€periodic€report€of€Poland.Š oæ  ŠĢ180.€€Note€was€taken€of€the€new€elements€in€the€report€under€consideration:€€namely,€the€informationŠ A‘ Šconcerning€the€award€of€high€State€decorations€to€active€members€of€socio„cultural€national€minorityŠ *z Šsocieties€and€the€programme€of€education€in€the€field€of€human€rights.Š c ŠĢ181.€€In€his€statement,€the€representative€of€the€Government€of€Poland€referred€to€inquiries€made€atŠ å5 Ša€previous€session,€and€repeated€at€the€current€session,€regarding€legislation€giving€effect€to€theŠ Ī Šprovisions€of€article€4€of€the€Convention€and€assured€the€Committee€that€such€legislation€existed€andŠ · Šthat€the€information€requested€would€be€forthcoming.Š   š Šņ ņCERD€€A/33/18€(1978)ó óŠ ° ŠĢĢ278.€€The€fifth€periodic€report€of€Poland€was€considered€together€with€the€introductory€statementŠ l¼ Šmade€by€the€representative€of€the€reporting€State.Š U„ ŠĢ279.€€The€question€whether€the€legal€system€of€Poland€contained€provisions€which€give€effect€toŠ ' w Šarticle€4,€subparagraph€(b),€of€the€Convention€„€which€had€been€discussed€at€the€Committeeššs€tenthŠ  ` Šand€fourteenth€sessions,€in€connection€with€the€examination€of€the€third€and€fourth€periodic€reportsŠ ł I Šof€Poland€respectively€(A/9618,€para.€246€and€A/31/18€and€Corr.1,€para.€181)€„€was€discussed€againŠ ā 2  Šat€the€eighteenth€session.€€A€Member€of€the€Committee€was€of€the€view€that€existing€Polish€lawŠ Ė   Šprohibited€and€punished€the€participation€of€individuals€in€racist€organizations€but€did€not€prohibitŠ “  Šand€declare€illegal€such€organizations.€€On€the€other€hand,€several€members€were€of€the€view€that,Š ķ  Šaccording€to€the€information€given€in€the€report€under€consideration,€the€establishment€ofŠ †Ö  Šorganizations€which€promoted€and€incited€racial€discrimination€was€regarded€as€prejudicial€toŠ oæ  Šsecurity,€peace€or€public€order,€within€the€meaning€of€Polish€law,€and€that€therefore€PolishŠ XØ  Šlegislation€was€entirely€in€accordance€with€the€requirements€of€article€4,€subparagraph€(b),€of€theŠ A‘ ŠConvention.€€Some€members€suggested€that€any€uncertainty€in€that€regard€would€be€readily€resolvedŠ *z Šif€the€Government€of€Poland€furnished€the€Committee€„€as€it€had€been€requested€to€do€in€the€past€„Š c Šwith€all€the€relevant€legislation,€including€the€Polish€law€on€societies€(the€Decree€of€the€PresidentŠ üL Šdated€27€October€1932,€Dz.U.€No.€94).Š å5 ŠĢ280.€€The€information€provided€on€the€implementation€of€article€5€was,€in€the€words€of€a€memberŠ · Šof€the€Committee,€š šas€complete€as€any€the€Committee€had€receivedšš.Š  š ŠĢ281.€€Some€member€regretted€that€the€information€received€from€Poland€thus€far€did€not€contain€anyŠ rĀ Šinformation€on€the€right€to€legal€protection€and€remedies,€guaranteed€under€article€6€of€theŠ [« ŠConvention.€€However,€some€other€members€of€the€Committee€referred€to€article€86€of€the€PolishŠ D” ŠConstitution,€of€which€paragraph€2€provided€that€š šcitizens€shall€have€the€right€to€approach€all€organsŠ -} Šof€the€State€with€appeals,€complaints€and€grievancesšš,€and€observed€that€š šall€organs€of€the€StateššŠ f Šincluded€the€courts;€they€suggested,€however,€that€the€Government€of€Poland€might€provide€in€itsŠ ’O Šnext€periodic€report€the€text€of€the€laws€it€had€adopted€in€pursuance€of€those€constitutionalŠ č 8 Šprovisions.Š Ń!!  ŠĢ282.€€In€his€reply,€the€representative€of€Poland€said€that€š šany€individual€could€join€in€legalŠ £#ó" Šproceedings€instituted€by€the€public€prosecutor€and€so€become€a€party€to€the€proceedings,€and€if€noŠ Œ$Ü# Šproceedings€were€pending,€he€could€submit€a€complaint€on€his€own€behalf.€€The€same€remedy€couldŠ u%Å $ Šbe€used€when€the€offender€was€the€State€or€some€public€institution.€€Criminal€proceedings€could€onlyŠ ^&®!% Šbe€instituted€against€the€official€concerned,€whereas€civil€proceedings€could€be€€directed€against€bothŠ G'—"& Šthe€official€and€the€institution€which€he€representedšš.Š 0(€#' ŠĢ283.€€Several€members€of€the€Committee€welcomed€the€detailed€and€specific€information€given€inŠ *R%) Šthe€report€regarding€the€implementation€of€article€7€of€the€Convention.€€In€that€connection,€someŠ ė*;&* Šmembers€expressed€the€hope€that€educational€programmes€would€draw€attention€not€only€to€theŠ Ō+$'+ Šcurrent€difficulties€experienced€in€Africa€and€Asia€but€also€to€art,€culture€and€history€of€thoseŠ ½, (, Šcontinents,€with€a€view€to€inspiring€respect€for€other€cultures€and€peoples.€€It€was€noted€also€that,Š ¦-ö(- Šwhile€the€list€of€relevant€books€published€in€Poland€was€impressive€and€contained€many€foreignŠ ° Šworks,€including€books€by€African€authors,€most€of€the€books€were€political€rather€than€artistic€orŠ ™é Šliterary.Š ‚Ņ ŠĢ284.€€The€information€given€in€the€report€concerning€relations€with€racist€rgimes,€in€response€toŠ T¤ Šgeneral€recommendation€III€and€decision€2€(XI)€of€the€Committee,€was€welcomed.Š =  ŠĢ285.€€The€demographic€information,€given€in€accordance€with€general€recommendation€IV€of€theŠ  _ ŠCommittee,€gave€rise€to€some€questions.€€The€report€referred€at€one€time€to€š šinhabitants€from€otherŠ ų H Šnational€groups€altogether€accounting€for€1.3€per€cent€of€the€whole€populationšš€and,€at€another€time,Š į 1  Što€š šnon„Polish€citizensšš;€and€it€was€not€clear€whether€some€members€of€the€š šother€national€groupsššŠ Ź   Šin€question€€were€not€regarded€as€Polish€citizens.€€Moreover,€the€detailed€information€on€the€social„Š ³  Šcultural€organizations€of€the€national€groups€under€discussion€included€information€on€a€GermanŠ œģ  ŠSocial€and€Cultural€Association,€whereas€the€list€of€national€groups€in€Poland€did€not€includeŠ …Õ  ŠGermans.€€Furthermore,€that€list€included€Jews;€and€some€members€asked€whether€Jews€wereŠ n¾  Šregarded€as€a€national,€ethnic€or€cultural€minority€or€as€a€religious€community.€€Other€questions€wereŠ W§  Šasked€about€the€information€given€in€the€report€with€regard€to€the€conditions€of€some€of€thoseŠ @ Šgroups.€€For€example,€referring€to€the€German€Social€and€Cultural€Association,€the€report€stated€thatŠ )y Šš šits€activities€are€conducted€on€a€limited€scale€due€to€the€old€age€of€most€of€its€members,€lack€ofŠ b Šnewer€members€and€no€greater€interest€from€the€German€communityšš,€and€it€was€wondered€why€thatŠ ūK Šcommunity€was€not€renewing€itself.€€And,€with€reference€to€the€statement€in€the€report€thatŠ ä4 Šš šUkrainian€youth€gets€education€in€two€primary€and€two€secondary€schools€in€its€native€languagešš,Š Ķ Šit€was€asked€whether€the€youth€in€question€received€their€education€in€separate€schools€or€inŠ ¶ Šintegrated€schools€with€special€classes.Š Ÿļ ŠĢ286.€€In€his€reply,€the€representative€of€Poland€referred€to€the€question€of€the€Jews€and€said€that€inŠ qĮ Šhis€country€š šcitizens€were€not€asked€what€their€religion€was€and€no€differences€were€made€by€reasonŠ ZŖ Šof€religionšš.€€With€regard€to€the€reason€why€Germans€were€not€listed€among€the€national€groups€withŠ C“ Šrespect€to€which€statistical€information€was€given€in€the€report,€he€drew€attention€to€the€fact€that€theŠ ,| Šstatus€of€Germans€in€Poland€had€been€settled€by€international€agreements,€especially€by€the€1970Š e ŠTreaty€between€Poland€and€the€Federal€Republic€of€Germany;€and€he€stated€that,€at€the€moment,Š žN Šš šPoland€had€on€its€territory€only€a€few€hundred€people€who€considered€themselves€GermanŠ ē 7 Šnationalsšš.€€With€regard€to€the€question€of€education€in€indigenous€languages,€he€said€that€noŠ Š!   Šuniform€practice€was€followed,€and€that€two€arrangements€were€used:€€special€schools€using€theŠ ¹" ! Šindigenous€language€in€places€where€it€was€spoken€by€a€sufficient€number€of€persons,€and€specialŠ ¢#ņ" Šclasses€in€ordinary€schools.€€š šThe€choice€depended€largely€on€the€wishes€of€the€ethnic€communityŠ ‹$Ū# Šconcernedšš.Š t%Ä $ ŠĢ287.€€Favourable€comments€were€made€on€the€measures€taken€by€the€Polish€Government€withŠ F'–"& Šrespect€to€the€national€groups€under€consideration€„€including€financial€support€of€the€culturalŠ /(#' Šactivities€of€the€national€groups€in€the€country,€education€in€minority€languages,€and€encouragementŠ )h$( Šof€contact€and€cultural€links€between€the€minorities€and€their€countries€of€origin.€€It€was€askedŠ *Q%) Šwhether€there€were€any€specific€legal€provisions€guaranteeing€tuition€in€minority€languages€and€useŠ ź*:&* Šof€those€languages€in€Polish€courts€and€administration.Š Ó+#'+ ŠĢ288.€€It€was€noted€that€neither€the€Constitution€nor€any€of€the€periodic€reports€of€Poland€referred€toŠ „-õ(- Šthe€situation€of€aliens€in€that€country,€and€information€on€that€subject€was€requested.Š  ° Šņ ņCERD€€A/35/18€(1980)ó óŠ ° ŠĢĢ435.