ÿWPC[ -‹ãþkø7›µf«ý–i ÚïaÛœk¡"/²XFƒº"–{šç1õ&ƒê«°…2´_€*fÒ“q·‘¶×O…ìs^Q´JLAûÅ­ƒ-¿¶Oûv.Ò…ûÃØ.ÆMˆ‰´l1ÙˆäúF=±E³ýÿo2©ÎIÆ—x-«›é\³^2-íC1‡˜>ó_ì4àŠÕÿ¾‹'m)½(Î9EF*2G °=KÍÐò˜.ü'JÉšìù-&PϾä)+²ýÓEÅÂPvÛ´¯J 'ýÅȾ$…¹a#µlêF 9šq~>Tl““Nº Òp©pÉ›XWDŽKbرAnqø.¶Ì¡éjTþDêc!Îe† ¹V†#-ñ#Ù!ò`-t@¯,Z”©FÅu&?Ÿœåe"±˜‚W®àuÜDÐåڳ鞞ÕqŸó #Á¶UNw %Å 0:Ë^ w4)8 m:QNY˜HP LaserJet 4000 Series PSÈÙØÙÙØÈÙ0&Öd9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(ûœ$¡¡ÔUKUS.,Ôa n, —{m,ê:i œ3|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ Ý ƒûœ!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ  Óò òÔ‡¼`(»XXÔSWEDENÔ#†X/VX»¼`(L#Ôó óÐ ° ÐÓ=ÓÌÌò òÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô€€A/39/45€(1984)ó óÐ “ã ÐÌÌÓ  Ó200.€€The€Committee€considered€the€initial€report€of€Sweden€(Ô_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/5/Add.8)€at€its€18th€andÐ O Ÿ Ð19th€meetings,€held€on€8€August€1983€(Ô_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/SR.18€and€19).Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌ201.€€The€report€was€introduced€by€the€representative€of€the€State€party€who€stated€that,€at€the€timeÐ  Z  Ðof€ratification€of€the€Convention,€Sweden€had€fulfilled€the€undertakings€implied€by€the€articles,Ð ó C  Ðwhich€were€not€specifically€mentioned€in€the€report.Ð Ü,  ÐÌ202.€€In€order€to€implement€its€policy€for€the€promotion€of€sexual€equality,€the€Swedish€GovernmentÐ ®þ  Ðhad€made€certain€organizational€reforms€in€1983:€€a€Minister€with€a€special€secretariat€for€thatÐ —ç  Ðpurpose€in€the€Ministry€of€Labour€had€been€made€responsible€for€ensuring€that€the€Government€tookÐ €Ð  Ðaccount€of€sexual€equality€when€it€prepared€policies,€and€a€special€body,€made€up€of€senior€officialsÐ i¹ Ðfrom€all€ministries,€had€been€established€to€help€her€carry€out€her€task.€€A€Council€on€Equality€IssuesÐ R¢ Ðhad€been€established€to€ensure€contacts€between€the€Government,€the€political€parties€representedÐ ;‹ Ðin€the€Parliament,€employersðð€and€workersðð€organizations€and€womenððs€associations.€€In€addition,Ð $t Ða€Commission€made€up€of€politicians€and€social€workers€had€been€made€responsible€for€research.Ð  ] ÐÌ203.€€For€the€promotion€of€sexual€equality,€a€National€Plan€of€Action€had€been€establishedÐ ß/ Ðcontaining€a€broad€range€of€measures€and€recommendations€aimed€at€strengthening€equality€in€aÐ È Ðnumber€of€fields€such€as€education,€employment,€family€policy€and€family€law,€housing€andÐ ± Ðcommunity€planning,€health€and€the€social€field.Ð šê ÐÌ204.€€The€Committee€on€Equality€referred€to€in€the€State€partyððs€report€identified€some€methods€thatÐ l¼ Ðhad€been€used€to€increase€the€representation€of€women€in€trade€unions€and€political€parties,€usingÐ U¥ Ðmass€media€and€other€means€for€the€moulding€of€public€opinion.€€Sweden€attached€particularÐ >Ž Ðimportance€to€equality€of€the€sexes€in€its€international€co„operation€activities.Ð ' w ÐÌ205.€€The€representative€of€the€State€party€was€commended€for€her€introduction€of,€as€well€as€for,Ð ù!I  Ðthe€report,€focussing€in€particular€on€the€problems€of€implementation€with€regard€to€each€article€ofÐ â"2! Ðthe€Convention.€€Some€experts€stated€that€Sweden€had€almost€fully€realized€the€aspirations€of€theÐ Ë#" ÐCommittee€on€the€Elimination€of€Discrimination€against€Women.€€Several€experts€made€referenceÐ ´$ # Ðto€education€programmes,€to€the€creation€of€the€Ombudsman€and€to€the€consideration€being€givenÐ %í $ Ðto€immigrant€women.Ð †&Ö!% ÐÌ206.€€Some€members€of€the€Committee€remarked€on€the€organizational€reforms€carried€out€by€theÐ X(¨#' ÐSwedish€Government€to€promote€equality€of€the€sexes,€the€entry€into€force€of€the€Act€concerningÐ A)‘$( ÐEquality€between€Women€and€Men€at€Work€and€the€establishment€of€an€Equal€OpportunitiesÐ **z%) ÐCommission€whose€first€task€was€to€consider€complaints€submitted€to€it€by€the€Ombudsman€withÐ +c&* Ða€view€to€summoning€employers€to€appear€or€to€be€fined.Ð ü+L'+ ÐÌ207.€€Nevertheless,€the€Committee€was€of€the€view€that€the€report€lacked€pertinent€informationÐ Î-)- ÐÔ_Ôregarding€legislation€and€empirical€data€referring€to€employment€indicators,€demographic€policy€andÐ ° Ðwomenððs€participation€in€the€political,€economic€and€social€life€of€the€country€(articles€7,€8€and€14Ð ™é Ðof€the€Convention).€€The€reference€made€in€the€report€to€previous€answers€given€to€other€UnitedÐ ‚Ò ÐNations€organs€was€not€very€enlightening.€€Some€experts€also€noted€that,€in€the€field€of€education,Ð k» ÐSweden€had€taken€unusual€and€notable€steps€to€promote€the€equality€of€women€and€to€avoidÐ T¤ Ðoccupational€segregation.Ð =  ÐÌ208.€€The€percentage€of€women€in€positions€of€managerial€and€judicial€responsibility€as€well€as€theÐ  _ Ðstatistics€presented€on€unemployment€in€Sweden€led€some€experts€to€the€conclusion€that€the€EqualÐ ø H ÐOpportunities€Act€was€not€observed€in€practice€and€that€women€were€victims€of€discrimination€inÐ á 1  ÐSweden.Ð Ê   ÐÌ209.€€Several€members€regretted€that€the€annexes€referred€to€in€the€report€were€not€available€andÐ œì  Ðrequested€the€representative€to€furnish€them.Ð …Õ  ÐÌ210.€€Clarification€was€requested€on€the€statement€made€in€the€report€to€the€effect€that€theÐ W§  ÐConvention€should€not€have€been€confined€to€discrimination€against€women,€but€that€instead€itÐ @ Ðshould€have€been€given€a€wider€approach€in€terms€of€sexual€discrimination.€€It€was€asked€whetherÐ )y Ðmen€were€discriminated€against€in€Sweden.Ð b ÐÌ211.€€Additional€information€was€also€requested€on€the€role€of€the€Office€of€the€Ombudsman€and€theÐ ä4 ÐEqual€Opportunities€Commission€and€as€to€how€it€was€organized.€€It€was€of€interest€to€the€membersÐ Í Ðto€know€how€the€Equal€Opportunities€(State€Employment)€Ordinance€of€1€July€1980€had€come€intoÐ ¶ Ðbeing,€how€it€was€implemented€and€what€results€had€been€achieved€since€its€promulgation.Ð Ÿï ÐÌ212.€€A€question€was€asked€at€what€point€pregnant€women€could€leave€their€work€and€whether€socialÐ qÁ Ðservices€were€available€for€parents€to€share€the€child„raising€duties.Ð Zª ÐÌ213.€€Furthermore,€the€Committee€was€eager€to€learn€the€area€where€womenððs€organizations€or€non„Ð ,| Ðgovernmental€organizations€were€active€in€the€country€and€what€part€they€played€in€the€promotionÐ e Ðof€equal€rights.€€Some€experts€were€under€the€impression€that€the€status€of€women€had€beenÐ þN Ðimproved€more€as€a€result€of€government€action€than€of€women€themselves.Ð ç 7 ÐÌ214.€€They€inquired€as€to€whether€women€participated€in€promoting€new€legislation€and€what€wasÐ ¹" ! Ðthe€percentage€of€women€deputies.Ð ¢#ò" ÐÌ215.€€The€experts€were€also€interested€to€know€whether€the€Government€was€taking€any€measuresÐ t%Ä $ Ðto€reduce€womenððs€unemployment€and€asked€for€additional€differential€statistics.€€They€alsoÐ ]&­!% Ðrequested€precision€on€whether€the€new€system€implemented€in€1982„1983€was€expected€to€lead€toÐ F'–"& Ðbetter€results€and€on€the€effect€of€material€incentives€given€to€employers€hiring€women.Ð /(#' ÐÌ216.€€Another€question€referred€to€who€was€responsible€for€labour€market€training€and€who€wasÐ *Q%) Ðpaying€for€it.Ð ê*:&* ÐÌ217.€€The€experts€asked€what€was€the€significance€of€the€problem€of€prostitution,€and€concern€wasÐ ¼, (, Ðexpressed€regarding€the€rehabilitation€of€prostitutes,€as€well€as€the€working€modalities€of€theÐ ¥-õ(- ÐGovernmentððs€campaign€against€pornography€under€the€Public€Order€Act.€€Information€wasÐ ° Ðrequested€on€punitive€measures€with€regard€to€rape€and€battering.€€Information€was€also€requestedÐ ™é Ðon€sexually€discriminating€advertising.Ð ‚Ò ÐÌ218.€€As€the€representative€of€Sweden€had€pointed€out€that€some€of€the€issues€raised€seemed€to€beÐ T¤ Ðlinked€to€alcoholism€and€drug€abuse,€the€Committee€was€of€the€opinion€that€more€details€should€beÐ =  Ðgiven€about€specific€measures€implemented€to€remedy€such€trends€and€it€wondered€howÐ & v Ðunemployment€among€women€was€related€to€the€problem€referred€to.Ð  _ ÐÌ219.€€With€reference€to€marriage€and€the€family,€some€experts€asked€whether€there€was€ð ðmarriageÐ á 1  Ðfor€a€fixed€periodðð.Ð Ê   ÐÌ220.€€Although€some€experts€welcome€the€initiative€of€having€women€in€penal€institutions€movedÐ œì  Ðto€regional€centres€closer€to€their€home,€they€felt€that€might€mean€there€was€an€increase€in€womenððsÐ …Õ  Ðcriminality€and€clarification€was€requested€in€that€regard.€€Also,€it€was€not€altogether€clear€whetherÐ n¾  Ðthat€measure€was€also€applicable€to€male€prisoners.€€Some€experts€wished€to€know€if€there€wereÐ W§  Ðspecial€facilities€for€juvenile€women€inmates.Ð @ ÐÌ221.€€Several€members€of€the€Committee€commended€the€special€measure€established€for€immigrantÐ b Ðwomen€workers€and€for€the€preservation€of€their€cultural€and€national€heritage€and€requestedÐ ûK Ðinformation€on€the€specific€programmes€in€that€area.Ð ä4 ÐÌ222.€€The€experts€were€interested€to€know€the€extent€to€which€the€new€Names€Act€of€1982€was€beingÐ ¶ Ðused€and€if€it€had€induced€any€change€in€behaviour.€€Details€of€conditions€for€adoption€were€alsoÐ Ÿï Ðrequested,€particularly€whether€a€single€person€could€adopt€a€child€and€under€what€conditions.€Ð ˆØ ÐAdditional€information€was€required€on€the€incidence€of€divorce€and€abortion€and€on€whether€thereÐ qÁ Ðwere€special€rehabilitation€programmes€for€teenage€mothers.Ð Zª ÐÌ223.€€A€question€was€asked€about€regional€employment€quotas€and€how€they€worked€and€wereÐ ,| Ðimplemented€and€what€was€the€rate€of€female€representation€in€Government.Ð e ÐÌ224.€€The€Committee€was€interested€to€know€whether€there€was€equal€pay€for€work€of€equal€valueÐ ç 7 Ðin€Sweden.Ð Ð!   ÐÌ225.€€Given€the€fact€that€10€per€cent€of€the€beneficiaries€of€parental€leave€were€men,€some€expertsÐ ¢#ò" Ðasked€what€was€the€effect€on€their€career€development,€including€promotion.Ð ‹$Û# ÐÌ226.€€Some€experts€also€wondered€if€there€were€any€negative€reactions€or€effects€resulting€from€theÐ ]&­!% Ðextensive€social€measures€adopted€and€what€was€the€extent€of€the€support€from€public€opinion.Ð F'–"& ÐÌ227.€€Specific€information€was€also€requested€on€the€participation€of€women€in€the€cultural€life€ofÐ )h$( Ðthe€country€and€in€high„level€scientific€positions.Ð *Q%) ÐÌ228.€€Because€of€the€opening€of€the€armed€forces€to€women,€it€was€also€asked€whether€a€woman€inÐ Ó+#'+ ÐSweden€could€become€Supreme€Commander€of€the€Swedish€Armed€Forces.Ð ¼, (, ÐÐ ¥-õ(- Ð229.€€In€replying€to€the€questions€put€to€her,€the€representative€of€Sweden€explained€what€was€meantÐ ° Ðby€the€statement€that€the€Convention€should€have€been€given€a€wider€approach€in€terms€of€sexualÐ ™é Ðdiscrimination.€€In€this€regard,€the€Swedish€philosophy€was€that€the€concept€of€equality€required€aÐ ‚Ò Ðreadiness€to€abolish€all€kinds€of€discrimination€based€on€sex.€€It€was€true€that€women€were€the€onesÐ k» Ðwho€were€traditionally€discriminated€against,€but€some€discrimination€against€men€could€also€occur.€Ð T¤ ÐFor€example,€whereas€widows€received€a€pension,€widowers€were€not€eligible,€military€service€wasÐ =  Ðnot€compulsory€for€women€while€it€was€for€men.