ÿWPC[ iÅñù最š;Æ·N¼4YÊõ/5MS &\*¶±àç\¹î ß´ƒÇ7FòG`³ì¥?¦¨…ìi ÞìB¡Ÿ€nHÕ¹O}lúj°‡9ûä°Úü}ìR´¿„²ƒr—Tt‡ËPDy‡ówùŽ)ŒÏõa`Ýc–zRñ\k”$¨²·#»rúDa ÆfÌg[ëÿëAN‹ï%ýØ[Ê_q‰Cl‰^ XöT| M<Ò¼TTe“îý•„KÐÆ¤!X€žŠÀÑ©' ¢ö¥'°TºGLm‘ª“}ìæê„;—=ÄRˆþÖþõhffZ¹`ñÞA_&Þ"V±—Råíº+-),—Pй;qß( ç”h^›c‘fHýɲkÇ‘ã‹MvÀÉO]>Í)Êe? -v٠dž¤`Ϻ-Lk0í¹Þ^^Œ»›j¦d¸ª5"¨A²g¬aÒHa‘‚@ýüëÔ^tµÅ3é5|9dæÄ›õƒêŒ½@kèàŽUZÚ¡Â|=‘®Ë¹FZï;áV‰Ñ΄Y‹®àÅ ÅéL‚bÖè“a-Äéž]m5õØW€¸ßQ÷¥Ëhþ3À55ÑÁ1:˜þATH¡ãÔ;£Æ0O!ï”Åüùo #Á¶UNw %Å 0:Ë^ w4)8 m:QNY˜HP LaserJet 4000 Series PSÈÙØÙÙØÈÙ0&Öd9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(ûœ$¡¡ÔUKUS.,ÔÒ¨n, —{m,~11|DŸ3|x ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ Ý ƒûœ!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ  Óò òÔ€¼mø»XXÔSYRIAN€ARAB€REPUBLICó óÔ€X1VX»¼møÔÐ ° ÐÓ  ÓÌò òÔ_ÔCERDÔ_Ô€26òòthóó€No.€18€(A/8418)€(1971)ó óÐ ªú ÐÌòòIII.€Consideration€of€Reports€submitted€by€States€Parties€under€Article€9€of€the€ConventionóóÐ }Í ÐÌ...Ð O Ÿ ÐÌòòB.€€Action€aimed€at€ensuring€that€all€the€information€required,€in€accordance€with€paragraph€1€ofÐ ! q Ðarticle€9€of€the€Convention,€is€furnished€by€States€PartiesóóÐ  Z  ÐÌ...Ð Ü,  ÐÌ28.€€From€its€56òòthóó€to€its€58òòthóó€meetings,€the€Committee€proceeded€to€determine€formally€its€view€asÐ ®þ  Ða€Committee€(as€distinct€from€the€views€expressed€at€previous€meetings,€which€were€those€of€theÐ —ç  Ðindividual€members)€as€to€which€reports€were€ð ðsatisfactoryðð,€in€the€sense€that€they€furnished€all€orÐ €Ð  Ðmost€of€the€required€information,€and€which€reports€were€ð ðunsatisfactoryðð€or€ð ðincompleteðð€andÐ i¹ Ðtherefore€needed€to€be€supplemented€by€further€information.€€The€initial€report€(and€supplementaryÐ R¢ Ðreport,€if€any)€of€each€State€Party€was€put€before€the€Committee€separately€by€the€Chairman.€€WhereÐ ;‹ Ðthere€was€no€consensus,€the€question€whether€a€State€Partyððs€report€(or€reports)€was€ð ðsatisfactoryððÐ $t Ðor€whether,€failing€that,€the€Committee€wished€to€request€additional€information€from€that€StateÐ  ] ÐParty,€was€decided€by€vote.Ð öF ÐÌ...Ð È ÐÌ30.€€On€the€other€hand,€the€reports€submitted€by€the€following€17€States€Parties€were€considered€byÐ šê Ðthe€Committee€ð ðincompleteðð€or€ð ðunsatisfactoryðð,€in€the€sense€that€significant€categories€ofÐ ƒÓ Ðinformation€were€either€totally€lacking€or€insufficiently€provided€in€them:€...€Syrian€Arab€Republic...Ð l¼ ÐAt€its€58òòthóó€meeting,€held€on€23€April€1971,€the€Committee€adopted€the€text€of€a€communicationÐ U¥ Ðwhich€it€decided€to€request€€the€Secretary„General€to€submit€to€the€aforementioned€States€Parties,Ð >Ž Ðin€accordance€with€rule€65€of€its€provisional€rules€of€procedure.€€(The€text€of€this€communicationÐ ' w Ðis€reproduced€in€annex€V.)Ð !` ÐÌ...Ð â"2! ÐÌ35.€[At€the€fourth€session]€The€reports€submitted€by€the€following€six€States€Parties€were€consideredÐ ´$ # Ðð ðcompleteðð,€and€the€Committee€decided€not€to€request€them€to€supply€additional€information:Ð %í $ Ð...Syrian€Arab€Republic...Ð †&Ö!% ÐÌ...Ð X(¨#' ÐÌC.€€òòExamination€of€the€contents€of€reports€from€States€Parties€in€order€to€determine€their€complianceÐ **z%) Ðwith€the€requirements€of€the€ConventionóóÐ +c&* ÐÌ...Ð å,5(, ÐÐ Î-)- ÐÔ_Ô3.€€òòAction€on€information€supplied€by€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic€relating€to€the€situation€in€the€GolanÐ ° ÐHeightsóóÐ ™é ÐÌ73.€€It€has€already€been€reported€(paras.€37„44€above)€that,€at€its€third€session,€the€CommitteeÐ k» Ðdecided€to€address€to€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic€a€request€for€further€information€on€the€situation€inÐ T¤ Ðthe€Golan€Heights,€to€which€an€earlier€report€from€that€State€Party€had€alluded.Ð =  ÐÌ74.€€In€response€to€this€request,€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic€submitted€a€supplementary€report,€theÐ  _ Ðsecond€part€of€which€contained€the€requested€information.Ð ø H ÐÌ75.€€Paragraph€1€of€the€second€part€of€the€supplementary€report€from€the€Syrian€Arab€RepublicÐ Ê   Ðrecalled€that€article€5€of€the€Convention€ð ðenumerates€the€rights€that€all€Contracting€Parties€undertakeÐ ³  Ðto€protectðð,€and€quoted€the€texts€of€paragraph€d,€subparagraphs€Ô_ÔiÔ_Ô,€ii,€v,€and€vi,€of€that€article.Ð œì  ÐÌ76.€€Paragraph€2€of€the€second€part€of€the€supplementary€report€from€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic€drewÐ n¾  Ðattention€to€ð ða€number€of€resolutionsðð€which€ð ðwere€adopted€by€the€various€organs€of€the€UnitedÐ W§  ÐNations€requesting€Israel€to€facilitate€the€return€of€new€refugees€to€their€homeland,€and€ensure€theÐ @ Ðsafety,€welfare€and€security€of€the€inhabitants€of€the€occupied€areasðð.€€The€attention€of€theÐ )y ÐCommittee€was€drawn€to€14€such€resolutions,€of€which€seven€were€adopted€by€the€GeneralÐ b ÐAssembly,€two€by€the€Security€Council,€one€by€the€Economic€and€Social€Council,€and€four€by€theÐ ûK ÐCommission€on€Human€Rights.€€ð ðOn€the€other€handðð,€the€report€then€stated,€ð ðthe€Israeli€occupyingÐ ä4 Ðauthorities,€contrary€to€their€obligations€under€International€Law,€have,€since€the€beginning€of€theÐ Í Ðoccupation,€embarked€upon€practices€that€have€virtually€deprived€the€population€of€the€GolanÐ ¶ ÐHeights€of€their€basic€human€rights,€including€those€enumerated€in€article€5".€€In€support€of€thatÐ Ÿï Ðstatement,€the€Syrian€report€asserted€that€ð ðalmost€the€entire€populationðð€of€the€Golan€Heights€ð ðwereÐ ˆØ Ðforcibly€evicted€from€their€land€and€have€not€since€been€permitted€to€return€to€their€homesðð€and€thatÐ qÁ Ðthe€Israeli€authorities€ð ðcontinue€to€carry€out€their€plans€aiming€at€the€colonization€of€the€GolanÐ Zª ÐHeightsðð.€€With€reference€to€the€latter€statement,€the€report€contended€that€the€ð ðintensive€transferÐ C“ Ðof€òòcolonsóó€to€the€occupied€Syrian€area€is€in€itself€a€negation€of€the€rights€of€the€original€inhabitantsðð.Ð ,| ÐÌ77.€€Paragraph€3€referred€the€Committee,€ð ðfor€additional€information€on€Israeli€racist€policiesðð,€toÐ þN Ðð ðreports€submitted€by€the€investigating€organs€of€the€United€Nationsðð,€two€of€which€were€describedÐ ç 7 Ðas€ð ðof€particular€importance€as€they€amply€corroborate€Israelððs€violations€of€human€rights€in...€€theÐ Ð!   ÐGolan€Heightsðð.€€Those€were€the€Report€of€the€Special€Working€Group€of€Experts€established€underÐ ¹" ! Ðresolution€6€(XXV)€of€the€Commission€on€Human€Rights€(E/CN.€4/1016€and€addenda)€and€theÐ ¢#ò" ÐReport€of€the€Special€Committee€to€Investigate€Israeli€Practices€Affecting€the€Human€Rights€of€theÐ ‹$Û# ÐPopulation€of€the€Occupied€Territories€(A/8089).Ð t%Ä $ ÐÌ78.€€Paragraph€4€suggested€that€the€Committee€examine€17€letters,€which€were€listed€in€the€annexÐ F'–"& Ðto€the€report,€and€which€had€been€addressed€by€the€Permanent€Representative€of€the€Syrian€ArabÐ /(#' ÐRepublic€to€the€Secretary„General€and€the€President€of€the€Security€Council.