WPCE ^_*И,>hQ5~B/Ҋ T1m/$^Ϳ"Ʌt$m뼉P^Gn!X"/] 1]&@a8r^?G!l>BYM_al) ~s|ͬ553 h?:i՟ rf]~k%e0 s?RT]O؟g-tH9Rg4C_ѝyO&/* Lxb,KM|8LíqZFx7XgmR5wfU>Cی,8Oܾenjhڱ)]S1g  nȱW\$#x&y>.bڋC<%jB#Ϝ\EկE= ?[eКCR96һ#J:.H(wʄfU< #UNi % 0:^ w4* m,NCHP LaserJet 4000 Series PS0&d9 Z6Times New Roman RegularX($USUS.,:/ s.:i+003|xU !USUS.,  _@  "zXX REPUBLICOFKOREA   #X+VXzO#   CRCA/51/41(1996)  ! 34.Concludingobservations  945.TheCommitteeconsideredtheinitialreportoftheRepublicofKorea(CRC/C/8/Add.21)at v  its266thto268thmeetings(CRC/C/SR.266-268),on18and19January1996,andadopted,atits _  287thmeeting,on26January1996,thefollowingconcludingobservations. H  (a)Introduction j  946.TheCommitteeexpressesitsappreciationtotheStatepartyforengaging,throughahigh-level <  andmultidisciplinarydelegation,inanopenandfruitfuldialoguewiththeCommittee.Itwelcomes %  thewritteninformationsubmittedbythedelegationinreplytothequestionsincludedinthelistof   issues,aswellastheadditionalinformationprovidedbytheStatepartyfollowingthedialogueheld   withtheCommittee.  (b)Positivefactors b 947.TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactionthattheConventionontheRightsoftheChildis 4 directlyapplicableinthedomesticlegalorderandcanbeinvokedbeforethecourts. m 948.TheCommitteewelcomesthedevelopmentofanationalplanofactionforchildrenandits ? incorporationintheseventhfive-yearsocio-economicdevelopmentplanfor1992-1996,aswellas ( therecentestablishmentoftheNationalCommitteeontheRightsoftheChild.  949.TheCommitteenoteswithsatisfactiontheimportanceattachedbytheGovernmentto  education,consideredasthe"drivingforceofsocialandeconomicdevelopment". | 950.TheCommitteealsowelcomestheopenness,reflectedinthewrittenrepliesandreaffirmedby N  thedelegationduringthedialogue,towardsconsideringthepossibilityofwithdrawingthe 7! reservationsenteredbytheStatepartytotheConvention.TheCommitteeisencouragedbythe  "p  revisionoftheCivilCodethatisbeingundertakenwiththeaimofincorporatingtherightofthe  #Y! childwhoisseparatedfromoneorbothparentstomaintainpersonalrelationsanddirectcontact #B" withbothparentsonaregularbasis.Itisalsoencouragedbythefactthat,asstatedbythe $+ # delegation,suchameasurewillenabletheStatepartytowithdrawitsreservationpertainingto %!$ article9,paragraph3,oftheConvention. &!% (c)FactorsanddifficultiesimpedingtheimplementationoftheConvention (#' 951.TheCommitteenotesthedifficultiesfacingtheRepublicofKoreainthepresentperiodof Q*%) politicalandeconomictransition.Theeffortstosecurerapideconomicgrowthhavenotalways :+&* beenmatchedbyanappropriatelevelofrealizationofeconomic,socialandculturalrights,in #,s'+ __particular_Ԁ_in_Ԁ_relation_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_children_Ԁ_belonging_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_most_Ԁ_disadvantaged_Ԁ_groups_Ԁ_affected_Ԁ_by_Ԁ_growing_  -\(, _poverty_._The_Ԁ_fact_Ԁ_that_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_country_Ԁ_has_Ԁ_only_Ԁ_recently_Ԁ_emerged_Ԁ_from_Ԁ_a_Ԁ_period_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_military_Ԁ_rule_Ԁ_has_Ԁ_had_ -E)- _a_Ԁ_negative_Ԁ_impact_Ԁ_on_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_enjoyment_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_fundamental_Ԁ_rights_Ԁ_and_Ԁ_freedoms_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_children_.  (_d_)_Principal_Ԁ_subjects_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_concern_  952._The_Ԁ_Committee_Ԁ_is_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_view_Ԁ_that_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_reservations_Ԁ_made_Ԁ_by_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_State_Ԁ_party_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_article_Ԁ9, T _paragraph_Ԁ3,_article_Ԁ21,_paragraph_Ԁ(_a_)_and_Ԁ_article_Ԁ40,_paragraph_Ԁ2(_b_)(_v_)_raise_Ԁ_questions_Ԁ_about_Ԁ_their_ =  _compatibility_Ԁ_with_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_principles_Ԁ_and_Ԁ_provisions_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_Convention_,_including_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_principles_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_the_ & v _best_Ԁ_interests_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_child_Ԁ_and_Ԁ_respect_Ԁ_for_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_views_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_child_.  _ 953._The_Ԁ_Committee_Ԁ_is_Ԁ_concerned_Ԁ_at_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_insufficient_Ԁ_measures_Ԁ_adopted_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_ensure_Ԁ_a_Ԁ_permanent_Ԁ_and_  1  _effective_Ԁ_coordinating_Ԁ_and_Ԁ_monitoring_Ԁ_mechanism_._The_Ԁ_Committee_Ԁ_also_Ԁ_notes_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_insufficient_    _measures_Ԁ_taken_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_gather_Ԁ_reliable_Ԁ_quantitative_Ԁ_and_Ԁ_qualitative_Ԁ_data_Ԁ_on_Ԁ_all_Ԁ_areas_Ԁ_covered_Ԁ_by_Ԁ_the_   _Convention_,_to_Ԁ_evaluate_Ԁ_progress_Ԁ_achieved_Ԁ_and_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_assess_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_impact_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_policies_Ԁ_adopted_Ԁ_on_Ԁ_children_,   _in_Ԁ_particular_Ԁ_in_Ԁ_relation_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_most_Ԁ_vulnerable_Ԁ_groups_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_children_.   954._The_Ԁ_Committee_Ԁ_is_Ԁ_concerned_Ԁ_about_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_insufficient_Ԁ_measures_Ԁ_taken_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_ensure_Ԁ_that_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_principles_ W  _and_Ԁ_provisions_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_Convention_Ԁ_are_Ԁ_widely_Ԁ_known_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_children_Ԁ_and_Ԁ_adults_._The_Ԁ_lack_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_adequate_ @ _training_Ԁ_on_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_contents_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_Convention_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_various_Ԁ_professional_Ԁ_groups_Ԁ_working_Ԁ_with_Ԁ_and_Ԁ_for_ )y _children_,_including_Ԁ_teachers_,_social_Ԁ_workers_,_judges_,_law_Ԁ_enforcement_Ԁ_officials_,_psychologists_Ԁ_and_ b _health_Ԁ_personnel_,_is_Ԁ_noted_Ԁ_with_Ԁ_regret_. K 955._As_Ԁ_regards_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_implementation_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_article_Ԁ4_of_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_Convention_,_the_Ԁ_Committee_Ԁ_notes_Ԁ_with_  _concern_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_inadequacy_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_measures_Ԁ_taken_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_ensure_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_implementation_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_children_'_s_Ԁ_economic_,  _social_Ԁ_and_Ԁ_cultural_Ԁ_rights_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_maximum_Ԁ_extent_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_available_Ԁ_resources_._Insufficient_Ԁ_attention_Ԁ_has_  _been_Ԁ_paid_Ԁ_in_Ԁ_this_Ԁ_regard_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_areas_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_social_Ԁ_and_Ԁ_human_Ԁ_development_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_children_Ԁ_and_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_the_  _needs_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_most_Ԁ_vulnerable_Ԁ_groups_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_children_. q 956._The_Ԁ_Committee_Ԁ_is_Ԁ_also_Ԁ_concerned_Ԁ_that_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_basic_Ԁ_principles_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_Convention_,_in_Ԁ_particular_Ԁ_the_ C _provisions_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_its_Ԁ_articles_Ԁ2,3_and_Ԁ12,_have_Ԁ_not_Ԁ_been_Ԁ_adequately_Ԁ_reflected_Ԁ_in_Ԁ_legislation_,_policies_Ԁ_and_ ,| _programmes_._Insufficient_Ԁ_measures_Ԁ_have_Ԁ_been_Ԁ_adopted_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_create_Ԁ_awareness_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_these_Ԁ_basic_Ԁ_values_Ԁ_of_ e _the_Ԁ_Convention_Ԁ_with_Ԁ_a_Ԁ_view_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_changing_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_prevailing_Ԁ_consideration_Ԁ_and_Ԁ_treatment_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_child_ N _simply_Ԁ"_as_Ԁ_a_Ԁ_mini_-_adult_Ԁ_or_Ԁ_immature_Ԁ_adult_",_as_Ԁ_recognized_Ԁ_in_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_report_._The_Ԁ_Committee_Ԁ_notes_Ԁ_with_  7 _concern_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_persistent_Ԁ_discriminatory_Ԁ_attitudes_Ԁ_affecting_Ԁ_girls_Ԁ-_including_Ԁ_in_Ԁ_relation_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_minimum_ !   _age_Ԁ_for_Ԁ_marriage_Ԁ-_disabled_Ԁ_children_Ԁ_and_Ԁ_children_Ԁ_born_Ԁ_out_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_wedlock_. " ! 957._The_Ԁ_Committee_Ԁ_notes_Ԁ_with_Ԁ_concern_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_insufficient_Ԁ_assistance_Ԁ_provided_Ԁ_for_Ԁ_families_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_assume_ $# _their_Ԁ_responsibilities_Ԁ_in_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_protection_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_children_'_s_Ԁ_rights_. t% $ 958._The_Ԁ_Committee_Ԁ_expresses_Ԁ_its_Ԁ_concern_Ԁ_at_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_insufficient_Ԁ_measures_Ԁ_adopted_,_including_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_a_Ԁ_legal_ F'"& _nature_,_to_Ԁ_ensure_Ԁ_effective_Ԁ_implementation_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_civil_Ԁ_rights_Ԁ_and_Ԁ_fundamental_Ԁ_freedoms_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_children_, /(#' _such_Ԁ_as_Ԁ_in_Ԁ_relation_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_right_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_a_Ԁ_nationality_,_freedom_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_expression_,_thought_,_conscience_Ԁ_and_ )h$( _religion_,_as_Ԁ_well_Ԁ_as_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_freedom_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_association_Ԁ_and_Ԁ_peaceful_Ԁ_assembly_._The_Ԁ_threats_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_national_Ԁ_security_ *Q%) _invoked_Ԁ_by_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_Government_Ԁ_have_Ԁ_hampered_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_enjoyment_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_such_Ԁ_fundamental_Ԁ_freedoms_. *:&* 959._The_Ԁ_Committee_Ԁ_is_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_view_Ԁ_that_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_approach_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_State_Ԁ_party_Ԁ_in_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_field_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_adoption_Ԁ_and_ , (, _the_Ԁ_prevailing_Ԁ_system_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_dissolution_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_adoption_,_raises_Ԁ_questions_Ԁ_as_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_its_Ԁ_compatibility_Ԁ_with_Ԁ_the_ -(- Convention,includinginrelationtotheprincipleofthebestinterestsofthechildastheparamount  consideration,aswellastothelegalsafeguardsestablishedbyarticle21.Inthisregard,the  Committeeisparticularlyconcernedattheinsufficientmeasurestakentoensurethatadoptionis  authorizedbythecompetentauthorities,onthebasisofallpertinentandreliableinformationand k oftheinformedconsentofallpersonsconcerned,includingthechild.Thehighrateof_intercountry_ T adoptionisalsoofconcerntotheCommittee.Withregardtochildabuseanddomesticviolence, =  theCommitteeisconcernedatthelackofpreventivepoliciesandofadequatereportingmechanisms. & v Abandonmentofchildren,thehighrateofchild-headedfamiliesandthepersistenceofcorporal  _ punishment,widelyenvisagedbyparentsandteachersasaneducationalmeasure,areothersubjects  H ofconcerntotheCommittee.  1  960.TheCommitteeisconcernedattheinsufficientconsiderationgivenintheeducationsystem   totheaimsofeducationasreflectedinarticle29oftheConvention.Thehighlycompetitivenature   oftheeducationsystemriskshamperingthedevelopmentofthechildtothefullestpotentialofhis   orherabilitiesandtalentsandthechild'spreparationforresponsiblelifeinafreesociety. n  961.Concernisalsoexpressedattheinsufficientmeasuresadopted,includinginthefieldoflegal @ reform,topreventsituationsofchild_labour_.Inthisregard,thediscrepancybetweentheagefor )y completionofcompulsoryeducationandtheminimumageforadmissiontoemploymentisnoted b withparticularconcern. K 962.TheCommitteeisalsoconcernedabouttheexistingjuvenilejusticesystemanditslackof  compatibilitywiththeConvention,includingarticles37,39and40.  (e)Suggestionsandrecommendations  963.TheCommitteeencouragestheGovernmenttocontinuetoconsiderreviewingitsreservations Z toarticle9,paragraph3,article21,paragraph(a)andarticle40,paragraph(b)(v),withaviewto C withdrawingthem. ,| 964.