Ð & v ÐÌ230.€€Elaborating€on€the€role€of€the€Ombudsman€and€the€Equal€Opportunities€Commission,€sheÐ ø H Ðexplained€that€both€were€appointed€by€the€Government.€€The€Ombudsman€was€responsible€forÐ á 1  Ðensuring€compliance€with€the€Act€on€Equality€between€Women€and€Men€at€Work.€€If€persuasionÐ Ê   Ðthrough€negotiations€with€the€employer€in€order€to€reach€an€agreement€failed€to€bring€aboutÐ ³  Ðcompliance€by€employers,€the€Ombudsman€had€recourse€to€other€measures,€such€as€referringÐ œì  Ðdiscrimination€disputes€to€the€labour€court.€€The€Commission€was€chaired€by€a€court€lawyer€whoÐ …Õ  Ðfollowed€trends€in€the€labour€market€and€imposed€fines€when€employers€omitted€to€take€theÐ n¾  Ðmeasures€to€promote€equality€suggested€by€the€Ombudsman.€€So€far,€the€aspirations€of€theÐ W§  Ðemployers€to€take€such€active€measures€to€promote€equality€has€been€met€by€voluntary€means.€€TheÐ @ ÐOmbudsman€was€increasingly€consulted€as€people€were€becoming€more€aware€of€the€existence€ofÐ )y Ðthat€facility.€€Most€of€the€cases€were€brought€against€public€employers.€€The€investigations€of€theÐ b ÐCommission€were€somewhat€different€and€were€intended€to€support€certain€programmes€and€actionsÐ ûK Ðaimed€at€providing€equal€access€and€opportunities,€mainly€in€the€field€of€employment.Ð ä4 ÐÌ231.€€In€responding€to€another€question,€she€said€that€women€could€take€leave€of€up€to€60€days€priorÐ ¶ Ðto€confinement.€€Furthermore,€either€parent€was€entitled€to€take€up€to€12€months€of€paid€parentalÐ Ÿï Ðleave€and€could€stay€at€home€until€the€child€was€18€months€old.€€Either€parent€could€work€a€six„hourÐ ˆØ Ðday€until€the€child€was€eight€years€of€age.€€Parenthood€education€aimed€at€family€planning€wasÐ qÁ Ðoffered€to€both€men€and€women.€€There€was€child„care€facilities,€but€presently€not€enough€placesÐ Zª Ðat€the€day„care€centres.€€When€a€parent€was€staying€at€home€looking€after€a€child€under€three€yearsÐ C“ Ðof€age,€the€time€was€eligible€for€pension€based€on€gainful€employment.Ð ,| ÐÌ232.€€In€response€to€a€question€on€the€role€of€womenððs€organizations,€she€said€that€they€had€existedÐ þN Ðin€the€country€since€the€last€century€and€had€always€played€a€crucial€role€in€bringing€about€importantÐ ç 7 Ðchanges.Ð Ð!   ÐÌ233.€€In€providing€the€requested€data€on€unemployment,€she€stated€that,€in€June€1983,€3.5€per€centÐ ¢#ò" Ðof€the€work„force€was€unemployed,€affecting€3.2€per€cent€of€men€and€3.9€per€cent€of€women.Ð ‹$Û# ÐÌ234.€€Training€was€undertaken€at€State€expense€through€an€organizational€network€and€participantsÐ ]&­!% Ðaged€20€and€over€received€a€stipend.€€Social€security€for€the€unemployed€was€provided€throughÐ F'–"& Ðunemployment€insurance.€€Regional€quotas€for€employment€were€reserved€for€each€sex€and€theÐ /(#' Ðlabour€market€board€dealt€with€that€issue.Ð )h$( ÐÌ235.€€Regarding€a€question€on€marriage€for€a€determined€period,€it€was€explained€that€there€were€noÐ ê*:&* Ðlegal€provision€for€marriage€contracts€of€a€limited€time.Ð Ó+#'+ ÐÌ236.€€As€a€result€of€the€prohibition€of€public€performances€of€pornographic€nature,€live€sex€showsÐ ¥-õ(- Ðhad€been€prohibited€and€sex€clubs€no€longer€existed.€€Instance€of€rape€were€addressed€to€the€DistrictÐ ° ÐAttorney€who€pursued€the€case.Ð ™é ÐÌ237.€€The€number€of€prisons€for€females€in€the€country€had€been€increased€not€in€response€to€anÐ k» Ðincrease€in€female€criminals,€but€in€order€to€permit€women€to€be€imprisoned€in€their€home€regionsÐ T¤ Ðas€men€were.€€In€fact,€the€proportion€of€prison€inmates€in€the€country€comprised€98€per€cent€malesÐ =  Ðas€against€only€2€per€cent€females,€a€proportion€which€had€not€significantly€changed€over€the€years.Ð & v ÐÌ238.€€As€regards€adoption,€a€single€man€or€woman€had€the€right€to€adopt€a€child.Ð ø H ÐÌ239.€€Responding€to€the€numerous€requests€with€regard€to€political€participation€and€high„levelÐ Ê   Ðparticipation€of€women€in€Swedish€life,€the€representative€of€Sweden€presented€figures€indicatingÐ ³  Ða€relatively€low€level€of€female€participation€in€positions€such€as,€Under„Secretaries€of€State,Ð œì  Ðdirectors„general,€members€of€the€Supreme€Administrative€Court,€county€governors,€regionalÐ …Õ  Ðrepresentative€and€members€of€Parliament.€€However,€an€increase€over€the€years€had€been€evident.€Ð n¾  ÐWomenððs€representation€in€the€Ô_ÔRiksdagÔ_Ô€and€the€municipal€councils€had€roughly€doubled€betweenÐ W§  Ð1971€and€1982,€with€women€accounting€for€47€per€cent€of€the€Stockholm€Municipal€Council.Ð @ ÐÌ240.€€Women€in€Sweden€had€been€in€relatively€low€paid€occupations,€although€in€the€manufacturingÐ b Ðsector€womenððs€salaries€were€now€90€per€cent€of€those€of€men.Ð ûK ÐÌ241.€€Child€care€provided€by€municipalities€covered€only€37€per€cent€of€children€in€the€0„6€years€ageÐ Í Ðgroup,€although€the€demand€was€for€51€per€cent€coverage.Ð ¶ ÐÌ242.€€As€regards€public€opinion€and€the€media,€there€were€various€differences€in€the€utilization€ofÐ ˆØ Ðtelevision,€radio,€books,€newspapers€and€so€forth€by€men€and€women,€indicating€that€because€of€theÐ qÁ Ðexisting€division€of€labour,€women€had€less€time€for€recreational€activities.Ð Zª ÐÌ243.€€With€respect€to€womenððs€participation€in€the€armed€forces,€any€occupation€in€that€field€wouldÐ ,| Ðbe€open€to€women.Ð e ÐÌ244.€€The€representative€of€Sweden€concluded€by€saying€that€any€questions€left€unanswered€wouldÐ ç 7 Ðbe€taken€up€at€a€later€date€in€future€reports.Ð Ð!   ÐÌ245.€€Some€experts€recommended€drawing€the€attention€of€States€parties€to€the€desirability€of€usingÐ ¢#ò" Ðthe€positive€experiences€referred€to€in€the€above„mentioned€report€in€order€to€make€further€progressÐ ‹$Û# Ðin€eliminating€discrimination€against€women,€not€only€òòde€jureóó,€but€also€òòde€factoóó.Ð  t%Ä $ Ðò òÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô€€A/43/38€(1988)ó óÐ ° ÐÌÌ720.€€The€Committee€considered€the€second€periodic€report€of€Sweden€(Ô_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/13/Add.6€andÐ l¼ ÐCorr.1)€at€its€125th€and€127th€meetings,€held€on€1€and€2€March€1988€(Ô_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/SR.125€ANDÐ U¥ Ð127).Ð > Ž ÐÌ721.€€The€representative€of€Sweden,€in€introducing€the€second€periodic€report,€informed€theÐ  ` ÐCommittee€that€the€report€had€been€prepared€by€the€Equality€Affairs€Division€of€the€Ministry€ofÐ ù I ÐLabour€in€collaboration€with€other€authorities,€womenððs€organizations€and€other€non„governmentalÐ â 2  Ðorganizations.Ð Ë   ÐÌ722.€€Since€the€second€report€had€been€prepared,€a€woman€Minister€of€Justice€had€been€appointed.€Ð í  ÐThe€cabinet€was€now€composed€of€6€women€and€15€men.Ð †Ö  ÐÌ723.€€In€Sweden,€equality€in€the€labour€market€was€considered€to€be€one€of€the€most€important€pathsÐ X¨  Ðto€overall€equality€in€society.€€The€Government€had€become€more€aware€of€the€close€relationshipÐ A‘ Ðbetween€family€policy,€labour„market€policy€and€policy€of€equality€between€women€and€men.€Ð *z ÐTherefore,€family€policy€aimed€at€creating€a€good€environment€for€children€to€grow€up€in€and€atÐ c Ðproviding€economic€support€for€families€with€children.€€Another€important€aspect€was€to€giveÐ üL Ðchildren€and€parents€time€for€each€other.€€It€was€essential€to€have€the€possibility€to€combineÐ å5 Ðparenthood€with€gainful€employment.Ð Î ÐÌ724.€€The€above€principles€were€fundamental€to€the€equal€opportunities€policy€to€be€presented€inÐ  ð ÐParliament€on€8€March€1988€by€the€Minister€of€Equality€Affairs.Ð ‰Ù ÐÌ725.€€The€representative€explained€that€the€policy€was€in€fact€a€five„year€plan€of€action€covering€theÐ [« Ðsubjects€of€women€in€the€economy,€equality€in€the€labour€market,€in€the€educational€system€and€inÐ D” Ðthe€family,€and€womenððs€representation€in€the€decision„making€and€advisory€assemblies.Ð -} ÐÌ726.€€The€Government€had€announced€a€target€of€30€per€cent€for€womenððs€representation€inÐ ÿO Ðgovernmental€decision„making€bodies.€€The€current€percentage€was€only€16€per€cent.Ð è 8 ÐÌ727.€€The€fulfilment€of€Swedenððs€commitment€to€the€Nairobi€Forward„looking€Strategies€for€theÐ º" ! ÐAdvancement€of€Women€òò7óó/€€remained€a€priority.Ð £#ó" ÐÌ728.€€Developments€over€the€last€eight€years,€since€the€adoption€of€the€Swedish€Equal€OpportunitiesÐ u%Å $ ÐAct,€had€been€encouraging.€€The€equal€opportunities€ombudsman€had€successfully€followed€theÐ ^&®!% Ðimplementation€of€the€Act€and€had€also€made€recommendations€to€ament€it.€€The€Labour€Court€andÐ G'—"& Ðthe€political€parties€had€also€agreed€that€it€might€be€appropriate€to€evaluate€the€Act.Ð 0(€#' ÐÌ729.€€The€parental€insurance€scheme€would€be€increased€from€12€to€18€months.€€It€was€expected€that€Ð *R%) Ð___________Ð ë*;&* ÐÓ-°‚XÜS` ˜X°œX-Óà Ü àòò7óó/€à  àòòReport€of€the€World€Conference€to€Review€and€Appraise€the€Achievements€of€the€UnitedÐ Ô+$'+ ÐNations€Decade€for€Women:€€Equality,€Development€and€Peace,€Nairobi,€15„26€July€1985óó€(UnitedÐ ½, (, ÐNations€publication,€Sales€No.€E.85.IV.10),€chap.€I,€sect.€A.Ð ¦-ö(- ÐÔ_Ô‡child„care€facilities€would€be€available€from€1991€on€for€all€children€from€18€months€of€age€whoseÐ ° Ðparents€worked€or€studied.Ð ™é ÐÌ730.€€Equality€depended€upon€choices€by€individuals€and€their€decisions€regarding€education,Ð k» Ðprofession€or€the€division€of€work€at€home€between€the€spouses.€€Therefore,€equality€between€menÐ T¤ Ðand€women€could€not€be€the€subject€of€political€decisions.€€Governments€should€strive€to€provideÐ =  Ðthe€framework€within€which€each€single€person€could€make€his€or€her€own€choices.€€It€had€to€beÐ & v Ðconstantly€examined€to€keep€prevailing€circumstances€under€review,€which€would€benefit€not€onlyÐ  _ Ðwomen€but€society€as€a€whole.Ð ø H ÐÌ731.€€In€her€reply€to€questions€regarding€what€progress€or€changes€had€occurred€since€theÐ Ê   Ðpresentation€of€the€initial€report€and€what€obstacles€remained€to€the€achievement€of€equality€betweenÐ ³  Ðwomen€and€men,€the€representative€said€that€the€policy€on€equality€was€an€integrated€part€of€a€policyÐ œì  Ðfor€full€employment.€€In€1987,€90€per€cent€of€women,€aged€25€to€55€years,€were€in€the€labour€forceÐ …Õ  Ðcompared€to€93€per€cent€of€men.€€There€was€only€1.9€per€cent€unemployment€in€Sweden.€€The€tradeÐ n¾  Ðunions€had€actively€fought€for€reduced€wage€differentials€and€women€had€increased€theirÐ W§  Ðparticipation€in€the€work€of€trade€unions.€€Women€were€exercising€their€political€rights€by€votingÐ @ Ðin€larger€numbers€than€men,€and€women€made€up€about€one€third€of€the€members€of€Parliament€andÐ )y Ðof€elected€municipal€decision„making€bodies.€€Regarding€the€obstacles€encountered,€she€mentionedÐ b Ðthe€sex„segregated€labour€market€and€the€uneven€sharing€of€responsibility€for€unremuneratedÐ ûK Ðhousework,€which€accounted€for€the€high€number€of€women€in€decision„making€bodies€both€in€theÐ ä4 Ðprivate€and€public€sectors.€€One€expert€raised€the€question€of€the€regulation€of€the€labour€market,Ð Í Ðwhich,€in€her€opinion,€was€not€yet€promoting€equality€of€opportunities€between€men€and€women,Ð ¶ Ðsince€38€professions€were€occupied€by€women€and€134€by€men;€88€per€cent€of€the€active€femaleÐ Ÿï Ðpopulation€was€in€teaching€and€the€majority€of€women€worked€part€time.