€€The€sixth€periodic€report€of€Poland€(CERD/C/66/Add.17)€was€considered€by€the€CommitteeŠ l¼ Štogether€with€the€introductory€statement€of€the€representative€of€the€reporting€State€who€reaffirmedŠ U„ Šhis€countryššs€commitment€to€the€elimination€of€all€manifestations€of€racial€discrimination€andŠ > Ž Šreferred€to€some€of€the€initiatives€taken€by€his€Government€in€this€regard€at€the€international€level,Š ' w Šthe€most€recent€of€which€was€the€ratification€of€the€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€ofŠ  ` ŠDiscrimination€against€Women€in€July€1980.Š ł I ŠĢ436.€€Members€of€the€Committee€expressed€their€satisfaction€with€the€report€which€contained€repliesŠ Ė   Što€questions€raised€during€the€consideration€by€the€Committee€of€the€previous€report€of€Poland€andŠ “  Šwhich€demonstrated€the€goodwill€of€the€Polish€Government€and€its€desire€for€a€constructive€andŠ ķ  Špositive€dialogue€with€the€Committee.Š †Ö  ŠĢ437.€€One€member€stated€that,€as€in€the€case€of€other€reports€from€the€same€region,€he€had€beenŠ XØ  Šstruck€by€the€ideological€considerations€and€the€analysis€of€the€causes€of€racism.€€He€observed€thatŠ A‘ Šbeside€neo„colonialism,€social€inequality€also€was€a€source€of€racism€and€that€the€emergence€ofŠ *z Šracism€was€possible€in€all€countries;€therefore€it€was€necessary€to€attack€the€roots€of€racism€byŠ c Šmeans€of€social,€economic€and€educational€measures.€€Another€member€pointed€out,€in€thisŠ üL Šconnexion,€that€a€broad„ranging€legal€basis€existed€in€Poland€for€the€eradication€of€any€vestiges€ofŠ å5 Šracial€prejudices€and€that,€in€his€view,€the€entire€social€system€of€the€country€was€directed€towardsŠ Ī Šeliminating€such€prejudices.€€He€also€expressed€the€opinion€that€Poland€was€fully€complying€withŠ · Šits€obligations€under€the€Convention.€€Some€members€emphasized€the€historical€and€culturalŠ  š Šelements€of€the€Polish€past€which€enabled€that€country€to€combat€racism.Š ‰Ł ŠĢ438.€€Some€members,€however,€felt€that€article€4€of€the€Convention,€although€covered€to€a€largeŠ [« Šextent€by€the€Polish€legal€provisions,€was€not€being€entirely€implemented.€€It€was€noted€that€articleŠ D” Š81€of€the€Constitution€made€a€notable€distinction€between€direct€and€indirect€acts€of€discrimination,Š -} Šwhich€were€punishable€offences,€and€dissemination€of€hatred€or€contempt,€which€was€merelyŠ f Šprohibited.€€It€was€noted€also,€in€this€connexion,€that€article€272€of€the€Penal€Code€stated€that€publicŠ ’O Šinstigation€for€quarrels€on€grounds€of,€ņņinter€aliaóó,€racial€differences€was€punishable€but€it€wasŠ č 8 Šobserved€that€no€parallel€disposition€appeared€to€be€contained€in€the€Penal€Code€with€regard€to€theŠ Ń!!  Šdissemination€of€hatred€and€contempt.€€Furthermore,€it€was€noted€that€article€84€of€the€ConstitutionŠ ŗ" ! Šprohibited€the€formation€of€and€participation€in€associations€whose€aims€were€harmful€to€theŠ £#ó" Špolitical€and€social€system€or€to€the€legal€order€of€the€Republic,€and€it€was€asked€what€legislationŠ Œ$Ü# Šgave€effect€to€that€prohibition,€what€penalty€was€imposed€for€participation€in€such€associations€andŠ u%Å $ Šwhether€there€had€been€any€cases€in€which€article€84€of€the€Constitution€had€been€applied€withŠ ^&®!% Šregard€to€racist€associations.€€Although€it€was€stated€in€the€report€that€there€was€no€need€in€PolandŠ G'—"& Što€take€special€preventive€measures€against€the€forming€of€organizations€based€on€racial€prejudice,Š 0(€#' Šsome€members€of€the€Committee€felt€that€information€in€this€field€should€be€provided€in€the€nextŠ )i$( Šperiodic€report.Š *R%) ŠĢ439.€€Some€members€of€the€Committee€also€felt€that€the€present€report,€like€the€previous€ones,€didŠ Ō+$'+ Šnot€provide€enough€information€concerning€measures€taken€by€the€Polish€Government€to€implementŠ ½, (, Šthe€provisions€of€article€5€of€the€Convention€and€the€wish€was€expressed,€in€particular,€that€theŠ ¦-ö(- Šoriginal€text€of€the€law€on€aliens€residing€in€Poland,€extracts€of€which€appeared€in€the€report,€wouldŠ ° Šbe€made€available€to€the€Committee.€€Some€members€of€the€Committee€made€reference€especiallyŠ ™é Što€the€provisions€concerning€the€expulsion€of€aliens.€€It€was€noted€that€one€of€the€grounds€forŠ ‚Ņ Šexpulsion€was€the€deprivation€of€Polish€citizenship€after€9€May€1945,€and€it€was€asked€whether€thatŠ k» Šprovision€still€had€practical€importance,€since€a€decree€had€been€enacted€in€1953€stating€that€all€whoŠ T¤ Šhad€been€deprived€of€their€citizenship€in€1945€and€had€remained€in€the€country€could€make€aŠ =  Šdeclaration€to€be€rehabilitated€and€have€all€the€rights€of€citizenship€restored.€€It€was€also€askedŠ & v Šwhether€it€was€possible€for€a€Polish€resident€to€be€deprived€of€his€citizenship€if€he€had€no€otherŠ  _ Šcountry€of€citizenship€and,€if€so,€for€what€reasons€and€by€what€judicial€or€administrative€authorityŠ ų H Šhe€could€be€so€deprived;€furthermore,€it€was€asked€whether€there€was€a€time„limit€for€expelled€aliensŠ į 1  Što€leave€the€country€and€if€their€cases€could€be€reviewed,€whether€there€was€a€time„limit€for€appealŠ Ź   Šagainst€an€expulsion€decision€and€whether€it€could€be€extended.€€Information€was€requested€onŠ ³  Šwhether€the€right€to€travel€was€restricted€and,€if€so,€what€restrictions€were€imposed;€whether€the€rightŠ œģ  Što€strike€was€recognized€in€law€as€it€was€in€practice€and€what€safeguards€were€established€by€lawŠ …Õ  Šin€that€regard.Š n¾  ŠĢ440.€€In€connection€with€article€6€of€the€Convention,€specific€information€was€requested€on€theŠ @ Špossibilities€available€to€individual€citizens€for€protecting€their€rights,€including€the€right€ofŠ )y Šnationality,€on€texts€relating€to€civil€and€administrative€responsibility,€for€example,€concerning€theŠ b Šright€of€appeal€against€abuse€of€power€by€officials€in€racial€matters,€on€how€proceedings€could€beŠ ūK Šstarted€in€administrative€and€civil€cases€and€on€how€an€individual€could€institute€criminalŠ ä4 Šproceedings.Š Ķ ŠĢ441.€€The€representative€of€Poland€assured€the€members€of€the€Committee€that€their€comments€andŠ Ÿļ Šquestions€would€be€transmitted€to€his€Government€and€that€more€detailed€information€regarding€theŠ ˆŲ Šimplementation€of€certain€articles€of€the€Convention€would€be€provided€in€the€next€periodic€report.Š  qĮ Šņ ņCERD€€A/38/18€(1983)ó óŠ ° ŠĢĢ97.€€The€seventh€periodic€report€of€Poland€(CERD/C/91/Add.19)€was€considered€by€the€CommitteeŠ l¼ Šafter€having€been€introduced€by€the€representative€of€the€reporting€State€who€emphasized€that€inŠ U„ Šspite€of€the€turbulent€period€his€country€had€undergone,€none€of€the€exceptional€measures€appliedŠ > Ž Šviolated€the€principle€of€non„discrimination€on€racial€grounds.€€He€also€drew€the€attention€of€theŠ ' w ŠCommittee€to€the€forthcoming€fortieth€anniversary€of€the€Warsaw€ghetto€uprising€which€would€serveŠ  ` Što€remind€people€of€the€tragic€consequences€of€officially€professed€racial€policies.Š ł I ŠĢ98.€€Members€of€the€Committee€welcomed€the€statement€made€by€the€representative€of€Poland€thatŠ Ė   Šthe€exceptional€measures€taken€by€the€Government€had€not€violated€the€legal€provisions€relating€toŠ “  Šracial€discrimination.€€One€member€pointed€out,€however,€that€in€its€next€report€the€PolishŠ ķ  ŠGovernment€should€give€more€details€concerning€the€situation€which€existed€before€the€exceptionalŠ †Ö  Šmeasures€were€promulgated€and€the€present€situation,€particularly€with€regard€to€exercise€of€theŠ oæ  Šrights€referred€to€in€article€5€of€the€Convention.€€Another€member,€while€acknowledging€that€theŠ XØ  Šcurtailing€of€certain€rights€in€Poland€by€the€recent€state€of€emergency€had€had€no€effect€on€the€rightsŠ A‘ Šof€citizens€to€protection€against€racial€discrimination,€emphasized€the€fact€that€the€Convention€couldŠ *z Šbest€be€implemented€in€a€climate€of€widespread€respect€for€human€rights.Š c ŠĢ99.€€Commenting€on€the€references€to€legal€texts€made€in€the€report€concerning€the€implementationŠ å5 Šof€articles€of€the€Convention,€several€members€suggested€that€in€future€reports€the€relevant€legalŠ Ī Štexts€should€be€cited€in€the€body€of€the€report€in€their€entirety.Š · ŠĢ100.€€Attention€was€drawn€by€the€Committee€to€the€implementation€of€article€5€of€the€Convention.€Š ‰Ł ŠMore€information€was€requested€with€respect€to€legal€aid€and€the€conditions€in€which€the€right€ofŠ rĀ Šdefence€was€exercised.€€Concerning€the€right€of€persons€who€did€not€speak€Polish€and€had€to€appearŠ [« Šbefore€a€court,€the€question€was€raised€whether€the€translator€provided€during€court€proceedingsŠ D” Šworked€with€a€legal€counsel€so€that€the€person€concerned€could€obtain€relevant€legal€advice,€orŠ -} Šwhether€a€lawyer€who€knew€the€language€was€provided.€€Regarding€the€rights€to€freedom€ofŠ f Šmovement€and€to€leave€any€country,€including€oneššs€own,€and€to€return€to€oneššs€own€country,Š ’O Šinformation€was€asked€in€order€to€evaluate€the€scope€of€the€restrictions€imposed€over€those€rights.€Š č 8 ŠSeveral€members€observed€that€a€passport€could€be€refused€not€only€according€to€the€relevant€articleŠ Ń!!  Šof€the€Law€on€Passports€but€also€on€grounds€of€specific€important€State€or€public€reasons€for€whichŠ ŗ" ! Šno€reference€to€any€text€was€given.