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ÐTreatment€or€Punishment.€Ð Ð  ÐÌòòHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€author€of€the€communication,Ð °"  Ðhis€counsel€and€the€State€party,€Ð  #ð! ÐÌòòAdoptsóó€its€Views€under€article€22,€paragraph€7,€of€the€Convention.€Ð €%Ð # ÐÌ1.1€€The€complainant€is€B.M.,€a€citizen€of€Tunisia,€currently€awaiting€deportation€in€Sweden.€HeÐ `'°"% Ðclaims€that€his€removal€to€Tunisia€would€constitute€a€violation€by€Sweden€of€article€3€of€theÐ P( #& ÐConvention€against€Torture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment.€HeÐ @)$' Ðis€represented€by€counsel.€Ð 0*€%( ÐÌ1.2€On€11€April€2001,€the€Committee€forwarded€the€complaint€to€the€State€party€for€comments€andÐ ,`'* Ðrequested,€under€rule€108€of€the€Committee's€rules€of€procedure,€not€to€return€the€complainant€toÐ -P(+ ÐTunisia€while€his€complaint€was€under€consideration€by€the€Committee.€The€State€party€acceded€toÐ ð-@), Ðthis€request.€Ð ° ÐÌòòFacts€as€presented€by€the€complainantóó€Ð à ÐÌ2.1€€The€complainant€lived€and€worked€in€Saudi€Arabia€from€1983€to€1998.€During€this€period,€heÐ pÀ Ðwas€very€active€in€the€Muslim€community,€holding€religious€discussions€with€other€Muslims€andÐ ` ° Ðcollecting€money€for€the€poor€and€for€the€families€of€imprisoned€members€of€the€Al„Ô_ÔNadhaÔ_Ô€Party€inÐ P   ÐTunisia.€The€complainant€is€not€a€member€of€that€party€but€an€active€supporter.€He€states€that€allÐ @  ÐMuslim€organizations€in€Tunisia€are€considered€to€be€working€politically€against€the€TunisianÐ 0 € Ðregime,€including€the€Al„Ô_ÔNadhaÔ_Ô€Party.€Ð  p  ÐÌ2.2€€In€1989,€1990€and€1992,€while€the€complainant€was€till€residing€in€Saudi€Arabia,€he€madeÐ P  Ðseveral€visits€to€Tunisia.€His€first€visit€in€1989€was€to€arrange€his€marriage€contract.€He€was€arrestedÐ ð@  Ðat€the€airport,€detained€and€interrogated€in€prison€and€then€brought€before€the€"Al„Ô_ÔKassabahÔ_Ô"€courtÐ à0  Ðwhere€he€was€forced€to€sign€a€confession€stating€that€he€adhered€to€Ô_ÔWahhabismÔ_Ô,€which€is€theÐ Ð  Ðinterpretation€of€Islam€practised€in€Saudi€Arabia.€The€complainant€was€allegedly€tortured€during€theÐ À Ðinterrogation.€Ð ° ÐÌ2.3€€In€1990,€the€complainant€entered€Tunisia€again€in€order€to€marry.€He€was€again€arrested€at€theÐ à Ðairport,€interrogated,€accused€again€of€being€a€Ô_ÔWahhabiÔ_Ô€and€then€released.€In€1992,€the€complainantÐ €Ð Ðand€his€wife€went€to€Tunisia€together.€They€were€arrested€at€the€airport€and€interrogated€about€theÐ pÀ Ðcomplainant's€activities€and€religious€ideas.€He€was€again€accused€of€being€a€Ô_ÔWahhabiÔ_Ô€and€ofÐ `° Ðcollecting€money€for€the€families€of€men€imprisoned€for€activities€against€the€Tunisian€regime.€AfterÐ P  Ðinterrogation€they€were€released,€but€a€travel€ban€was€issued.€A€few€days€later,€uniformed€andÐ @ Ðcivilian€police€forcibly€entered€the€house€where€they€were€staying.€The€police€forcibly€removed€theÐ 0€ Ðveil€of€the€complainant's€wife,€and€beat€the€complainant.€The€couple€were€brought€to€a€camp€whereÐ  p Ðthey€were€interrogated€separately€for€approximately€three€hours€and€then€released€after€theÐ ` Ðcomplainant€signed€a€confession€stating€that€he€had€adopted€the€Ô_ÔWahhabiÔ_Ô€ideas€and€had€forced€hisÐ P Ðwife€to€wear€a€veil.