Ð ˆØ ÐÌ732.€€Regarding€the€question€of€which€new€legal€remedies€were€available€to€women€in€courts€orÐ Zª Ðother€tribunals€in€cases€of€discrimination€in€employment,€in€the€public€or€in€the€private€sphere,€suchÐ C“ Ðas€the€provision€of€goods€and€services,€the€representative€stated€that€there€were€no€legal€differencesÐ ,| Ðin€the€way€men€and€women€were€treated€in€any€area.€€A€new€law€on€legal€support€for€victims€ofÐ e Ðsexual€offences€had€been€introduced€and€would€enter€into€force€in€July€1988.Ð þN ÐÌ733.€€Regarding€the€publicizing€of€the€translation€and€distribution€of€the€Convention€and€theÐ Ð!   Ðquestion€whether€womenððs€organizations€had€been€involved€in€the€preparation€of€the€initial€andÐ ¹" ! Ðsecond€reports€of€Sweden,€the€representative€said€that€the€Convention€before€ratification€had€beenÐ ¢#ò" Ðsent€for€comments€to€authorities€and€organizations.€€Therefore,€it€had€also€been€translated€and€furtherÐ ‹$Û# Ðdistributed€to€authorities,€political€parties,€labour„market€organizations,€womenððs€organizations€andÐ t%Ä $ Ðother€non„governmental€organizations.€€In€addition,€wide€publicity€had€been€given€especially€to€theÐ ]&­!% Ðsecond€report.Ð F'–"& ÐÌ734.€€As€to€whether€there€were€any€disadvantaged€groups€in€regard€to€the€enjoyment€of€equal€rights,Ð )h$( Ðand€whether€any€special€measures€had€been€introduced€to€remedy€this,€the€representative€replied€thatÐ *Q%) Ðit€remained€the€legal€provision€concerning€òòreinowersóó€which€would€be€revised€within€a€year.€€Legally,Ð ê*:&* Ðshe€explained€there€were€no€disadvantaged€groups€in€Sweden.Ð Ó+#'+ ÐÌ735.€€In€reply€to€the€question€whether€the€Commission€on€Equality€between€men€and€women€Ô_ÔwasÐ ¥-õ(- Ðindependent€or€attached€to€the€Government,€how€it€obtained€its€operational€funds€and€how€theÐ ° Ðmembers€were€appointed,€she€replied€that€the€Commission€was€an€independent€authority,€its€budgetÐ ™é Ðwas€decided€annually€and€all€members€were€appointed€by€the€Government.Ð ‚Ò ÐÌ736.€€With€regard€to€rights€for€fathers€to€transfer€their€parental€leave€to€the€mother,€the€representativeÐ T¤ Ðsaid€that€there€were€no€plans€to€preclude€fathers€from€this€possibility.€€The€question€of€introducingÐ =  Ðquotes€had€been€discussed€but€deferred.Ð & v ÐÌ737.€€In€reply€to€the€information€requested€on€pornography€laws€and€on€whether€any€guidelines€hadÐ ø H Ðbeen€issued€in€relation€to€the€representation€of€women€by€the€media,€the€representative€said€that€aÐ á 1  Ðbill€was€pending€in€Parliament€prohibiting€the€representation€of€sexual€violence€in€printed€materialÐ Ê   Ðand€films.€€The€question€of€compulsory€censorship€for€video€films€sold€or€hired€for€private€use€wasÐ ³  Ðalso€being€consideredÐ œì  ÐÌ738.€€With€regard€to€the€question€whether€prostitution€had€abated€and€whether€rehabilitationÐ n¾  Ðprogrammes€existed€for€prostitutes,€she€replied€that,€since€1980,€there€had€been€no€survey€onÐ W§  Ðprostitution.€€Existing€prostitutes€were€often€alcoholics€or€drug€abusers€living€in€the€large€urbanÐ @ Ðareas.€€An€AIDS€campaign€had€been€launched,€including€specific€measures€for€prostitutes.€€ThereÐ )y Ðwere€a€few€treatment€centres€for€prostitutes€in€Stockholm€and€some€more€were€planned.Ð b ÐÌ739.€€On€the€request€for€information€on€the€number€and€proportion€of€women€in€policy„makingÐ ä4 Ðpositions,€the€representative€stated€that,€in€1986,€6€per€cent€(or€112)€of€all€persons€in€seniorÐ Í Ðministerial€and€executive€posts€were€women.€€In€the€government€office,€16€per€cent€of€the€higherÐ ¶ Ðexecutive€staff€were€women;€there€were€108€women€(31€per€cent)€in€Parliament;€23€per€cent€of€theÐ Ÿï Ðjudges€were€women;€all€29€judges€in€the€housing€courts€were€men.€€In€the€legal€aid€offices,€30€perÐ ˆØ Ðcent€of€the€lawyers€were€women;€however,€45€per€cent€of€law€trainees€were€women.€€No€significantÐ qÁ Ðchanges€had€been€noticed€at€ambassadorial€or€trade€union€levels.Ð Zª ÐÌ740.€€As€to€whether€there€had€been€any€changes€in€the€participation€of€Swedish€women€inÐ ,| Ðinternational€organizations€and€international€delegations,€the€representative€replied€that€decisionsÐ e Ðmade€by€the€Government€were€based€on€merit€alone.Ð þN ÐÌ741.€€With€regard€to€the€programmes€introduced€by€the€Equal€Opportunities€Commission,€no€formalÐ Ð!   Ðevaluation€had€been€carried€out.Ð ¹" ! ÐÌ742.€€As€to€details€requested€on€any€change€in€the€proportion€of€women€at€each€level€of€education,Ð ‹$Û# Ðincluding€testing€education,€the€representative€replied€that€no€significant€change€had€been€noted€andÐ t%Ä $ Ðadded€that,€as€to€tertiary€education,€63€per€cent€of€all€new€students€in€culture€and€information€wereÐ ]&­!% Ðwomen;€54€per€cent€of€all€new€students€in€administrative,€economic€and€social€studies€were€women;Ð F'–"& Ðand€86€per€cent€of€health€students€and€23€per€cent€of€technical€students€were€women.€€There€had€notÐ /(#' Ðbeen€any€significant€change€in€the€proportion€of€women€entering€vocational€training€in€traditionallyÐ )h$( Ðmale€areas€since€1985.€€In€labour„market€training,€4,218€women€had€begun€untraditional€vocationalÐ *Q%) Ðtraining€during€the€last€year,€which€represented€16.5€per€cent€of€the€total€of€women€in€labour„marketÐ ê*:&* Ðtraining.€€In€1987,€a€quota€had€been€introduced€in€the€vocational€training€for€production€andÐ Ó+#'+ Ðmaintenance€engineering.Ð ¼, (, ÐÐ ¥-õ(- Ð743.€€As€to€whether€there€had€been€any€increase€in€the€number€of€women€appointed€to€high„levelÐ ° Ðteaching€positions,€the€representative€replied€that€only€5€per€cent€of€the€professors€were€women.€€AÐ ™é Ðstudy€was€being€undertaken€on€the€procedures€concerning€the€appointments€of€professors€taking€theÐ ‚Ò Ðquestion€of€equality€into€account.Ð k» ÐÌ744.€€Several€questions€dealt€with€matters€of€employment,€salaries,€hiring€practices€and€statisticalÐ =  Ðinformation,€as€well€as€eventual€changes€in€the€proportion€of€women€or€of€married€women€in€theÐ & v Ðwork„place€and€in€different€sectors€of€employment.€€It€was€also€asked€whether€goals€of€equal€payÐ  _ Ðwere€being€achieved€and€if€average€wages€of€women€were€between€70€and€90€per€cent€of€menððs.€Ð ø H ÐThe€differences€were€due€to€different€occupations€and€working€hours.€€The€goal€of€equal€pay€wasÐ á 1  Ðalmost€achieved€but€the€segregation€of€the€labour€market€made€the€wage„gap€persistent.€€There€wereÐ Ê   Ðno€new€affirmative€action€programmes€to€ensure€that€a€minimum€proportion€of€women€wereÐ ³  Ðemployed€in€each€sector.€€There€were€no€special€labour€statistics€by€marital€status€but€by€age.€Ð œì  ÐRecently,€the€Central€Bureau€of€Statistics€had€been€asked€by€the€Minister€of€Labour€to€devise€aÐ …Õ  Ðprogramme€of€persons€entering€the€labour€market€by€occupational€groups.€€The€Equal€OpportunitiesÐ n¾  ÐAct€provided€the€legal€framework€to€appeal€cases€on€grounds€of€discrimination.€€The€normalÐ W§  Ðprocedure€was€to€enter€into€mediation€or€conciliation€before€taking€action€in€Labour€Court.€€A€totalÐ @ Ðof€32€cases€had€been€brought€to€Labour€Court,€out€of€which€23€had€been€dismissed.€€The€Act€hadÐ )y Ðbeen€in€force€for€eight€years€and€the€Equal€Opportunities€Ombudsman€had€successfully€seen€to€itÐ b Ðthat€the€Act€was€observed.Ð ûK ÐÌ745.€€Several€questions€were€raised€regarding€part„time€employment€and€the€representative€answeredÐ Í Ðthat€through€the€Parental€Leave€Act,€parents€could€work€six€hours€a€day€if€they€had€children€underÐ ¶ Ð8€years€of€age.€€A€problem,€however,€was€that€an€increasing€number€of€women€were€working€part„Ð Ÿï Ðtime€on€an€involuntary€basis.€€Measures€to€reduce€this€increase€were€being€undertaken€by€the€LabourÐ ˆØ ÐMarket€Board.€€One€million€individuals€were€working€34€hours€or€less;€out€of€these€260,000€wereÐ qÁ Ðmen€and€800,000€were€women.€€Of€all€employed€persons,€209,000€worked€less€than€they€wanted€andÐ Zª Ð75€per€cent€of€these€were€women.€€Benefits€to€workers€were€regulated€through€collective€bargaining.€Ð C“ ÐNormally€a€person€working€17€hours€a€week€had€the€same€rights€as€full„time€workers.€€Very€fewÐ ,| Ðpart„time€workers€worked€less€than€17€hours.Ð e ÐÌ746.€€With€regard€to€the€question€whether€the€target€to€have€child„care€facilities€for€all€who€neededÐ ç 7 Ðit€by€1991€would€be€reached,€she€answered€positively€and€stated€that€80€per€cent€of€all€pre„schoolÐ Ð!   Ðchildren€had€access€to€child„care€facilities.Ð ¹" ! ÐÌ747.€€In€reply€to€the€questions€whether€women€had€the€same€pension€entitlements€as€men,€were€theÐ ‹$Û# Ðentitlements€linked€to€earning€levels€and€how€were€women€who€worked€part„time€affected,€theÐ t%Ä $ Ðrepresentative€answered€that€women€and€men€had€the€same€entitlements.€€Explanations€on€SwedenððsÐ ]&­!% Ðpension€scheme€could€be€found€in€the€report.€€If€there€was€a€difference€in€the€supplementary€pensionÐ F'–"& Ðfor€women,€it€was€due€to€the€fact€that€women€on€an€average€contributed€less€and€for€a€shorter€periodÐ /(#' Ðto€the€supplementary€pension€fund€that€an€average€man.€€The€pension€scheme€was€in€fact€distributingÐ )h$( Ðresources€from€men€to€women.Ð *Q%) ÐÌ748.€€The€experts€thanked€the€representative€for€a€splendid€and€detailed€report€and€for€all€theÐ Ó+#'+ Ðanswers€provided€both€in€her€introduction€and€to€the€questions€asked.€€It€was€felt,€however,€that€theÐ ¼, (, Ðformat€of€the€report€showed€that€guidelines€for€periodical€reports€had€to€be€elaborated€by€theÐ ¥-õ(- ÐCommittee€and€there€were€areas€where€additional€information€and€clarification€was€needed.€Ð ° ÐCompliments€were€presented€on€the€results€that€Sweden€had€achieved€which€could€set€precedentsÐ ™é Ðand€become€a€model€for€many€countries.€€It€was€impressive€how€legislative€provisions€wereÐ ‚Ò Ðfollowed€by€concrete€action.Ð k» ÐÌ749.€€Experts€asked€for€more€details€regarding€the€report€of€the€òòAd€Hocóó€Committee€on€WomenððsÐ =  ÐRepresentation,€which€was€to€be€presented€in€1987.Ð & v ÐÌ750.€€The€experts€had€noted€the€problem€of€the€increase€in€the€number€of€women€choosing€part„timeÐ ø H Ðemployment€and€had€also€noted€the€explanations€provided€by€the€representative,€but€furtherÐ á 1  Ðelaboration€was€requested€regarding€measures€foreseen€to€solve€the€problem,€for€example,€couldÐ Ê   Ðwomen€be€helped€to€pursue€a€career€while€working€part„time.Ð ³  ÐÌ751.€€The€representative€was€also€asked€to€give€additional€details€on€the€new€policy€to€deal€withÐ …Õ  Ðsexual€harassment€at€the€work„place€since€many€members€of€the€Committee€could€benefit€fromÐ n¾  Ðcriteria€and€modalities€used.Ð W§  ÐÌ752.€€The€debate€regarding€sex€discrimination€in€advertising€and€pornography€and€sexual€violenceÐ )y Ðportrayed€in€films€and€videotapes,€versus€freedom€of€expressions,€was€a€very€appropriate€andÐ b Ðimportant€one.€€It€was€stated€that€the€principle€of€equality€could€not€be€undermined€by€the€principleÐ ûK Ðof€freedom€of€expression,€as€each€freedom€had€its€own€particular€obligations.