€€Despite€the€assurance€that€the€reason€for€the€refusal€to€grant€aŠ £#ó" Špassport€must€be€stated€and€the€assurance€that€the€applicant€had€the€right€to€appeal€the€decision,€itŠ Œ$Ü# Šwas€found€strange€that€there€were€provisions€under€which€a€person€could€be€deprived€of€hisŠ u%Å $ Šcitizenship.€€With€respect€to€the€banning€of€specific€trade€union€and€the€right€of€association,Š ^&®!% Šinformation€was€requested€as€to€whether€any€such€trade€unions€which€might€be€set€up€in€the€futureŠ G'—"& Šwould€also€be€banned.€€In€connexion€with€questions€about€the€implementation€of€article€5,€oneŠ 0(€#' Šmember€of€the€Committee€felt€that€the€limitations€referred€to€in€the€report€were€quite€proper€in€viewŠ )i$( Šof€the€exceptional€circumstances€which€Poland€was€facing.€€He€pointed€out,€furthermore,€that€articleŠ *R%) Š4€of€the€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€recognized€that€in€time€of€public€emergency,€StatesŠ ė*;&* Šmay€limit€the€rights€of€citizens.Š Ō+$'+ ŠĢ101.€€With€regard€to€article€6€of€the€Convention,€it€was€pointed€out€that€the€enumeration€of€rightsŠ ¦-ö(- Šin€the€report,€though€important,€lost€its€significance€unless€more€detailed€information€was€providedŠ ° Šconcerning€the€domestic€machinery€for€their€implementation.€€In€this€context,€a€member€askedŠ ™é Šwhether€the€term€š šState€organsšš€referred€to€administrative€or€judicial€entities.€€Another€member,Š ‚Ņ Šnoting€that€victims€of€š šimproper€treatmentšš€could€complain€to€State€organs€and€obtainŠ k» Šcompensation,€expressed€the€opinion€that€compensation€should€be€followed€by€rescinding€of€theŠ T¤ Šdiscriminatory€act€and€asked€whether€such€a€victim€could€appeal€to€any€competent€body.€€It€wasŠ =  Šassumed€in€this€connection€that€š šimproper€treatmentšš€meant€discriminatory€treatment€based€on€racialŠ & v Šor€national€rights.Š  _ ŠĢ102.€€More€information€was€requested€concerning€the€implementation€of€article€7€and€the€protectionŠ į 1  Šof€national€minorities,€particularly€Byelorussians€and€Ukrainians.€€The€question€was€asked€what€theŠ Ź   Šterm€š šfreedom€of€choicešš€meant€for€ethnic€communities€in€regard€to€choosing€a€language€in€primaryŠ ³  Šand€secondary€schools,€by€whom€(pupils€or€parents)€was€such€choice€exercised€and€whether€theŠ œģ  Šsame€facilities€were€provided€in€schools€in€mixed€communities.Š …Õ  ŠĢ103.€€Another€member,€referring€to€acts€of€violence€motivated€by€ethnic€prejudice€andŠ W§  Šmanifestations€of€chauvinism€in€Poland,€asked€whether€the€opposition€movement€had€in€any€wayŠ @ Šharmed€members€of€the€national€minorities€during€the€state€of€emergency.Š )y ŠĢ104.€€Replying€to€questions€posed€by€the€members€of€the€Committee,€the€representative€of€PolandŠ ūK Šstated€that€the€present€report€had€been€prepared€to€comply€with€the€request€of€the€Committee€atŠ ä4 Šprevious€meetings€that€problems€pertaining€to€racial€discrimination€should€be€presented€in€theŠ Ķ Šcontext€of€individualsšš€rights.€€Yet,€criticism€had€been€raised€by€Committee€members€of€the€socialŠ ¶ Šsituation€at€large.€€He€then€informed€the€Committee€of€an€isolated€incident€of€racial€discriminationŠ Ÿļ Šwhich€had€occurred€on€10€September€1981,€when€a€group€of€young€people€had€attacked€a€gypsyŠ ˆŲ Šcamp.€€The€perpetrators€had€been€convicted€and€sentenced.€€One€of€them€had€been€found€not€guiltyŠ qĮ Šof€charges€of€incitement€to€national€strife.€€Although€the€incident€had€been€widely€reported€in€theŠ ZŖ ŠPolish€press,€it€had€been€in€no€way€connected€with€the€actions€of€any€political€groups€in€that€country.Š C“ ŠĢ105.€€With€regard€to€questions€concerning€article€5,€he€said€that€limitations€on€freedom€of€movementŠ e Šand€residence€had€been€imposed€for€economic€and€social€rather€than€political€reasons.€€They€hadŠ žN Šresulted€from€the€rapid€process€of€industrialization€and€had€been€necessary€to€prevent€the€populationŠ ē 7 Šof€Warsaw€from€increasing€too€rapidly.€€There€had€been€some€specific€instances€of€restrictingŠ Š!   Šsettlement€in€sensitive€areas,€but€the€Polish€Government€considered€that€to€be€normal.€€In€so€far€asŠ ¹" ! Šthe€deprivation€of€Polish€citizenship€was€concerned,€he€pointed€out€that€such€action€could€not€beŠ ¢#ņ" Štaken€with€regard€to€a€citizen€residing€in€Poland.€€No€Polish€citizens€living€abroad€had€been€deprivedŠ ‹$Ū# Šof€their€nationality€since€1949,€except€by€their€own€request.€€Furthermore,€he€added,€such€instancesŠ t%Ä $ Šwere€not€due€to€racial€discrimination.Š ]&­!% ŠĢ106.€€Answering€questions€related€to€article€6,€he€explained€that€the€term€š šState€organsšš€referredŠ /(#' Šonly€to€administrative€organs;€the€terms€š šimproperšš€or€š šincorrect€treatmentšš€were€understood€toŠ )h$( Šinclude€racial€discrimination€since€there€were€no€specific€references€to€racial€discrimination€in€theŠ *Q%) ŠPolish€legislation.Š ź*:&* Šą  ąą ` ąą ø ąą  ąą h ąą Ą ąą  ąą p ąą Č ąą  ąą x ąą Š ąĢ107.€€As€to€the€questions€raised€in€connection€with€article€7,€he€said€that€there€were€a€number€ofŠ ¼, (, ŠPolish€schools€in€which€courses€were€taught€in€Byelorussian,€Ukrainian€and€sometimes€in€Latvian.€Š „-õ(- ŠIn€secondary€schools,€students€could€choose€to€attend€a€school€where€those€languages€were€taughtŠ ° Šand€to€learn€a€third€language€in€addition€to€the€two€normally€required.€€The€question€was€one€ofŠ ™é Šparallel€choice,€for€Poland€had€no€official€concept€of€bilingualism.€€He€pointed€out€that€theŠ ‚Ņ Šexceptional€measures€imposed€under€martial€law€had€applied€equally€to€all€citizens€and€after€a€timeŠ k» Šnational€minorities€had€been€allowed€to€resume€any€cultural€activities€unrelated€to€the€exceptionalŠ T¤ Šmeasures.Š =  ŠĢ108.€€In€concluding,€the€representative€of€Poland€said€that€those€questions€he€had€been€unable€toŠ  _ Šanswer€would€be€forwarded€to€his€Government€to€be€taken€into€consideration€when€preparing€itsŠ ų H Šnext€periodic€report.€€The€next€report,€he€added,€would€also€provide€further€information€on€legalŠ į 1  Šrights€of€minorities€and€on€the€subject€of€minorities€in€general.Š  Ź   Šņ ņCERD€€A/40/18€(1985)ó óŠ ° ŠĢĢ518.€€The€eight€periodic€report€of€Poland€(CERD/C/118/Add.21)€was€considered€by€the€CommitteeŠ l¼ Šat€its€736ņņthóó€meeting,€held€on€12€August€1985€(CERD/C/SR.736.).Š U„ ŠĢ519.€€The€report€was€introduced€by€the€representative€of€Poland€who€stated€that€his€countryŠ ' w Šconsidered€racial€discrimination€foreign€to€its€social€and€political€system€and€that€equal€rights€forŠ  ` Šall€citizens€were€guaranteed€by€the€Constitution€and€other€relevant€acts.€€He€added€that€the€principleŠ ł I Šof€non„discrimination€was€guaranteed€by€the€provisions€of€the€Penal€Code,€under€whichŠ ā 2  Šdissemination€of€ideas€based€on€national,€ethnic€and€racial€discrimination,€including€the€use€of€printŠ Ė   Šor€other€media,€was€subject€to€penalty.€€The€ethnic€and€linguistic€groups€in€Polish€territory€had€everyŠ “  Špossibility€of€cultivating€their€languages,€religions,€customs€and€cultures;€they€were€allowed€by€lawŠ ķ  Što€set€up€their€own€social€and€cultural€societies€and€to€pursue€their€own€cultural€interests.€€Finally,Š †Ö  Šhe€pointed€out€that€Poland€did€not€support€or€maintain€relations€with€Governments€or€rgimesŠ oæ  Špractising€racial€discrimination,€and€that€his€Government€supported€all€existing€national€liberationŠ XØ  Šmovements€recognized€by€the€United€Nations.Š A‘ ŠĢ520.€€The€Committee€commended€the€Polish€Government€for€its€report€which€closely€followed€theŠ c ŠCommitteeššs€general€guidelines€(CERD/C/70/Rev.1)€and€supplied€appropriate€information€onŠ üL Šquestions€raised€during€consideration€of€Polandššs€seventh€periodic€report.€€Some€members€soughtŠ å5 Šclarification€of€the€statement€in€the€report€that€the€Convention€was€an€integral€part€of€the€Polish€legalŠ Ī Šsystem€which€made€specific€legislation€unnecessary.€€They€also€expressed€the€hope€that€the€nextŠ · Šreport€would€contain€demographic€data€on€ethnic€minorities.Š  š ŠĢ521.€€With€reference€to€article€2,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€welcomed€theŠ rĀ Šreiteration€in€the€report€that€the€various€ethnic€groups€in€Poland€enjoyed€equality€of€rights€andŠ [« Šfreedoms,€in€particular,€that€they€were€able€to€express€themselves€culturally€and€enjoyed€the€rightŠ D” Što€be€educated€in€their€own€languages.€€Some€members,€however,€requested€more€detailedŠ -} Šinformation€on€the€current€situation€of€all€minorities,€other€than€the€Byelorussians€and€theŠ f ŠUkrainians,€as€well€as€on€the€steps€taken€to€preserve€the€cultural€identity€and€the€language€ofŠ ’O ŠGypsies€and€on€the€status€of€Jews€and€migrant€workers.€€It€was€also€asked€whether€there€was€stillŠ č 8 Šan€ethnic€association€of€the€German„speaking€minority,€mentioned€in€previous€reports.€€WithŠ Ń!!  Šreference€to€the€education€of€minorities,€some€members€wished€to€receive€information€on€theŠ ŗ" ! Špercentage€of€minority€teachers€and€asked€whether€special€schools€existed€to€train€them€and€to€trainŠ £#ó" Šminority€youth€for€other€professions.