€On€their€release,€the€couple€was€helped€by€a€friend€of€the€complainant's€to€leaveÐ ð@ Ðthe€country€and€return€to€Saudi€Arabia.€Ð à0 ÐÌ2.4€€On€his€return€to€Saudi€Arabia€in€1992,€the€complainant€continued€with€his€activities€in€theÐ À! ÐMuslim€community.€In€July€of€that€year,€he€also€received€a€new€passport€at€the€Tunisian€EmbassyÐ °"  Ðin€Riyadh.€In€1993€a€"secret€decree"€was€issued€in€Tunisia,€which€forbade€Tunisian€embassies€fromÐ  #ð! Ðissuing€or€renewing€passports€without€consulting€the€Tunisian€Ministry€of€Internal€Affairs.€ForÐ $à" Ðwanted€persons,€the€embassies€could€only€issue€a€Ô_ÔlaisserÔ_Ô„passer€for€a€journey€back€to€Tunisia.€Ð €%Ð # ÐÌ2.5€€In€1996,€the€complainant€received€information€that€he€and€other€Tunisians€were€being€monitoredÐ `'°"% Ðby€the€Tunisian€Embassy.€He€was€also€told€that€another€Tunisian€who€lived€in€Saudi€Arabia€andÐ P( #& Ðwhom€he€used€to€meet€for€religious€discussions€had€been€arrested€and€imprisoned€when€he€wasÐ @)$' Ðvisiting€Tunisia€on€vacation.€Ð 0*€%( ÐÌ2.6€€In€1997,€another€Tunisian€who€worked€on€the€same€type€of€activities€as€the€complainant€wasÐ ,`'* Ðrefused€an€extension€of€his€passport€by€the€Tunisian€Embassy€in€Riyadh.€He€later€left€Saudi€ArabiaÐ -P(+ Ðand€went€to€Switzerland.€On€1€August€1997,€the€complainant€applied€for€asylum€in€Switzerland,€butÐ ð-@), Ðsince€he€had€no€proof€of€the€risk€he€would€be€facing€upon€return€to€Tunisia,€and€because€he€wishedÐ ° Ðto€live€in€Saudi€Arabia,€he€withdrew€his€application€and€returned€to€Saudi€Arabia.€Ð  ð ÐÌ2.7€€On€27€July€1997€the€complainant's€passport€expired.€He€applied€for€an€extension€at€the€TunisianÐ €Ð ÐEmbassy€in€Riyadh€but€was€refused€on€9€November1997€for€"administrative€reasons".€TheÐ pÀ Ðcomplainant€believes€that€his€passport€was€not€extended€because€he€is€wanted€by€the€TunisianÐ ` ° Ðauthorities.€He€then€tried,€with€the€help€of€friends,€to€obtain€a€Saudi€Arabian€passport€but€failed.€TheÐ P   Ðcomplainant€knew€that€if€he€stayed€in€Saudi€Arabia€without€a€valid€passport€he€would€be€forciblyÐ @  Ðreturned€to€Tunisia€where€he€would€be€arrested,€imprisoned,€and€most€probably€subjected€to€torture.Ð 0 € ÐHe€persuaded€a€contact€in€Saudi€Arabia€to€make€false€stamps€to€extend€his€passport.€With€the€helpÐ  p  Ðof€friends€he€obtained€a€business€visa€with€which€he€entered€Sweden€on€26€March€1998.€Ð `  ÐÌ2.8€€Since€his€arrival€in€Sweden€the€complainant€has€been€involved€in€activities€in€the€mosque€andÐ ð@  Ðgives€lectures€on€Islam.€He€is€convinced€that€the€Tunisian€authorities€are€aware€of€these€activities.Ð à0  ÐHis€wife€returned€to€Tunisia€from€Saudi€Arabia.€She€was€subjected€to€different€kinds€of€harassmentÐ Ð  Ðand€was€finally€"forced"€to€divorce€the€complainant.€On€14€May€1999,€the€complainant€married€aÐ À ÐSwedish€citizen€of€Tunisian€origin.€The€couple€have€since€divorced€but€have€a€daughter€together.€Ð ° ÐÌ2.9€€On€1€March€1999,€the€complainant's€application€for€asylum€and€a€residence€permit€was€turnedÐ à Ðdown€by€the€Swedish€Immigration€Board.