€€Those€letters€wereÐ )h$( Ðdescribed€as€ð ðmostly€based€on€Israel€sources€openly€advocating€the€deprivation€of€the€ArabÐ *Q%) Ðinhabitants€of€their€basic€human€right,€and€unabashedly€promoting€a€situation€which€grossly€violatesÐ ê*:&* Ðthe€rights€enumerated€in€article€5€of€the€Conventionðð.Ð Ó+#'+ ÐÌ79.€€The€report€concluded€by€asserting€that,€while€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic,€a€Party€to€theÐ ¥-õ(- ÐConvention,€ð ðis€faithfully€carrying€out€its€obligations€under€the€Conventionðð,€the€ð ðoverridingÐ ° Ðconcernðð€of€the€Syrian€people€was€ð ðto€restore€to€the€population€of€the€Golan€Heights€theirÐ ™é Ðinalienable€rights€so€grossly€violated€by€the€Israeli€military€occupationðð,€and€that€it€was€the€ð ðlegalÐ ‚Ò Ðand€moral€responsibilityðð€of€the€Parties€to€the€Convention€ð ðto€thoroughly€probe€Zionism€at€work€inÐ k» Ðoccupied€Arab€territories,€and€take€appropriate€steps€to€expose€the€racism€inherent€in€ZionistÐ T¤ Ðideology€and€practicesðð.Ð =  ÐÌ80.€€The€supplementary€report€of€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic€was€considered€by€the€Committee€at€itsÐ  _ Ðfourth€session,€at€the€66òòthóó,€67òòthóó,€70òòthóó€and€71òòstóó€meetings.Ð ø H ÐÌ81.€€As€in€the€debate€on€the€supplementary€report€of€Panama€(see€paragraph€64€above),€most€of€theÐ Ê   Ðarguments€adduced€in€the€debate€on€the€supplementary€report€of€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic€revolvedÐ ³  Ðaround€the€competence€of€the€Committee€to€deal€with€information€supplied€by€a€State€Party€aboutÐ œì  Ðthe€situation€in€a€part€of€its€national€territory€which€was€not€under€its€effective€control€but€under€theÐ …Õ  Ðcontrol€of€a€State€which€was€not€a€Party€to€the€Convention.€€The€following€paragraphs€summarizeÐ n¾  Ðthe€main€arguments€presented€during€the€debate.Ð W§  ÐÌà0  à(Ô_ÔiÔ_Ô)€€Mr.€€Ô_ÔSukatiÔ_Ô€expressed€the€opinion€that€what€the€Committee€had€before€it€was€aÐ )y Ðð ðcomplaintðð,€even€though€it€was€ð ðdisguised€asðð€a€report€under€article€9€of€the€Convention,Ð b Ðand€that€therefore€it€could€not€be€dealt€with€under€articles€9,€11€or€15€of€the€Convention.ÐûK(#(# ÐÌà0  àà ` àMessrs.€€Ô_ÔAboulÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔNasrÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔResichÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔRossidesÔ_Ô€and€Ô_ÔSayeghÔ_Ô€thought€that,€in€adopting€itsÐ Í Ðdecision€pursuant€to€the€examination€of€the€report€of€Panama€(para.€€72€above),€theÐ ¶ ÐCommittee€had€judged€that€it€was€competent€to€deal€under€article€9€of€the€Convention,€withÐ Ÿï Ðinformation€supplied€by€a€State€Party€in€accordance€with€that€article€regarding€the€situationÐ ˆØ Ðof€racial€discrimination€in€a€part€of€its€national€territory€over€which€it€had€no€effectiveÐ qÁ Ðcontrol.ÐZª(#(# ÐÌà0  àà ` àMr.€€Ô_ÔHaastrupÔ_Ô,€while€agreeing€that€a€precedent€had€been€established,€thoughtÐ ,| Ðnevertheless€that€it€was€ð ðthe€precedent€of€introducing€extraneous€issues€under€the€pretext€ofÐ e Ðfollowing€the€system€of€reporting€under€article€9€of€the€Conventionðð.ÐþN(#(# ÐÌà0  à(ii)€€Mr.€€Ô_ÔSukatiÔ_Ô€thought€that,€inasmuch€as€ð ða€state€of€belligerencyðð€existed€between€certainÐ Ð!   ÐArab€States€and€Israel,€ð ðit€was€inappropriate€for€the€Committee€to€involve€itself€in€such€aÐ ¹" ! Ðsituationðð€and€that€the€Committee€should€ð ðpoint€outðð€to€the€Syrian€Government€that€ð ðitsÐ ¢#ò" Ðsupplementary€report€was€not€in€compliance€with€the€Committeeððs€request€for€furtherÐ ‹$Û# Ðinformation€under€article€9€of€the€Convention€because€it€dealt€with€a€matter€which€was€notÐ t%Ä $ Ðappropriate€for€purposes€of€a€report€under€that€articleðð.Ð]&­!%(#(# ÐÌà0  àà ` àMessrs.€€Ô_ÔRossidesÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔSayeghÔ_Ô€and€Ô_ÔTarassovÔ_Ô,€on€the€other€hand,€expressed€the€view€thatÐ /(#' Ðthe€Committee,€which€was€competent€in€any€case€to€receive€the€information€contained€in€theÐ )h$( Ðsupplementary€report€of€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic,€was€under€a€special€obligation€to€considerÐ *Q%) Ðthat€information€because€it€had€specifically€requested€that€State€Party€to€furnish€it,€in€theÐ ê*:&* Ðdecision€which€the€Committee€formally€adopted€at€its€57òòthóó€meeting€(para.€€44€above).ÐÓ+#'+(#(# ÐÌà0  à(iii)€€Mr.€€Ô_ÔHaastrupÔ_Ô€thought€that€ð ðthe€problem€was€further€complicated€by€the€fact€that€IsraelÐ ¥-õ(- Ðwas€not€a€Party€to€the€Conventionðð.€€Mr.€€Ô_ÔSukatiÔ_Ô€thought€that€Ô_ÔthatÔ_Ô€fact€precluded€action€byÐ ° Ðthe€Committee,€not€only€under€article€9€but€also€under€articles€11€and€15.€€Mr.€€Ortiz„MartinÐ ™é Ðasserted€that€ð ðStates€not€Parties€to€the€Convention€should€be€permitted€to€express€their€viewsÐ ‚Ò Ðat€some€stage€of€the€considerationðð€of€such€situations.Ðk»(#(# ÐÌà0  à(iv)€€Mr.€€Ô_ÔHaastrupÔ_Ô€expressed€the€view€that€the€problem€was€ð ðfurther€complicatedðð€by€theÐ =  Ðfact€that€ð ðthe€Committee€did€not€even€know€the€precise€legal€status€of€the€Golan€HeightsÐ & v Ðterritoryðð.Ð _(#(# ÐÌà0  àà ` àOn€the€other€hand,€Messrs.€€Ô_ÔRossidesÔ_Ô€and€Ô_ÔSayeghÔ_Ô€asserted€that€there€was€noÐ á 1  Ðuncertainty€about€the€legal€status€of€that€territory,€inasmuch€as€it€was€a€part€of€the€rationalÐ Ê   Ðterritory€of€a€Member€of€the€United€Nations€which€had€fallen€under€military€occupation€byÐ ³  Ðanother€Member€as€a€result€of€war,€and€its€ð ðacquisitionðð€by€the€occupier€had€been€declaredÐ œì  Ðð ðinadmissibleðð€in€several€formal€resolutions€adopted€by€the€Security€Council€and€the€GeneralÐ …Õ  ÐAssembly.€€Mr.€€Ô_ÔRossidesÔ_Ô€added€that,€as€a€result€of€those€facts,€a€distinction€should€be€drawnÐ n¾  Ðð ðbetween€the€case€of€Panama€and€that€of€Syriaðð,€which€were€ð ðtotally€differentðð€from€oneÐ W§  Ðanother:€€for,€ð ðwhereas€United€States€control€over€a€portion€of€Panamanian€territory€wasÐ @ Ðexercised€under€certain€agreementsðð€between€the€two€Governments€concerned,€ð ðIsraeliÐ )y Ðcontrol€over€the€Golan€Heights€had€been€obtained€by€means€of€aggressionðð.Ðb(#(# ÐÌà0  à(v)€€Another€difference€between€the€situations€described€in€the€reports€of€Panama€and€theÐ ä4 ÐSyrian€Arab€Republic€and€which,€in€the€opinion€of€Messrs.€€Ô_ÔResichÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔSayeghÔ_Ô,€and€Ô_ÔTomkoÔ_Ô,€hadÐ Í Ða€direct€and€significant€bearing€upon€the€Committeeððs€consideration€of€the€Syrian€report,€wasÐ ¶ Ðthat€the€information€contained€in€that€report€was€corroborated€by€formal€decisions€adoptedÐ Ÿï Ðby€several€organs€of€the€United€Nations€as€well€as€by€the€findings€of€investigative€bodiesÐ ˆØ Ðestablished€by€two€of€those€organs.ÐqÁ(#(# ÐÌà0  àà ` àTherefore,€neither€was€further€information€needed€before€the€Committee€could€makeÐ C“ Ða€decision€regarding€the€question€under€examination€nor€could€the€veracity€of€theÐ ,| Ðinformation€supplied€by€the€reporting€State€Party€be€doubted.Ðe(#(# ÐÌà0  àà ` àHowever,€Mr.€€Ô_ÔSukatiÔ_Ô€thought€that€ð ðthe€fact€that€the€allegations€made€in€the€SyrianÐ ç 7 Ðreport€were€supported€by€the€findings€of€other€bodies€was€irrelevant€because€once€theÐ Ð!   