€€Information€was€also€requested€on€the€participation€of€variousŠ Œ$Ü# Šminorities€in€the€political,€social€and€economic€life€of€the€country.Š u%Å $ ŠĢ522.€€Where€article€3€of€the€Convention€was€concerned,€members€of€the€Committee€noted€thatŠ G'—"& ŠPoland€had€an€impressive€record€against€ņņapartheidóó,€maintained€no€relations€with€the€racist€rgimeŠ 0(€#' Šof€South€Africa€and€had€fully€supported€all€United€Nations€resolutions€against€ņņapartheidóó.Š )i$( ŠĢ523.€€With€regard€to€article€4€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€observed€that€the€articleŠ ė*;&* Šwas€implemented€in€the€legal€system€of€Poland€by€virtue€of€the€Constitution€and€the€Penal€Code,Š Ō+$'+ Šwhich€covered€dissemination€and€acts€of€racial€discrimination€not€only€by€individuals€but€also€byŠ ½, (, Šorganizations.Š ¦-ö(- Ї524.€€Regarding€article€5€of€the€Convention,€members€noted€that,€with€regard€to€the€right€to€leaveŠ ° Šthe€country,€the€report€stated€that€every€Polish€citizen€was€entitled€to€receive€a€passport€accordingŠ ™é Što€the€Law€of€Passports€of€17€June€1959€š šwith€subsequent€amendmentsšš;€clarification€was€requestedŠ ‚Ņ Šconcerning€those€amendments.€€It€was€also€asked€how€the€provisions€of€Polish€law€on€the€right€toŠ k» Šleave€the€country€worked€in€practice,€what€restrictions€were€placed€on€travel€abroad€and€returnŠ T¤ Šhome,€and€under€what€conditions€travel€abroad€was€permitted.€€Referring€to€the€conditionsŠ =  Šmentioned€in€the€report,€under€which€a€Polish€citizen€might€be€deprived€of€his€citizenship,€it€wasŠ & v Šasked€who€determined€whether€loyalty€to€the€Polish€Peopleššs€Republic€had€been€respected€and€onŠ  _ Šwhat€basis€and€whether€there€were€specific€criteria€for€defining€when€and€how€such€loyalty€had€notŠ ų H Šbeen€respected€in€cases€other€than€those€that€were€obviously€detrimental€to€the€vital€interests€of€theŠ į 1  ŠState.€€Additional€information€was€also€sought€on€whether€Polish€residents€living€abroad€actuallyŠ Ź   Šwished€to€be€deprived€of€their€Polish€citizenship.€€Clarification€was€asked€for€regarding€theŠ ³  Šrestrictions€in€force€on€the€exercise€of€the€right€to€freedom€of€association€and€how€the€law€governingŠ œģ  Šthe€organization€and€dissolution€of€associations€worked€in€practice,€with€particular€reference€toŠ …Õ  Šarticle€278€of€the€Penal€Code€in€conjunction€with€its€article€18.Š n¾  ŠĢ525.€€With€reference€to€article€6€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€requested€additionalŠ @ Šinformation€on€the€remedies€available€and€the€procedure€for€obtaining€redress€and€compensation,Š )y Šas€well€as€on€whether€a€right€of€redress€existed€against€state€authorities€for€arbitrary€acts€or€harmŠ b Šcaused€to€an€individual€citizen;€what€recourse€procedure€was€open€to€such€a€person€and€whetherŠ ūK Šthere€had€been€any€specific€instance€of€its€use.€€Attention€was€drawn€to€the€remarkable€provisionsŠ ä4 Šconcerning€the€participation€of€a€victim€in€a€case€where€a€prosecutor€was€conducting€a€preliminaryŠ Ķ Šinquiry€and€the€competence€of€a€victim€to€lodge€a€complaint€should€the€prosecutor€decide€toŠ ¶ Šdiscontinue€his€inquiry.Š Ÿļ ŠĢ526.€€In€relation€to€article€7€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€commended€the€measuresŠ qĮ Štaken€by€the€Government€to€promote€human€rights€issues€in€the€field€of€education.€€FurtherŠ ZŖ Šinformation€was€requested€concerning€the€role€of€the€mass€media€in€the€dissemination€of€ideasŠ C“ Šrelevant€to€the€struggle€against€racial€discrimination,€as€well€as€on€such€activities€in€the€frameworkŠ ,| Šof€the€celebration€of€the€fortieth€anniversary€of€the€United€Nations.Š e ŠĢ527.€€Replying€to€the€questions€raised€during€the€consideration€of€the€report,€the€representative€ofŠ ē 7 ŠPoland€said€that€in€his€country,€the€idea€of€equality€of€all€peoples€was€widely€covered€in€schoolŠ Š!   Šcurricula€at€all€levels.€€Education€was€open€to€all€groups€of€the€population€without€any€restrictionŠ ¹" ! Šor€racial€discrimination.€€Furthermore,€measures€aimed€at€mobilizing€national€public€opinion€againstŠ ¢#ņ" Šthe€evils€of€racism,€racial€discrimination€and€ņņapartheidóó€were€initiated€and€carried€out€both€by€theŠ ‹$Ū# ŠPolish€Government€and€by€non„governmental€organizations.€€Poland€received€victims€of€racialŠ t%Ä $ Šdiscrimination€for€medical€treatment€and€rehabilitation.€€Each€year€it€granted€scholarships€for€higherŠ ]&­!% Šeducation€to€victims€of€such€discrimination.Š F'–"& ŠĢ528.€€In€reply€to€the€question€concerning€the€German€minority€in€Poland,€he€said€that€there€was€noŠ )h$( Šsuch€minority,€since€all€Polish€citizens€who€considered€themselves€to€be€of€German€origin€had€leftŠ *Q%) ŠPoland€of€their€own€choice€in€accordance€with€the€provisions€of€the€Final€Act€of€the€Conference€onŠ ź*:&* ŠSecurity€and€Co„operation€in€Europe.€€The€remaining€70,000€members€of€ethnic€groups,€other€thanŠ Ó+#'+ Šthe€Russians€and€Ukrainians,€included€Lithuanians,€Czechs,€Slovaks,€Jews€and€Greeks.Š ¼, (, ŠŠ „-õ(- Š529.€€Concerning€the€question€on€deprivation€of€citizenship,€he€stated€that€such€action€could€not€beŠ ° Štaken€with€regard€to€a€citizen€residing€in€Poland€and€no€Polish€citizen€living€abroad€had€beenŠ ™é Šdeprived€of€citizenship€since€1949€except€at€his€own€request.Š ‚Ņ ŠĢ530.€€In€conclusion,€he€assured€the€Committee€that€all€questions€raised€during€the€consideration€ofŠ T¤ Šthe€eight€periodic€report€of€Poland€would€be€taken€into€account€when€the€next€periodic€report€wasŠ =  Šprepared.Š  & v Šņ ņCERD€€A/44/18€(1989)ó óŠ ° ŠĢĢ109.€€The€ninth€periodic€report€of€Poland€(CERD/C/149/Add.20)€was€considered€by€the€CommitteeŠ l¼ Šat€its€836ņņthóó€meeting,€held€on€10€August€1989€(CERD/C/SR.836).Š U„ ŠĢ110.€€The€report€was€introduced€by€the€representative€of€the€State€party€who€stressed€that€the€basicŠ ' w Šlegal€provisions€contained€in€the€report€remained€unchanged.€€Of€the€recent€changes€in€the€countryššsŠ  ` Šlegal€system,€he€stated€that€the€most€significant€were€the€establishment€of€the€Constitutional€CourtŠ ł I Šin€January€1986,€the€extension€of€the€competence€of€the€Supreme€Administrative€Court€and€theŠ ā 2  Šcommon€courts,€and€the€establishment€in€July€1987€of€the€post€of€Spokesman€for€Civic€Rights,Š Ė   Šcomparable€to€the€institution€of€Ombudsman€in€other€countries.Š “  ŠĢ111.€€The€representative€pointed€out€that€in€April€1989€the€Polish€Parliament€had€adopted€a€new€LawŠ †Ö  Šon€Associations,€creating€better€conditions€for€full€implementation€of€some€of€the€rights€containedŠ oæ  Šin€article€5€of€the€Convention,€and€ensuring€to€all€citizens€equal€right€to€participate€in€the€public€lifeŠ XØ  Šof€the€country€and€to€set€up€associations€of€their€own€choosing.€€Although€this€new€law€did€not€applyŠ A‘ Što€trade€unions,€churches€and€religious€organizations,€the€Parliament€had€also€adopted€an€actŠ *z Šamending€the€Trade€Union€Act€of€1982€and€a€new€act€on€trade€unions€of€farmers,€which€developedŠ c Šthe€principle€of€trade€union€pluralism.€€The€representative€listed€the€total€number€of€churches€andŠ üL Šreligious€denominations€officially€recognized€in€Poland,€including€the€Roman€Catholic€Church,€toŠ å5 Šwhich€90€per€cent€of€the€population€belonged,€34€other€Christian€churches,€and€11€non„ChristianŠ Ī Šreligious€denominations.Š · ŠĢ112.€€Members€of€the€Committee€congratulated€the€State€representative€on€the€report€and€theŠ ‰Ł Šdetailed€information€provided€in€his€introductory€remarks.€€It€was€stated€these€sources€indicated€thatŠ rĀ Šarticles€1,€4€and€6€of€the€Convention€were€being€adequately€implemented,€and€the€report€hadŠ [« Šattempted€to€answer€questions€raised€by€the€Committee€in€accordance€with€the€guidelines.Š D” ŠĢ113.€€Questions€on€the€eight€periodic€report€of€Poland€that€had€remained€unanswered€were€raisedŠ f Šagain.€€Detailed€information€had€been€sought€on€the€current€situation€of€all€minorities,€and€the€stepsŠ ’O Štaken€to€preserve€their€culture€identity,€on€the€language€of€the€gypsies,€on€the€status€of€Jews€andŠ č 8 Šmigrant€workers,€and€on€a€breakdown€on€the€composition€of€the€70,000€members€of€ethnic€groups.€Š Ń!!  ŠInformation€had€also€been€requested€on€the€percentage€of€minority€teachers€and€whether€specialŠ ŗ" ! Šschools€existed€for€their€training€and€for€that€of€minorities€for€other€professions.€€Doubt€wasŠ £#ó" Šexpressed€on€the€statement€made€during€the€discussion€of€the€previous€report€that€a€minority€groupŠ Œ$Ü# Šof€German€origin€did€not€exist€in€Poland.€€Recent€statistics€suggested€that€over€200,000€peopleŠ u%Å $ Šclaiming€to€be€of€German€origin€had€left€Poland€for€the€Federal€Republic€of€Germany,€since€1986,Š ^&®!% Šand€this€number€had€been€increased€during€the€first€half€of€1989.Š G'—"& ŠĢ114.€€Turning€to€the€ninth€periodic€report,€members€asked€for€information€on€the€GovernmentššsŠ )i$( Špolicy€on€a€market€economy,€the€status€given€to€the€public€and€private€sectors,€and€whether€theŠ *R%) ŠGovernment€would€grant€subsidies€on€farm€products.