€€With€reference€toÐ ä4 Ðarticle€16€of€the€instrument€on€Government€and€the€Freedom€of€the€Press€Act,€the€representative€wasÐ Í Ðasked€whether€she€could€enlighten€the€Committee€as€to€how€that€debate€had€proceeded€in€Sweden.Ð ¶ ÐÌ753.€€The€view€was€also€expressed€that€the€formulation€contained€in€the€introduction€regardingÐ ˆØ Ðequality€within€the€family€was€a€very€particular€and€delicate€norm€to€set.€€It€was€agreed€with€theÐ qÁ ÐSwedish€representative€that€this€pertained€to€the€realm€of€individual€decisions€within€the€family€andÐ Zª Ðcould€not€in€reality€be€legislated€upon.€€All€that€Governments€could€do€was€to€facilitate€the€servicesÐ C“ Ðprovided€in€order€to€make€those€decisions€a€matter€of€choice€and€not€of€obligation.€€It€was€also€askedÐ ,| Ðif€women€had€to€take€up€gainful€employment€for€economic€reasons.Ð e ÐÌ754.€€Regarding€occupational€segregation,€it€was€asked€what€additional€measures€were€foreseen€toÐ ç 7 Ðremedy€the€low€number€of€women€not€choosing€the€technical€and€scientific€fields.€€Sweden€was€aÐ Ð!   Ðvery€advanced€country€and€it€was€discouraging€to€all€that€there€were€so€few€women€engineers.€Ð ¹" ! ÐThese€technical€careers,€it€was€pointed€out,€were€the€most€promising€at€the€present€time.Ð ¢#ò" ÐÌ755.€€Additional€details€were€requested€on€the€social€insurance€schemes,€since€the€number€of€yearsÐ t%Ä $ Ðat€work€did€not€seem€to€affect€the€final€reimbursement€made€to€pensioners.€€It€was€asked€what€wereÐ ]&­!% Ðthe€widowsðð€benefits.Ð F'–"& ÐÌ756.€€It€was€noted€that€the€goal€of€equal€pay€was€allegedly€almost€achieved.€€However,€it€had€notÐ )h$( Ðbeen€stated€whether€reference€was€made€to€equal€pay€for€equal€work€or€equal€pay€for€work€or€equalÐ *Q%) Ðvalue.Ð ê*:&* ÐÌ757.€€The€representative€agreed€with€the€Committee€that€there€were€indeed€problems€related€to€theÐ ¼, (, Ðinvoluntary€use€of€part„time€work€by€women.€€As€a€rule€part„time€workers€received€less€in€companyÐ ¥-õ(- Ðtraining,€they€were€less€active€in€union€work€and€they€advanced€more€slowly€than€full„time€workers.€Ð ° ÐIt€should€be€remembered,€however,€she€added,€that€part„time€work€for€many€women€was€aÐ ™é Ðtemporary€arrangement€and€that€women€increased€their€working€hours€once€children€grew€older.€Ð ‚Ò ÐPart„time€work€was€for€many€women€a€way€to€combine€gainful€employment€with€the€care€ofÐ k» Ðchildren.Ð T¤ ÐÌ758.€€Organization€methods€had€been€devised,€especially€in€the€health„sector€where€a€largeÐ & v Ðproportion€of€the€employed€worked€part„time.€€It€was€the€opinion€of€the€Swedish€Government€thatÐ  _ Ðit€was€essential€for€both€women€and€men€to€combine€parenthood€with€gainful€employment.€€FamilyÐ ø H Ðwas€not€the€exclusive€domain€of€women,€extensive€welfare€programmes€such€as€the€Parental€LeaveÐ á 1  ÐAct€made€it€possible€for€both€women€and€men€to€combine€parenthood€with€gainful€employment.€Ð Ê   ÐTo€obtain€full€supplementary€pension,€a€minimum€of€30€years€of€work€was€required.Ð ³  ÐÌ759.€€In€regard€to€the€question€on€procedures€to€investigate€sexual€harassment,€the€representativeÐ …Õ  Ðagreed€that€this€was€an€important€and€difficult€question.€€The€Swedish€Work€Environment€ActÐ n¾  Ðstipulated€that€the€€working€environment€should€be€not€only€physically€but€also€psychologicallyÐ W§  Ðsufficient.€€Sexual€harassment€was€primarily€seen€as€a€problem€of€relations€at€the€work€place,€whichÐ @ Ðmeant€that€it€had€to€be€approached€as€other€working€environment€problems.Ð )y ÐÌ760.€€The€question€of€protection€against€sex€discriminatory€advertising€versus€freedom€of€expressionÐ ûK Ðand€freedom€of€expression€and€freedom€of€the€press€was€vital€and€much€discussed€in€Sweden.€€TheÐ ä4 ÐNational€Board€for€Consumers€Policies€was€currently€conducting€a€special€survey€on€sexÐ Í Ðdiscriminatory€advertising.€€The€question€of€establishing€quotas€in€political€life€was€much€discussed.€Ð ¶ ÐOnly€the€new€Environmental€Party€urged€quotas.€€In€some€municipalities,€the€question€had€beenÐ Ÿï Ðraised€and€a€quota€system€was€used€on€a€voluntary€basis.€€Environmental€policy€was€of€great€interestÐ ˆØ Ðto€the€Swedish€Society€and€many€women€were€active€in€this€important€movement.€€Various€methodsÐ qÁ Ðwere€being€used€to€increase€the€number€of€male€pre„school€teachers.€€By€1991€it€was€estimated€thatÐ Zª Ða€total€of€26,000€new€teachers€would€be€required€if€the€desired€increase€in€child€care€facilities€wasÐ C“ Ðto€be€met.Ð ,| ÐÌ761.€€As€to€widowððs€pension€a€reform€was€being€suggested€which€will€establish€that€men€as€well€asÐ þN Ðwomen€will€have€a€right€to€a€pension€when€their€spouses€had€passed€away.€€This€reform€had€beenÐ ç 7 Ðheavily€debated€and€it€would€reduce€the€widow„pensions€on€the€one€had€and€increase€equality€onÐ Ð!   Ðthe€other.Ð ¹" ! ÐÌ762.€€She€agreed€that€segregation€in€the€labour€market€was€a€major€worry.€€She€admitted€that€thisÐ ‹$Û# Ðwas€a€long„term€project€which€could€only€be€solved€by€a€combination€of€several€measures€targetingÐ t%Ä $ Ðeducation€€choices€as€well€as€labour€market€conditions.Ð ]&­!% ÐÌ763.€€In€cases€of€discrimination€based€on€sex,€a€trade€union€member€first€had€to€contact€his€or€herÐ /(#' Ðtrade€union.€€If€the€trade€union€did€not€want€to€take€action,€the€complainant€could€turn€to€the€EqualÐ )h$( ÐOpportunities€Ombudsman€who,€depending€on€the€merits€of€the€case,€could€pursue€it.Ð *Q%) ÐÌ764.€€Finally,€she€stated€that€the€question€of€equal€pay€for€work€of€equal€value€remained€anÐ Ó+#'+ Ðunresolved€question.€€Comparative€worth€was€a€new€instrument€for€equality€and€still€underÐ ¼, (, Ðdiscussion€in€Sweden.Ð ¥-õ(- Ї765.€€It€was€commented€that,€according€to€the€experience€of€one€country,€men€tended€to€share€inÐ ° Ðhousehold€duties€and€child€care€in€the€rural€areas€more€than€in€the€urban€areas.Ð ™é ÐÌ766.€€The€representative€was€once€again€congratulated€for€the€detailed€replies€submitted€and€for€theÐ k» Ðprogress€achieved.€€The€Committee€looked€toward€to€the€receipt€of€Swedenððs€third€report.Ð  T¤ Ðò òÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô€€A/48/38€(1993)ó óÐ ° ÐÌ474.€€The€Committee€considered€the€third€periodic€report€of€Sweden€(Ô_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/18/Add.1)€at€itsÐ ƒÓ Ð226th€meeting,€on€1€February€(see€Ô_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/SR.226).Ð l¼ ÐÌ475.€€In€introducing€the€report,€the€representative€reminded€members€that€active€and€continuousÐ > Ž Ðwork€was€needed€to€achieve€a€balance€of€power€and€de€facto€equality€between€men€and€women,Ð ' w Ðwhich€meant€that€the€differences€in€conditions€in€society€had€to€be€made€more€visible€and€taken€intoÐ  ` Ðconsideration€in€all€policy€fields.€€Of€as€much€importance€as€political€will€was€activity€by€womenÐ ù I Ðthemselves€in€demanding€changes€and€improvements.€€Although€Sweden€had€come€further€thanÐ â 2  Ðmany€other€countries,€problems€still€remained€and€prejudices€and€traditional€views€persisted,€whichÐ Ë   Ðprevented€women€from€the€full€enjoyment€of€entirely€equal€opportunities.Ð ´  ÐÌ476.€€She€described€the€latest€developments€in€Sweden,€pointing€out€that€the€Minister€of€SocialÐ †Ö  ÐAffairs,€who€was€also€Deputy€Prime€Minister,€had€taken€over€equality€issues€in€January.€€As€a€resultÐ o¿  Ðof€the€general€election€in€September€1991,€a€coalition€Government€had€been€formed,€which€includedÐ X¨  Ð8€women€in€a€cabinet€of€21€ministers.€€Among€others,€the€ministers€of€finance,€justice€and€cultureÐ A‘ Ðwere€women.€€The€number€of€women€in€Parliament€had€decreased€(from€38€to€34€per€cent)€mainlyÐ *z Ðbecause€two€new€political€parties,€both€with€a€low€proportion€of€women,€had€obtained€seats€inÐ c ÐParliament.Ð üL ÐÌ477.€€The€new€Equal€Opportunities€Act€had€entered€into€force€on€1€January€1992.€€Its€purpose€wasÐ Î Ðto€strengthen€the€possibilities€for€men€and€women€to€have€the€same€opportunities€in€working€life,Ð · Ðand€to€improve€cooperation€between€employers€and€employees€in€order€to€attain€equality€andÐ  ð Ðprevent€the€occurrence€of€differences€in€pay€and€other€terms€of€appointment.Ð ‰Ù ÐÌ478.€€Employers€were€obliged€to€take€active€steps€to€promote€equality€at€the€workplace:€€those€withÐ [« Ð10€or€more€employees€had€to€draw€up€a€plan€for€their€work€to€achieve€equality.€€An€account€of€howÐ D” Ðthe€measures€had€been€implemented€had€to€be€included€in€the€plan€for€the€following€year.€€InÐ -} Ðaddition,€employers€had€to€ensure€that€no€employee€was€subject€to€sexual€harassment.€€An€employerÐ f Ðwho€did€not€comply€with€the€obligations€would€be€liable€to€a€fine.€€The€Equal€OpportunitiesÐ ÿO ÐOmbudsman€and€the€Equal€Opportunities€Council€oversaw€compliance€with€the€Act.Ð è 8 ÐÌ479.€€The€second€part€of€the€Act€contained€several€provisions€concerning€sex€discrimination.€€TheÐ º" ! Ðrules€on€pay€discrimination€had€been€strengthened€so€as€to€enforce€the€principle€of€equal€pay€forÐ £#ó" Ðequal€work€and€work€of€equal€value.€€Cases€of€infringement€were€tried€mainly€by€the€Labour€CourtÐ Œ$Ü# Ðon€the€initiative€of€the€Equal€Opportunities€Ombudsman€or€a€trade€union.Ð u%Å $ ÐÌ480.€€Moreover,€the€Act€contained€proposals€to€strengthen€the€Five„Year€Plan€of€Action€for€Equality.€Ð G'—"& ÐViolence,€battering€and€other€forms€of€physical€abuse€against€women€were€considered€to€be€seriousÐ 0(€#' Ðexpressions€of€the€lack€of€equality€and€imbalance€of€power.€€Corrective€measures€included€theÐ )i$( Ðnationwide€training€of€personnel€(police€officers,€judges,€medical€doctors€and€social€welfareÐ *R%) Ðofficers)€who€came€into€€contact€with€battered€women.€€The€aim€was€also€to€achieve€betterÐ ë*;&* Ðcoordination€between€the€authorities€at€the€regional€and€local€levels.€€The€police€had€been€allocatedÐ Ô+$'+ Ðfunds€to€provide€technical€equipment€and€bodyguards€for€women€who€were€subjected€to€threats€ofÐ ½, (, Ðviolence.€€In€addition,€Parliament€was€taking€action€to€increase€the€penalties€for€crimes€of€trivialÐ ¦-ö(- Ðassault€from€a€fine€to€imprisonment€for€up€to€six€months.€€The€sentence€for€aggravated€assault€wasÐ ° Ðat€least€one€year€and€at€the€most€10€years.Ð ™é ÐÌ481.€€In€accordance€with€general€recommendation€18€(tenth€session),€òò14óó/€€the€representativeÐ k» Ðmentioned€special€provision€concerning€the€status€of€disabled€persons.€€She€also€referred€to€a€billÐ T¤ Ðthat€would€strongly€increase€the€financial€support€for€disabled€persons,€and€the€provision€of€aÐ =  Ðsupplementary€pension€for€those€taking€care€of€a€disabled€child.€€She€noted€the€project€entitledÐ & v Ðð ðWomen€with€disabilitiesðð,€which€was€intended€to€create€networks,€stimulate€activities€and€drawÐ  _ Ðattention€to€the€situation€of€disabled€women.Ð ø H ÐÌ482.€€She€said€that€the€Swedish€educational€system€was€undergoing€a€change.€€Municipalities€wereÐ Ê   Ðfree€to€set€their€own€priorities€for€the€use€of€resources€but€the€general€goals€were€set€by€Parliament.€Ð ³  ÐThe€national€goal,€according€to€the€Education€Act,€was€the€achievement€of€equality€between€menÐ œì  Ðand€women.€€Recently€the€Government€had€instructed€the€National€Agency€for€Education€to€developÐ …Õ  Ða€strategy€to€attain€the€goal.