€He€appealed€the€decision€to€the€Aliens€Appeals€Board.Ð €Ð ÐOn€28€September€2000,€his€appeal€was€refused.€Ð pÀ ÐÌ2.10€€In€February€2001,€the€complainant€then€made€a€second€application€for€asylum€and€a€residenceÐ P  Ðpermit€to€the€Aliens€Appeals€Board.€His€second€application€was€also€refused€although€he€submittedÐ @ Ðthe€false€stamps€he€had€bought€in€Saudi€Arabia€to€extend€his€passport,€a€second€letter€from€theÐ 0€ ÐChairman€of€the€Al„Ô_ÔNadhaÔ_Ô€certifying€his€personal€knowledge€of€the€complainant€and€referring€to€theÐ  p Ðlikelihood€of€his€being€subjected€to€torture€if€deported€to€Tunisia,€and€a€letter€from€Ô_ÔUNHCRÔ_Ô€statingÐ ` Ðthe€following,€"Ô_ÔUNHCRÔ_Ô€has€no€reasons€to€doubt€the€genuineness€of€the€above€attestation€[certificateÐ P Ðfrom€the€Chairman€of€Al„Ô_ÔNadhaÔ_Ô].€In€light€of€this,€and€considering€that€members€of€the€Al„Ô_ÔNadhaÔ_ÔÐ ð@ ÐParty€still€risk€persecution€in€Tunisia,€we€would€advise€against€the€return€of€the€applicant€toÐ à0 ÐTunisia."€Ð Ð  ÐÌ2.11€€On€6€March,€the€complainant€submitted€a€third€application€for€consideration€by€the€AliensÐ °"  ÐAppeals€Board.€The€complainant€included€a€letter€from€Amnesty€International,€Sweden€and€theÐ  #ð! ÐUnited€States€Department€of€State€country€report€describing€the€general€human€rights€situation€inÐ $à" ÐTunisia.€The€letter€from€Amnesty€also€states€that€in€the€opinion€of€the€organization€the€complainantÐ €%Ð # Ðwould€be€at€risk€of€torture€if€retuned€to€Tunisia€because€of€his€involvement€with€Al„Ô_ÔNadhaÔ_Ô.€On€19Ð p&À!$ ÐMarch€2001,€the€Aliens€Board€rejected€his€application,€stating€that€the€complainant€had€referred€toÐ `'°"% Ðthe€same€information€as€in€his€previous€applications.€Ð P( #& ÐÌ2.12€€The€complainant€says€that€the€general€human€rights€situation€in€Tunisia€is€very€bad.€ThousandsÐ 0*€%( Ðof€persons€are€imprisoned€for€their€religious€and/or€political€beliefs.€He€refers€to€different€reports€byÐ  +p&) ÐAmnesty€International€according€to€which€there€is€a€high€risk€of€persecution€for€members€andÐ ,`'* Ðsympathizers€of€Al„Ô_ÔNadhaÔ_Ô.€Ð -P(+ ÐÐ ð-@), ÐòòThe€complaintóó€Ð ° ÐÌ3.1€€The€complainant€claims€that€due€to€his€involvement€with€Al„Ô_ÔNadhaÔ_Ô,€the€fact€that€he€wasÐ à Ðpreviously€arrested€and€interrogated€by€the€Tunisian€authorities,€and€the€existence€of€a€consistentÐ €Ð Ðpattern€of€gross€violations€of€human€rights,€there€are€substantial€grounds€for€believing€that€he€wouldÐ pÀ Ðbe€in€danger€of€being€subjected€to€torture€on€return€to€Tunisia€and,€therefore,€Sweden€would€beÐ ` ° Ðviolating€article€3€of€the€Convention€if€he€were€returned€there.€Ð P   ÐÌ3.2€€The€complainant€states€that€the€Immigration€Board's€decision€not€to€grant€him€asylum€was€basedÐ 0 € Ðon€an€incorrect€assessment€of€the€evidence€before€it€and€that€very€important€information€providedÐ  p  Ðby€the€complainant,€including€the€letters€from€the€Chairman€of€Al„Ô_ÔNadhaÔ_Ô,€the€letter€from€Ô_ÔUNHCRÔ_ÔÐ `  Ðand€information€from€Amnesty€International,€all€of€which€specifically€referred€to€the€risk€that€theÐ P  Ðcomplainant€would€be€subjected€to€torture,€were€not€taken€into€account€in€forming€its€decision.