Š ė*;&* ŠĢ115.€€Referring€to€specific€articles€of€the€Convention,€members€requested,€in€connection€with€articleŠ ½, (, Š2,€that€the€relevant€sections€of€the€proposed€changes€in€the€Constitution€be€sent€to€them.€Š ¦-ö(- ŠClarification€on€the€composition€and€methods€of€work€of€the€new€Parliament€was€also€requested.Š ° ŠĢ116.€€Noting€that€Poland€had€no€diplomatic€relations€with€South€Africa,€members€wished€to€know,Š ‚Ņ Šwith€regard€to€article€3€of€the€Convention,€whether€Poland€made€any€contribution€to€the€UnitedŠ k» ŠNations€Trust€Fund.Š T¤ ŠĢ117.€€With€reference€to€article€5€of€the€Convention,€members€asked€for€detailed€examples€of€casesŠ & v Šconsidered€by€the€recently„established€post€of€Spokesman€for€Civic€Rights.Š  _ ŠĢ118.€€Mention€was€made€of€the€legislation€passed€by€the€Polish€Parliament€treating€certain€crimesŠ į 1  Šagainst€public€order€as€misdemeanours€or€felonies,€and€members€asked€whether€the€relevant€law€wasŠ Ź   Šstill€valid,€how€many€people€had€been€punished€under€it,€and€whether€in€the€case€of€a€felony€theŠ ³  Šaccused€had€the€benefit€of€a€defence€counsel.Š œģ  ŠĢ119.€€Clarification€was€requested€of€the€term€š što€the€detriment€of€the€interests€of€the€Polish€PeopleššsŠ n¾  ŠRepublicšš€mentioned€in€the€report€in€connection€with€deprivation€of€citizenship.€€Members€alsoŠ W§  Šwished€to€know€whether€the€provisions€governing€basic€civil€rights€were€being€reviewed€under€theŠ @ Šnew€rgime.Š )y ŠĢ120.€€It€was€asked€whether€the€Government€was€considering€providing€subsidies€to€minorityŠ ūK Šreligious€groups€who€find€it€difficult€to€maintain€their€places€of€worship€and€train€their€clergy,€andŠ ä4 Šwhether€the€restrictions€on€contact€between€orthodox€believers€and€their€religious€brethren€in€theŠ Ķ ŠSoviet€Union€could€now€be€relaxed.Š ¶ ŠĢ121.€€Members€asked€whether€the€Government€of€Poland€would€further€revise€the€law€onŠ ˆŲ Šassociations€and€clubs€to€eliminate€the€social€utility€criterion€routinely€used€to€prevent€the€formingŠ qĮ Šof€new€clubs€and€associations.Š ZŖ ŠĢ122.€€Information€on€the€acute€housing€shortage€in€Poland€was€sought,€especially€as€the€right€toŠ ,| Šhousing€was€among€the€rights€guaranteed€by€the€Polish€Constitution.Š e ŠĢ123.€€Members€asked€whether€the€1982€Higher€Education€Act€would€be€repealed,€which€at€presentŠ ē 7 Šempowers€the€Minister€of€Science€to€approve€all€candidates€for€university€rectorships€and€other€highŠ Š!   Šoffices€before€the€names€of€such€candidates€could€be€submitted€to€the€university€senate€for€election.Š ¹" ! ŠĢ124.€€Finally,€members€asked€whether€the€Government€of€Poland€was€considering€withdrawing€itsŠ ‹$Ū# Šreservation€to€article€22€of€the€Convention,€relating€to€access€to€the€International€Court€of€JusticeŠ t%Ä $ Šin€the€event€of€a€dispute€between€States€Parties€on€the€interpretation€of€the€Convention.Š ]&­!% ŠĢ125.€€In€response€to€questions€raised€by€members€of€the€Committee,€the€representative€stated€thatŠ /(#' ŠPolish€citizens€of€non„Polish€origin€constituted€1.5€per€cent€of€the€entire€population;€these€includedŠ )h$( ŠUkrainians,€Russians,€Czechoslovakians,€Slovaks,€Lithuanians,€Jews€and€Greeks,€all€of€whom€hadŠ *Q%) Štheir€own€organizations€and€published€their€own€periodicals.€€There€were€also€groups€that€promotedŠ ź*:&* Šgypsy€culture.€€Many€radio€stations€broadcast€programmes€in€the€language€of€the€minority€groups,Š Ó+#'+ Šand€there€were€schools€where€children€could€learn€their€native€language.€€There€were€no€specialŠ ¼, (, Šschools€to€train€minority€teachers.€€Regarding€the€question€of€Polish€citizens€of€German€origin,€heŠ „-õ(- Šsaid€that€the€question€was€a€complicated€one,€having€its€origin€in€many€legal€and€economic€factors,Š ° Šand€the€departure€of€these€people€from€Poland€had€been€as€a€result€of€a€post„war€decision€by€theŠ ™é ŠAllied€Powers€and€later€agreements€that€had€been€reached€between€the€Federal€Republic€of€GermanyŠ ‚Ņ Šand€Poland.Š k» ŠĢ126.€€The€representative€confirmed€that€the€Government€intended€to€introduce€a€market€economy.€Š =  ŠA€law€enacted€in€December€1988€had€introduced€freedom€of€economic€activities€regardless€ofŠ & v Šownership€and€had€given€the€private€sector€equal€status€with€the€public€sector.€€Subsidies€on€someŠ  _ Šfood€items€were€still€maintained,€but€had€been€abolished€on€others.Š ų H ŠĢ127.€€Responding€to€questions€on€article€2€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€said€thatŠ Ź   Šamendments€to€the€Constitution€were€designed€to€change€the€structure€of€the€supreme€authority€inŠ ³  ŠPoland,€provision€had€been€made€for€the€introduction€of€the€office€of€President,€and€the€autonomyŠ œģ  Šof€the€judiciary€had€been€increased.€€Work€on€the€new€Constitution€was€scheduled€to€be€completedŠ …Õ  Šin€1991.Š n¾  ŠĢ128.€€In€reply€to€questions€on€article€5€of€the€Convention,€he€said€the€difference€betweenŠ @ Šmisdemeanours€and€felonies€lay€mainly€in€the€penalties€imposed,€the€latter€incurring€higher€finesŠ )y Šand€longer€prison€sentences.€€The€law€on€such€offences€was€still€valid;€however,€if€the€accusedŠ b Šperson€did€not€agree€with€the€sentence€imposed€he€could€appeal€to€an€ordinary€court€and€normalŠ ūK Šprocedures€would€then€be€followed.Š ä4 ŠĢ129.€€Regarding€the€question€on€deprivation€of€citizenship,€he€said€this€referred€to€acts€of€treasonŠ ¶ Šor€spying.€€He€did€not€have€documents€on€this€interpretation€but€would€try€to€provide€them.€€HeŠ Ÿļ Šstressed€that€the€21,000€aliens€in€the€country€had€the€same€rights€as€Polish€citizens,€except€forŠ ˆŲ Šelectoral€rights.Š qĮ ŠĢ130.€€Turning€to€questions€on€religious€minorities,€he€said€that,€owing€to€the€separation€of€ChurchŠ C“ Šand€State,€the€Government€did€not€provide€subsidies€to€churches,€but€the€State€did€provide€funds€forŠ ,| Šthe€renovation€and€maintenance€of€church€buildings€of€historic€value.€€There€were€no€limitationsŠ e Šplaced€on€contacts€between€Orthodox€believers€and€their€religious€brethren€in€the€Soviet€Union,€andŠ žN Šsimilar€contacts€were€envisaged€between€Roman€Catholics€in€both€countries.€€He€stated€that€allŠ ē 7 Šreligious€groups€were€equal€in€the€eyes€of€the€law.€€Although€State€laws€concerning€marriage€andŠ Š!   Šdivorce€had€to€be€respected,€within€those€limits€people€were€free€to€follow€their€religious€traditions.€Š ¹" ! ŠThere€were€religious€schools€and€publishing€houses€in€Poland,€as€well€as€two€religious€universities.€Š ¢#ņ" ŠĢ131.€€The€representative€declared€that€housing€was€one€of€the€most€difficult€problems€in€the€presentŠ t%Ä $ Šeconomic€and€social€life€of€the€country.€€Unfortunately,€during€the€1980s€the€number€ofŠ ]&­!% Šconstructions€had€decreased,€although€their€quality€had€improved.€€In€1984,€however,€the€ParliamentŠ F'–"& Šhad€adopted€a€special€resolution€on€housing€policy€up€to€1990,€and€every€effort€was€being€made€toŠ /(#' Šimplement€that€resolution.Š )h$( ŠĢ132.€€Regarding€the€law€on€the€filling€of€university€posts,€he€stated€that€the€university€senateŠ ź*:&* Šdesignated€two€or€four€candidates€for€the€post€of€university€rector€for€consideration€by€the€MinisterŠ Ó+#'+ Šfor€Education,€who€had€the€right€to€object€to€any€of€the€candidates.€€The€possibility€of€repealing€theŠ ¼, (, Šlaw€and€giving€wider€autonomy€to€universities€had€been€widely€discussed,€and€may€lead€to€a€newŠ „-õ(- Šlaw€being€adopted.Š ° ŠĢ133.€€Regarding€his€countryššs€reservation€to€article€22,€the€representative€said€that€the€withdrawalŠ ‚Ņ Šof€both€this€and€similar€reservations€to€other€international€human€rights€instruments€were€beingŠ k» Šconsidered€by€the€Parliament;€although€it€was€difficult€to€predict€the€outcome,€there€was€a€positiveŠ T¤ Šfeeling€in€the€country€on€the€adherence€to€the€compulsory€jurisdiction€of€the€International€Court€ofŠ =  ŠJustice.Š  & v Šņ ņCERD€€A/48/18€(1993)ó óŠ ° ŠĢĢ178.€€The€tenth,€eleventh€and€twelfth€periodic€reports€of€Poland,€submitted€in€one€documentŠ l¼ Š(CERD/C/226/Add.2),€were€considered€by€the€Committee€at€its€981st,€982nd€and€983rd€meetings,Š U„ Šheld€on€17€and€18€March€1993€(CERD/C/SR.981-983).Š > Ž ŠĢ179.€€The€report€was€introduced€by€the€representative€of€the€reporting€State,€who€explained€thatŠ  ` Šsince€the€report€had€been€drafted€€in€1992€there€had€been€no€notable€developments€concerning€theŠ ł I Šsituation€of€racial€discrimination€in€Poland.€€There€were€no€laws€in€Poland€regarding€the€legal€statusŠ ā 2  Šof€persons€that€made€any€distinction€on€the€grounds€of€race€or€ethnic€origin.€€The€ConstitutionalŠ Ė   ŠCourt€had€ruled€on€several€occasions€that€the€principle€of€equality€before€the€law€constituted€the€veryŠ “  Šfoundation€of€the€State€and€was€to€be€strictly€respected€by€all€State€organs.€€Poland€had€aŠ ķ  Šcomprehensive€system€of€institutional€guarantees€for€the€rule€of€law€based€on€the€independence€ofŠ †Ö  Šthe€judiciary.