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheGovernmentstrengthenitseffortsaimedatpromoting N advocacyandcreatingawarenessandunderstandingoftheprinciplesandprovisionsofthe  7 Conventioninthelightofitsarticle42.TheCommitteesuggeststhattheGovernmentdevelop !   publiccampaignswithaviewtoaddressingeffectivelytheproblemofpersistingdiscriminatory " ! attitudes,inparticulartowardsgirls,disabledchildrenandchildrenbornoutofwedlock,andthat #" itadoptsproactivemeasurestoimprovethestatusandprotectionofthesegroupsofchildren. $# 965.TheCommitteealsoencouragestheStatepartytoensuretrainingactivitiesontheConvention ]&!% toprofessionalgroupsworkingwithandforchildren,includingteachers,socialworkers,judges,law F'"& enforcementofficers,healthpersonnelandofficialsentrustedwiththetaskofensuringdata /(#' collectionintheareascoveredbytheConvention.InthespiritoftheUnitedNationsDecadefor )h$( HumanRightsEducation,theCommitteefurtherencouragestheGovernmenttogiveconsideration *Q%) totheincorporationoftherightsofthechildintheschoolcurricula. *:&* 966.TheCommitteeencouragestheGovernmenttopursueitseffortsinordertoensurefull , (, complianceofitsnationallegislationwiththeprovisionsandprinciplesoftheConvention,including -(- non-discrimination(art.2),thebestinterestsofthechild(art.3)andrespectfortheviewsofthe  child(art.12).TheCommitteeparticularlyrecommendsthatlegislativemeasuresbeadoptedwith  aviewtoensuringanequalminimumageformarriageforgirlsandboys,inthelightofarticle2;  ensuringthebasicrightsofalldisabledchildren,inparticulartherighttoeducation,inthelightof k article23;abolishinganydiscriminationtowardschildrenbornoutofwedlock;preventinganyrisk T ofstatelessnessforachildborntoaRepublicofKoreamother;clearlyprohibitinganyformof =  corporalpunishment;andraisingtheminimumageforemploymentwithaviewtoadjustingitto & v theageofcompulsoryeducation.Inthefieldofnationaland_intercountry_Ԁadoption,theCommittee  _ encouragestheStatepartytoundertakecomprehensivelegalreformtoensurefullcompatibilitywith  H theprinciplesandprovisionsoftheConvention,aswellastoconsiderratifyingthe1993Hague  1  ConventiononProtectionofChildrenandCooperationinrespectof_Intercountry_ԀAdoption.    967.TheCommitteerecommendsthatapermanentand_multidisciplinary_Ԁmechanismbedeveloped   forcoordinationandmonitoringoftheimplementationoftheConvention,bothatthenationaland   locallevels,inurbanandruralareas.TheCommitteeencouragestheStatepartytogivefurther n  considerationtotheestablishmentofan_ombudsperson_Ԁforchildrenoranyequivalentindependent W  complaintandmonitoringmechanism.TheCommitteealsoencouragesthepromotionofacloser @ cooperationwithnon-governmentalorganizations. )y 968.TheCommitteealsorecommendsthatthesystemofdatacollectionbeimprovedand K appropriate_disaggregated_Ԁindicatorsidentifiedwithaviewtoaddressingallareascoveredbythe 4 Conventionandevaluatingprogressachieved,withdueregardbeingpaidtothesituationofchildren  belongingtothemostdisadvantagedgroups.  969.TheCommitteestronglyrecommendsthattheGovernmentoftheRepublicofKoreapay  particularattentiontothefullimplementationofarticle4oftheConventionandundertakeall q appropriatemeasurestothemaximumextentofavailableresourcesfortheimplementationofthe Z economic,socialandculturalrightsofchildren.Specialattentionshouldbepaidtothesituationof C themostdisadvantagedgroupsofchildreninthelightoftheprinciplesofnon-discriminationand ,| thebestinterestsofthechild. e 970.TheCommitteeconsidersthatgreatereffortsshouldbemadetopromotetheparticipationof  7 childreninfamily,schoolandsociallife,aswellastheeffectiveenjoymentoftheirfundamental !   freedoms,includingthefreedomofopinion,expressionandassociation,whichshouldbesubject " ! onlytotherestrictionsprovidedbythelawandarenecessaryinademocraticsociety. #" 971.TheCommitteeencouragestheStatepartytoadoptfurthermeasurestoensureassistancefor t% $ thefamilytoensureitsresponsibilitiesintheupbringinganddevelopmentofthechild,inparticular ]&!% inthelightofarticles18and27oftheConvention.Specialattentionshouldbepaidtothe F'"& preventionofchildabandonment,aswellastothepreventionof,andappropriateassistanceto, /(#' familiesheadedbychildren. )h$( 972.Intheareaofchildabuseanddomesticviolence,theCommitteerecommendsthattheState *:&* adoptfurthermeasurestopreventsuchsituationsandtoprotectandensureappropriatephysical +#'+ recoveryandsocialreintegrationofchildrenaffectedthereby.Considerationshouldbegiventothe , (, establishmentofasystemofearlydetection,surveillanceandreferral. -(- Ї973._The_Ԁ_Committee_Ԁ_encourages_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_State_Ԁ_party_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_review_Ԁ_its_Ԁ_education_Ԁ_policy_Ԁ_with_Ԁ_a_Ԁ_view_Ԁ_to_  _reflecting_Ԁ_fully_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_aims_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_education_Ԁ_set_Ԁ_out_Ԁ_in_Ԁ_article_Ԁ29_of_Ԁ_the_ԀConvention.  974._In_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_area_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_child_Ԁ_labour_,_the_Ԁ_Committee_Ԁ_encourages_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_State_Ԁ_party_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_adopt_Ԁ_appropriate_ k _measures_Ԁ_with_Ԁ_a_Ԁ_view_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_reflecting_Ԁ_fully_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_Convention_,_in_Ԁ_particular_Ԁ_article_Ԁ32,_in_Ԁ_its_Ԁ_legislation_Ԁ_and_ T _practice_._It_Ԁ_recommends_Ԁ_that_Ԁ_consideration_Ԁ_be_Ԁ_given_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_ratification_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_ILO_Ԁ_Convention_ԀNo.138 =  _on_Ԁ_minimum_Ԁ_age_Ԁ_for_Ԁ_admission_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_employment_Ԁ_and_Ԁ_encourages_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_State_Ԁ_party_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_consider_Ԁ_pursuing_ & v _such_Ԁ_action_Ԁ_in_Ԁ_consultation_Ԁ_with_Ԁ_ILO_.  _ 975._The_Ԁ_Committee_Ԁ_recommends_Ԁ_that_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_State_Ԁ_party_Ԁ_envisage_Ԁ_undertaking_Ԁ_a_Ԁ_comprehensive_Ԁ_reform_  1  _of_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_system_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_juvenile_Ԁ_justice_Ԁ_in_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_spirit_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_Convention_,_in_Ԁ_particular_Ԁ_articles_Ԁ37,39_and_Ԁ40,    _and_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_other_Ԁ_United_Ԁ_Nations_Ԁ_standards_Ԁ_in_Ԁ_this_Ԁ_field_,_such_Ԁ_as_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_Beijing_Ԁ_Rules_,_the_Ԁ_Riyadh_Ԁ_Guidelines_   _and_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_United_Ԁ_Nations_Ԁ_Rules_Ԁ_for_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_Protection_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_Juveniles_Ԁ_Deprived_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_their_Ԁ_Liberty_._Particular_   _attention_Ԁ_should_Ԁ_be_Ԁ_paid_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_consideration_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_deprivation_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_liberty_Ԁ_only_Ԁ_as_Ԁ_a_Ԁ_measure_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_last_Ԁ_resort_   _and_Ԁ_for_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_shortest_Ԁ_period_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_time_,_to_Ԁ_protection_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_rights_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_children_Ԁ_deprived_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_liberty_,_to_Ԁ_due_ n  _process_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_law_Ԁ_and_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_full_Ԁ_independence_Ԁ_and_Ԁ_impartiality_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_judiciary_._Training_Ԁ_programmes_ W  _on_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_relevant_Ԁ_international_Ԁ_standards_Ԁ_should_Ԁ_be_Ԁ_organized_Ԁ_for_Ԁ_all_Ԁ_those_Ԁ_professionals_Ԁ_involved_Ԁ_with_ @ _the_Ԁ_system_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_juvenile_Ԁ_justice_._The_Ԁ_Committee_Ԁ_would_Ԁ_like_Ԁ_to_Ԁ_suggest_Ԁ_that_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_Government_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_the_ )y _Republic_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_Korea_Ԁ_consider_Ԁ_seeking_Ԁ_international_Ԁ_assistance_Ԁ_in_Ԁ_this_Ԁ_area_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_administration_Ԁ_of_ b _juvenile_Ԁ_justice_,_from_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_Centre_Ԁ_for_Ԁ_Human_Ԁ_Rights_Ԁ_and_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_Crime_Ԁ_Prevention_Ԁ_and_Ԁ_Criminal_Ԁ_Justice_ K _Branch_. 4 976._The_Ԁ_Committee_Ԁ_recommends_Ԁ_that_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_report_Ԁ_submitted_Ԁ_by_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_State_Ԁ_party_,_the_Ԁ_summary_Ԁ_records_  _of_Ԁ_its_Ԁ_consideration_Ԁ_and_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_concluding_Ԁ_observations_Ԁ_of_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_Committee_Ԁ_be_Ԁ_disseminated_Ԁ_as_Ԁ_widely_  _as_Ԁ_possible_Ԁ_within_Ԁ_the_Ԁ_country_.    q UKUS., CRC_CRC_/C/124(2003)   79.TheCommitteeconsideredthesecondperiodicreportoftheRepublicofKorea l (CRC/C/70/Add.14),submittedon1May2000,atits838thand839thmeetings(seeCRC/C/SR.838 U and839),heldon15January2003,andatthe862ndmeeting,(CRC/C/SR.862),held >  on31January2003,adoptedthefollowingconcludingobservations. ' w A.Introduction  I 80.TheCommitteewelcomesthesubmissionoftheStatepartyssecondperiodicreport,aswell    asthedetailedwrittenrepliestoitslistofissues(CRC/C/Q/_REPKO_/2),whichgaveaclearer   understandingofthesituationofchildrenintheStateparty.Itfurthernoteswithappreciationthe   highleveldelegationdrawnfromseveralsectorssentbytheStatepartyandwelcomesthepositive   reactionstothesuggestionsandrecommendationsmadeduringthediscussion. o  B.FollowupmeasuresundertakenandprogressachievedbytheStateparty A 81.TheCommitteewelcomesthelegislationenactedtoimplementfurthertheConventiononthe c RightsoftheChild,inparticulartheSpecialActforPunishmentofDomesticViolenceof1997, L whichaddressesinvestigationandreportingofcasesofchildabuse,andtheJuvenileProtectionAct 5 of2000,whichcriminalizespersonsinvolvedinthepurchaseofsexualservicesfromthoseunder  19yearsofage.  82.TheCommitteewelcomestheestablishmentin2001oftheNationalCommissiononHuman  Rights. r 83.TheCommitteewelcomestheStatepartysratificationofILOConventionsNos.138and182 D in1999and2001,respectively,anditsraisingoftheminimumageofemploymentto15years,as -} waspreviouslyrecommendedbytheCommittee. f C.FactorsanddifficultiesimpedingtheimplementationoftheConvention  8 84.TheCommitteeacknowledgesthat,duetothe1997Asianfinancialcrisisandtheensuing " ! structuraladjustmentreformprogrammeoftheInternationalMonetaryFund(IMF),theStateparty #" hasfacedeconomicandfinancialconstraintswhichhasaffecteditsabilitytoimplementeconomic, $# socialandculturalrights.TheCommitteealsonotesthatthestrictausteritymeasureshaveallowed u% $ theStatepartytorepayitsinternationalloansinatimelymannerandthattheeconomyhaslargely ^&!% recovered. G'"&  -(- D.Principalareasofconcernandrecommendations  1.Generalmeasuresofimplementation  Committeespreviousrecommendations T 85.TheCommitteeregretsthatmostrecommendationsintheconcludingobservations & v (CRC/C/15/Add.51),adoptedfollowingitsconsiderationoftheStatepartysinitialreport  _ (CRC/C/8/Add.21),havebeeninsufficientlyaddressed,particularlythoseregarding:  H   (a)Thewithdrawalofreservations(para.19);      (b)Thedevelopmentofpubliceducationcampaignstocombatdiscriminatoryattitudes   towardsgirls,disabledchildrenandchildrenbornoutofwedlock(para.20);     (c)Measurestopromoteparticipationofchildreninfamily,schoolandsociallife(para.26); W    (d)Theprohibitionofallformsofcorporalpunishment(para.22); )y   (e)AreviewoftheStatepartyseducationpolicywithaviewtoreflectingfullytheaims K ofeducationsetoutinarticle29oftheConvention(para.29). 4 86.TheCommitteereiteratesthoseconcernsandurgestheStatepartytomakesustainedeffortsto  addressthoserecommendationscontainedintheconcludingobservationsonitsinitialreportthat  havenotbeenimplementedandtoaddressthelistofconcernscontainedinthepresentconcluding  observationsonitssecondperiodicreport. q Reservations C 87.TheCommitteeremainsveryconcernedattheStatepartysreservationstoarticles9, e paragraph3,21,paragraph(a),and40,paragraph2(b)(v). N 88.TheCommittee,notingthatjuvenilessentencedforhavingcommittedacrimehavetheright !   toappeal,encouragestheStatepartytowithdraw,assoonaspossible,thereservationsmadeto " ! article40,paragraph2(b)(v).TheStatepartyisalsoencouragedtoexpeditetheprocessof #" reformingtheCivilActsothatbothchildrenandparentsareguaranteedtherighttomaintaincontact $# witheachother,andtostrengthenitseffortstochangepublicattitudestodomesticadoption,inorder t% $ towithdrawthereservationstoarticles21,paragraph(a),and9,paragraph3,inaccordancewiththe ]&!