€Ð ð@  ÐÌòòThe€State€party's€observations€on€admissibility€and€merits€and€the€complainant's€comments€thereonóó€Ð Ð  ÐÌ4.1€€The€State€party€raises€no€objection€to€the€admissibility€of€the€petition.€On€8€October€2001,€theÐ ° ÐState€party€submitted€its€comments€on€the€merits€of€the€petition.€The€State€party€explains€that€whenÐ  ð Ðthe€Immigration€Board€rejected€the€complainant's€application€for€asylum€and€a€residence€permit,€itÐ à Ðalso€ordered€his€expulsion€either€to€Tunisia€or€to€Saudi€Arabia.€Ð €Ð ÐÌ4.2€€The€State€party€submits€that€it€is€primarily€upon€the€complainant€to€collect€and€present€evidenceÐ `° Ðin€support€of€his€claim.òò1óó€€Furthermore,€it€is€of€the€view€that€the€competent€national€authorityÐ P  Ðconducting€the€asylum€hearing€is€in€the€best€position€to€judge€the€general€veracity€of€theÐ @ Ðcomplainant's€case€and€consequently€great€importance€must€be€attached€to€its€assessment.€The€StateÐ 0€ Ðparty€submits€that€the€complainant€has€not€substantiated€his€claim€that€he€would€run€a€personal,€realÐ  p Ðand€foreseeable€risk€of€being€tortured€if€returned€to€Tunisia.€Ð ` ÐÌ4.3€€On€the€complainant's€claim€to€have€been€intimated€by€the€police€on€account€of€his€political€andÐ ð@ Ðreligious€beliefs€in€1989,€1990€and€1992,€the€State€party€submits€that€neither€of€the€incidents€in€1989Ð à0 Ðor€1990€prevented€his€from€returning€to€the€country.€Yet€the€incident€in€1989€appears€to€haveÐ Ð  Ðentailed€the€most€serious€violation€of€his€rights.€The€State€party€highlights€that€in€this€regard€theÐ À! Ðcomplainant€has€provided€no€details€of€the€abuse,€no€information€about€the€possible€after„effects€andÐ °"  Ðno€evidence€to€support€his€claim,€and€refers€in€this€connection€to€the€Committee's€general€commentÐ  #ð! Ðon€the€implementation€of€article€3€of€the€Convention.òò2óó€€The€State€party€also€adds€that€although€theÐ $à" Ðcomplainant€was€already€at€this€time€accused,€inter€alia,€of€providing€financial€support€to€familiesÐ €%Ð # Ðof€persons€imprisoned€for€activities€against€the€regime,€he€was€never€convicted€as€a€result€of€theÐ p&À!$ Ðallegations€made€against€him.€On€the€contrary,€and€according€to€the€complainant€himself,€in€1989Ð `'°"% Ðthe€court€issued€a€certificate€stating€that€he€was€not€wanted€by€the€authorities.€The€State€partyÐ P( #& Ðsubmits€that€with€regard€to€the€two€other€occasions€when€the€complainant€claims€to€have€beenÐ @)$' Ðinterrogated,€he€makes€no€claim€of€being€tortured,€and€in€this€regard€the€State€party€notes€that€a€riskÐ 0*€%( Ðof€detention€is€not€sufficient€to€justify€the€protection€of€article€3€of€the€Convention,€and€refers€toÐ  +p&) ÐòòÔ_ÔI.A.O.Ô_Ô€v.€Swedenóó.òò3óó€Ð ,`'* ÐÌ4.4€€The€State€party€submits€that€the€claim€of€having€been€monitored€by€the€Tunisian€authorities€everÐ ð-@), Ðsince€his€arrival€in€Saudi€Arabia€has€not€been€substantiated€and€that€there€is€nothing€to€indicate€thatÐ ° Ðthey€knew€of€his€activities€in€Saudi€Arabia€or€showed€any€particular€interest€in€him€at€any€other€timeÐ  ð Ðbetween€1992€and€1997.