€€Justice€was€administered€not€only€through€the€courts,€but€also€through€theŠ oæ  ŠCommissioner€for€Human€Rights/Ombudsman,€who€was€empowered€to€act€not€only€in€casesŠ XØ  Šinvolving€breaches€of€the€law,€but€also€in€cases€of€violations€of€accepted€principles€of€communityŠ A‘ Šlife.€€Cases€of€discrimination€in€Poland€were€few€and€were€usually€related€to€nationality.Š *z ŠĢ180.€€With€respect€to€the€application€of€the€international€human€rights€treaties€ratified€by€Poland,€theŠ üL Šrepresentative€informed€the€Committee€that,€in€accordance€with€the€decision€of€the€Supreme€CourtŠ å5 Šin€June€1992,€such€treaties€would€henceforth€become€directly€applicable€and€binding€provided€thatŠ Ī Šthey€were€self-executing.€€Unfortunately,€the€International€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€AllŠ · ŠForms€of€Racial€Discrimination,€which€had€been€ratified€before€the€constitutional€amendment€ofŠ  š ŠApril€1989,€could€not€yet€be€considered€as€directly€incorporated€in€Polish€law.€€However,€thatŠ ‰Ł Šsituation€was€expected€to€change€with€the€adoption€of€the€new€Constitution,€which€would€put€allŠ rĀ Šhuman€rights€treaties€ratified€by€Poland€on€an€equal€footing€and€make€them€part€of€the€internal€legalŠ [« Šorder€irrespective€of€the€date€of€ratification.Š D” ŠĢ181.€€Members€of€the€Committee€welcomed€the€recent€trend€towards€greater€democracy€in€Poland.€Š f ŠThe€ratification€by€Poland€of€the€European€Convention€on€the€Protection€of€Human€Rights€andŠ ’O ŠFundamental€Freedoms€and€its€acceptance€of€the€jurisdiction€of€the€European€Court€on€HumanŠ č 8 ŠRights,€as€well€as€of€the€procedure€whereby€individual€petitions€could€be€made€to€the€EuropeanŠ Ń!!  ŠCommission€on€Human€Rights,€were€evidence€that€it€had€consolidated€its€status€as€a€democraticŠ ŗ" ! ŠState€based€on€the€rule€of€law.Š £#ó" ŠĢ182.€€Members€of€the€Committee€noted€that€the€report€under€consideration€was€somewhat€brief€andŠ u%Å $ Šnot€fully€in€accordance€with€the€Committee's€revised€general€guidelines.€€Those€guidelines€shouldŠ ^&®!% Šhave€be€taken€into€account€when€the€next€periodic€report€was€prepared.€€Members€wished€to€haveŠ G'—"& Šmore€detailed€information€on€the€legal€situation€in€Poland€with€regard€to€the€implementation€of€theŠ 0(€#' ŠConvention.€€They€observed€that€the€Government€should€consider€submitting€a€"core€document"Š )i$( Šcontaining€general€information€on€the€situation€in€the€country€that€could€be€used€by€all€human€rightsŠ *R%) Štreaty€bodies€and€which€would€make€the€task€of€reporting€easier.€€Members€also€wished€to€haveŠ ė*;&* Šmore€precise€demographic€data€showing€the€ethnic€and€racial€situation€in€Poland.€€In€particular,Š Ō+$'+ Šfurther€information€was€requested€on€attitudes€and€behaviour€towards€Jews€and€Gypsies€in€PolandŠ ½, (, Šand€on€the€problem€of€racial€discrimination€against€immigrants€and€refugees.Š ¦-ö(- Ї183.€€With€respect€to€article€2€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€indicated€that€theŠ ° ŠPolish€authorities€should€take€into€account€the€provisions€of€article€2.1€of€the€connection€with€anyŠ ™é Špolicy€which€the€National€and€Ethnic€Minorities€Commission€might€adopt.€€The€authorities€shouldŠ ‚Ņ Šformulate€a€more€comprehensive€policy€towards€minorities,€put€it€into€written€form€and€bring€it€toŠ k» Šthe€attention€of€the€persons€it€was€intended€to€protect€and€those€who€were€required€to€implement€it.€Š T¤ ŠFurthermore,€a€governmental€body€should€be€specifically€designated€as€responsible€for€itsŠ =  Šcoordination.€€The€Committee€would€welcome€further€information€on€all€those€points€in€the€nextŠ & v Šreport€of€Poland.€€Members€requested€more€information€with€respect€to€the€implementation€of€articleŠ  _ Š2.1€(d).Š ų H ŠĢ184.€€With€respect€to€article€4€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€stated€that€the€reportŠ Ź   Šshould€have€been€more€informative€about€the€Polish€National€Party,€which€sought€to€promoteŠ ³  Šnegative€attitudes€towards€Jews.€€They€asked€whether€the€Polish€Constitution€allowed€theŠ œģ  Šestablishment€of€political€parties€and€organizations€on€racial,€ethnic€or€religious€grounds.Š …Õ  ŠĢ185.€€With€regard€to€article€5€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€noted€that€theŠ W§  Šinformation€provided€in€connection€with€that€article€related€only€to€legislation€and€not€to€the€actualŠ @ Šsituation€in€the€country.€€Members€wished€to€have€more€information€on€the€groups€organized€by€theŠ )y ŠSocio-Cultural€Society,€which€had€secured€for€the€German€minority€a€strong€representation€in€localŠ b Šgovernment;€on€limitations€on€the€right€to€own€property;€on€the€cultural€education€provided€andŠ ūK Štraining€in€the€languages€of€minority€groups;€on€the€national€education€system€and€the€extent€toŠ ä4 Šwhich€it€reflected€the€interests€of€the€different€ethnic€groups.Š Ķ ŠĢ186.€€Referring€to€article€6€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€indicated€that€insufficientŠ Ÿļ Šdetail€had€been€given€with€respect€to€the€implementation€of€that€article.€€Further€information€wasŠ ˆŲ Šrequested€on€the€functions€of€the€Ombudsman€and€of€the€National€and€Ethnic€Minority€Commission.€Š qĮ ŠMore€information€was€also€requested€with€respect€to€recent€changes€in€the€organization€of€theŠ ZŖ Šjudiciary.Š C“ ŠĢ187.€€Concerning€article€14€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€asked€whether€PolandŠ e Šplanned€to€make€a€declaration€recognizing€the€competence€of€the€Committee€to€receive€and€considerŠ žN Šcommunications€from€individuals€or€groups€of€individuals€claiming€to€be€victims€of€a€violation€ofŠ ē 7 Šany€right€set€forth€in€the€Convention.Š Š!   ŠĢ188.€€Replying€to€the€questions,€the€representative€of€the€State€party€stated€that,€with€regard€to€theŠ ¢#ņ" Šdemographic€composition€of€Poland,€the€Minister€of€Culture€had€estimated€that€the€populationŠ ‹$Ū# Šincluded€300,000€Ukrainians,€between€200,000€and€250,000€Belarusians,€between€200,000€andŠ t%Ä $ Š500,000€Germans,€between€20,000€and€25,000€Lithuanians,€15,000€Jews,€15,000€Greeks€andŠ ]&­!% ŠMacedonians,€3,000€Russians,€Tartars,€Karaites,€Ormians€and€Czechs,€and€between€10,000€andŠ F'–"& Š15,000€Gypsies.€€Ethnic€minorities€thus€totalled€some€1.1€million€out€of€a€total€population€of€40Š /(#' Šmillion.€€Apart€from€some€isolated€instances,€there€was€no€negative€attitude€or€discriminationŠ )h$( Štowards€foreigners€in€the€country.Š *Q%) ŠĢ189.€€With€regard€to€article€1€of€the€Convention,€he€stated€that,€although€that€provision€had€not€beenŠ Ó+#'+ Šliterally€incorporated€in€domestic€legislation,€there€was€no€doubt€that€it€had€influenced€theŠ ¼, (, Šunderstanding€in€Poland€of€what€constituted€racial€discrimination.Š „-õ(- Ї190.€€Concerning€article€2€of€the€Convention,€he€gave€further€information€on€the€status€of€theŠ ° ŠConvention€in€the€Polish€legal€order€and€indicated€that€the€Convention€played€an€important€role€inŠ ™é ŠPolish€jurisprudence.€€There€were,€for€example,€frequent€references€to€the€International€Covenants,Š ‚Ņ Šwhich€similarly€had€not€yet€been€transformed€into€domestic€law,€in€the€jurisprudence€of€theŠ k» ŠConstitutional€Court,€the€Administrative€Court€and€in€the€activities€of€the€Ombudsman.Š T¤ ŠĢ191.€€With€regard€to€article€4€of€the€Convention,€he€explained€that,€following€decades€of€communistŠ & v Šrule,€Poland€was€still€in€the€initial€stage€of€establishing€a€multiparty€system.€€The€general€approachŠ  _ Šadopted€was€to€limit€State€interference€in€that€process€as€much€as€possible.€€At€present,€there€wereŠ ų H Šmore€than€180€political€parties€active€in€Poland,€most€of€which€were€very€small€with€no€politicalŠ į 1  Šinfluence.€€That€was€the€case€for€the€National€Party€under€the€leadership€of€Mr.€Tejkowski.€€BecauseŠ Ź   Šof€his€statements€and€other€activities,€criminal€proceedings€against€Mr.€Tejkowski€had€been€initiated,Š ³  Šbut€they€had€not€yet€been€completed.€€In€that€connection,€the€statute€on€political€parties€of€1990Š œģ  Šmade€it€possible€for€the€Constitutional€Court€to€declare€a€political€party€inconsistent€with€theŠ …Õ  ŠConstitution.€€Legislation€on€associations€provided€similar€restrictions€in€regard€to€organizationsŠ n¾  Šother€than€political€parties.Š W§  ŠĢ192.€€Concerning€article€5€of€the€Convention€and€the€participation€of€minorities€in€representativeŠ )y Šorgans,€the€local€administration€in€Poland€was€based€on€the€principle€of€self-government.€Š b ŠRepresentatives€of€minorities€were€members€of€local€parliaments,€as€well€as€of€the€nationalŠ ūK ŠParliament.€€In€order€to€facilitate€the€access€of€minorities€to€the€legislature,€the€electoral€law€of€1991Š ä4 Šhad€established€lower€criteria€for€the€registration€and€election€of€candidates€representing€minorities.€Š Ķ ŠWith€regard€to€educational€opportunities€for€minorities,€there€were€no€restrictions€as€to€teaching€inŠ ¶ Šminority€languages.€€Availability€of€such€instruction€depended€on€the€need€and€on€materialŠ Ÿļ Šresources.