€€Two€working€groups€had€been€set€up€to€study€the€promotion€of€equalityÐ n¾  Ðin€the€school€system€and€female€participation€in€higher€education.Ð W§  ÐÌ483.€€The€participation€of€women€in€the€labour€market€was€very€high;€83€per€cent€of€Swedish€womenÐ )y Ðwere€gainfully€employed€in€1991.€€However,€womenððs€increasing€participation€had€not€beenÐ b Ðmatched€by€a€similar€increase€in€menððs€use€of€the€parental€benefit.€€Currently,€only€8.1€per€cent€ofÐ ûK Ðfathers€used€the€benefit€to€stay€at€home€on€almost€full€salary€during€the€first€12€months€after€the€birthÐ ä4 Ðof€a€child.€€A€new€working€group,€ð ðFathers,€children€and€working€lifeðð,€had€been€appointed€to€dealÐ Í Ðwith€the€issue€and€to€study€the€obstacles€in€working€life€that€hindered€men€from€taking€such€a€leaveÐ ¶ Ðof€absence.Ð Ÿï ÐÌ484.€€The€labour€market€continued€to€be€sex„segregated€to€a€large€extent.€€Together€with€otherÐ qÁ Ðmeasures,€the€upgrading€of€womenððs€traditional€work€was€considered€important.€€The€issue€of€payÐ Zª Ðdifferences€was€high€on€the€agenda€in€Sweden.€€A€Committee€had€been€appointed€to€look€into€theÐ C“ Ðmatter€and€it€would€be€presenting€its€report€to€the€Government€shortly.Ð ,| ÐÌòòGeneral€observationsóóÐ þN ÐÌ485.€€Members€commended€the€third€periodic€report€for€its€comprehensiveness,€with€regard€to€bothÐ Ð!   Ðcontent€and€form.€€Members€noted€that€there€was€not€much€need€for€further€questioning.€€SwedenÐ ¹" ! Ðwas€praised€for€submitting€its€reports€in€a€timely,€interesting€and€well„organized€fashion.€€Morever,Ð ¢#ò" Ðthe€fact€that€the€Government€had€not€made€reservations€to€the€Convention€was€noted€withÐ ‹$Û# Ðappreciation.€€The€Committee€was€pleased€that€the€Government€recognized€the€importance€of€theÐ t%Ä $ ÐConvention€as€a€major€human€rights€instrument.Ð ]&­!% ÐÌ486.€€The€members€acclaimed€the€activeness€of€Swedish€women,€which€they€characterized€as€aÐ /(#' Ðmovement,€in€promoting€equal€opportunities€between€men€and€women€for€many€years.€€TheyÐ )h$( Ð___________Ð *Q%) Ðà Ü àòò14óó/€à S à[òòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assemblyóó],€òòForty„sixth€Session,€Supplement€No.€38óóÐ ê*:&* Ð(A/46/38),€chap.€I.Ð Ó+#'+ ÐÌreferred€to€the€research€and€analysis€conducted,€the€political€pressure€exerted€and€their€other€meansÐ ¥-õ(- Ðof€work€€€Special€reference€was€made€to€an€international€meeting€(Ô_ÔKvinnorÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔkanÔ_Ô)€held€the€previousÐ ° Ðyear€at€Stockholm,€at€which€thousands€of€women€had€gathered€to€examine€the€achievements€ofÐ ™é ÐSwedish€women€in€all€fields€of€society.€€Many€members€had€Ô_ÔhadÔ_Ô€a€chance€of€participating€in€theÐ ‚Ò Ðextraordinary€event.€€They€had€recognized€how€the€womenððs€movement€in€Sweden€had€attracted€anÐ k» Ðextremely€large€number€of€women,€who€had€a€strong€will€and€the€enthusiasm€to€make€still€furtherÐ T¤ Ðprogress€in€their€status.€Ð =  ÐÌ487.€€The€valuable€experience€of€the€policies€of€the€Government€of€Sweden€was€said€to€provide€aÐ  _ Ðgood€model€for€other€States€parties.€€The€formula€for€bringing€about€equality€seemed€to€be€aÐ ø H Ðcombination€of€Government€action€to€determine€the€framework,€and€a€positive€individual€response,Ð á 1  Ðfor€the€removal€of€all€the€barriers.€€Government€policy€concentrated€not€only€on€equality€betweenÐ Ê   Ðmen€and€women,€but€also€on€the€improvement€of€the€living€standards€of€all€citizens,€which€had€madeÐ ³  ÐSweden€a€model€of€the€welfare€State.€€While€the€policies€of€the€Government€were€praised,€anxietyÐ œì  Ðwas€at€the€same€time€expressed€by€the€Committee€about€what€would€happen€if€the€welfare€systemÐ …Õ  Ð(if€it€was€the€main€contributor€to€the€advancement€of€women)€was€called€in€question€and€policiesÐ n¾  Ðchanged€on€account€of€structural€economic€problems.€€Members€specifically€asked€whether€the€newÐ W§  ÐGovernment€of€Sweden€would€continue€the€policies€of€the€previous€Government€and€maintain€theÐ @ Ðsame€social€services.€€The€Committee€expressed€its€concern€about€how€the€Government€would€adjustÐ )y Ðits€policies€to€reflect€economic€reality€during€the€recession.€€It€was€hoped€that€the€continued€andÐ b Ðsufficient€exercise€of€the€existing€machinery€and€power€of€women€would€ensure€that€adjustmentÐ ûK Ðpolicies€would€not€be€detrimental€to€Swedish€women.Ð ä4 ÐÌ488.€€The€representative€replied€that€the€welfare€State€of€Sweden€was€not€over€yet,€althoughÐ ¶ Ðeconomic€recession€had€precipitated€a€serious€discussion€concerning€the€necessary€adjustments.€€TheÐ Ÿï ÐGovernment€intended€to€maintain€and€further€a€high€level€of€social€services.€€She€noted€thatÐ ˆØ Ðeconomic€problems€had€strengthened€the€movement€of€women€in€their€work€of€defending€equalÐ qÁ Ðrights.Ð Zª ÐÌ489.€€The€Committee€also€applauded€the€institution€of€the€Equal€Opportunities€Ombudsman€toÐ ,| Ðmonitor€and€implement€equal€rights€legislation.€€Moreover,€a€tribute€was€paid€to€the€work€ofÐ e Ðwomenððs€organizations€in€instituting€development€programmes€in€developing€countries.€€Noting€thatÐ þN ÐSweden€had€been€ranked€first€in€an€index€concerning€the€status€of€women,€òò15óó/€€a€member€pointedÐ ç 7 Ðout€the€flawed€methodology€of€using€certain€indicators,€representing€mainly€social€and€economicÐ Ð!   Ðmeasures.€€Such€a€practice€had€a€negative€effect€on€the€ranking€of€poor€countries,€which€might€haveÐ ¹" ! Ðsucceeded€better€in€the€human€rights€area,€specifically€concerning€womenððs€rights.€€A€more€realisticÐ ¢#ò" Ðand€objective€system€of€evaluation€was€required€to€conform€the€methodology€of€measuring€humanÐ ‹$Û# Ðdevelopment€to€the€criteria€used€by€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€Discrimination€againstÐ t%Ä $ ÐWomen,€giving€consideration,€among€others,€to€the€social€role€of€women,€their€participation,€self„Ð ]&­!% Ðadministration€and€individual€mobility.Ð F'–"& ÐÌ490.€€While€the€high€political€participation€of€women€was€acknowledge,€the€Committee€wasÐ )h$( Ðconcerned€about€true€equality€in€the€labour€market.€€Although€womenððs€participation€rate€in€theÐ *Q%) Ðlabour€market€was€one€of€the€highest€in€the€world,€women€still€lacked€access€to€the€highest€positions,Ð ê*:&* Ðespecially€in€the€private€sector.€€Taking€into€account€the€high€level€of€education€and€the€encouraging€Ð Ó+#'+ Ѐ___________Ð ¼, (, Ðà Ü àòò15óó/€à S àPopulation€Crisis€Committee,€Population€Briefing€Paper€No.€20,€June€1988.Ð ¥-õ(- Їpolicies€of€the€Government,€members€regretted€that€the€labour€market€remained€highly€sex„Ð ° Ðsegregated.€€The€Committee€asked€an€additional€question€about€a€possible€new€concept€of€genderÐ ™é Ðneutrality,€as€reference€was€made€in€the€Equal€Opportunities€Act€to€ð ðthe€equal€rights€andÐ ‚Ò Ðopportunities€for€men€and€womenðð.€€Members€considered€that,€in€order€to€promote€womenððs€rightsÐ k» Ðin€professional€life,€the€law€should€stipulate€more€explicitly€the€goal€of€improving€the€status€ofÐ T¤ Ðwomen.€€The€representative€answered€that,€although€the€wording€of€the€Act€was€not€Ô_ÔbiasedÔ_Ô€in€favourÐ =  Ðof€either€sex,€the€law€in€the€first€instance€clearly€stated€its€aim,€namely,€improving€the€status€ofÐ & v Ðwomen.Ð  _ ÐÌ491.€€An€additional€question€was€asked€concerning€the€role€of€non„governmental€organizations€inÐ á 1  Ðthe€preparation€of€the€third€periodic€report€and,€specifically,€how€many€and€what€kind€ofÐ Ê   Ðorganizations€had€been€involved€and€what€kind€of€consultations€had€been€held€between€them€andÐ ³  Ðthe€Government.€€The€representative€replied€that€the€Council€on€Equality€Issues,€consisting€of€€29Ð œì  Ðmembers€from€non„governmental€organizations,€womenððs€organizations,€political€parties€etc.€hadÐ …Õ  Ðmade€valuable€comments€on€the€report.€€The€Minister€of€Equality€Affairs€held€consultations€withÐ n¾  Ðthe€Council€four€to€five€times€a€year€in€order€to€share€information.Ð W§  ÐÌòòQuestions€related€to€specific€articlesÐ )y ÐÌArticle€2óóÐ ûK ÐÌ492.€€The€Committee€wanted€to€know,€with€a€view€to€extending€the€protection€afforded€under€theÐ Í ÐPenal€Code,€what€the€most€frequent€forms€of€sex€discrimination€in€Sweden€were.€€The€representativeÐ ¶ Ðreplied€that€sex€discrimination€usually€concerned€the€conditions€of€women€in€working€life,€whichÐ Ÿï Ðwas€why€the€Equal€Opportunities€Act€(a€part€of€the€labour€law)€regulated€that€area.€€In€addition€toÐ ˆØ Ðthe€Constitution,€there€were€rules€in€other€fields€also,€most€notably€in€education.€€Sex€discriminationÐ qÁ Ðwas€not€treated€as€a€criminal€offence,€except€in€cases€of€violence€and€molestation.€€No€decision€hadÐ Zª Ðbeen€made,€nor€was€one€likely€to€be€made€in€the€near€future,€on€extending€the€scope€of€the€SwedishÐ C“ ÐPenal€Code€to€cover€sex€discrimination.Ð ,| ÐÌ493.€€Regarding€the€punishments€for€employers€who€infringed€the€Equal€Opportunities€Act,€theÐ þN Ðrepresentative€said€that€employers€could€be€forced€to€pay€compensation€to€the€victims.€Ð ç 7 ÐCompensation€was€paid€for€both€financial€loss€and€moral€injury.€€Although€there€had€been€aÐ Ð!   Ðtendency€towards€awarding€higher€compensation,€the€level€of€payment€had€generally€beenÐ ¹" ! Ðrecognized€to€be€rather€low.€€The€highest€amount€paid€so€far€had€been€40,000€kronor€(US$€5,600).Ð ¢#ò" ÐÌ494.€€The€representative€did€not€believe€that€a€fear€of€punishment€led€to€the€settlement€ofÐ t%Ä $ Ðdiscrimination€disputes€by€negotiation.€€On€the€contrary,€the€Equal€Opportunities€Ombudsman€hadÐ ]&­!% Ða€duty€to€attempt€to€bring€about€a€voluntary€settlement€first.€€Only€if€the€ruling€would€constitute€aÐ F'–"& Ðprecedent,€or€for€other€special€€reasons,€would€the€case€be€presented€at€the€Labour€Court.€€Moreover,Ð /(#' Ðmany€women€felt€the€judicial€process€to€be€difficult€and€embarrassing.Ð )h$( ÐÌ495.€€Asked€about€the€nature€of€the€majority€of€the€cases€that€had€been€brought€to€court,€theÐ ê*:&* Ðrepresentative€said€that€most€were€related€to€conditions€for€work.€€Usually€the€problem€was€aboutÐ Ó+#'+ Ðevaluating€and€comparing€qualifications€for€the€job€concerned.€€The€hearing€of€a€case€thus€centredÐ ¼, (, Ðmore€on€the€merit€of€the€candidate€than€on€the€issue€of€discrimination.€€Section€17€of€the€new€ActÐ ¥-õ(- Ðwas€intended€to€deal€with€cases€where€the€employer€had€a€direct€discriminatory€purpose.Ð ° ÐÌ496.€€Clarification€was€requested€on€the€national€machinery,€especially€in€view€of€the€recent€transferÐ ‚Ò Ðof€responsibility€for€equality€issues€from€the€Ministry€of€Culture€to€the€Ministry€of€Social€Affairs.€Ð k» ÐIt€was€noted€that€proper€coordination€and€integrated€problem„solving€were€essential€for€efficientÐ T¤ Ðwork.€€The€representative€stated€that€there€was€no€ministry€dealing€solely€with€equality€issues;€theÐ =  Ðissues€had€been€incorporated€into€various€ministries,€depending€on€which€minister€was€responsibleÐ & v Ðfor€equality€affairs,€which,€in€turn,€depended€on€the€political€situation€and€who€wanted€to€assumeÐ  _ Ðresponsibility€for€the€task.€€The€Equality€Affairs€Division€was€a€coordinating€body€monitoring€andÐ ø H Ðinfluencing€other€ministries€to€take€gender€perspectives€into€account€in€their€proposals,Ð á 1  Ðrecommendations€and€legislative€work.