€In€this€context,€the€complainant€has€not€claimed€that€other€Tunisians€whoÐ à Ðparticipated€in€the€activities€for€which€the€authorities€allegedly€wanted€to€arrest€him€were€tortured.òò4óó€Ð €Ð ÐIn€addition,€the€State€party€notes€that€he€was€granted€a€new€passport€by€the€Tunisian€Embassy€in€JulyÐ pÀ Ð1992€and€appears€to€have€had€contact€with€the€Embassy€without€ever€receiving€any€indications€thatÐ ` ° Ðhe€was€wanted€by€the€Tunisian€authorities€or€was€requested€to€return€to€Tunisia.€Ð P   ÐÌ4.5€€In€the€light€of€the€above,€the€State€party€submits€that€the€complainant's€claim€that€in€1997€he€wasÐ 0 € Ðdenied€an€extension€of€his€passport€on€the€grounds€that€he€was€wanted€for€arrest€by€TunisianÐ  p  Ðauthorities€appears€doubtful.€As€for€the€existence€of€a€decree€in€1993€prohibiting€the€issuance€ofÐ `  Ðpassports€to€wanted€Tunisian€citizens,€the€State€party€has€received€no€information€to€confirm€this.Ð P  ÐThe€State€party€notes€that€the€Embassy's€refusal€to€issue€the€complainant€a€new€passport€was€"forÐ ð@  Ðadministrative€reasons",€and€he€has€not€demonstrated€that€there€might€have€been€any€other€reasons.€Ð à0  ÐÌ4.6€€The€State€party€also€refers€to€two€claims€made€by€the€complainant€during€the€immigrationÐ À Ðproceedings:€firstly,€that€he€had€received€letters€from€his€wife€in€which€she€referred€to€intimidationÐ ° Ðby€the€police€after€her€return€to€Tunisia;€secondly,€that€he€had€received€information€that€his€fatherÐ  ð Ðhad€been€interrogated€by€the€police€about€his€whereabouts€in€1994.€On€the€first€issue,€the€State€partyÐ à Ðnotes€that€the€complainant€has€not€submitted€any€details€of€the€circumstances€surrounding€the€allegedÐ €Ð Ðharassment,€nor€has€he€submitted€the€letters€or€given€any€reason€for€not€doing€so.€On€the€secondÐ pÀ Ðissue,€the€State€party€submits€that€the€documents€provided€as€evidence€were€examined€by€the€AliensÐ `° ÐAppeals€Board€in€its€first€decision€and€for€several€reasons€considered€not€to€be€genuine.€Ð P  ÐÌ4.7€€With€respect€to€the€second€letter€from€the€Chairman€of€Al„Ô_ÔNadhaÔ_Ô,€the€State€party€submits€thatÐ 0€ Ð"given€the€assessment€regarding€the€first€certificate,€the€reliability€of€the€second€can€be€put€inÐ  p Ðquestion".€The€Aliens€Appeals€Board€had€decided€that€the€first€letter€had€been€issued€without€theÐ ` ÐChairman's€personal€knowledge€of€the€complainant.€Ð P ÐÌ4.8€€With€respect€to€the€letter€from€Ô_ÔUNHCRÔ_Ô,€the€State€party€submits€that€it€appears€to€have€beenÐ à0 Ðbased€solely€on€the€certificate€by€the€Chairman€of€Al„Ô_ÔNadhaÔ_Ô€and,€although€the€State€party€believesÐ Ð  Ðthe€certificate€to€be€genuine,€its€reliability€does€not€appear€to€have€been€assessed€by€Ô_ÔUNHCRÔ_Ô€inÐ À! Ðterms€of€a€"foreseeable,€real€and€personal€risk"€test.€Ð °"  ÐÌ4.9€€With€respect€to€the€letter€from€Amnesty€International€Sweden,€the€State€party€submits,€firstly,Ð $à" Ðthat€it€is€not€possible€to€tell€from€the€letter€what€facts€the€complainant€submitted€to€that€organization;Ð €%Ð # Ðthus,€it€cannot€be€ruled€out€that€there€may€be€significant€differences€in€content€and€detail€betweenÐ p&À!