% ViennaDeclarationandProgrammeofAction,adoptedin1993. F'"& Legislation )h$( 89.TheCommittee,whiletakingnoteofamendmentstodomesticlegislation,neverthelessremains *:&* concernedthatdomesticlawsdonotyetfullyconformwiththeprovisionsandprinciplesofthe +#'+ Convention. , (,  -(- 90.TheCommitteeencouragestheStatepartytotakeallnecessarymeasurestoensurethatits  domesticlegislationconformsfullywiththeprinciplesandprovisionsoftheConvention.  Coordination k 91.TheCommitteenotesthattheNationalPlanofActiononChildrenwasincludedintheeighth =  FiveYearSocialandEconomicDevelopmentPlanfor19982002.However,itremainsconcerned & v atthelackofapermanentcentralmechanismthatisfullyempoweredtocoordinateallpoliciesand  _ programmesforchildrenrunbythevariousministriesatdifferentlevelsofgovernment.  H 92.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartybroadenthescopeoftheComprehensivePlan    forChildProtectionandChild-Rearing,formulatedin2001,toincludeallrightsunderthe   ConventionandthecommitmentsmadeattheUnitedNationsspecialsessionoftheGeneral   Assemblyonchildren(May2002)andoutlinedintheoutcomedocumententitled AWorldFitfor   Children.Inaddition,theCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartydesignateonepermanent n  andcentralmechanismtoberesponsibleforthecoordinationofallpoliciesandprogrammesfor W  children,andensurethatithasthenecessaryauthorityandadequatefinancial,humanandmaterial @ resourcestocarryoutitsresponsibilitieseffectively. )y Monitoringbypublicauthorities K 93.TheCommitteewelcomestheinformationprovidedbythedelegationthattheStatepartyis  consideringtheestablishmentofapermanentbodywithintheGovernmenttomonitorits  implementationoftheConvention.  94.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyexpeditetheestablishmentofsucha q monitoringmechanismandactivelymonitoritsactivitiesinimplementingtheConvention. Z Independentmonitoring ,| 95.TheCommitteewelcomes,asnotedinparagraph82above,theestablishmentoftheNational N CommissiononHumanRights.Nevertheless,itisconcernedthattheCommissionhasno  7 specializationinchildrensrights. !   96.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStateparty,inaccordancewiththePrinciplesrelatingto #" thestatusofnationalinstitutionsforthepromotionandprotectionofhumanrights( TheParis $# Principles)(GeneralAssemblyresolution48/134,annex)andtheCommitteesgeneralcomment t% $ No.2onnationalhumanrightsinstitutions: ]&!%   (a)Ensurethatthereisatleastonechildrightsexpertamongstthecommissioners,or /(#' alternatively,thattheCommissionestablishasubcommitteeonchildrensrights; )h$(   (b)EnsurethattheNationalCommissiononHumanRightsisaccessibletochildren,in *:&* particularbyraisingawarenessofitspowertoreceive,investigateandaddresscomplaintsby +#'+ childreninachildsensitivemanner. , (,  -(- Allocationofresources  97.TheCommitteenoteswithconcernthatallocationsforchildrenfromthecentralbudget,  particularlyintheareasofhealthandeducation,havebeensteadilydecliningsince1997,despite k economicrecoveryinthepasttwoyears.Currentlevelsofspendingareinsufficienttorespondto T nationalandlocalprioritiesfortheprotectionandpromotionofchildrensrightsandarenot =  commensuratewithbudgetaryallocationsofotherStatesatasimilarlevelofeconomicdevelopment. & v 98.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartypayparticularattentiontothefull  H implementationofarticle4oftheConventionby:  1    (a)Prioritizingbudgetaryallocationstoensureimplementationoftheeconomic,socialand   culturalrightsofchildren,inparticularthosebelongingtoeconomicallydisadvantagedgroups, to   themaximumextentof8availableresources;     (b)IdentifyingtheamountandproportionoftheStatebudgetspentonchildreninthepublic, W  privateand_NGO_Ԁsectorsinordertoevaluatetheimpactoftheexpendituresandalso,inviewofthe @ costs,theaccessibility,qualityandeffectivenessoftheservicesprovidedtochildreninthevarious )y sectors. b Datacollection 4 99.TheCommitteesharestheconcernexpressedbytheStatepartyinitswrittenrepliesthatthe  existingdatacollectionmechanismdoesnotcoverallchildrenunder18yearsinallareasofthe  Conventionandnotestheplantodevelopachildrightsindex.  100.TheCommitteeencouragestheStatepartytocontinueandstrengthenitseffortstoestablish Z aneffectivesystemforthecollectionof_disaggregated_Ԁdata,specificallyforallpersonsundertheage C of18,andusethesedataandindicatorsfortheformulation,monitoringandevaluationofpolicies, ,| programmesandprojectsfortheeffectiveimplementationoftheConvention.Italsoencouragesthe e Statepartytocompletetheworkonthechildrightsindexassoonaspossibleinordertobeableto N evaluatecontinuouslytheprogressmadeinimplementingtheConvention.  7 Cooperationwithcivilsociety " ! 101.WhilenotingthecooperationbetweentheStatepartyandcivilsocietyindeliveringservices $# tochildren,theCommitteeisconcernedthatthereisalackofnecessarystandard-setting,andthat t% $ cooperationwithcivilsocietyatthepolicymakinglevelorinthereportingprocesshasbeenlimited. ]&!% 102.TheCommitteeemphasizestheimportantroleofcivilsocietyasapartnerinimplementingthe /(#' provisionsoftheConvention,andrecommendsthattheStatepartyinvolve_NGOs_Ԁinamore )h$( systematicandcoordinatedmannerinallstagesoftheimplementationoftheConvention,including *Q%) policyformulation,atthenationalandlocallevels,andinthedraftingoffutureperiodicreportson *:&* theimplementationoftheConvention.ItalsorecommendsthattheStatepartytakeintoaccountthe +#'+ recommendationsarisingfromthedayofgeneraldiscussionheldin2002onthetheme Theprivate , (, sectorasserviceprovidersanditsroleinimplementingchildrights(CRC/C/121,para.630)and -(- improveitssupervisionofprivateorganizationsdeliveringservicesby,interalia,improvingthe  systemofregistrationandauthorizationofserviceproviders.  Dissemination k 103.TheCommitteeisconcernedthatchildrenandthepublicatlarge,aswellasallgroupsof =  professionalsworkingwithandforchildren,arenotsufficientlyawareoftheConventionandthe & v rightsbasedapproachenshrinedtherein.  _ 104.Whilenotingtheactivitiesof_NGOs_Ԁandinternationalorganizationstodisseminateinformation  1  onchildrensrights,theCommitteeremindstheStatepartyofitsobligationsunderarticles42and    44tomaketheprinciplesandprovisionsoftheConvention,aswellasitsownreportsonthe   implementationoftheConvention,widelyknown.ItrecommendsthattheStateparty:     (a)Undertakepublicawarenesscampaignsonchildrensrightsaimedatthegeneralpublic n  andspecificallyatchildren; W    (b)Carryoutsystematiceducationandtrainingontheprinciplesandprovisionsofthe )y Conventionforallprofessionalsworkingwithandforchildren,inparticularteachers,judges, b parliamentarians,lawenforcementofficials,civilservants,municipalworkers,personnelworking K ininstitutionsandplacesofdetentionforchildren,healthpersonnel,includingpsychologists,and 4 socialworkers.  