€€It€functioned€as€a€watchdog€for€other€bodies.Ð Ê   ÐÌòòArticle€3óóÐ œì  ÐÌ497.€€Referring€to€a€bill€that€would€strongly€increase€the€level€of€financial€support€for€disabledÐ n¾  Ðpeople,€the€Committee€requested€that€a€copy€of€the€bill€be€made€available,€as€well€as€informationÐ W§  Ðon€how€it€affected€disabled€persons.€€Members€asked€whether€disabled€women€had€their€own€non„Ð @ Ðgovernmental€organizations€or€whether€they€acted€inside€the€existing€womenððs€organizations.Ð )y ÐÌòòArticle€4óóÐ ûK ÐÌ498.€€Replying€to€a€question€on€the€award€of€parental€benefit€until€a€child€was€eight€years€old,€theÐ Í Ðrepresentative€said€that€the€duration€of€parental€benefit€totalled€15€months,€which€could€be€deferredÐ ¶ Ðand€spread€over€an€eight„year€period.€€Parents€could€decide€between€them€how€they€divided€the€timeÐ Ÿï Ðtaken€off€from€work;€however,€both€parents€could€not€receive€such€a€benefit€simultaneously.€€FathersÐ ˆØ Ðwere€entitled€to€10€days€of€leave€with€parental€benefit€in€connection€with€childbirth.Ð qÁ ÐÌòòArticle€5óóÐ C“ ÐÌ499.€€With€regard€to€the€funding€of€the€Ethical€Council,€the€funds€were€received€solely€from€theÐ e Ðadvertising€associations€and€the€Council€did€not€receive€any€funds€from€the€Government.Ð þN ÐÌ500.€€Asked€about€the€incidence€of€violence,€statistics€on€the€subject€and€recent€trends,€as€well€asÐ Ð!   Ðthe€most€frequent€forms€of€violence,€the€representative€said€that€assault€was€the€most€frequent€form;Ð ¹" ! Ð14,285€cases€had€been€reported€in€1991.€€In€comparison€with€1990,€there€had€been€a€slight€decrease.€Ð ¢#ò" ÐThe€trends€concerning€reported€rape€had€been€more€or€less€constant€since€1989;€however,€theÐ ‹$Û# Ðstatistics€did€not€provide€an€accurate€picture€since€many€women€did€not€report€such€crimes.€€ThereÐ t%Ä $ Ðhad€been€limited,€inconclusive€research€on€the€reasons€for€male€aggression,€but€there€was€aÐ ]&­!% Ðconsensus€that€the€overall€explanation€lay€in€the€lack€of€equality€and€imbalance€of€power€betweenÐ F'–"& Ðmen€and€women.Ð /(#' ÐÌ501.€€In€general€observations,€the€Committee,€referring€to€training€given€to€persons€dealing€withÐ *Q%) Ðbattered€€women,€wished€for€more€information€on€the€effects€of€that€training€in€the€next€periodicÐ ê*:&* Ðreport.€€In€a€time€of€changing€social€patters,€the€key€questions€were€how€to€change€the€violent€patternÐ Ó+#'+ Ðof€male€behaviour€and€how€to€reach€suffering€women.€€It€was€suggested€that€a€survey€should€beÐ ¼, (, Ðconducted€among€the€battered€women€themselves.Ð ¥-õ(- Ї502.€€Referring€to€the€achievements€of€the€Government€of€Sweden€in€other€fields,€members€notedÐ ° Ðwith€concern€that€the€trend€of€violence€was€constant.€€They€pointed€out€that€the€issue€had€appearedÐ ™é Ðon€the€agenda€of€the€Government€quite€recently,€which€was€a€reason€for€them€to€request€that€a€closerÐ ‚Ò Ðrelationship€be€forged€between€the€Government€and€the€grass„roots€levels,€especially€womenððsÐ k» Ðgroups.€€The€Government€was€asked€to€consider€taking€a€different€approach€to€the€treatment€ofÐ T¤ Ðdomestic€violence,€because€the€problem€seemed€to€be€hidden,€as€reflected€in€the€under„reporting.€Ð =  ÐIf€the€cases€were€treated€as€other€criminal€offences€were,€with€the€police€being€obliged€to€arrest€andÐ & v Ðprosecute€the€perpetrators€regardless€of€whether€the€women€wished€to€prosecute€or€not,€with€therapyÐ  _ Ðprovided€for€the€perpetrator,€€the€positive€outcome€would€be€a€changed€social€attitude€towardsÐ ø H Ðdomestic€violence.Ð á 1  ÐÌ503.€€The€representative€responded€that€the€subject€of€violence€had€not€recently€been€taken€up€byÐ ³  Ðthe€Government€and€it€had€definitely€not€been€forgotten,€as€legislation€had€been€quite€severe€andÐ œì  Ðpublic€procedures€provided.€€Domestic€violence€was€an€extremely€difficult€area€with€particularÐ …Õ  Ðcharacteristics€that€could€not€be€compared€with€those€of€other€acts€of€violence.€€The€policy€of€theÐ n¾  ÐGovernment€in€addressing€the€problem€was€to€take€into€account€all€aspects€of€the€equal€opportunitiesÐ W§  Ðpolicy€in€order€to€bring€about€changed€patterns€of€behaviour€in€all€fields.Ð @ ÐÌ504.€€With€regard€to€menððs€response€to€the€ð ðDaddy€come€homeðð€campaign,€the€representative€saidÐ b Ðthat€no€statistics€were€available€on€the€impact€of€the€campaign.€€The€campaign€was€continuing,Ð ûK Ðtaking€different€forms€each€year.€€Its€aim€was€to€achieve€changed€behavioural€patterns€in€the€longÐ ä4 Ðrun.Ð Í ÐÌ505.€€In€an€additional€question,€members€asked€whether€statistics€were€available€that€would€showÐ Ÿï Ðdifferences€between€urban€and€rural€areas€with€regard€to€menððs€use€of€the€parental€benefit.€€TheÐ ˆØ Ðrepresentative€regretted€that€no€such€information€was€available€but€hoped€that€some€statistics€couldÐ qÁ Ðbe€included€in€the€next€periodic€report.Ð Zª ÐÌ506.€€Asked€about€the€role€of€men€within€families,€she€referred€to€a€recent€study,€which€had€shownÐ ,| Ðthe€amount€of€time€that€women€and€men€spent€on€work.€€The€amount€of€time€was€approximately€theÐ e Ðsame,€the€difference€being€that€only€half€of€the€working€time€of€women€was€paid.€€Members€askedÐ þN Ðfor€more€information€on€single„parent€households€and€on€the€sharing€of€household€tasks.Ð ç 7 ÐÌòòArticle€6óóÐ ¹" ! ÐÌ507.€€Asked€about€public€opinion,€as€well€as€that€of€womenððs€organizations,€on€prostitution,€whetherÐ ‹$Û# Ðprostitution€was€increasing€or€deceasing,€and€whether€mainly€Swedish€women€or€also€immigrantsÐ t%Ä $ Ðwere€involved,€the€representative€said€that€the€latest€survey€concerning€prostitution€was€10€years€old.€Ð ]&­!% ÐCurrently€the€issue€of€whether€the€act€of€purchasing€the€services€of€a€prostitute€should€beÐ F'–"& Ðcriminalized€was€being€debated€intensively€and€a€committee€had€been€appointed€to€study€the€matter.Ð /(#' ÐÌòòArticle€7óóÐ *Q%) ÐÌ508.€€Regarding€legislation€that€would€ensure€a€certain€proportion€of€women€in€the€lists€ofÐ Ó+#'+ Ðcandidates€for€popular€election,€the€representative€stated€that€such€legislation€did€not€exist.€Ð ¼, (, ÐHowever,€many€political€parties€had€internal€rules€or€practices€on€the€nomination€of€women.Ð ¥-õ(- Ї509.€€Asked€whether€Sweden€still€promoted€the€ð ðFifty„Fiftyðð€campaign€as€seen€in€some€internationalÐ ° Ðforums,€the€representative€stated€that€the€goal€remained€the€same,€although€the€Government€couldÐ ™é Ðnot€impose€a€certain€behaviour€on€political€parties.€€The€Government€was€only€responsible€forÐ ‚Ò Ðcertain€areas€(boards€of€public€bodies,€committees,€working€groups€etc.).€€To€affect€the€politicalÐ k» Ðparties,€public€opinion€needed€to€be€created.€€Generally,€women€remained€active€in€political€life;€allÐ T¤ Ðpolitical€parties€had€their€own€womenððs€organizations.Ð =  ÐÌ510.€€The€representative€gave€a€positive€answer€to€a€question€concerning€the€current€target€ofÐ  _ Ðattaining€30€per€cent€of€women€on€public€bodies.€€On€committees€and€at€the€regional€level,€theÐ ø H Ðnumber€was€slightly€under€30.€€The€next€goal€was€40€per€cent€by€1995.€€An€evaluation€of€measuresÐ á 1  Ðtaken€in€recent€years€would€be€presented€to€the€Government€shortly.€€In€an€additional€question,€anÐ Ê   Ðexplanation€by€the€Government€was€requested€concerning€the€obvious€obstacles€womenÐ ³  Ðexperienced.Ð œì  ÐÌ511.€€Asked€about€the€efforts€of€employersðð€and€employeesðð€organizations€to€increase€the€numberÐ n¾  Ðof€women€in€decision„making€bodies,€the€representative€said€that€general€activity€had€risen€in€thatÐ W§  Ðfield.€€She€referred€to€training€and€projects,€which€were€aimed€at€both€encouraging€women€to€seekÐ @ Ðhigher€positions€and€bringing€about€a€change€in€attitude.€€Special€reference€was€made€to€the€SwedishÐ )y ÐTrade€Union€Confederation,€which€had€created€a€large€network€and€acted€successfully€as€a€pressureÐ b Ðgroup€contributing€to€an€increased€visibility€of€the€problem.Ð ûK ÐÌòòArticle€11óóÐ Í ÐÌ512.€€Regarding€the€current€level€of€female€unemployment,€the€representative€said€that€it€hadÐ Ÿï Ðincreased€to€3.6€per€cent,€as€against€5.5€per€cent€for€men.€€The€unemployment€rate€for€young€womenÐ ˆØ Ðwas€as€high€as€9.1€per€cent€(11.6€per€cent€for€young€men).Ð qÁ ÐÌ513.€€In€an€additional€question,€the€Committee€indicated€its€serious€concern€about€the€highÐ C“ Ðunemployment€rate€among€young€girls,€as€the€first€work€experience€of€a€person€was€crucial€to€herÐ ,| Ðor€his€attitude€towards€employment€generally.€€Members€asked€whether€the€Government€intendedÐ e Ðto€improve€the€situation.€€The€€representative€replied€that€the€Government€had€not€given€up€its€goalÐ þN Ðto€maintain€full€employment€in€the€country.€€The€unemployment€rate€was,€however,€likely€toÐ ç 7 Ðincrease€in€the€future,€because€of€the€restructuring€€of€the€public€sector,€especially€at€the€local€level.€Ð Ð!   ÐThe€Government€planned€support€programmes€for€young€unemployed€persons.Ð ¹" ! ÐÌ514.€€Asked€about€the€criterion€on€which€the€decision€to€phase€out€gradually€the€widowððs€pensionÐ ‹$Û# Ðhad€been€based,€the€representative€noted€that€the€main€reason€was€to€strengthen€the€financial€supportÐ t%Ä $ Ðprovided€for€children€and€to€have€the€same€rules€for€men€and€women.Ð ]&­!% ÐÌ515.€€Concerning€the€minimum€wage,€she€explained€that€it€was€not€covered€by€legislation;€wagesÐ /(#' Ðwere€set€by€collective€bargaining.€€Collective€agreements€might€contain€minimum€wage€provisionsÐ )h$( Ðfor€certain€categories€of€worker.Ð *Q%) ÐÌ516.€€The€Committee€asked€whether€the€goal€that€all€children€under€six€years€of€age€should€beÐ Ó+#'+ Ðentitled€to€State€child„care€facilities€had€been€reached.€€The€representative€replied€that€someÐ ¼, (, Ðmunicipalities€had€reached€the€goal,€while€others€still€lacked€a€sufficient€number€of€child„careÐ ¥-õ(- Ðfacilities.€€The€issue€was€currently€being€discussed€within€the€Government.Ð ° ÐÌ517.€€Asked€about€the€sex„segregated€labour€market,€the€representative€noted€that€the€same€problemÐ ‚Ò Ðprevailed€in€the€school€system.€€In€reply€to€a€question€about€the€effects€of€the€Equal€OpportunitiesÐ k» ÐAct,€she€said€that€an€evaluation€of€the€Five„Year€Plan€of€Action€for€Equality€would€begin€in€1993Ð T¤ Ðand€its€results€would€affect€the€implementation€of€the€new€Act.€€Members€pointed€to€the€lowÐ =  Ðpercentage€of€women€in€higher€positions,€especially€in€trade€unions€and€private€enterprises.€€TheyÐ & v Ðasked€whether€private€companies€had€internal€plans€of€action€to€promote€the€progress€of€women€inÐ  _ Ðthe€workplace.€€The€representative€referred€to€a€strong€womenððs€movement€in€trade€unions,€and€wasÐ ø H Ðhopeful€that€the€situation€would€improve€in€the€near€future.€€A€study€had€revealed€that,€although€theÐ á 1  Ðvery€top„level€echelons€lacked€women,€many€women€were€employed€at€the€level€immediatelyÐ Ê   Ðbelow.€€The€Government€tried€to€encourage€companies€or€offices€to€promote€women€to€higherÐ ³  Ðpositions.€€She€remarked€that€it€was€very€important€to€have€statistics€to€make€the€problem€moreÐ œì  Ðvisible.€€She€affirmed€that€the€provisions€of€the€new€Equal€Opportunities€Act€applied€similarly€toÐ …Õ  Ðpublic€and€private€employers.