$ Ðthe€information€available€to€the€immigration€authorities€and€the€information€available€to€AmnestyÐ `'°"% ÐInternational.€Secondly,€there€is€nothing€in€the€note€to€indicate€that€Amnesty€International€had€madeÐ P( #& Ðany€assessment€of€the€credibility€of€the€complainant's€statement€of€facts.€Neither€is€there€anythingÐ @)$' Ðto€suggest€that€the€assessment€was€made€against€the€criterion€of€"foreseeable,€real€and€personal€risk".Ð 0*€%( ÐThe€State€party€is€therefore€of€the€view€that€the€conclusion€proposed€in€the€letter€can€only€be€ofÐ  +p&) Ðlimited€significance€in€assessing€the€case€at€hand.€In€addition,€the€State€party€submits€that€reportsÐ ,`'* Ðfrom,€among€others,€Amnesty€International€in€fact€form€part€of€the€material€available€to€the€SwedishÐ -P(+ Ðimmigration€authorities€in€their€decision„making€process.€Ð ð-@), Ї4.10€€On€the€complainant's€suggestion€that€in€addition€to€the€Al„Ô_ÔNadhaÔ_Ô€association€he€risks€arrest€andÐ ° Ðtorture€for€having€entered€Sweden€with€a€fraudulent€Tunisian€passport,€the€State€party€responds€that,Ð  ð Ðfirstly,€the€Board€was€of€the€opinion€that€the€complainant€had€not€falsified€his€passport.€Secondly,Ð à Ðthere€is€nothing€to€indicate€that,€even€if€the€complainant€were€charged€in€Tunisia€with€falsifying€hisÐ €Ð Ðpassport,€he€would€necessarily€be€subjected€to€ill„treatment€or€torture.€Thirdly,€no€information€hasÐ pÀ Ðbeen€provided€to€indicate€that€the€Tunisian€authorities€would€know€if€the€complainant€were€inÐ ` ° Ðpossession€of€an€illegal€passport.€Ð P   ÐÌ4.11€€In€light€of€all€the€above€arguments,€the€State€party€doubts€the€general€veracity€of€theÐ 0 € Ðcomplainant's€claims.€In€its€view€the€complainant€should€not€be€granted€the€benefit€of€the€doubt,Ð  p  Ðwithout€providing€additional€details€and€evidence.òò5óó€Ð `  ÐÌ4.12€€The€State€party€does€not€deny€that€the€human€rights€situation€generally€in€Tunisia€is€"far€fromÐ ð@  Ðideal",€and€makes€reference€to€the€Amnesty€International€report€of€2001€and€the€United€StatesÐ à0  ÐDepartment€of€State€Country€Report€on€Human€Rights€Practices€for€2000.€It€leaves€it€up€to€theÐ Ð  ÐCommittee€to€decide€whether€this€constitutes€a€consistent€pattern€of€gross,€flagrant€and€massÐ À Ðviolations€of€human€rights.€Ð ° ÐÌ4.13€€With€respect€to€a€possible€expulsion€to€Saudi€Arabia,€the€State€party€notes€that€the€complainantÐ à Ðhas€not€claimed€that€he€is€wanted€there€or€would€be€subject€to€arrest€and€torture€there.€However,€theÐ €Ð ÐState€party€submits€that€the€complainant€must€prove€that€there€is€also€a€foreseeable,€real€and€personalÐ pÀ Ðrisk€that€he€would€be€returned€from€Saudi€Arabia€to€Tunisia,€where€he€claims€he€would€be€tortured.Ð `° ÐAccording€to€the€State€party,€foreigners€are€allowed€to€reside€and€work€in€Saudi€Arabia€provided€thatÐ P  Ðthey€are€sponsored€by€a€citizen€or€a€domestic€business€and€have€a€valid€residence€permit.€TheÐ @ Ðcomplainant€lived€in€Saudi€Arabia€for€15€years€and€therefore€must€have€had€some€kind€of€sponsor.Ð 0€ ÐThe€State€party€submits€that€the€complainant€has€provided€no€information€to€indicate€that€his€SaudiÐ  p Ðresidence€permit€would€not€be€extended€if€he€were€returned€to€Saudi€Arabia,€nor€that€the€SaudiÐ ` Ðauthorities€would€hand€him€over€to€the€Tunisian€authorities.