ÐCommittee€had€declared€itself€to€be€incompetent€not€deal€with€the€complaint€against€IsraelÐ ¹" ! Ðcontained€in€the€Syrian€report,€it€could€not€make€any€finding€as€to€the€truth€of€thoseÐ ¢#ò" Ðallegationsðð.Ћ$Û#(#(# ÐÌà0  à(vi)€€The€fact€that€various€United€Nations€organs,€including€the€General€Assembly,€hadÐ ]&­!% Ðalready€adopted€resolutions€relating€to€the€situation€under€consideration,€and€the€fact€thatÐ F'–"& Ðinvestigative€bodies€established€by€two€of€those€organs,€including€the€General€Assembly,Ð /(#' Ðhad€already€submitted€reports€on€that€situation€led€Messrs.€€Ô_ÔHaastrupÔ_Ô,€Ortiz„Martin,€Ô_ÔPartschÔ_ÔÐ )h$( Ðand€Ô_ÔSukatiÔ_Ô€to€doubt€either€the€competence€of€the€Committee€to€deal€with€that€situation€or€theÐ *Q%) Ðwisdom€of€the€Committeeððs€drawing€the€attention€of€the€General€Assembly€to€it.€€Moreover,Ð ê*:&* ÐMr.€€Ô_ÔSukatiÔ_Ô€argued€that€the€mere€citation€of€those€resolutions€and€reports€in€the€report€of€theÐ Ó+#'+ ÐSyrian€Arab€Republic€ð ðclearly€showed€that€the€Syrian€Government€was€aware€of€theÐ ¼, (, Ðremedies€available€to€it€through€other€United€Nations€bodiesðð.€€Accordingly,€he€cautionedÐ ¥-õ(- Ðthe€Committee€against€permitting€itself€to€be€ð ðled€into€doing€violence€to€the€Convention€byÐ ° Ðtaking€action€on€the€Syrian€complaintðð.Йé(#(# ÐÌà0  àà ` àOn€the€other€hand,€Messrs.€€Ô_ÔAboulÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔNasrÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔRossidesÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔSayeghÔ_Ô,€and€Ô_ÔTarassovÔ_Ô€argued€that,Ð k» Ðwhereas€other€organs€of€the€United€Nations€examined€the€situation€in€Arab€territoriesÐ T¤ Ðoccupied€by€Israel€in€general,€and€the€human€rights€of€inhabitants€of€those€territories€inÐ =  Ðparticular,€only€the€Committee€was,€in€accordance€with€its€mandate,€concerned€exclusivelyÐ & v Ðwith€that€aspect€of€the€situation€which€constituted€racial€discrimination.€€Furthermore,€theÐ  _ Ðfact€that€more€than€one€United€Nations€organ€had€already€considered,€and€adopted€decisionsÐ ø H Ðon,€the€same€situation€clearly€showed€that€consideration€of€a€situation€by€one€United€NationsÐ á 1  Ðorgan€did€not€preclude€other€organs€from€considering€it€also,€unless€the€Charter€of€the€UnitedÐ Ê   ÐNations€prescribed€otherwise.г (#(# ÐÌà0  à(vii)€€Mr.€€Valencia€Rodriguez€was€of€the€opinion€that€the€crucial€question€which€theÐ …Õ  ÐCommittee€had€to€decide€was€whether€the€actions€of€Israel€in€the€occupied€Syrian€territory,Ð n¾  Ðand€ð ðthe€failure€by€Israel€to€implement€those€resolutionsðð€of€the€organs€of€the€United€NationsÐ W§  Ðconcerned€ð ðconstituted€discrimination€based€on€grounds€of€race€or€national€originðð,€orÐ @ Ðwhether€ð ðthe€situation€was€the€result€of€political€events€which€lay€outside€the€competenceÐ )y Ðof€the€Committeeðð.Ðb(#(# ÐÌà0  àà ` àMessrs.€€Ô_ÔHaastrupÔ_Ô€and€Ô_ÔSukatiÔ_Ô€thought€that€the€actions€of€Israel€in€the€Golan€HeightsÐ ä4 Ðdid€not€constitute€racial€discrimination€and€therefore€did€not€fall€within€the€competence€ofÐ Í Ðthe€Committee.ж(#(# ÐÌà0  àà ` àMr.€€Ô_ÔHaastrupÔ_Ô€asserted€that,€ð ðfrom€his€reading€of€the€report€of€the€Special€CommitteeÐ ˆØ Ðto€Investigate€Israeli€Practices€Affecting€the€Human€Rights€of€the€Population€of€theÐ qÁ ÐOccupied€Territories€(A/8089),€those€practices€were€not€carried€out€on€a€racial€basis€but€onÐ Zª Ðthe€basis€of€the€Arab„Israeli€conflictðð.€€Inasmuch€as€the€Special€Committee€had€examinedÐ C“ Ðthe€situation€in€the€light€of€the€provisions€of€the€Geneva€Conventions€of€1949,€and€alsoÐ ,| Ðinasmuch€as€a€state€of€war€existed€between€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic€and€Israel,€he€thoughtÐ e Ðthat€the€treatment€of€the€population€of€the€occupied€Golan€Heights€should€be€defined€not€inÐ þN Ðterms€of€racial€discrimination€but€in€terms€of€the€laws€of€war.Ðç 7(#(# ÐÌà0  àà ` àMr.€€Ô_ÔSukatiÔ_Ô€felt€that,€before€deciding€on€the€action€it€might€take€regarding€theÐ ¹" ! Ðsituation€under€consideration,€the€Committee€should€first€decide€whether€or€not,€in€its€view,Ð ¢#ò" Ðracial€discrimination€was€involved€and,€accordingly,€whether€or€not€the€question€fell€withinÐ ‹$Û# Ðits€sphere€of€competence.Ðt%Ä $(#(# ÐÌà0  àà ` àIn€the€opinion€of€Messrs.€€Ô_ÔTarassovÔ_Ô€and€Ô_ÔSayeghÔ_Ô,€however,€racial€discrimination,€asÐ F'–"& Ðdefined€in€article€1€of€the€Convention,€was€involved.Ð/(#'(#(# ÐÌà0  àà ` àMr.€€Ô_ÔTarassovÔ_Ô€asserted€that€the€situation€which€was€created€was€the€result€not€of€ð ðaÐ *Q%) Ðstate€of€belligerency,€but€of€direct€aggression€by€Israel€against€certain€Arab€Statesðð.€€He€drewÐ ê*:&* Ðattention€to€paragraph€67€of€the€Report€of€the€Special€Committee€to€Investigate€IsraeliÐ Ó+#'+ ÐPractices€Affecting€the€Human€Rights€of€the€Population€of€the€Occupied€TerritoriesÐ ¼, (, Ð(A/8089),€which€affirmed€the€conclusion€of€the€Special€Committee€that€ð ðthe€occupyingÐ ¥-õ(- ÐPower€is€pursuing€a€conscious€and€deliberate€policy€calculated€to€depopulate€the€occupiedÐ ° Ðterritories€of€their€Arab€inhabitantsðð,€and€states€that€the€Special€Committee€had€receivedÐ ™é Ðð ðevidence€of€the€establishment€of€Israel€settlements€in€the...€Golan€Heightsðð.€€He€thought€thatÐ ‚Ò ÐÔ_ÔthatÔ_Ô€might€be€considered€genocide,€which€was€the€supreme€form€of€racial€discrimination.€Ð k» ÐMoreover,€the€conclusions€of€the€Special€Committee€were€corroborated,€in€this€opinion,€byÐ T¤ Ðthe€official€philosophy€of€the€occupying€Power,€namely,€Zionism,€which€was€essentially€aÐ =  Ðdoctrine€founded€on€racial€inequality€and€on€belief€in€the€superiority€of€Jews€over€otherÐ & v Ðpeoples.Ð _(#(# ÐÌà0  àà ` àMr.€€Ô_ÔSayeghÔ_Ô€contended€that€the€mere€fact€that€the€native€inhabitants€of€the€GolanÐ á 1  ÐHeights€had€been€denied€by€the€occupation€authorities€the€right€to€return€to€their€homes,Ð Ê   Ðwhile€aliens€were€being€systematically€brought€from€other€countries€by€those€authorities€andÐ ³  Ðsettled€in€that€occupied€territory,€was€sufficient€to€show€that€a€clear€case€of€ð ðdiscriminationððÐ œì  Ðexisted.€€That€Ô_ÔthatÔ_Ô€was€also€a€case€of€ð ðracial€discriminationðð€was€made€clear€by€publicÐ …Õ  Ðpronouncements€made€by€the€highest„ranking€decision„makers€of€the€occupying€Power,Ð n¾  Ðstating€that€their€purpose€was€to€ensure€that€the€preponderant€majority€of€the€populationÐ W§  Ðconsisted€of€Jews,€as€well€as€by€the€doctrinal€and€programmatic€principles€of€Zionism€whichÐ @ Ðanimated€the€policies€of€Israel.€€From€the€very€outset,€he€stated,€Zionism€had€aimed€atÐ )y Ðcreating€a€ð ðState€of€Jewsðð€in€a€territory€preponderantly€inhabited€by€non„Jews;€and€that€aim,Ð b Ðas€Zionist€leaders€were€aware,€could€be€accomplished€only€by€a€twofold€programme€ofÐ ûK Ðdisplacing€settled€on€non„Jews€and€replacing€them€with€imported€Jews.