Ð n¾  ÐÌ518.€€Asked€about€the€disadvantages€experienced€by€disabled€women€in€entering€the€labour€market,Ð @ Ðshe€said€that€she€presumed€that€double€disadvantages€for€them€existed,€although€there€were€noÐ )y Ðstudies€on€the€matter.€€In€reply€to€a€question€concerning€male€dominance€and€promotion€differencesÐ b Ðin€the€Foreign€Ministry,€the€representative€said€that€a€network€had€been€created€recently€among€theÐ ûK Ðwomen€working€in€the€foreign€service€aimed€at€improving€the€situation€within€the€Ministry.Ð ä4 ÐÌ519.€€Additional€questions€were€asked€about€women€working€part€time,€since€the€number€in€SwedenÐ ¶ Ðwas€extraordinarily€high.€€Members€also€asked€what€the€results€had€been€of€the€Government€effortÐ Ÿï Ðto€reduce€involuntary€part„time€work€and€what€was€the€attitude€of€labour€unions.€€The€representativeÐ ˆØ Ðreferred€to€the€previous€Governmentððs€declaration€to€consider€other€measures€if€the€situationÐ qÁ Ðremained€unchanged.€€Although€the€previous€Government€had€Ô_ÔhadÔ_Ô€no€success€on€that€issue,€sheÐ Zª Ðhoped€that€changes€would€occur€under€the€new€Government.€€Since€the€unemployment€rate€hadÐ C“ Ðincreased,€however,€part„time€employment€had€become€a€minor€problem.Ð ,| ÐÌòòArticle€12óóÐ þN ÐÌ520.€€A€member€of€the€Committee€requested€information€on€the€incidence€of€AIDS/HIV€amongÐ Ð!   Ðwomen.Ð ¹" ! ÐÌòòArticle€16óóÐ ‹$Û# ÐÌ521.€€An€additional€question€was€asked€about€the€trend€concerning€single„parent€households,€whatÐ ]&­!% Ðthe€divorce€rate€was,€and€how€many€children€were€born€out€of€wedlock.€€The€Committee€also€wantedÐ F'–"& Ðto€know€about€public€opinion€on€single„headed€households,€and€what€women€especially€thoughtÐ /(#' Ðabout€the€matter.€€No€statistics€were€immediately€available,€but€the€Government€promised€to€includeÐ )h$( Ðthem€in€the€next€periodic€report.€Ð *Q%) ÐÌÌòòConcluding€observationsóóÐ ¼, (, ÐÐ ¥-õ(- Ð522.€€The€experience€of€Sweden€could€be€viewed€with€both€admiration€and€anxiety.€€Sweden€wasÐ ° Ðat€the€vanguard€of€the€movement€for€womenððs€rights,€but€the€experience€also€showed€how€long€theÐ ™é Ðprocess€took€and€the€problems€that€remained.€€On€account€of€economic€crisis€and€technologicalÐ ‚Ò Ðprogress,€many€Western€European€countries€were€facing€new€challenges,€not€least€a€welfare€StateÐ k» Ðlike€Sweden,€which€in€former€years€had€guaranteed€full€employment€for€its€citizens.€€All€the€changesÐ T¤ Ðwould€have€an€effect€on€the€status€of€women€also.€€The€Committee€observed€that€it€was€thereforeÐ =  Ðessential€that€Swedish€women,€among€others,€doubled€their€efforts€in€pushing€womenððs€rights€furtherÐ & v Ðforward.€€The€Committee€expressed€its€hope€that€women€would,€after€their€efforts,€stand€evenÐ  _ Ðstronger,€together€with€the€welfare€State€itself.Ð  ø H ÐÌò òÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô€A/56/38€Ô_Ô(2001)ó óÔ_ÔÐ ™é ÐÌÌ319.€The€Committee€considered€the€fourth€and€the€fifth€periodic€reports€of€SwedenÐ U¥ Ð(Ô_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/Ô_ÔSWEÔ_Ô/4€and€Ô_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/Ô_ÔSWEÔ_Ô/5)€at€its€510th€and€511th€meetings,€on€5€July€2001Ð > Ž Ð(Ô_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô/C/SR.510€and€511).Ð ' w ÐÌ(a)€òòIntroduction€by€the€State€partyóóÐ ù I ÐÌ320.€In€introducing€the€report,€the€representative€of€Sweden€informed€the€Committee€that€non„Ð Ë   Ðgovernmental€organizations,€including€womenððs€organizations,€with€which€the€Government€had€anÐ ´  Ðopen€dialogue,€had€been€given€the€opportunity€to€comment€on€the€reports€and€that€the€GovernmentÐ í  Ðexpressed€its€appreciation€for€their€contributions.Ð †Ö  ÐÌ321.€The€representative€stressed€that€Swedenððs€vision€of€society€was€one€in€which€women€and€menÐ X¨  Ðenjoyed€equal€rights,€equal€opportunities€and€equal€responsibilities,€and€in€which€each€individualÐ A‘ Ðwas€treated€with€respect,€regardless€of€age,€gender,€ethnic€or€cultural€background,€disability€orÐ *z Ðsexual€orientation.€Since€1994,€the€Governmentððs€annual€statement€of€governmental€policy€onÐ c ÐÔ_ÔmainstreamingÔ_Ô€had€been€adopted€and,€accordingly,€all€ministers€were€responsible€for€ensuringÐ üL Ðgender€equality€within€their€respective€policy€areas.€She€pointed€out,€however,€that€genderÐ å5 ÐÔ_ÔmainstreamingÔ_Ô€did€not€exclude€women€from€measures€aimed€specifically€at€the€promotion€of€genderÐ Î Ðequality.Ð · ÐÌ322.€The€representative€indicated€that,€although€Sweden€was€generally€considered€to€be€a€societyÐ ‰Ù Ðin€which€there€was€a€high€degree€of€equality€between€women€and€men,€there€were€examples€ofÐ r Ðpower€imbalances€between€the€sexes.€An€extreme€example€was€menððs€violence€against€women,Ð [« Ðwhich€was€frequent€and€widespread€and€which€was€a€priority€area€for€governmental€action.€WhileÐ D” Ðthere€was€no€evidence€that€violence€against€women€had€escalated,€the€rate€of€reporting€had€increasedÐ -} Ðas€a€result€of€efforts€aimed€at€the€collection€and€dissemination€of€information€and€improved€responseÐ f Ðby€the€police€and€social€welfare€authorities.€Governmental€efforts€to€address€violence€against€womenÐ ÿO Ðincluded€research,€the€introduction€of€training€programmes€for€relevant€sectors€and€the€passage€ofÐ è 8 Ðlegislation,€including€laws€concerning€support€for€crime€victims.€Violence€against€women€withÐ Ñ!!  Ðdisabilities€was€being€addressed.€Increased€attention€needed€to€be€given€to€men€who€committed€actsÐ º" ! Ðof€violence€against€women,€and€the€representative€noted€that€Sweden€supported€menððs€organizationsÐ £#ó" Ðworking€against€violence€against€women.€A€special€project€to€address€violence€against€immigrantÐ Œ$Ü# Ðwomen€had€been€introduced,€and€amendments€to€the€Aliens€Act€provided€for€special€residenceÐ u%Å $ Ðpermits€for€immigrant€women€and€children€who€had€been€subjected€to€violence€by€their€partners.Ð ^&®!% ÐThe€Aliens€Act€also€restricted€the€capacity€of€Swedish€residents€with€a€history€of€violence€to€womenÐ G'—"& Ðand€children€to€bring€partners€into€the€country.Ð 0(€#' ÐÌ323.€The€representative€indicated€that€action€to€combat€trafficking€was€also€a€priority€for€SwedenÐ *R%) Ðand€that,€in€addition€to€regional€and€national€efforts€undertaken€in€that€regard,€the€Government€had,Ð ë*;&* Ðin€December€2000,€signed€the€United€Nations€Convention€against€Transnational€Organized€CrimeÐ Ô+$'+ Ðand€its€Protocol€to€Prevent,€Suppress€and€Punish€Trafficking€in€Persons,€Especially€Women€andÐ ½, (, ÐChildren.€Since€January€1999,€with€the€entry€into€force€of€a€law€prohibiting€the€purchase€of€sexualÐ ¦-ö(- Ðservices,€the€exploitation€of€prostitutes€had€been€a€criminal€offence,€and€the€number€of€streetÐ ° Ðprostitutes€had€declined.€Ð ™é ÐÌ324.€In€1999,€the€Aliens€Act€had€been€amended€to€provide€for€the€granting€of€asylum€on€the€basisÐ k» Ðof€gender„based€persecution.€Few€women€had€taken€advantage€of€the€provision,€although€theÐ T¤ Ðmajority€of€all€women€seeking€asylum€had€been€granted€permission€to€remain.€Guidelines€on€refugeeÐ =  Ðwomen€had€been€prepared€by€the€Migration€Board,€and€projects€to€support€immigrant€girls€andÐ & v Ðwomen€had€been€introduced.Ð  _ ÐÌ325.€Although€significant€progress€had€been€made€with€respect€to€representation€of€women€inÐ á 1  Ðdecision„making,€further€efforts€were€required.€Representation€was€strong€in€the€public€sector,€butÐ Ê   Ðonly€5.2€per€cent€of€those€on€boards€of€directors€in€the€private€sector€were€women.€The€starting€pointÐ ³  Ðin€Swedish€efforts€towards€equality€between€women€and€men€was€the€provision€of€equal€access€toÐ œì  Ðeducation.€The€educational€choices€of€women€and€men€were,€however,€divided€along€gender€linesÐ …Õ  Ðand,€although€some€women€had€entered€male„dominated€fields€of€study,€few€men€had€enteredÐ n¾  Ðfemale„dominated€ones.€Only€13€per€cent€of€professorships€were€held€by€women,€and€theÐ W§  ÐGovernment€had€introduced€revised€recruitment€targets€for€universities.Ð @ ÐÌ326.€Women€and€men€enjoyed€high€employment€rates,€although€the€labour€market€was€segregatedÐ b Ðalong€gender€lines.€Since€1993,€the€Swedish€Labour€Market€Board€had€received€earmarked€fundsÐ ûK Ðfor€work€to€address€gender€segregation€in€the€labour€market,€and€the€National€Board€for€IndustrialÐ ä4 Ðand€Technical€Development€had€carried€out€programmes€aimed€at€increasing€the€number€of€womenÐ Í Ðentrepreneurs.€The€representative€noted€that€a€key€to€reducing€discrimination€against€women€in€theÐ ¶ Ðlabour€market€was€the€reconciliation€of€family€and€work€responsibilities.€In€2002,€the€parentalÐ Ÿï Ðbenefit€would€be€increased€by€30€days,€with€two€fathersðð€months€included€in€the€benefit€scheme.Ð ˆØ ÐÌ327.€The€representative€informed€the€Committee€that€the€pay€gap€between€women€and€men€was€aÐ Zª Ðgovernmental€concern.€On€average,€womenððs€wages€were€about€83€per€cent€of€menððs.€She€indicatedÐ C“ Ðthat€the€pay€gap€should€be€made€visible€and€its€underlying€causes€studied€closely.€New€provisionsÐ ,| Ðin€the€Equality€Act€obliged€employers,€together€with€trade€unions,€to€survey€and€analyse€allÐ e Ðdiscriminatory€wage€differences€and€to€take€appropriate€measures€to€resolve€them.Ð þN ÐÌ328.€The€representative€indicated€that€the€issues€addressed€in€the€Beijing€Platform€for€ActionÐ Ð!   Ðcorresponded€with€issues€that€formed€the€basis€of€Swedenððs€national€policy€for€gender€equality.Ð ¹" ! ÐSweden,€along€with€other€European€Union€partners,€was€developing€indicators€to€evaluate€progressÐ ¢#ò" Ðin€the€12€critical€areas€of€concern.Ð ‹$Û# ÐÌ329.€The€representative€expressed€satisfaction€at€the€adoption€and€entry€into€force€of€the€OptionalÐ ]&­!% ÐProtocol€to€the€Convention,€and€indicated€that€Swedenððs€ratification€process€would€be€finalized€inÐ F'–"& Ð2002.€She€concluded€by€indicating€that€a€press€conference,€Ô_ÔfocusingÔ_Ô€on€the€Committeeððs€concludingÐ /(#' Ðcomments,€would€be€convened€after€the€current€session.€Ð )h$( ÐÌ(b)€òòConcluding€comments€of€the€CommitteeóóÐ ê*:&* ÐÌòòIntroductionóóÐ ¼, (, ÐÐ ¥-õ(- Ð330.€The€Committee€expresses€its€appreciation€to€the€Government€of€Sweden€on€its€fourth€and€fifthÐ ° Ðperiodic€reports,€which€comply€with€the€Committeeððs€guidelines€for€the€preparation€of€periodicÐ ™é Ðreports.€It€commends€the€Government€for€involving€non„governmental€organizations€in€theÐ ‚Ò Ðpreparation€of€the€reports.€The€Committee€also€expresses€its€appreciation€for€the€information€givenÐ k» Ðin€response€to€the€issues€raised€by€the€pre„sessional€working€group€and€during€the€oral€presentation.Ð T¤ ÐÌ331.€The€Committee€commends€the€Government€of€Sweden€for€its€large€delegation€which€madeÐ & v Ðpossible€a€constructive€and€frank€dialogue€with€the€members€of€the€Committee.Ð  _ ÐÌòòPositive€aspectsóóÐ á 1  ÐÌ332.€The€Committee€commends€the€Government€of€Sweden€for€the€progress€made€in€ensuringÐ ³  Ðgender€equality€in€womenððs€political€participation€and€decision„making,€where€it€is€regarded€byÐ œì  Ðmany€other€countries€as€a€model.