2.Definitionofthechild  105.TheCommitteeremainsconcernedaboutthedifferenceintheminimumageofmarriageof q girls(16)andboys(18). Z 106.TheCommitteereiteratesitspreviousrecommendationtotheStatepartythatitraisethe ,| minimumageofmarriageofgirlstothatofboys. e 3.Generalprinciples  7 107.TheCommitteeisconcernedthatthegeneralprinciplesandrightsenshrinedintheConvention, " ! suchastherighttonondiscrimination(art.2),theprinciplethatthebestinterestsofthechildshall #" beaprimaryconsideration(art.3),therighttolife,survivalanddevelopmentofthechild(art.6) $# andtherightofthechildtoexpresshisorherviewsfreelyandtohavethoseviewstakeninto t% $ accountaccordingtoageandmaturity(art.12),arenotfullyreflectedintheStatepartyslegislation, ]&!% policiesandprogrammesatthenationalandlocallevels. F'"& 108.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStateparty: )h$(   (a)AppropriatelyintegratethegeneralprinciplesoftheConvention,namelyarticles2,3, *:&* 6and12,intoallrelevantlegislationconcerningchildren; +#'+   (b)Applythoseprinciplesinallpolitical,judicialandadministrativedecisions,aswellas -(- inprojects,programmesandserviceswhichhaveanimpactonallchildren;    (c)Applythoseprinciplesinplanningandpolicymakingateverylevel,aswellasinactions  takenbysocialandhealthwelfareandeducationalinstitutions,courtsoflawandadministrative k authorities. T Nondiscrimination & v 109.TheCommitteenoteswithconcerntheabsenceofinformationintheStatepartysreporton  H racialdiscrimination,andthelimitedamountofinformationregardingactsofdiscriminationagainst  1  childrenfromsingleparentfamilies,childrenbornoutofwedlock,childrenwithdisabilities,girls    andmigrantfamilies.ItisalsoconcernedthattheConstitutiondoesnotexplicitlyprohibit   discriminationonthegroundsofrace,colour,language,politicalorotheropinion,nationalorethnic   origin,disability,birthorotherstatus,asstatedintheConvention.   110.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyenactlegislationexplicitlyprohibiting W  discriminationinordertoincludeallgroundsenumeratedinarticle2oftheConvention.Inaddition, @ theCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyundertakeallnecessaryproactivemeasuresto )y combatsocietaldiscrimination,inparticularagainstchildrenfromsingleparentfamilies,children b bornoutofwedlock,childrenwithdisabilities,childrenofmigrantworkersandgirlsthrough,inter K alia,publiceducationandawarenesscampaigns. 4 111.TheCommitteerequeststhatspecificinformationbeincluded,inthenextperiodicreport,on  themeasuresandprogrammesrelevanttotheConventionundertakenbytheStatepartytofollow  upontheDurbanDeclarationandProgrammeofActionadoptedattheWorldConferenceagainst  Racism,RacialDiscrimination,XenophobiaandRelatedIntolerance,heldin2001,takingaccount q oftheCommitteesgeneralcommentNo.1onarticle29,paragraph1,oftheConvention(aimsof Z education). C Respectfortheviewsofthechild e 112.TheCommitteeisconcernedthattraditionalattitudestowardschildreninsocietystilllimit  7 respectfortheirviewswithinthefamily,schools,otherinstitutionsandsocietyatlarge. !   113.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStateparty,inaccordancewitharticle12ofthe #" Convention: $#   (a)EnsurethattheChildWelfareAct,amendedin2000,berevisedtoincludetherightof ]&!% childrentoexpresstheirviewsfreelyinallmattersaffectingthem,andtakeeffectivemeasures, F'"& includinglegislation,topromoterespectfortheviewsofchildrenandfacilitatetheirparticipation /(#' inallmattersaffectingthembycourts,administrativebodies,schoolsanddisciplinaryproceedings )h$( intheeducationsystem; *Q%)   (b)Provideeducationalinformationto,interalia,parents,educators,government +#'+ administrativeofficials,thejudiciaryandsocietyatlargeonchildrensrighttohavetheirviews , (, takenintoaccountandtoparticipateinallmattersaffectingthem; -(- Ї  (c)Undertakearegularreviewoftheextenttowhichchildrensviewsaretakeninto  considerationandtheimpactthishasonpolicies,programmesandchildrenthemselves.  4.Civilrightsandfreedoms k Freedomofexpressionandassociation =  114.TheCommitteeisconcernedatthelimitationsonstudentsfreedomofexpressionand  _ associationduetostrictadministrativecontrolofstudentcouncilsandschoolregulationsthatlimit  H orprohibitoutsidepoliticalactivitiesofstudentsinelementaryandsecondaryschools.Itisfurther  1  concernedaboutallegationsthatInternetchatrooms,setupindependentlybyteenagers,havebeen    arbitrarilycloseddownbytheauthorities.   115.Inthelightofarticles12to17oftheConvention,theCommitteerecommendsthattheState   partyamendlegislation,guidelinesissuedbytheMinistryofEducationandschoolregulationsto n  facilitatechildrensactiveparticipationindecisionmakingprocessesandinpoliticalactivitiesboth W  withinandoutsideschoolsandensurethatallchildrenfullyenjoytheirrighttofreedomof @ associationandexpression. )y Corporalpunishment K 116.TheCommitteenoteswithgreatconcernthatcorporalpunishmentisofficiallypermittedin  schools.TheCommitteeisoftheopinionthatcorporalpunishmentdoesnotconformwiththe  principlesandprovisionsoftheConvention,particularlysinceitconstitutesaseriousviolationof  thedignityofthechild(seesimilarobservationsoftheCommitteeonEconomic,SocialandCultural  Rights,E/C.12/1/Add.79,para.36).ThefactthattheMinistryofEducationguidelinesleavethe q decisiononwhethertousecorporalpunishmentinschoolstotheindividualschooladministrators Z suggeststhatsomeformsofcorporalpunishmentareacceptableandthereforeundermines C educationalmeasurestopromotepositive,nonviolentformsofdiscipline. ,| 117.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStateparty: N   (a)ImplementtherecommendationoftheNationalCommissiononHumanRightsthatthe !   relevantlegislationandregulationsbeamendedtoexpresslyprohibitcorporalpunishmentinthe " ! home,schoolsandallotherinstitutions; #"   (b)Carryoutpubliceducationcampaignsaboutthenegativeconsequencesofill-treatment t% $ ofchildreninordertochangeattitudestowardscorporalpunishment,andpromotepositive,non ]&!% violentformsofdisciplineinschoolsandathomeasanalternativetosuchpunishment. F'"& 5.Familyenvironmentandalternativecare )h$( Alternativecare *:&* 118.TheCommitteenotestheStatepartysestablishmentofgrouphomesasanalternativetothe , (, _institutionalization_Ԁofchildrenseparatedfromtheirfamilies.However,itisconcernedthatthe -(- establishmentofgrouphomesandthedevelopmentofthefostercaresystemremainlimited,andthat  privatealternativecareinstitutionsarenotsubjecttogovernmentalregulationsorregular  inspections.  