€€Finally,€the€racialÐ ä4 Ðcriterion€was€one€of€the€principal€criteria€whereby€the€differentiation€between€a€Jew€and€aÐ Í Ðnon„Jew€was€made,€as€legislation€recently€promulgated€by€the€Israeli€legislature,€to€sayÐ ¶ Ðnothing€of€the€literature€of€Zionism,€showed.Пï(#(# ÐÌà0  à(viii)€€Mr.€€Ortiz„Martin€expressed€the€view€that€ð ðthe€situation€in€the€Golan€Heights€wasÐ qÁ Ðcomplicated€by€the€fact€that€it€was€the€result€of€a€state€of€warðð.€€He€was€ð ðnot€sureðð,€therefore,Ð Zª Ðwhether€the€ð ðusual€criteriaðð€relating€to€questions€of€human€rights€and€racial€discriminationÐ C“ Ðin€normal€times€of€peace€could€be€applied€to€the€situation€under€consideration.€€Sir€HerbertÐ ,| ÐÔ_ÔMarchantÔ_Ô€also€implied€his€concurrence€with€the€view€that€political€inter„State€conflict€wasÐ e Ðinvolved€in€the€case€at€hand€and€not€racial€discrimination.€€He€thought€that€the€CommitteeÐ þN Ðwas€ð ðwasting€much€time€on€this€issueðð,€which€was€ð ðcharged€with€political€connotationsðð,Ð ç 7 Ðand€was€thereby€ð ðmisusing€itselfðð.ÐÐ!  (#(# ÐÌà0  àà ` àOn€the€other€hand,€Mr.€€Ô_ÔAboulÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔNasrÔ_Ô€expressed€the€opinion€that€ð ðthe€Convention€didÐ ¢#ò" Ðnot€differentiate€between€war€and€peace€and€did€not€allow€racial€discrimination€during€warÐ ‹$Û# Ðany€more€than€it€did€in€peacetimeðð.€€In€addition,€he€asserted€that€ð ðwar€and€occupation€wereÐ t%Ä $ Ðalso€governed€by€international€law,€as€witness€the€Geneva€Convention€Relative€to€theÐ ]&­!% ÐProtection€of€Civilian€Persons€in€Time€of€Warðð.€€Mr.€€Ô_ÔSayeghÔ_Ô€drew€attention€to€theÐ F'–"& Ðprovisions€of€article€2€of€the€Universal€Declaration€of€Human€Rights,€which€declared€that,Ð /(#' Ðin€the€enjoyment€of€the€rights€enumerated€in€the€Declaration€„€which€included€the€right€notÐ )h$( Ðto€be€subjected€to€racial€discrimination€„€no€distinction€should€be€made€on€the€basis€of€theÐ *Q%) Ðð ðpoliticalðð€or€ð ðinternationalðð€status€of€the€territory€to€which€a€person€belonged.Ðê*:&*(#(# ÐÌ82.€€In€the€course€of€the€debate,€Mr.€€Ô_ÔSayeghÔ_Ô€submitted€a€proposal€which€was€adopted€by€theÐ ¼, (, ÐCommittee€at€its€70òòthóó€meeting€by€9€votes€to€4,€with€1€abstention€in€a€roll„call€vote€requested€by€Mr.€Ð ¥-õ(- ÐÔ_ÔTarassovÔ_Ô.€€The€voting€was€as€follows:Ð ° ÐÌòòIn€favouróó:€€Messrs.€€Ô_ÔDayalÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔGetmanetsÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔAboulÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔNasrÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔResichÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔRossidesÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔSayeghÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔTarassovÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔTomkoÔ_Ô,Ð ‚Ò Ðand€Valencia€Rodriguez;Ð k» ÐÌòòAgainstóó:€€Messrs.€€Ô_ÔHaastrupÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔMarchantÔ_Ô,€Ortiz„Martin,€and€Ô_ÔSukatiÔ_Ô;Ð =  ÐÌòòAbstentionóó:€€Mr.€€Ô_ÔPartschÔ_Ô.Ð  _ ÐÌ83.€€The€text€of€the€Committeeððs€decision€reads€as€follows€(see€also€chap.€€VII,€sect.€€B,€decision€4Ð á 1  Ð(iv)):Ð Ê   ÐÌ1.€€The€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€Racial€Discrimination€takes€note€of€the€information,Ð œì  Ðcontained€in€the€supplementary€report€submitted€by€the€Government€of€the€Syrian€Arab€RepublicÐ …Õ  Ðat€the€Committeeððs€request,€to€the€effect€that€racial€discrimination€is€being€practised€in€that€part€ofÐ n¾  ÐSyrian€national€territory€which€is€known€as€the€Golan€Heights€and€which€is€under€Israeli€occupation.Ð W§  ÐÌ2.€€The€Committee€takes€note€also€of€the€resolutions€adopted€by€competent€organs€of€the€UnitedÐ )y ÐNations,€and€of€the€reports€of€the€Committees€set€up€by€the€General€Assembly€and€by€theÐ b ÐCommission€on€Human€Rights€to€investigate€the€situation,€to€which€the€report€submitted€by€theÐ ûK ÐSyrian€Government€makes€reference.Ð ä4 ÐÌ3.€€The€Committee€wishes€to€draw€the€attention€of€the€General€Assembly€to€this€situation.Ð ¶ ÐÌÐ  ˆØ ÐÌò òÔ_ÔCERDÔ_Ô€€28òòTHóó€No.€18€(A/9018)€(1973)ó óÐ ™é ÐÌ110.€€The€initial€report€of€Syria,€submitted€on€26€January€1971,€was€considered€by€the€CommitteeÐ l¼ Ðat€its€third€session€together€with€a€supplementary€report,€dated€13€April€1971.€€It€was€deemedÐ U¥ Ðunsatisfactory€and€additional€information€was€requested.€€Another€supplementary€report,€submittedÐ > Ž Ðin€response€to€the€Committeeððs€request€on€9€July€1971,€was€considered€at€the€fourth€session€andÐ ' w Ðfound€to€be€satisfactory.€€The€second€periodic€report€of€Syria,€dated€8€August€1972,€was€consideredÐ  ` Ðby€the€Committee€at€the€seventh€session€(129th€and€131st€meetings).Ð ù I ÐÌ111.€€It€was€noted€that€the€new€report€contained€no€information€that€had€not€been€already€providedÐ Ë   Ðto€the€Committee€in€the€earlier€reports,€the€latest€of€which€had€been€found€satisfactory.€€EmphasisÐ ´  Ðwas€placed€on€the€fact€that,€although€it€was€submitted€before€the€adoption€of€generalÐ í  Ðrecommendation€III,€the€report€provided€information€on€the€subject€of€that€recommendation,€statingÐ †Ö  Ðthat€Syria€had€terminated€all€ð ðpolitical,€diplomatic,€consular,€economic€and€cultural€tiesðð€with€theÐ o¿  Ðracist€Ô_ÔrgimeÔ_Ô€in€southern€Africa.€€Articles€307€and€308€of€the€Penal€Code€appeared,€in€the€opinionÐ X¨  Ðof€some€members,€to€meet€the€requirements€of€article€4,€paragraphs€(a)€and€(b),€of€the€Convention.Ð A‘ ÐÌ112.€€Some€members€noted€that,€like€most€other€reports,€the€report€under€consideration€placedÐ c Ðgreater€emphasis€on€legislative€measures€than€on€other€measures€giving€effect€to€the€provisions€ofÐ üL Ðthe€Convention.€Ð å5 ÐÌ113.€€A€question€was€raised€whether€the€anti„discrimination€provisions€of€the€Provisional€SyrianÐ · ÐConstitution€of€1969,€cited€in€the€report€under€consideration,€remained€unchanged€in€the€newly„Ð  ð Ðpromulgated€Constitution€of€1973.€€It€was€also€stated€that€it€would€be€desirable€to€receiveÐ ‰Ù Ðinformation€on€other€than€legislative€measures€that€may€have€been€adopted€in€order€to€give€effectÐ r Ðto€the€provisions€of€the€Convention,€particularly€article€7.Ð [« ÐÌ114.€€In€his€statement€at€the€129th€meeting,€the€representative€of€Syria€informed€the€Committee€thatÐ -} Ðall€the€provisions€of€the€Constitution€mentioned€in€the€report€remained€in€force€in€the€newÐ f ÐConstitution.Ð ÿO ÐÌ115.€€The€Committee€decided€to€consider€the€report€of€Syria€satisfactory€and€expressed€the€hopeÐ Ñ!!  Ðthat,€in€its€third€periodic€report,€the€Government€of€Syria€would€provide€additional€information€onÐ º" ! Ðmatters€raised€by€members€of€the€Committee€during€the€discussion.Ð £#ó" ÐÌ116.€€The€concluding€paragraph€of€the€second€periodic€report€of€Syria,€like€the€concluding€paragraphÐ u%Å $ Ðof€that€countryððs€initial€report,€stated:Ð ^&®!% ÐÌà0  àà ` àð ðMoreover,€it€is€relevant€to€note€that€some€110,000€Syrian€citizens€of€the€GolanÐ 0(€#' ÐHeights€have€since€June€1967€been€deprived€of€those€fundamental€human€rights€enunciatedÐ )i$( Ðby€the€Universal€Declaration€of€Human€Rights,€the€Covenants€on€Human€Rights€andÐ *R%) Ðspecifically€by€article€5€of€the€International€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€ofÐ ë*;&* ÐRacial€Discrimination.