€€Since€1€September€1992,€German€had€been€taught€as€a€basic€language€in€7€schools€andŠ ˆŲ Šas€an€additional€language€in€170€schools€in€areas€inhabited€by€the€German€minority.€€Ukrainian€wasŠ qĮ Štaught€in€3€primary€schools€and€in€3€general€secondary€schools,€while€Belarusian€was€taught€in€48Š ZŖ Šprimary€schools€and€in€2€general€secondary€schools.Š C“ ŠĢ193.€€With€respect€to€article€6€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€stated€that€the€Sejm€CommitteeŠ e Šfor€National€and€Ethnic€Minorities€had€been€established€immediately€after€the€political€changes€ofŠ žN Š1989.€€It€was€a€standing€parliamentary€committee€that€dealt€with€all€matters€relevant€to€the€protectionŠ ē 7 Šof€minorities.€€In€particular,€the€Committee€discussed€the€question€of€a€draft€statute€on€that€question.Š Š!   ŠĢ194.€€In€regard€to€article€14€of€the€Convention,€he€stated€that,€in€general,€Poland€recognized€the€rightŠ ¢#ņ" Šof€individuals€to€avail€themselves€of€international€complaints€procedures€in€instances€where€theyŠ ‹$Ū# Šfelt€that€their€rights€had€been€violated.€€It€was€only€for€technical€reasons€that€Poland€had€not€yetŠ t%Ä $ Šmade€the€declaration€under€article€14€recognizing€the€competence€of€the€Committee€in€that€regard.Š ]&­!% ŠĢ195.€€In€conclusion,€he€stated€that€the€observations€and€recommendations€made€by€the€members€ofŠ /(#' Šthe€Committee€would€be€very€useful€to€the€Polish€authorities.Š )h$( ŠĢņņConcluding€observationsóóŠ ź*:&* ŠĢ196.€€The€Committee€recommended€that€the€Government€of€Poland,€in€drafting€its€next€periodicŠ ¼, (, Šreport,€should€make€use€of€the€possibility€created€by€the€revised€guidelines€on€reporting€to€submitŠ „-õ(- Ša€core€document€covering€the€general€legal,€political€and€economic€situation€in€Poland.€€It€expressedŠ ° Šthe€hope€that€the€next€periodic€report€would€provide€all€the€information€requested€during€theŠ ™é ŠCommittee's€consideration€of€the€tenth,€eleventh€and€twelfth€periodic€reports.Š ‚Ņ ŠĢ197.€€The€Committee€reiterated€its€request€for€further€demographic€data€in€accordance€with€generalŠ T¤ Šrecommendation€IV€and€for€full€information€on€the€situation€of€ethnic€groups.Š =  ŠĢ198.€€The€Committee€considered€the€form€in€which€the€Convention€had€been€incorporated€in€PolishŠ  _ Šlaw€and€noted€that€a€different€system€had€been€provided€for€under€the€new€Constitution.€€ItŠ ų H Šrecommended€to€the€Government€that€it€should€consider€giving€the€Convention€the€same€status€inŠ į 1  Šdomestic€law€as€other€international€human€rights€instruments.Š Ź   ŠŠ  ³  Šņ ņCERD€€A/52/18€(1997)ó óŠ ° ŠĢĢ462.€€At€its€1222nd€and€1223rd€meetings,€held€on€7€and€8€August€1997,€the€Committee€consideredŠ l¼ Šthe€thirteenth€and€fourteenth€periodic€reports€of€Poland€(CERD/C/299/Add.10),€and€at€its€1235thŠ U„ Šand€1236th€meetings,€held€on€18€August€1997,€adopted€the€following€concluding€observations.Š > Ž ŠĢņņIntroductionóóŠ  ` ŠĢ463.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€report€submitted€by€the€Government€of€Poland,€which€generallyŠ ā 2  Šfollows€the€guidelines€and€contains€information€about€changes€and€developments€that€have€occurredŠ Ė   Šsince€the€consideration€of€the€previous€periodic€report.€€The€Committee€also€welcomes€theŠ “  Šsupplementary€information€given€to€it€during€the€consideration€of€the€report.€€It€expresses€itsŠ ķ  Šappreciation€for€the€dialogue€with€the€high-level€delegation€and€for€the€detailed€answers€given€orallyŠ †Ö  Što€the€questions€raised€by€members.Š oæ  ŠĢ464.€€The€Committee€notes€with€satisfaction€the€commitment€of€the€State€party€to€make€shortly€theŠ A‘ Šdeclaration€under€article€14€of€the€Convention€recognizing€the€Committee's€competence€to€examineŠ *z Šcomplaints€of€persons€who€claim€to€be€victims€of€violation€by€the€State€party€of€the€rights€set€forthŠ c Šin€the€Convention.Š üL ŠĢņņFactors€and€difficulties€impeding€the€implementation€of€the€ConventionóóŠ Ī ŠĢ465.€€The€economic€changes€that€are€still€taking€place€in€Poland€may€affect€the€full€enjoyment€ofŠ  š Šeconomic,€social€and€cultural€rights,€especially€of€those€belonging€to€minority€groups.Š ‰Ł ŠĢņņPositive€aspectsóóŠ [« ŠĢ466.€€The€recent€adoption€by€the€National€Assembly€of€the€State€party€of€a€new€Constitution,€whichŠ -} Šwill€enter€into€force€on€17€October€1997€and€under€which€the€Convention€will€be€directly€applicableŠ f Šby€the€courts,€is€noted€with€interest.€€It€is€also€noted€that€a€new€Penal€Code,€a€Code€of€CriminalŠ ’O ŠProcedure€and€a€Code€of€Execution€of€Penalties€have€been€adopted€and€all€will€enter€into€force€onŠ č 8 Š1€January€1998.Š Ń!!  ŠĢ467.€€The€measures€taken€by€the€competent€authorities€of€the€State€party€in€recent€cases€ofŠ £#ó" Šincitement€to€racial€hatred€are€welcomed.€€The€work€of€the€Ombudsman€in€relation€to€the€promotionŠ Œ$Ü# Šand€protection€of€human€rights€is€also€a€positive€development.Š u%Å $ ŠĢ468.€€The€efforts€undertaken€by€the€State€party€to€protect€minorities€are€welcomed.€€In€this€regard,Š G'—"& Šthe€bilateral€treaties,€which€include€specific€provisions€of€protection€against€racial€discriminationŠ 0(€#' Šand€guarantees€of€equal€rights€with€regard€to€minorities,€that€have€been€signed€with€neighbouringŠ )i$( Šcountries€are€an€encouraging€development.€€It€is€also€noted€with€satisfaction€that€the€Act€on€theŠ *R%) ŠElections€to€the€Sejm€of€28€May€1993€provides€measures€for€promoting€minority€rights€in€theŠ ė*;&* Šelectoral€process.Š Ō+$'+ ŠĢ469.€€The€agreement€on€the€relation€between€the€State€and€three€main€Churches€adopted€on€20Š ¦-ö(- ŠFebruary€1997€is€welcomed,€as€is€the€agreement€between€the€State€and€the€Jewish€communities€ofŠ ° ŠPoland€in€which,€ņņinter€aliaóó,€the€State€recognizes€their€ownership€rights€of€the€property€whichŠ ™é Šbelonged€to€those€communities€on€1€September€1939€and€was€taken€over€by€the€State€after€WorldŠ ‚Ņ ŠWar€II.Š k» ŠĢņņPrincipal€subjects€of€concernóóŠ =  ŠĢ470.€€Despite€the€written€and€oral€information€provided€by€the€Polish€representative€regarding€theŠ  _ Šself-executing€character€of€the€Convention€in€domestic€law,€concern€is€expressed€at€the€absence€ofŠ ų H Šspecific€legislative€measures€to€enforce€some€of€its€provisions.Š į 1  ŠĢ471.€€It€is€noted€with€concern€that€several€cases€of€serious€acts€of€violence€relating€to€racialŠ ³  Šdiscrimination€have€taken€place€in€the€State€party€during€the€period€under€review,€targetingŠ œģ  Šespecially€Jews€and€Roma€minorities.Š …Õ  ŠĢ472.€€Concern€is€expressed€at€the€insufficient€legal€framework€to€declare€illegal€and€to€prohibitŠ W§  Šnon-political€groups€and€associations€which€disseminate€ideas€based€on€racial€superiority€or€hatredŠ @ Šand€incitement€to€racial€discrimination,€as€well€as€acts€of€violence€or€incitement€to€such€acts€againstŠ )y Šany€race€or€group€of€persons.Š b ŠĢ473.€€With€regard€to€the€implementation€of€article€5€of€the€Convention,€concern€is€expressed€that€theŠ ä4 Šright€to€work€and€to€housing€of€persons€belonging€to€minorities€may€not€be€sufficiently€protectedŠ Ķ Šfrom€racial€discrimination€in€the€current€period€of€economic€transition.Š ¶ ŠĢ474.€€It€is€noted€with€concern€that,€despite€evident€efforts€made€by€the€authorities,€childrenŠ ˆŲ Šbelonging€to€minority€groups€do€not€always€have€access€to€education€in€their€own€language.Š qĮ ŠĢņņSuggestions€and€recommendationsóóŠ C“ ŠĢ475.€€The€Committee€suggests€that€the€State€party€fully€clarify€in€its€next€periodic€report€the€statusŠ e Šof€the€Convention€in€relation€to€domestic€law,€and€it€would€welcome€in€the€next€report€examples€ofŠ žN Šcourt€decisions€related€to€this€matter€if€any€are€available.Š ē 7 ŠĢ476.€€With€regard€to€non-political€groups€and€associations€which€disseminate€ideas€based€on€racialŠ ¹" ! Šsuperiority€or€hatred€or€incitement€to€racial€discrimination,€as€well€as€acts€of€violence€or€incitementŠ ¢#ņ" Što€such€acts€against€any€race€or€group€of€persons,€the€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€partyŠ ‹$Ū# Štake€all€measures€required€under€the€Convention€to€prohibit€their€existence.Š t%Ä $ ŠĢ477.€€With€regard€to€statistical€information€on€minorities,€the€Committee€suggests€that€the€State€partyŠ F'–"& Štake€all€appropriate€measures€to€compile€more€precise€information,€and€it€recommends€that€such€dataŠ /(#' Šbe€included€in€the€next€periodic€report€of€the€State€party.Š )h$( ŠĢ478.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€also€take€measures€to€more€fully€guaranteeŠ ź*:&* Šeconomic,€social€and€cultural€rights,€as€defined€in€article€5€(e),€for€minority€groups,€including€theŠ Ó+#'+ Šright€to€work€and€to€housing,€and€that€it€include€more€comprehensive€information€in€its€next€periodicŠ ¼, (, Šreport€on€the€implementation€of€the€provisions€of€article€5€(e).€€The€Committee€also€Ō_ŌrecommendsŠ „-õ(- Šthat€the€State€party€adopt€a€comprehensive€programme€of€action€to€promote€and€protect€the€rightsŠ ° Šof€the€Roma€population.