119.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStateparty: T   (a)Continuetoexpandthenumberofgrouphomesandthefostercaresystem,inparticular & v byprovidinggreaterfinancialsupporttofosterfamiliesandincreasingthecounsellingandsupport  _ mechanismsforfosterfamilies;  H   (b)Ensuretheperiodicreviewofplacementofchildreninallpublicandprivateinstitutions,    whichtakesintoaccounttheviewsandbestinterestsofthechildand,whereverpossible,aimsto   reintegratechildrenintoafamilyenvironment;     (c)Increasethenumberofsocialworkersandupgradetheirskillsandcapacitytoprovide n  assistancetochildreninalternativecareandtovulnerablefamilies. W  Adoption )y 120.TheCommitteeremainsconcernedthat,duetoprevailingnegativeculturaltraditions,domestic K adoptionsmaybearrangedwithoutauthorizationorinvolvementofthecompetentauthoritiesand 4 thatsucharrangementsdonotnecessarilytakeintoaccountthebestinterestsofthechildor,where  appropriate,theviewsofthechild.TheCommitteealsonoteswithconcernthehighnumberof  _intercountry_Ԁadoptions,suggestingthatthisformofadoptionisnotnecessarilyameasureoflast  resort,andreiteratesitsconcern,statedinpreviousconcludingobservations,thattheStatepartyhas  notratifiedtheHagueConventionof1993onProtectionofChildrenandCooperationinRespect q of_Intercountry_ԀAdoption. Z 121.TheCommitteereiteratesitspreviousrecommendationtotheStatepartyandcallsfor: ,|   (a)Acomprehensivereviewofthesystemofdomesticand_intercountry_Ԁadoptionswitha N viewtoreforminglegislationinordertobringitintofullconformitywiththeprinciplesand  7 provisionsoftheConventionontheRightsoftheChild,inparticulararticle21; !     (b)TheratificationoftheHagueConventionof1993onProtectionofChildrenand #" CooperationinRespectof_Intercountry_ԀAdoption. $# Childabuseandneglect ]&!% 122.TheCommitteewelcomestheestablishmentofCentresforthePreventionofChildAbusein /(#' manyregionsofthecountrythatdealwithreportsofchildabuseandneglectandprovide )h$( counsellingandassistancetovictims.Nevertheless,itisconcernedthatthereisnonationwide *Q%) systemforreceivingandeffectivelyaddressingcomplaintsofchildabuseandneglectorfor *:&* providingassistancetovictims. +#'+ 123.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStateparty: -(- Ї  (a)Takeallappropriatemeasures,includinglegislativereform,toestablishanationalsystem  forreceiving,monitoringandinvestigatingcomplaintsofchildabuseandneglectand,when  necessary,prosecutingcasesinachildsensitivemanner,andprovidetrainingforlawenforcement  officials,socialworkersandprosecutorsinthisregard; k   (b)StrengthenitseffortstoestablishCentresforthePreventionofChildAbuseinorderto =  developanationwideresponsesystemwhichisdesignedtoprovide,whereappropriate,supportand & v assistancetobothvictimsandperpetratorsoffamilyviolence,ratherthansolelyinterventionor  _ punishment,andwhichensuresthatallvictimsofviolencehaveaccesstocounsellingandassistance  H withrecoveryandreintegration;  1    (c)Establishamechanismforcollectingdataontheperpetratorsandvictimsofabuseand   neglect,_disaggregated_Ԁbygenderandage,inordertoproperlyassesstheextentoftheseproblems,   anddesignpoliciesandprogrammestoaddresstheseconcerns.   Childmaintenance W  124.TheCommitteeisconcernedatthehighnumberofdivorcedandsingleparents,primarily )y mothers,whodonotreceivethechildmaintenancepaymentstowhichtheyarelegallyentitled. b 125.Inthelightofarticle27andtheprincipleofthebestinterestsofthechild(art.3),the 4 CommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartytakealleffectivemeasurestoenforcechildmaintenance  obligationsbasedonacourtorderoragreementsbetweenpartiesinamannerthatdoesnot  stigmatizethechildorhisorhercustodialparent.Forinstance,theStatepartymightconsider  establishinganationalfundtoensurepaymentofoverduechildmaintenanceobligationstothe  custodialparentwhileenforcementmeasuresareenacted,orintroducingasysteminwhichchild q supportpaymentsareautomaticallydeductedfromthesalariesofthoseemployeeswithchild Z maintenanceobligations. C 6.Basichealthandwelfare e 126.TheCommitteeisencouragedbytheverypositivehealthindicatorsforchildren.Nevertheless,  7 itisconcernedthattheproportionofthegovernmentbudgetallocatedtohealthislessthan1per !   cent,andthat90percentofallhealthcarefacilitiesareprivatelyoperated.TheCommitteeisalso " ! concernedthattheproportionofmothersbreastfeedingtheirchildrendeclinedsignificantlyduring #" the1990s,andthatthenumberofadolescentssmokingandusingamphetaminesandotherillicit $# substancesisincreasing. t% $ 127.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStateparty: F'"&   (a)Increasetoasignificantlevelthefundingallocatedtohealthandestablishasystemof )h$( publiccarefacilitiessothatlowincomefamiliesmayhaveaccesstohealthsystemsatnocost; *Q%)   (b)Takestepstoencourageandeducatemothersonthebenefitsofexclusivebreastfeeding +#'+ ofinfantsduringthefirstsixmonthsandadoptanationalcodeonbreastfeeding; , (,  -(-   (c)Takeeffectivemeasurestocounteractanynegativeimpactontheemploymentofwomen  whobreastfeedtheirchildren;    (d)Undertakeastudyofadolescenthealthwithaviewtodevelopingacomprehensive k adolescenthealthpolicythataddresses,interalia,educationonHIV/AIDSandothersexually T transmitteddiseases,theproblemofsmokinganddrugabuseamongstteenagersaswellasother =  relevantissues. & v Childrenwithdisabilities  H 128.TheCommitteeisextremelyconcernedthatsocietaldiscriminationagainstchildrenis    widespreadandpreventsthesechildrenfromenjoyingtheirrightto afullanddecentlife,in   conditionswhichensuredignity,promoteselfrelianceandfacilitatethechildsactiveparticipation.   Inparticular,itisconcernedatreportsthatasignificantnumberofchildrenwithdisabilitiesare   abandonedeachyear,thatmanycannotattendschoolandwhentheydoattendschooltheyare n  segregatedfromotherstudents. W  129.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStateparty,inaccordancewiththerecommendations )y arisingfromtheCommitteesdayofgeneraldiscussion,heldin1997,onchildrenwithdisabilities, b andtheStandardRulesontheEqualizationofOpportunitiesforPersonswithDisabilities(General K Assemblyresolution48/96,annex): 4   (a)Takeeffectivemeasurestocombatthecultureofdiscriminationagainstchildrenwith  disabilities,includingthroughawarenessraisingandeducationcampaignsaimedatparents,  children,teachersandthegeneralpublic;    (b)Undertakeacomprehensivesurveyofthenumberofchildrenwithdisabilities,including Z thosecurrentlynotattendingschool,whichassessestheireducationalneedsandaccesstoeducation C andothersocialservices; ,|   (c)Expandexistingprogrammesaimedatimprovingthephysicalaccessofchildrenwith N disabilitiestopublicbuildingsandareas,includingschoolsandrecreationalfacilities,andincrease  7 thenumberofintegratededucationprogrammesatpreprimary,primary,secondaryandtertiary !   