€€It€is€therefore€incumbent€upon€the€parties€to€the€latter€ConventionÐ Ô+$'+ Ðto€carry€out€their€individual€and€collective€responsibilities€towards€the€termination€of€theÐ ½, (, ÐIsraeli€discriminatory€and€racist€policies€and€practices€in€occupied€territories.ððЦ-ö(-(#(# ЇThe€Committee,€which€had€dealt€with€this€question€at€its€third€and€fourth€session€òò14óó/€considered€itÐ ° Ðagain€at€the€seventh€session.Ð ™é ÐÌ117.€€As€at€the€third€and€fourth€sessions,€also€at€the€seventh€session€some€members€questioned€theÐ k» Ðcompetence€of€the€Committee€to€deal€with€the€question€or€to€consider€it€within€the€framework€ofÐ T¤ Ðarticle€9€of€the€Convention,€or€to€discuss€reported€policies€and€practices€which€referred€to€a€StateÐ =  Ðnot€a€party€to€the€Convention.€€Other€members,€however,€affirmed€„€as€some€had€affirmed€at€theÐ & v Ðearliest€sessions€„€the€competence€of€the€Committee€to€deal€with€the€information€in€conjunction€withÐ  _ Ðits€discharge€of€its€obligations€under€article€9€of€the€Convention,€adding€to€the€arguments€advancedÐ ø H Ðat€the€third€and€fourth€sessions€in€support€of€this€position€the€additional€argument€that€theÐ á 1  ÐCommitteeððs€decision€on€the€subject€òò15óó/€had€been€specifically€ð ðendorsedðð€by€the€General€AssemblyÐ Ê   Ðin€resolution€2784€(XXVI)€of€6€December€1971,€Part€III,€paragraph€2.Ð ³  ÐÌ118.€€Two€alternative€suggestions€were€presented€at€the€129th€meeting:€€(1)€that€the€CommitteeÐ …Õ  Ðshould€draw€the€attention€of€the€General€Assembly€to€the€deterioration€of€the€situation€in€the€GolanÐ n¾  ÐHeights€and€request€it€to€take€the€necessary€steps€to€eliminate€the€reported€practices;€and€(2)€that,Ð W§  Ðhaving€already€drawn€the€General€Assemblyððs€attention€to€the€problem,€the€Committee€shouldÐ @ Ðcontent€itself€with€recalling€that€fact,€informing€the€General€Assembly€that€it€remained€deeplyÐ )y Ðconcerned€at€the€plight€of€the€Syrian€citizens€referred€to€in€the€report€submitted€by€the€Syrian€ArabÐ b ÐRepublic,€and€expressing€the€hope€that€they€would€succeed€in€regaining€their€rights.€€The€majorityÐ ûK Ðof€the€members€who€expressed€their€views€appeared€to€favour€the€second€alternative€suggestion,€andÐ ä4 Ðthe€Rapporteur€was€asked€to€formulate€it€in€the€form€of€a€draft€text€in€the€light€of€the€discussion€thatÐ Í Ðhad€taken€place€at€the€meeting.Ð ¶ ÐÌ119.€€The€text€drafted€by€the€Rapporteur€was€adopted€at€the€131st€meeting€of€the€Committee€withoutÐ ˆØ Ðamendment,€by€10€votes€in€favour€and€3€against,€with€3€abstentions.€€The€vote,€which€was€by€roll„Ð qÁ Ðcall,€was€as€follows:Ð Zª ÐÌòòÓ3° ‚X‘Œ  ¦ñh•X°œX3Óà ‘ àIn€favour:óóà0 Œ àMr.€Ô_ÔSafronchukÔ_Ô,€Mr.€Ô_ÔSayeghÔ_Ô,€Mr.€Ô_ÔTomkoÔ_Ô,€Mr.€Valencia€Rodriguez,€Mr.€Ô_ÔAboulÔ_Ô„Ð ,| ÐÔ_ÔNasrÔ_Ô,€Mr.€Ô_ÔCalovskiÔ_Ô,€Mr.€Ô_ÔDayalÔ_Ô,€Mr.€Ô_ÔDehlaviÔ_Ô,€Mr.€Ô_ÔHaastrupÔ_Ô€and€Mrs.€Ô_ÔOwusuÔ_Ô„Ð e ÐÔ_ÔAddoÔ_Ô.ÐþNŒ (#Œ (# ÐÌòòà ‘ àAgainst:à Œ àóóMr.€Ô_ÔSukatiÔ_Ô,€Mr.€Macdonald€and€Mr.€Ô_ÔOtizÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔMartnÔ_Ô.Ð Ð!   ÐÌòòà ‘ àAbstaining:óóà0 Œ àMr.€Ô_ÔSolerÔ_Ô,€Mr.€Ô_ÔAncelÔ_Ô€and€Mr.€Ô_ÔPartschÔ_Ô.Т#ò"Œ (#Œ (# ÐÌ120.€€The€text€adopted€by€the€Committee€appears€in€chapter€X,€section€A,€decision€4€(VII).Ð t%Ä $ ÐÌ___________Ð F'–"& ÐÓK"° ‚X‘S` ‚£ñh•X° ‚X‘Œ  ¦ñh•XKÓà ‘ àòò14óó/€à  àòòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Twenty„sixth€Session,€Supplement€No.€18óóÐ /(#' Ð(A/8418),€paras.€37„45€and€73„83.Ð )h$( Ðà ‘ àòò15óó/€à  àòòIbid.óó,€chap.€VII,€sect.€B,€decision€4€(IV).Ð  *Q%) ÐÌÌò òÔ_ÔCERDÔ_Ô€€29òòTHóóó ó€ò òNo.€18€(A/9618)€(1974)ó óÐ ‚Ò ÐÌÌ202.€€The€third€periodic€report€of€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic€was€considered€together€with€theÐ @  Ðinformation€submitted€by€the€reporting€State€in€response€to€decision€3€(VII)€of€19€April€and€4€MayÐ ) y Ð1973€of€the€Committee.€€At€the€opening€of€the€Committeeððs€consideration€of€those€documents€at€itsÐ  b Ð206th€meeting,€held€on€15€August€1974,€the€representative€of€the€reporting€State€made€a€statementÐ û K Ðcontaining€supplementary€information€which,€at€his€request€and€in€accordance€with€rule€64€A€of€itsÐ ä 4  Ðprovisional€rules€of€procedure,€the€Committee€decided€to€consider€an€addendum€to€the€third€periodicÐ Í   Ðreport.€€At€its€207th€meeting,€held€on€16€August€1974,€the€Committee€decided€„€at€the€request€of€theÐ ¶  Ðrepresentative€of€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic€and€in€accordance€with€paragraph€2€of€decision€1€(IX)Ð Ÿï  Ðof€12€April€1974€„€that€the€document€containing€the€statement€made€by€that€representative€at€theÐ ˆØ  Ð206th€meeting€should€be€classified€as€a€document€for€general€distribution€(Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/1).Ð qÁ  ÐÌ203.€€The€Committee€noted€that€a€new€Constitution€had€been€promulgated€in€the€Syrian€ArabÐ C“ ÐRepublic€in€1973€to€replace€the€Provisional€Constitution€of€1969;€that€the€new€Constitution€not€onlyÐ ,| Ðembodied€all€the€provisions€relevant€to€the€Convention€which€had€been€included€in€the€ProvisionalÐ e ÐConstitution,€but€also€guaranteed€and€textually€included€nearly€all€the€rights€listed€under€article€5Ð þN Ðof€the€Convention;€that€the€information€contained€in€the€third€periodic€report€was€intended€to€beÐ ç7 Ðillustrative€and€was€not€exhaustive€of€all€the€laws€and€regulations€adopted€or€the€administrativeÐ Ð  Ðmeasures€taken€to€give€effect€to€the€provisions€of€the€Convention;€that€many€other€such€measuresÐ ¹  Ðhad€already€been€adopted;€and€that€some€other€measures€were€currently€in€the€process€of€beingÐ ¢ò Ðdrafted€or€codified.€€The€Committee€took€note€also€of€the€statement€that€no€cases€involvingÐ ‹Û Ðviolations€of€the€anti„discrimination€provisions€of€Syrian€law€had€been€brought€before€the€courts.€Ð tÄ ÐThe€Committee€welcomed€the€information€that€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic€had€ratified€theÐ ]­ ÐInternational€Covenant€on€Economic,€Social€and€Cultural€Rights€and€the€International€Covenant€onÐ F– ÐCivil€and€Political€Rights€and€had€been€the€first€Member€State€to€sign€the€International€ConventionÐ / Ðon€the€Suppression€and€Punishment€of€the€Crime€of€òòApartheidóó.Ð h ÐÌ204.€€With€regard€to€the€information€submitted€in€response€to€decision€3€(VII)€of€the€Committee,€itÐ ê : Ðwas€observed€that€the€provisions€of€article€307€of€the€Penal€Code€prohibited,€and€specified€penaltiesÐ Ó!#  Ðfor,€òòinter€aliaóó,€any€act,€writing€or€speech€which€purported€to€provoke€racial€prejudice€or€incited€toÐ ¼" ! Ðstrife€among€elements€of€the€nation€„€in€partial€fulfilment€of€the€requirements€of€article€4,€paragraphÐ ¥#õ" Ð(a),€of€the€Convention.