Š ™é ŠĢ479.€€While€acknowledging€the€recent€efforts€made€by€the€State€party€in€this€regard,€the€CommitteeŠ k» Šrecommends€that€the€authorities€increase€their€efforts€to€give€children€belonging€to€minorities€fullerŠ T¤ Šaccess€to€education€in€their€own€language.€€It€also€recommends€that€the€authorities€take€appropriateŠ =  Šmeasures€to€meet€the€specific€educational€needs€of€Roma€children.Š & v ŠĢ480.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€next€report€contain€detailed€information€regardingŠ ų H Šprosecutions€for€acts€of€racial€discrimination.Š į 1  ŠĢ481.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€ensure€the€wide€dissemination€of€its€reportŠ ³  Šand€of€the€Committee's€concluding€observations.Š œģ  ŠĢ482.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€ratify€the€amendments€to€article€8,€paragraphŠ n¾  Š6,€of€the€Convention,€adopted€on€15€January€1992€at€the€Fourteenth€Meeting€of€States€Parties€to€theŠ W§  ŠConvention.Š @ ŠĢ483.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party's€next€periodic€report€be€an€updating€reportŠ b Šand€address€the€concerns€expressed€by€the€Committee.Š ūK ŠÓnÓŠ  ä4 ŠŌCEUK.,ŌÓ  ÓĢņ ņŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō€€A/58/18€(2003)ó óŠ ™é ŠĢ151.€€The€Committee€considered€the€fifteenth€and€sixteenth€periodic€reports€of€Poland,€which€wereŠ l¼ Šdue€on€4€January€1998€and€2000,€respectively,€submitted€as€one€document€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/384/Add.6),Š U„ Šat€its€1572nd€and€1573rd€€meetings€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/SR.1572€and€1573),€held€on€14€and€17€March€2003.€Š > Ž ŠAt€its€1581st€meeting€(Ō_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/SR.1581),€held€on€21€March€2003,€it€adopted€the€followingŠ ' w Šconcluding€observations.Š  ` ŠĢA.€€ņņIntroductionóóŠ ā 2  ŠĢ152.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€comprehensive€fifteenth€and€sixteenth€periodic€reports,Š “  Šsubmitted€in€one€document,€as€well€as€the€detailed€additional€information€that€the€State€partyššsŠ ķ  Šdelegation€provided€during€its€oral€presentation.€€The€Committee€expresses€its€appreciation€for€theŠ †Ö  Šattendance€of€the€large€and€high„ranking€delegation€and€their€frank€and€constructive€responses€toŠ oæ  Šthe€questions€asked.Š XØ  ŠĢ153.€€The€Committee€is€also€encouraged€by€the€answers€provided€in€the€report€to€many€of€theŠ *z Šquestions€and€issues€raised€in€its€previous€concluding€observations.Š c ŠĢB.€€ņņPositive€aspectsóóŠ å5 ŠĢ154.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€State€partyššs€withdrawal€on€16€October€1997€of€its€reservationŠ · Što€article€22€of€the€Convention,€its€declaration€under€article€14€of€the€Convention,€made€on€1Š  š ŠDecember€1999,€recognizing€the€Committeeššs€competence€to€receive€individual€complaints,€and€itsŠ ‰Ł Šratification€on€23€August€2002€of€the€amendment€to€article€8€of€the€Convention.Š rĀ ŠĢ155.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€establishment€of€the€Committee€for€National€and€EthnicŠ D” ŠMinorities€in€the€parliament€(Ō_ŌSejmŌ_Ō)€in€August€1999,€as€well€as€ongoing€efforts€to€draft€aŠ -} Šcomprehensive€law€on€the€protection€of€national€minorities.Š f ŠĢ156.€€The€Committee€notes€with€satisfaction€that€the€mandate€of€the€Office€of€the€PlenipotentiaryŠ č 8 Šfor€Equal€Gender€Status€will€be€expanded€to€cover€all€forms€of€discrimination,€includingŠ Ń!!  Šdiscrimination€based€on€race€or€ethnicity.€Š ŗ" ! ŠĢC.€€ņņConcerns€and€recommendationsóóŠ Œ$Ü# ŠĢ157.€€While€welcoming€the€State€partyššs€clarification€that€according€to€the€Constitution,€theŠ ^&®!% ŠConvention€is€directly€applicable€in€domestic€law,€the€Committee€reiterates€its€request€that€the€StateŠ G'—"& Šparty€provide€in€its€next€periodic€report€specific€examples€of€court€decisions€making€reference€toŠ 0(€#' Šthe€Convention.€Š )i$( ŠĢ158.€€The€Committee,€while€noting€the€State€partyššs€efforts€to€prohibit,€through€legislation,€allŠ ė*;&* Šdissemination€of€ideas€based€on€racial€superiority€or€hatred€and€incitement€to€racial€hatred,€remindsŠ Ō+$'+ Šthe€State€party€of€its€obligation€under€article€4€to€prohibit€all€organizations€and€activities,€includingŠ ½, (, Šthose€of€the€mass€media,€which€promote€and€incite€racial€discrimination.€€It€suggests€that€the€StateŠ ¦-ö(- Šparty€strengthen€its€efforts€to€implement€existing€legislation€in€this€regard.€Š ° ŠĢ159.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€that€some€cases€of€incitement€to€racial€hatred€have€beenŠ ‚Ņ Šdismissed€with€reference€to€their€low€degree€of€damage€to€society.€€The€Committee€expresses€theŠ k» Šview€that,€according€to€the€Convention,€all€such€cases€are€very€harmful€to€society.€€Š T¤ ŠĢ160.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€about€reports€of€racially€motivated€harassment€and€discriminationŠ & v Šagainst€Jews,€Roma€and€persons€of€African€and€Asian€origin€which€have€not€been€properlyŠ  _ Šinvestigated€by€the€law€enforcement€agencies.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€partyŠ ų H Šintensify€its€efforts€to€combat€and€punish€all€such€cases,€especially€through€the€strict€application€ofŠ į 1  Šrelevant€legislation€and€regulations€providing€for€sanctions.€€It€further€recommends€that€lawŠ Ź   Šenforcement€bodies€be€given€adequate€training€and€instructions€on€how€to€address€complaints€ofŠ ³  Šracially€motivated€crimes€and€that€similar€training€be€provided€to€the€judiciary.€€Š œģ  ŠĢ161.€€The€Committee€shares€the€State€partyššs€concern€about€reports€of€irregularities€during€theŠ n¾  Šcensus€with€regard€to€the€recording€of€information€of€persons€claiming€a€nationality€other€thanŠ W§  ŠPolish.€€It€recommends€that€the€State€party€take€all€effective€measures€to€prevent€similar€incidentsŠ @ Šin€the€future.Š )y ŠĢ162.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€State€partyššs€efforts€to€implement€the€comprehensiveŠ ūK Šprogramme€to€guarantee€the€rights€of€the€Roma€population€in€the€Ō_ŌMalopolskaŌ_Ō€region€and€encouragesŠ ä4 Šthe€State€party€to€extend€the€programme€to€other€regions€of€the€country,€taking€into€account€generalŠ Ķ Šrecommendation€XXVII€(57)€of€16€August€2000€concerning€discrimination€against€Roma.€€It€furtherŠ ¶ Šrecommends€that€the€State€party€pay€particular€attention€to€the€rights€to€housing€and€to€employmentŠ Ÿļ Šof€the€Roma€population,€and€requests€the€State€party€to€include€information€on€the€economic,€socialŠ ˆŲ Šand€cultural€rights€of€Roma€in€its€next€periodic€report.€€Š qĮ ŠĢ163.€€The€Committee€notes€efforts€to€meet€the€specific€educational€needs€of€Roma€children,€but€isŠ C“ Šconcerned€that€in€some€cases€these€efforts€have€led€to€segregated€classes€having€a€lower€standardŠ ,| Šof€education€than€the€Polish€counterparts.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€new€programmesŠ e Šintegrate€Roma€children€into€mainstream€schools€as€far€as€possible,€in€order€to€avoid€discrimination,Š žN Šand€that€the€State€party€recruit€more€teachers€and€teaching€assistants€from€the€Roma€minority.€€TheŠ ē 7 ŠCommittee€invites€the€State€party€to€include€in€its€next€periodic€report€more€detailed€information€onŠ Š!   Šthis€issue€and€on€the€progress€achieved.Š ¹" ! ŠĢ164.€€The€Committee€notes€with€satisfaction€efforts€to€include€human€rights€education€in€the€schoolŠ ‹$Ū# Šcurriculum€and€encourages€the€State€party€to€expand€these€efforts€beyond€the€school€system€in€orderŠ t%Ä $ Što€promote€understanding€and€tolerance€among€all€racial€and€ethnic€groups€in€society.€€In€this€regard,Š ]&­!% Šparticular€attention€should€be€paid€to€the€role€of€the€mass€media.€€€Š F'–"& ŠĢ165.€€The€Committee€encourages€the€State€party€to€consult€with€organizations€of€civil€societyŠ )h$( Šworking€to€combat€racial€discrimination€during€the€preparation€of€the€next€periodic€report.€€Š *Q%) ŠĢ166.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€take€into€account€the€relevant€parts€of€theŠ Ó+#'+ ŠDurban€Declaration€and€Programme€of€Action€when€implementing€the€Convention€in€the€domesticŠ ¼, (, Šlegal€order,€in€particular€in€respect€of€articles€2€to€7€of€the€Convention,€and€that€it€include€in€its€nextŠ „-õ(- Šperiodic€report€information€on€action€plans€or€other€measures€taken€to€implement€the€DurbanŠ ° ŠDeclaration€and€Programme€of€Action€at€the€national€level.Š ™é ŠĢ167.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€partyššs€reports€be€made€readily€available€to€theŠ k» Špublic€from€the€time€they€are€submitted€and€that€the€observations€of€the€Committee€on€these€reportsŠ T¤ Šbe€similarly€publicized.Š =  ŠĢ168.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€submit€its€seventeenth€periodic€report€jointlyŠ  _ Šwith€its€eighteenth€and€nineteenth€periodic€reports,€due€on€4€January€2006,€and€that€it€address€allŠ ų H Špoints€raised€in€the€present€concluding€observations.Š į 1  ŠÓļ>ÓŌUK.,CE.,Ż>Ō