€It€notes€with€satisfaction€that€the€application€of€measures€in€lineÐ …Õ  Ðwith€article€4,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Convention€has€led€to€concrete€results€in€some€areas.Ð n¾  ÐÌ333.€The€Committee€commends€the€Government€of€Sweden€for€its€important€achievements€in€theÐ @ Ðpromotion€of€equality€between€women€and€men€and€especially€for€the€involvement€of€boys€and€menÐ )y Ðin€promoting€gender€equality€and€changing€sexual€stereotyping€and€traditional€and€stereotypicalÐ b Ðvalues.Ð ûK ÐÌ334.€The€Committee€commends€the€Government€for€passing€legislation€that€provides€residenceÐ Í Ðpermits€to€individuals€who€have€a€well„founded€fear€of€persecution€on€the€basis€of€sexual€orientationÐ ¶ Ðor€gender,€particularly€in€cases€that€involve€discrimination€against€women.Ð Ÿï ÐÌ335.€The€Committee€commends€the€Government€for€its€efforts€to€incorporate€gender€Ô_ÔmainstreamingÔ_ÔÐ qÁ Ðinto€its€overall€policy€framework€and€at€all€stages€of€the€policy„making€processes,€while€at€the€sameÐ Zª Ðtime€implementing€women„specific€programmes€to€encourage€gender€equality.Ð C“ ÐÌ336.€The€Committee€commends€the€Government€for€its€willingness€to€place€objections€toÐ e Ðreservations€entered€by€other€States€parties€that€it€considers€incompatible€with€the€object€andÐ þN Ðpurpose€of€the€Convention.Ð ç 7 ÐÌ337.€The€Committee€also€commends€the€Government€for€having€accepted€the€amendment€to€articleÐ ¹" ! Ð20,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Convention.Ð ¢#ò" ÐÌ338.€The€Committee€commends€the€Government€for€signing€the€United€Nations€Convention€againstÐ t%Ä $ ÐTransnational€Organized€Crime,€its€Protocol€to€Prevent,€Suppress€and€Punish€Trafficking€in€Persons,Ð ]&­!% ÐEspecially€Women€and€Children,€and€its€Protocol€against€the€Smuggling€of€Migrants€by€Land,€SeaÐ F'–"& Ðand€Air.Ð /(#' ÐÌòòFactors€and€difficulties€affecting€the€implementation€of€the€ConventionóóÐ *Q%) ÐÌ339.€The€Committee€notes€that€there€are€no€significant€factors€or€difficulties€that€prevent€theÐ Ó+#'+ Ðeffective€implementation€of€the€Convention€in€Sweden.Ð ¼, (, ÐÐ ¥-õ(- ÐòòPrincipal€areas€of€concern€and€recommendationsóóÐ ° ÐÌ340.€While€the€Government€has€taken€significant€steps€to€address€discrimination€against€women€inÐ ‚Ò Ðthe€workplace€through€the€passage€of€the€Gender€Equality€Act€and€the€establishment€of€the€EqualÐ k» ÐOpportunities€Ombudsman,€the€Committee€expresses€concern€that€the€wage€gap€between€womenÐ T¤ Ðand€men,€in€both€the€public€and€private€sectors,€has€not€narrowed€during€the€past€10€years.€TheÐ =  ÐCommittee€is€of€the€view€that€this€disparity€is€linked€to€the€persistence€of€gender€segregation€in€theÐ & v Ðlabour€market.Ð  _ ÐÌ341.€The€Committee€urges€the€Government€to€adopt€policies€and€active€measures€to€accelerate€theÐ á 1  Ðeradication€of€pay€discrimination€against€women,€including€job€evaluations,€collection€of€data,Ð Ê   Ðfurther€study€of€the€underlying€causes€for€the€wage€gap€and€provision€of€increased€assistance€toÐ ³  Ðsocial€partners€in€collective€wage€bargaining,€in€particular€in€determining€wage€structures€in€sectorsÐ œì  Ðdominated€by€women.€The€Committee€requests€the€Government€to€provide€more€information€in€theÐ …Õ  Ðnext€periodic€report€on€its€efforts€to€eradicate€the€wage€gap.Ð n¾  ÐÌ342.€The€Committee€expresses€concern€with€the€existence€of€gender„based€segregation€at€all€levelsÐ @ Ðof€the€educational€system,€including€the€choice€by€girls€and€boys€of€traditional€disciplines€and€theÐ )y Ðattitudes€of€teachers€that€perpetuate€and€reinforce€stereotypical€gender€roles.Ð b ÐÌ343.€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€Government€strengthen€its€efforts€to€eliminate€genderÐ ä4 Ðstereotypes€in€educational€curricula€and€consistently€integrate€awareness€and€understanding€ofÐ Í Ðgender€equality€in€teacher€training.€Given€the€clear€correlation€between€the€choice€of€field€of€studyÐ ¶ Ðand€placement€in€the€labour€market,€the€Committee€recommends€that€the€Government€increase€itsÐ Ÿï Ðefforts€towards€ending€gender€segregation€in€studentsðð€choice€of€field€of€education€and€encourageÐ ˆØ Ðboth€women€and€men€to€choose€non-traditional€fields€of€education.€Ð qÁ ÐÌ344.€While€the€Committee€commends€the€Government€for€the€impressive€advances€made€by€womenÐ C“ Ðin€terms€of€representation€in€decision„making€in€politics,€it€expresses€concern€that€womenððsÐ ,| Ðrepresentation€in€executive€and€decision„making€positions€in€the€private€economic€sector,€as€wellÐ e Ðas€on€central€governmental€boards€and€boards€of€government„controlled€companies,€continues€to€beÐ þN Ðlow.€It€also€expresses€concern€about€the€low€representation€of€women€as€chairs€of€local€andÐ ç 7 Ðmunicipal€boards.€Ð Ð!   ÐÌ345.€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€Government€take€steps€to€facilitate€the€options€insofar€asÐ ¢#ò" Ðemployment€of€women€in€the€private€sector,€inter€alia,€through€the€implementation€of€temporaryÐ ‹$Û# Ðspecial€measures€in€accordance€with€article€4,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Convention,€wherever€possible.Ð t%Ä $ ÐThe€Committee€urges€the€Government€to€take€measures€to€increase€the€representation€of€women€inÐ ]&­!% Ðdecision„making€positions€in€all€sectors,€including€central€governmental€boards,€county€andÐ F'–"& Ðmunicipal€boards,€particularly€as€chairs€of€those€boards,€and€in€government„controlled€companies.Ð /(#' Ð346.€The€Committee€expresses€concern€about€the€low€level€of€womenððs€representation€in€theÐ )h$( Ðjudiciary.Ð *Q%) ÐÔ_ÔÌ347.€The€Committee€urges€the€Government€of€adopt€a€procedure€that€ensures€that€women€are€notÐ Ó+#'+ Ðdiscriminated€against€when€appointments€to€the€judiciary€are€made.Ð ¼, (, ÐÐ ¥-õ(- Ð348.€While€noting€the€high€number€of€women€in€the€lower€ranks€of€the€foreign€service,€theÐ ° ÐCommittee€nevertheless€expresses€concern€about€the€low€level€of€representation€of€women€in€theÐ ™é Ðhigher€echelons€of€the€service,€in€particular€in€ambassadorial€posts.Ð ‚Ò ÐÌ349.€The€Committee€recommends€that€current€policies€to€increase€the€representation€of€women€inÐ T¤ Ðthe€foreign€service,€particularly€as€ambassadors,€continue€and€that€measures€be€taken€to€ensure€thatÐ =  Ðwomen€in€the€foreign€service€are€not€disadvantaged€in€terms€of€posting€to€locations€requiring€seniorÐ & v Ðstaff.Ð  _ ÐÌ350.€The€Committee€expresses€concern€that,€despite€the€high€achievement€of€women€in€tertiaryÐ á 1  Ðeducation,€there€are€very€few€women€professors€in€the€universities.€There€also€appears€to€be€anÐ Ê   Ðimbalance€in€the€access€of€women,€as€compared€to€men€academics,€to€research€grants€and€otherÐ ³  Ðresources.Ð œì  ÐÌ351.€The€Committee€urges€the€Government€to€facilitate,€by€means€of€its€policies,€an€increase€in€theÐ n¾  Ðnumber€of€women€in€high„ranking€posts€at€universities€and€to€ensure€that€women€professors€are€notÐ W§  Ðdiscriminated€against€insofar€as€access€to€resources,€including€research€grants.Ð @ ÐÌ352.€The€Committee€notes€that,€despite€the€considerable€efforts€made€with€regard€to€combatingÐ b Ðviolence€against€women,€including€in€the€family,€the€prevalence€of€violence€against€womenÐ ûK Ðdemonstrates€the€persistent€power€imbalance€between€women€and€men.€Ð ä4 ÐÌ353.€The€Committee€urges€the€Government€to€collect€more€data€on€the€nature€and€scope€of€violenceÐ ¶ Ðagainst€women,€in€particular€within€the€family,€and€to€continue€its€efforts€to€implement€andÐ Ÿï Ðstrengthen€current€policies€aimed€at€combating€violence,€with€special€attention€given€to€women€withÐ ˆØ Ðdisabilities€and€migrant€and€minority€women.Ð qÁ ÐÌ354.€While€welcoming€the€criminalization€of€the€purchase€of€sexual€services,€the€CommitteeÐ C“ Ðexpresses€concern€that€this€might€have€increased€the€incidence€of€clandestine€prostitution,€therebyÐ ,| Ðrendering€prostitutes€more€vulnerable.€It€also€expresses€concern€that€Sweden€has€become€a€countryÐ e Ðof€destination€for€trafficked€women.Ð þN ÐÌ355.€The€Committee€encourages€the€Government€to€evaluate€the€effect€of€the€current€policy€ofÐ Ð!   Ðcriminalizing€the€purchase€of€sexual€services,€especially€in€view€of€the€complete€lack€of€data€onÐ ¹" ! Ðclandestine€prostitution€which€may€have€incidental€effects€on€the€trafficking€of€women€and€girls.Ð ¢#ò" ÐThe€Committee€encourages€action€in€Sweden€and,€through€the€Government€of€Sweden,€continuedÐ ‹$Û# Ðefforts€within€the€European€Union€to€combat€trafficking€of€women,€including€measures€to€preventÐ t%Ä $ Ðtrafficking,€the€collection€of€data,€the€provision€of€services€for€trafficked€women€and€measures€toÐ ]&­!% Ðpenalize€those€who€facilitate€such€trafficking.Ð F'–"& ÐÌ356.€Taking€note€of€the€efforts€of€the€Government€to€combat€discrimination,€the€CommitteeÐ )h$( Ðexpresses€concern€about€the€continuing€discrimination€against€immigrant,€refugee€and€Ô_ÔminorityÐ *Q%) Ðwomen€in€Sweden,€including€in€education€and€employment,€and€at€the€gender„based€discriminationÐ ê*:&* Ðand€violence€that€they€face€in€their€own€communities.€The€Committee€also€expresses€concern€aboutÐ Ó+#'+ Ðdiscrimination€against€Sami€and€Roma€women.Ð ¼, (, ÐÐ ¥-õ(- Ð357.€The€Committee€urges€the€Government€to€take€effective€measures€to€eliminate€discriminationÐ ° Ðagainst€immigrant,€refugee€and€minority€women€and€to€strengthen€its€efforts€to€combat€xenophobiaÐ ™é Ðand€racism€in€Sweden.€It€also€encourages€the€Government€to€be€more€proactive€in€its€measures€toÐ ‚Ò Ðprevent€discrimination€against€immigrant,€refugee€and€minority€women,€both€within€theirÐ k» Ðcommunities€and€in€society€at€large,€to€combat€violence€against€them€and€to€increase€their€awarenessÐ T¤ Ðof€the€availability€of€social€services€and€legal€remedies.Ð =  ÐÌ358.€Noting€Swedenððs€support€of€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€Convention€and€its€early€signature€toÐ  _ Ðthat€instrument,€the€Committee€encourages€the€Government€to€ratify€the€Optional€Protocol€as€soonÐ ø H Ðas€possible.Ð á 1  ÐÌ359.€The€Committee€requests€the€Government€to€respond€to€the€concerns€expressed€in€the€presentÐ ³  Ðconcluding€comments€in€its€next€periodic€report€submitted€under€article€18€of€the€Convention.€It€alsoÐ œì  Ðrequests€that€future€reports€not€make€reference€to€previous€reports€but€briefly€summarize€previouslyÐ …Õ  Ðstated€information.Ð n¾  ÐÌ360.€The€Committee€requests€the€wide€dissemination€in€Sweden€of€the€present€concluding€commentsÐ @ Ðin€order€to€make€the€people€of€Sweden,€in€particular€governmental€administrators€and€politicians,Ð )y Ðaware€of€the€steps€that€have€been€taken€to€ensure€the€de€jure€and€de€facto€equality€of€women€and€ofÐ b Ðthe€further€steps€that€are€required€in€this€regard.€It€requests€the€Government€to€continue€toÐ ûK Ðdisseminate€widely,€in€particular€to€womenððs€and€human€rights€organizations,€the€Convention€andÐ ä4 Ðits€Optional€Protocol,€the€Committeeððs€general€recommendations,€the€Beijing€Declaration€andÐ Í ÐPlatform€for€Action€and€the€results€of€the€twenty„third€special€session€of€the€General€Assembly,Ð ¶ Ðentitled€ð ðWomen€2000:€gender€equality,€development€and€peace€for€the€twenty„first€centuryðð.Ð Ÿï Ð