€€As€for€the€provisions€of€paragraph€(b)€of€that€article,€it€was€recalled€thatÐ Ž$Þ# Ðarticle€308€of€the€Penal€Code€„€the€text€of€which€had€been€supplied€in€the€second€periodic€report€„Ð w%Ç $ Ðprohibited€and€specified€€penalties€for€membership€in€organizations€which€committed€the€actsÐ `&°!% Ðdescribed€in€article€307€of€the€Penal€Code,€but€did€not€contain€provisions€for€declaring€illegal€andÐ I'™"& Ðprohibiting€such€organizations.Ð 2(‚#' ÐÌ205.€€The€third€periodic€report€contained€information€on€the€situation€relating€to€the€implementationÐ *T%) Ðof€the€provisions€of€the€Convention€in€parts€of€Syrian€territory€occupied€by€Israel.€€The€openingÐ í*=&* Ðstatement€of€representative€of€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic,€mentioned€in€paragraph€202€above,Ð Ö+&'+ Ðprovided€additional€information€on€the€subject,€consisting€mainly€of€information€on€the€action€takenÐ ¿,(, Ðby€various€international€organizations,€governmental€and€non„governmental,€regarding€that€situation,Ð ¨-ø(- Ðinformation€on€developments€affecting€the€occupied€Syrian€territories€which€had€taken€place€sinceÐ ° Ðthe€submission€of€the€third€periodic€report€and,€in€particular,€information€on€the€total€destruction€ofÐ ™é Ðthe€city€of€Ô_ÔKunaitraÔ_Ô€prior€to€the€withdrawal€of€the€forces€of€occupation.Ð ‚Ò ÐÌ206.€€It€will€be€recalled€that€questions€relating€to€the€submission€of€information€by€the€Syrian€ArabÐ T¤ ÐRepublic,€€€in€accordance€with€article€9,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Convention,€about€the€situation€inÐ =  Ðoccupied€Syrian€in€territories€had€been€discussed€by€the€Committee€at€its€third€and€fourth€(A/8418,Ð & v Ðparas.€37„45,€78„83€and€89„96)€and€seventh€(A/9018,€paras.€110„120)€sessions;€that€the€CommitteeÐ  _ Ðhad€adopted€decisions€on€the€subject€at€each€of€those€sessions:€€decision€I€(III)€of€23€April€1971,Ð ø H Ðaddressed€to€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic,€and€decisions€4€(IV)€of€30€August€1971€and€4€(VII)€of€25Ð á 1  ÐApril€1973,€addressed€to€the€General€Assembly;€that€the€General€Assembly,€in€section€III,€paragraphÐ Ê   Ð2,€of€its€resolution€2784€(XXVI)€of€6€December€1971,€had€endorsed€the€opinions€andÐ ³  Ðrecommendations€contained€in€decision€4€(IV);€and€that,€in€paragraph€4€of€resolution€3134Ð œì  Ð(XXVIII),€of€14€December€1973,€the€General€Assembly€had€taken€note€of€decision€4€(VII)€andÐ …Õ  Ðrecalled€its€endorsement€of€decision€4€(IV)€of€the€Committee.Ð n¾  ÐÌ207.€€At€the€206th€and€207th€meetings€(tenth€session),€held€on€15€and€16€August,€all€members€of€theÐ @ ÐCommittee€present€at€those€meetings€expressed€their€concern€at€the€situation€under€consideration.€Ð )y ÐThere€was€general€agreement€that€the€Committee€was€competent€to€express€its€concern€at€theirÐ b Ðinability,€for€reasons€beyond€its€control,€of€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic€to€implement€the€provisionsÐ ûK Ðof€the€Convention€in€a€part€of€its€national€territory.€€Differences€of€opinion€relating€to€theÐ ä4 Ðcompetence€of€the€Committee,€which€had€appeared€at€the€third,€fourth€and€seventh€sessions,€hadÐ Í Ðbeen€considerably€narrowed€down€at€the€tenth€session€„€the€only€point€at€issue€at€the€tenth€sessionÐ ¶ Ðbeing€the€question€of€whether€or€not€the€Committee€was€competent€to€pass€judgement€on€the€factsÐ Ÿï Ðof€the€situation.€€A€working€group€composed€of€three€members€was€set€up€to€prepare€a€draft€thatÐ ˆØ Ðwould€express€the€consensus€of€the€Committee;€and€the€draft€prepared€by€the€working€group€wasÐ qÁ Ðadopted,€by€consensus,€at€the€215òòthóó€meeting€held€on€22€August€1974.€€The€text€of€the€decision€of€theÐ Zª ÐCommittee€appears€in€chapter€VII,€section€B,€decision€1€(X).Ð  C“ Ðò òÔ_ÔCERDÔ_Ô€€A/32/18€Ô_Ô(1977)ó óÔ_ÔÐ ° ÐÌÌ103.€€The€fourth€periodic€report€of€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic€was€considered€by€the€CommitteeÐ l¼ Ðtogether€with€the€supplementary€information€provided€by€the€representative€of€the€Government€ofÐ U¥ Ðthe€reporting€State€in€her€introductory€statement.Ð > Ž ÐÌ104.€€Several€members€recalled€that,€at€its€tenth€session,€the€Committee€had€found€that€articles€307Ð  ` Ðand€308€of€the€Penal€Code€satisfied€most€of€the€requirements€of€article€4€of€the€Convention,€but€thatÐ ù I Ðsome€requirements€(in€particular,€the€obligation€to€declare€illegal€and€prohibit€the€organizationsÐ â 2  Ðdescribed€in€para.€(b)€of€that€article)€were€not€fulfilled€by€the€existing€legislation€(A/9618,€para.Ð Ë   Ð204).Ð ´  ÐÌ105.€€Some€members€recalled€also€that€the€Committee€had€found€that€the€Constitution€of€1973Ð †Ö  Ðcovered€nearly€all€the€rights€listed€in€article€5€of€the€Convention;€and€it€was€noted€that€the€reportÐ o¿  Ðunder€consideration€stated€that€the€ð ðfundamental€principlesðð€of€the€Constitution€applied€to€ð ðallÐ X¨  Ðcitizensðð€without€any€distinction€or€exclusion€on€any€grounds.€€Some€members€wished€to€know€whatÐ A‘ Ðlegislative€provisions€governed€the€situation€of€foreigners€in€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic;€however,Ð *z Ðother€members€drew€attention€to€the€provisions€of€article€1,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Convention€in€thatÐ c Ðregard.€€A€desire€to€receive€further€information€on€the€specific€measures€adopted€in€implementationÐ üL Ðof€article€5€of€the€Convention€was€voiced;€and,€in€that€connection,€it€was€observed€that,€at€its€tenthÐ å5 Ðsession,€the€Committee€had€been€informed€that€other€legislative€and€administrative€measures€hadÐ Î Ðbeen€adopted€or€were€being€taken€to€give€effect€to€the€provisions€of€the€Convention€but€that€theÐ · Ðreport€currently€under€consideration€provided€no€additional€information€on€such€measures.Ð  ð ÐÌ106.€€Further€information€on€the€implementation€of€article€6€of€the€Convention€was€also€requested.Ð r ÐÌ107.€€The€Committee€took€note€of€the€information€supplied€by€the€representative€of€the€GovernmentÐ D” Ðof€the€reporting€State€in€her€introductory€statement€regarding€the€implementation€of€article€7€of€theÐ -} ÐConvention;€some€members€expressed€the€hope€that€future€reports€would€include€further€informationÐ f Ðon€that€subject.Ð ÿO ÐÌ108.€€The€representative€of€the€Government€of€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic€informed€the€CommitteeÐ Ñ!!  Ðthat€recent€amendments€to€the€Penal€Code€referred€to€any€organization€which€Ô_ÔpracticedÔ_Ô€racialÐ º" ! Ðdiscrimination,€thus€bringing€Syrian€legislation€into€conformity€with€the€requirements€of€article€4,Ð £#ó" Ðparagraph€(b),€of€the€Convention.€€She€would€inform€her€Government€of€the€questions€raised€in€thatÐ Œ$Ü# Ðconnection,€so€that€it€could€furnish€details€of€the€relevant€provisions.€€With€regard€to€article€7€of€theÐ u%Å $ ÐConvention,€she€said€that€measures€in€application€of€that€article€had€been€taken€in€her€country.€€SheÐ ^&®!% Ðregretted€that€no€mention€had€been€made€of€them€in€the€fourth€periodic€report€of€her€Government,Ð G'—"& Ðbut€the€omission€would€be€remedied€in€its€next€report.