levels. " ! 7.Education $# 130.TheCommitteeisconcernedthat,despitetheStatepartysrelativelyhighlevelofeconomic ]&!% development,onlyprimaryeducationisfree,whilewelcomingtheinformationthattheStateparty F'"& isintheprocessofmakingmiddleschooleducationfree.Similarly,whilethereisnodisparityin /(#' enrolmentratesofgirlsandboysinprimaryeducation,significantlyfewergirlsthanboysare )h$( enrolledinhighereducation.Finally,theCommitteereiteratesitsconcernthatthehighly *Q%) competitivenatureoftheeducationsystemriskshamperingthedevelopmentofthechildtohisor *:&* herfullestpotential. +#'+ 131.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStateparty: -(- Ї  (a)Raisethequalityofpublicschools,whichislowcomparedtothatofprivateschools,by  increasingmaterialresourcesprovidedtoschoolsandimprovingthequalityofteaching;    (b)Developatimeboundstrategyforreducingandeliminatingthecostofpre-schooland k secondaryeducation; T   (c)Takeeffectivemeasurestoensurethathighereducationisaccessibletoallonthebasis & v ofcapacity,bypromotingtheenrolmentofgirlsandaddressingpersistentgenderstereotypes;  _   (d)Reviewitseducationpolicywithaviewtoreducingcompetitivenessandreflectingthe  1  aimsofeducationsetoutinarticle29,paragraph1,oftheConventionandintheCommittees    generalcommentNo.1ontheaimsofeducation.   8.Specialprotectionmeasures   Sexualexploitation W  132.TheCommitteewelcomestheenactmentin2000oftheJuvenileProtectionAct,whichaims )y topenalizethosepurchasingsexualservicesfromchildren.However,theCommitteeisconcerned b thattheActisnotbeingeffectivelyimplementedandthattherearelimiteddataavailableonthe K prevalenceofchildsexualexploitation.Itisalsoconcernedatreportsofthewidespread 4 phenomenonof_Wonjokyuje_inwhichadolescentgirlsengageinasexualrelationshipwitholdermen  formoney.  133.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStateparty:    (a)Developanationalplanofactiononcommercialsexualexploitationofchildren,which Z includesmeasuresforeffectivedatacollection,asagreedatthefirstandsecondWorldCongresses C againstCommercialSexualExploitationofChildren,heldin1996and2001,respectively; ,|   (b)Trainlawenforcementofficials,socialworkersandprosecutorsonhowtoreceive, N monitor,investigateandprosecutecomplaintsinachildsensitivemanner;  7   (c)Ensurethatallvictimsofsexualabuseandexploitationhaveaccesstoappropriate " ! recoveryandreintegrationprogrammesandservices; #"   (d)Developpreventivemeasuresthattargetthosesolicitingandprovidingsexualservices, t% $ suchasmaterialsonrelevantlegislationonthesexualabuseandexploitationofminors,and ]&!% educationprogrammes,includingprogrammesinschoolsonhealthylifestyles. F'"& Juvenilejustice )h$( 134.TheCommitteeisconcernedthatjuvenilesaccusedofviolatingthelawandsubjectto *:&* protectivemeasuresmaybedeprivedoftheirlibertywithoutundergoingcriminalproceedingsor +#'+ havingaccesstolegalassistance. , (,  -(- 135.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStateparty:    (a)Ensurethefullimplementationofjuvenilejusticestandards,inparticulararticles37,40  and39oftheConvention,aswellastheUnitedNationsStandardMinimumRulesforthe k AdministrationofJuvenileJustice(theBeijingRules)andtheUnitedNationsGuidelinesforthe T PreventionofJuvenileDelinquency(theRiyadhGuidelines),andinthelightoftheCommittees =  dayofgeneraldiscussion,heldin1995,ontheadministrationofjuvenilejustice,andcarryout & v specializedtrainingforpersonnelinthejuvenilejusticesystem;  _   (b)Usedeprivationoflibertyonlyasameasureoflastresortandensurethatalljuveniles  1  involvedinprotectionmeasuresthatmayresultindeprivationoflibertyhaveaccesstolegalcounsel    atanearlystage;     (c)Amendlegislationinordertoeliminatethediscretionarypowerofthepublicprosecutor   todecidewhetheraminorissubjecttocriminalproceedingsorprotectivemeasures. n  Childrenofmigrantworkers @ 136.TheCommitteeisconcernedthateducationandsocialwelfarelawsandregulationsdonot b includespecificprovisionsprovidingforthewelfareandrightsofforeignchildren,inparticular K thoseofundocumentedmigrantworkers. 4 137.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStateparty:    (a)Amenddomesticlaws,inparticularthoseoneducationandsocialwelfare,toinclude  specificprovisionswhichensureequalaccesstoservicesforallforeignchildren,includingthose q ofundocumentedmigrantworkers; Z   (b)ConsiderratifyingtheInternationalConventionontheProtectionoftheRightsofAll ,| MigrantWorkersandMembersofTheirFamiliesof1990. e 9.OptionalProtocolstotheConventionontheRightsoftheChildandamendmenttoarticle43,  7 paragraph2,oftheConvention !   138.TheCommitteenotesthattheStatepartyhassignedbutnotratifiedthetwoOptionalProtocols #" totheConventionontheRightsoftheChildonthesaleofchildren,childprostitutionandchild $# pornography,andontheinvolvementofchildreninarmedconflict. t% $ 139.TheCommitteerecommendsthattheStatepartyratifythetwoOptionalProtocolstothe F'"& ConventionontheRightsoftheChild. /(#' 10.Disseminationofdocuments *Q%) 140.Inthelightofarticle44,paragraph6,oftheConvention,theCommitteerecommendsthatthe +#'+ secondperiodicreportandwrittenrepliessubmittedbytheStatepartybemadewidelyavailableto , (, thepublicatlargeandchildreninparticular,andthatthepublicationofthereportbeconsidered, -(- alongwiththerelevantsummaryrecordsandconcludingobservationsadoptedbytheCommittee.  Suchadocumentshouldbewidelydistributedinordertogeneratedebateandawarenessofthe  ConventionanditsimplementationandmonitoringwithintheGovernment,theparliamentandthe  generalpublic,includingconcerned_NGOs_. k 11.Nextreport =  141.InthelightoftherecommendationonreportingperiodicityadoptedbytheCommitteeatits  _ twentyninthsession(seeCRC/C/114),theCommitteeunderlinestheimportanceofareporting  H practicethatisinfullcompliancewiththeprovisionsofarticle44oftheConvention.Animportant  1  aspectofStatespartiesresponsibilitiestochildrenundertheConventionisensuringthatthe    Committeehasregularopportunitiestoexaminetheprogressmadeintheimplementationofthe   Convention.Inthisregard,regularandtimelyreportingbyStatespartiesiscrucial.Asan   exceptionalmeasure,inordertohelptheStatepartycatchupwithitsreportingobligationssoasto   beinfullcompliancewiththeConvention,theCommitteeinvitestheStatepartytosubmititsthird n  andfourthreportsinoneconsolidatedreportby19December2008,dateonwhichthefourthreport W  isdue.TheCommitteeexpectstheStatepartytoreportthereaftereveryfiveyears,asforeseenby @ theConvention. )y US.,UK.,