€In€fact,€he€was€granted€permission€toÐ P Ðreturn€there€within€six€months€of€his€departure.€Ð ð@ ÐÌ4.14€€In€response€to€the€State€party's€submission,€the€complainant€contests€the€version€of€the€factsÐ Ð  Ðsubmitted€by€the€State€party.€With€respect€to€the€State€party's€response€to€the€letter€from€AmnestyÐ À! ÐInternational,€the€complainant€refers€to€a€further€letter€provided€by€Amnesty€International,€dated€23Ð °"  ÐNovember€2001,€in€which€it€confirms€that€the€information€it€relied€on€in€the€assessment€of€theÐ  #ð! Ðcomplainant's€case€was€that€"provided€in€the€inquiry€made€by€and€the€decisions€taken€by€the€SwedishÐ $à" Ðimmigration€authorities".€Amnesty€also€stated€that€it€"has€indeed€made€its€risk„assessment€againstÐ €%Ð # Ðthe€criterion€of€'foreseeable,€real€and€personal',€as€the€organization€on€numerous€occasions€hasÐ p&À!$ Ðreported€abuses€against€members€and€sympathizers€of€Al„Ô_ÔNadhaÔ_Ô,€as€well€as€against€other€peopleÐ `'°"% Ðaccused€of€supporting€the€group".€Amnesty€International€emphasizes,€with€reference€to€the€SwedishÐ P( #& Ðauthorities'€decisions,€that€even€individuals€with€a€weak€link€to€Al„Ô_ÔNadhaÔ_Ô€have€been€subjected€toÐ @)$' Ðpersecution€in€Tunisia.€Ð 0*€%( ÐÌ4.15€€With€respect€to€the€information€provided€by€UNHCR,€the€complainant€states€that€the€officeÐ ,`'* Ðhad€provided€two€letters€in€which€it€states€its€clear€position€that€òòallóó€Al„Ô_ÔNadhaÔ_Ô€members€riskÐ -P(+ Ðpersecution.€This€statement€goes€even€further€than€evaluating€individual€risk.€Ô_ÔÐ ð-@), Ї4.16€€As€to€the€letters€from€the€Chairman€of€Al„Ô_ÔNadhaÔ_Ô,€the€complainant€notes€that€the€second€letterÐ ° Ðmakes€it€clear€that€he€has€personal€knowledge€of€the€complainant.€Indeed,€the€State€party€itself€statesÐ  ð Ðthat€it€has€no€reason€to€doubt€that€the€certificate€is€genuine.€Ð à ÐÌòòIssues€and€proceedings€before€the€Committeeóó€Ð pÀ ÐÌ5.1€€Before€considering€any€claims€contained€in€a€communication,€the€Committee€against€TortureÐ P   Ðmust€decide€whether€or€not€it€is€admissible€under€article€22€of€the€Convention.€In€this€respect€theÐ @  ÐCommittee€has€ascertained,€as€it€is€required€to€do€under€article€22,€paragraph€5€(a),€of€theÐ 0 € ÐConvention,€that€the€same€matter€has€not€been€and€is€not€being€examined€under€another€procedureÐ  p  Ðof€international€investigation€or€settlement.€The€Committee€also€notes€that€all€domestic€remediesÐ `  Ðhave€been€exhausted€and€finds€no€further€obstacles€to€the€admissibility€of€the€communication.€Thus,Ð P  Ðthe€Committee€proceeds€to€a€consideration€of€the€merits.€Ð ð@  ÐÌ5.2€€The€Committee€must€decide€whether€the€forced€return€of€the€complainant€to€Tunisia€wouldÐ Ð  Ðviolate€the€State€party's€obligation,€under€article€3,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Convention,€not€to€expel€orÐ À Ðreturn€(refouler)€an€individual€to€another€State€where€there€are€substantial€grounds€for€believing€thatÐ ° Ðhe€would€be€in€danger€of€being€subjected€to€torture.