€€A€copy€of€the€full€text€of€the€ConstitutionÐ 0(€#' Ðof€1973€had€been€transmitted€to€the€Secretariat€of€the€United€Nations.Ð )i$( ÐÌ109.€€The€report€under€consideration€as€well€as€the€introductory€statement€of€the€representative€ofÐ ë*;&* Ðthe€reporting€State€drew€attention€to€the€situation€prevailing€in€those€parts€of€Syrian€national€territoryÐ Ô+$'+ Ðwhich€were€under€Israeli€occupation.€€The€Committee€was€informed€that€Ô_ÔthatÔ_Ô€situation€hadÐ ½, (, Ðdeteriorated,€largely€as€a€result€of€the€stepped„up€programme€of€establishment€of€Israeli€settlementsÐ ¦-ö(- ÐÔ_Ôon€Syrian€soil;€ð ðthe€racist€practices€of€Zionism€were€thus€radically€changing€the€demographicÐ ° Ðstructure€of€the€Golan€Heightsðð,€stated€the€representative€of€the€Government€of€the€reporting€State.Ð ™é ÐÌ110.€€It€will€be€recalled€that€questions€relating€to€the€submission€of€information€by€the€Syrian€ArabÐ k» ÐRepublic,€in€accordance€with€article€9,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Convention,€about€the€situation€inÐ T¤ Ðoccupied€Syrian€territories€had€been€discussed€by€the€Committee€at€its€third,€fourth,€seventh€andÐ =  Ðtenth€session€(A/8418,€paras.€37„45,€78„83€and€89„96;€A/9018,€paras.€110„120;€and€A/9618,€paras.Ð & v Ð205„207);€that€the€Committee€had€adopted€decisions€on€the€subject€at€each€of€those€sessions:€Ð  _ Ðdecision€1€(III)€of€23€April€1971,€addressed€to€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic,€and€decisions€4€(IV)€of€30Ð ø H ÐAugust€1971,€4€(VII)€of€25€April€1973€and€1€(X)€of€22€August€1974,€addressed€to€the€GeneralÐ á 1  ÐAssembly;€that€the€General€Assembly,€in€section€III,€paragraph€2,€of€its€resolution€2784€(XXVI)€ofÐ Ê   Ð6€December€1971,€had€endorsed€the€opinions€and€recommendations€contained€in€decision€4€(IV);Ð ³  Ðthat,€in€paragraph€4€of€resolution€3134€(XXVIII),€of€14€December€1973,€the€General€Assembly€hadÐ œì  Ðtaken€note€of€decision€4€(VII)€and€recalled€its€endorsement€of€decision€4€(IV)€of€the€Committee;€andÐ …Õ  Ðthat,€in€paragraph€8€of€resolution€3266€(XXIX)€of€10€December€1974,€the€General€Assembly€hadÐ n¾  Ðshared€the€Committeeððs€concern€voiced€in€its€decision€1€(X)€and€recalled€its€endorsement€of€theÐ W§  ÐCommitteeððs€decision€4€(IV).Ð @ ÐÌ111.€€At€its€fifteenth€session€of€the€Committee,€all€members€who€participated€in€the€considerationÐ b Ðof€the€fourth€periodic€report€of€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic€expressed€concern€at€the€situation.€€At€theÐ ûK Ð323rd€meeting€of€the€Committee,€a€drafting€group€of€five€members€were€set€up€to€prepare€a€text€forÐ ä4 Ðadoption€by€the€Committee.€€The€proposed€text€was€presented€to€the€Committee€at€its€324th€meeting,Ð Í Ðand€was€adopted€by€consensus.€€The€text€of€the€decision€of€the€Committee€appears€in€chapter€VIII,Ð ¶ Ðsection€A,€decision€1€Ô_Ô(XV)Ð  Ÿï Ðò òÔ_ÔCERDÔ_Ô€€A/34/18€(1979)ó óÐ ° ÐÌÌ134.€€The€fifth€periodic€report€(Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/20/Add.21)€was€introduced€by€the€representative€of€theÐ l¼ ÐSyrian€Arab€Republic,€who€stated€that€the€authorities€of€his€country€had€amended€the€constitutionalÐ U¥ Ðand€legislative€texts€in€order€to€bring€them€fully€into€line€with€the€requirements€of€the€ConventionÐ > Ž Ðand€better€guarantee€the€fundamental€rights€of€citizens.€€The€representative€regretted€the€occupationÐ ' w Ðof€the€Golan€Heights€by€Israel€which€had€prevented€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic€from€applying€theÐ  ` ÐConvention€in€that€part€of€its€territoryÐ ù I ÐÌ135.€€With€regard€to€article€4€of€the€Convention,€a€member€recalled€that,€during€the€considerationÐ Ë   Ðof€the€fourth€periodic€report,€the€Committee€had€stated€that€articles€307€and€308€of€the€Penal€CodeÐ ´  Ðseemed€generally€to€reflect€the€provisions€of€article€4.€€He€requested,€however,€that€more€detailedÐ í  Ðinformation€be€given€about€the€implementation€of€article€4€(b)€and,€in€particular,€about€the€scope€ofÐ †Ö  Ðthe€relevant€articles€of€the€Penal€Code.€€Another€member€wondered€what€was€the€implication€of€theÐ o¿  Ðreference€to€State€security€under€article€3€of€the€Law€of€1958€on€Associations€and€PrivateÐ X¨  ÐOrganizations,€which€provided€for€the€immediate€dissolution€of€an€association€engaged€in€activitiesÐ A‘ Ðof€a€sectarian€or€racist€nature€affecting€State€security€and€asked€whether€it€implied€that€not€allÐ *z Ðassociations€engaged€in€racist€activities€would€necessarily€be€dissolved.Ð c ÐÌ136.€€It€was€noted€that€the€1973€Constitution€of€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic€provided€òòinter€aliaóó.,€thatÐ å5 Ðall€citizens€shall€be€equal€before€the€law€in€rights€and€obligations€and€that€the€State€shall€guaranteeÐ Î Ðthe€principle€of€equal€opportunity.€€In€this€connection,€a€member€pointed€out€that€the€ConstitutionÐ · Ðspoke€of€the€equality€before€the€law€of€citizens€only€and€that€Ô_ÔthatÔ_Ô€restriction€did€not€seem€to€be€inÐ  ð Ðline€with€the€provisions€of€article€5€of€the€Convention.€€Another€member,€noting€that€manyÐ ‰Ù Ðconstructive€measures€had€been€mentioned€in€the€report,€asked€for€information€on€what€had€beenÐ r Ðdone€to€implement€article€5€of€the€Convention,€particularly€in€respect€of€the€economic,€social€andÐ [« Ðcultural€rights€and€the€civil€and€political€rights€covered€in€a€report€to€the€Human€Rights€CommitteeÐ D” Ð(Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/1/Add.1/Rev.1)€and€made€available€to€the€Committee€at€the€request€of€the€Government.Ð -} ÐÌ137.€€With€respect€to€article€6€of€the€Convention,€it€was€noted€that€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic€had€notÐ ÿO Ðprovided€the€information€requested€by€the€Committee€in€connection€with€its€previous€report.€Ð è 8 ÐInformation€was€requested€particularly€on€the€means€of€redress€available€to€persons€whoseÐ Ñ!!  Ðindividual€rights€had€been€violated,€whether€or€not€as€a€result€of€racial€discrimination.Ð º" ! ÐÌ138.€€Members€of€the€Committee€qualified€as€a€serious€omission€the€continuing€absence€of€specificÐ Œ$Ü# Ðdata€on€the€implementation€of€certain€parts€of€the€Convention,€and€in€particular€of€article€7.€€In€viewÐ u%Å $ Ðof€the€importance€of€the€preventative€activities€mentioned€in€that€article,€the€hope€was€expressed€thatÐ ^&®!% Ðthe€next€report€would€be€more€explicit€on€that€subject.Ð G'—"& ÐÌ139.€€With€respect€to€the€occupation€of€the€Golan€Heights€which€had€prevented€the€Syrian€ArabÐ )i$( ÐRepublic€from€applying€the€Convention€in€that€part€of€its€territory,€several€members€proposed€thatÐ *R%) Ðthe€Committee€should€reaffirm€the€position€it€had€taken€on€1€April€1977,€since€the€situation€thereÐ ë*;&* Ðseemed€to€have€further€€deteriorated.€€A€member€pointed€out,€however,€that€the€CommitteeððsÐ Ô+$'+ Ðfunctions€could€not€extend€beyond€the€stipulations€of€article€3€of€the€Convention€and€that€theÐ ½, (, ÐCommittee€should,€therefore,€restrict€itself€to€noting€the€òòde€factoóó€situation€persisting€in€the€GolanÐ ¦-ö(- ÐHeights€and€drawing€it€to€the€attention€of€the€competent€United€Nations€bodies.