€In€order€to€reach€its€conclusion,€the€CommitteeÐ  ð Ðmust€take€into€account€all€relevant€considerations,€including€the€existence€in€the€State€concerned€ofÐ à Ða€consistent€pattern€of€gross,€flagrant€or€mass€violations€of€human€rights.€The€aim,€however,€is€toÐ €Ð Ðdetermine€whether€the€individual€concerned€would€personally€risk€torture€in€the€country€to€whichÐ pÀ Ðhe€or€she€would€return.€It€follows€that€the€existence€of€a€consistent€pattern€of€gross,€flagrant€or€massÐ `° Ðviolations€of€human€rights€in€a€country€does€not€as€such€constitute€sufficient€grounds€for€determiningÐ P  Ðwhether€the€particular€person€would€be€in€danger€of€being€subjected€to€torture€upon€his€return€to€thatÐ @ Ðcountry;€additional€grounds€must€be€adduced€to€show€that€the€individual€concerned€would€beÐ 0€ Ðpersonally€at€risk.€Ð  p ÐÌ5.3€€The€Committee€notes€the€complainant's€argument€that€there€is€a€foreseeable€risk€that€he€will€beÐ P Ðtortured€if€deported€to€Tunisia€because€of€his€involvement€with€Al„Ô_ÔNadhaÔ_Ô€and€the€fact€that€he€wasÐ ð@ Ðpreviously€interrogated€and€tortured€by€the€Tunisian€authorities.€The€Committee€takes€note€of€theÐ à0 Ðinformation€provided€by€Amnesty€International€but€observes€that€the€complainant€does€not€contestÐ Ð  Ðthat€he€was€not€a€member€of€Al„Ô_ÔNadhaÔ_Ô€nor€involved€in€any€political€activity,€but€merely€involvedÐ À! Ðin€work€of€a€humanitarian€nature.€In€addition,€the€Committee€notes€that€the€complainant€has€notÐ °"  Ðprovided€any€evidence€of€having€been€tortured€by€the€Tunisian€authorities€and€has€not€alleged€anyÐ  #ð! Ðother€circumstances€which€would€appear€to€make€him€particularly€vulnerable€to€the€risk€of€beingÐ $à" Ðtorture.€This€consideration€is€further€supported€by€the€fact€that€the€author,€although€allegedly€torturedÐ €%Ð # Ðin€Tunisia€in€1989,€returned€to€Tunisia€in€1990€without€being€subjected€to€torture.€For€the€above„Ð p&À!$ Ðmentioned€reasons,€the€Committee€finds€that€the€complainant€has€not€provided€substantial€groundsÐ `'°"% Ðfor€believing€that€he€would€be€in€danger€of€being€tortured€were€he€to€be€returned€to€Tunisia€and€thatÐ P( #& Ðsuch€danger€is€personal€and€present.€Ð @)$' ÐÌ6.€€The€Committee€against€Torture,€acting€under€article€22,€paragraph€7,€of€the€Convention€againstÐ  +p&) ÐTorture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment,€concludes€that€theÐ ,`'* Ðcomplainant's€removal€to€Tunisia€would€not€constitute€a€breach€by€the€State€party€of€article€3€of€theÐ -P(+ ÐConvention.€Ô_ÔÐ ð-@), ЇòòNotesóó€Ð ° ÐÌòò1óó€€€The€State€party€refers€to€òòÔ_ÔS.L.Ô_Ô€v.€Swedenóó,€complaint€No.€150/1999,€Decision€adopted€on€11€MayÐ à Ð2001.€Ð €Ð ÐÌòò2óó€€€òòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Fifty„third€sessionóó,€Supplement€No.€44ÓÓ€(A/53/44),Ð ` ° Ðannex€IX,€para.€8€(c).€Ð P   ÐÌòò3óó€€€Case€No.€65/1997.€Ð 0 € ÐÌòò4óó€€€The€State€party€refers€to€òòÔ_ÔJ.U.A.Ô_Ô€v.€Switzerlandóó,€case€No.€100/1997,€Decision€adopted€on€10Ð `  ÐNovember€1998.€Ð P  ÐÌòò5óó€€€The€State€party€refers€to€òòÔ_ÔA.S.Ô_Ô€v.€Swedenóó,€case€No.€149/1999,€Decision€adopted€on€24€NovemberÐ à0  Ð2000.€Ð Ð  ÐÓIÓÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÔ_Ô