Ð ° ÐÌ140.€€The€representative€of€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic€replied€to€some€of€the€questions€raised€byÐ ‚Ò Ðmembers€of€the€Committee.€€He€stated€that€the€aliens€were€protected€by€the€law€in€the€same€way€andÐ k» Ðhad€the€same€rights€as€nationals€whether€or€not€they€were€resident€in€the€country;€and€that€it€wasÐ T¤ Ðprecisely€on€account€of€the€heterogeneous€nature€of€the€population€that€any€activity€directly€orÐ =  Ðindirectly€encouraging€racial€discrimination€was€considered€a€threat€to€State€security.€€He€assuredÐ & v Ðthe€Committee€that€he€would€invite€his€Government€to€include€in€its€next€report€information€on€theÐ  _ Ðethnic€composition€of€the€population€as€well€as€relating€to€other€questions.Ð ø H ÐÌ141.€€On€a€proposal€by€the€Chairman,€the€Committee€requested€the€Rapporteur€to€ensure€that€theÐ Ê   Ðdecision€adopted€at€the€fifteenth€session€in€respect€of€the€information€supplied€by€the€Syrian€ArabÐ ³  ÐRepublic€concerning€the€situation€in€the€Golan€Heights€òò10óó/€would€be€recalled€in€the€CommitteeððsÐ œì  Ðannual€report€to€the€General€Assembly,€in€order€to€draw€the€Assemblyððs€attention€to€the€persistenceÐ …Õ  Ðof€the€problem.Ð n¾  ÐÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌ___________Ð )h$( Ðà ‘ àòò10óó/€à  à[òòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assemblyóó],€òòThirty„second€Session,€Supplement€No.€18óóÐ *Q%) Ð(A/32/18),€chap.€VIII,€decision€1€(XV).Ð  ê*:&* Ðò òÔ_ÔCERDÔ_Ô€€A/36/18€(1981)ó óÐ ° ÐÌÌ168.€€The€sixth€periodic€report€of€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic€(Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/66/Add.22€and€32)€wasÐ l¼ Ðintroduced€by€the€representative€of€the€reporting€State€who€pointed€out€that€his€Government€gaveÐ U¥ Ðpriority€to€the€elimination€of€economic,€social€and€educational€differences.€€Referring€to€the€GolanÐ > Ž ÐHeights,€he€said€that€Israelððs€occupation€prevented€the€application€of€the€Convention€in€thoseÐ ' w Ðterritories.€€Israel€was€practising€racial€discrimination€in€the€Golan€Heights€and€a€policy€based€onÐ  ` Ðthe€so„called€ð ðhomelandðð€doctrine,€which€€envisaged€a€mono„religious€(Jewish)€State€establishedÐ ù I Ðon€territory€that€included€the€territories€occupied€by€€Israel€in€June€1967;€the€inhabitants€of€the€GolanÐ â 2  ÐHeights€had€no€rights€vis„„vis€the€governing€authorities€whenever€the€exercise€of€such€rights€ranÐ Ë   Ðcounter€to€the€ð ðhomelandðð€policy.€€In€view€of€that€situation€his€Government€wished€to€lodge€aÐ ´  Ðformal€protest€with€the€Committee.€€The€sovereignty€of€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic€in€those€territoriesÐ í  Ðwas€incontestable€and€recognized€in€international€law,€and€the€sole€aim€of€the€measures€taken€byÐ †Ö  ÐIsrael€was€to€drive€out€the€Arab€population€in€order€to€annex€the€territory€more€easily.Ð o¿  ÐÌ169.€€On€a€point€of€order,€a€member€of€the€Committee€pointed€out€that,€cases€in€which€a€State€partyÐ A‘ Ðconsidered€that€another€State€party€was€not€giving€effect€to€the€provisions€of€the€Convention€wereÐ *z Ðgoverned€by€article€11€of€the€Convention.€€In€such€circumstances,€it€was€unnecessary€for€the€StateÐ c Ðto€refer€to€that€article€explicitly.€€The€fact€that€a€statement€to€that€effect€appeared€in€paragraph€(8)Ð üL Ðof€the€report€was€enough€to€require€the€Committee€to€follow€the€procedure€provided€for€in€articleÐ å5 Ð11€and€isolate€the€part€of€the€report€in€question€for€separate€consideration.€Ð Î ÐÌ170.€€Clarifying€the€intention€of€his€Government€on€that€point,€the€representative€of€the€reportingÐ  ð ÐState€said€that€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic€had€ratified€the€Convention€with€a€reservation€that€itsÐ ‰Ù Ðratification€did€not€signify€any€relationship€with€Israel;€his€Government€categorically€reserved€itsÐ r Ðposition€regarding€the€possibility€of€its€having€ratified€the€Convention€together€with€Israel€beingÐ [« Ðinterpreted€as€òòde€factoóó€recognition€of€the€Israeli€State.€€The€Syrian€Government€had€lodged€aÐ D” Ðcomplaint€with€the€Committee€not€by€invoking€article€11€of€the€Convention€but€by€appealing€to€theÐ -} Ðsense€of€justice€of€the€members€and€to€their€willingness€to€study€an€illegal€situation;€besides,€theÐ f ÐCommittee€could€not€place€the€victim€and€the€aggressor€on€the€same€footing.Ð ÿO ÐÌ171.€€The€member€raising€the€point€of€order€expressed€the€view€that€the€reservation€of€the€SyrianÐ Ñ!!  ÐArab€Republic€could€not€be€considered€as€excluding€the€application€of€articles€11€to€13,€since,€underÐ º" ! Ðarticle€20,€paragraph€2,€no€reservation€the€effect€of€which€would€inhibit€the€operation€of€any€of€theÐ £#ó" Ðbodies€established€by€the€Convention€was€allowed.€€The€reservation€of€the€Syrian€Arab€RepublicÐ Œ$Ü# Ðwould,€however,€have€the€effect€of€inhibiting€the€operation€of€the€òòad€hocóó€Conciliation€CommissionÐ u%Å $ Ðprovided€for€in€article€12,€paragraph€1€(a).€€In€any€event,€if€a€State€party€did€not€make€a€formalÐ ^&®!% Ðreservation€expressly€excluding€the€application€of€articles€11€to€13€when€it€ratified€the€Convention,Ð G'—"& Ðit€could€not€do€so€subsequently€by€means€of€an€oral€or€written€statement.€€The€representative€of€theÐ 0(€#' ÐSyrian€Arab€Republic€had€pointed€out€that€the€application€of€those€articles€would€have€the€effect€ofÐ )i$( Ðplacing€aggressor€and€victim€on€the€same€footing.€€However,€in€the€preamble€to€the€AdditionalÐ *R%) ÐProtocol€to€the€Geneva€Conventions€of€1949,€which€had€been€adopted€in€1977,€it€was€stated€that€theÐ ë*;&* Ðprovisions€of€the€Conventions€and€the€Protocol€must€be€fully€applied€in€all€circumstances€to€allÐ Ô+$'+ Ðpersons€who€were€protected€by€those€instruments,€without€any€adverse€distinction€bases€on€theÐ ½, (, Ðnature€or€origin€of€the€armed€conflict€or€on€the€causes€espoused€by€or€attributed€to€the€parties€to€theÐ ¦-ö(- Ðconflict.€€Moreover,€article€11,€paragraph€1,€provided€a€safeguard€for€the€State€party€accused€of€notÐ ° Ðgiving€effect€to€the€Convention€and€the€Committee€could€in€no€circumstances€deprive€that€StateÐ ™é Ðparty€of€its€right€to€explain€its€position€and€clarify€the€matter.€€On€the€conclusion€of€the€first€phaseÐ ‚Ò Ðof€the€procedure,€it€lay€with€one€or€other€of€the€States€parties€concerned€to€refer€the€matter€again€toÐ k» Ðthe€Committee€in€accordance€with€article€11,€paragraph€2.€€In€the€particular€case€before€theÐ T¤ ÐCommittee,€the€first€step€to€be€taken€would€be€to€transmit€paragraph€(8)€of€the€report€of€the€SyrianÐ =  ÐArab€Republic€to€the€State€party€accused.€€Any€further€action€would€be€a€matter€for€the€States€partiesÐ & v Ðconcerned€and€it€could€therefore€be€said€that€the€Committee€was€imposing€a€conciliation€procedureÐ  _ Ðupon€them€against€their€will.Ð ø H ÐÌ172.€€Some€members€of€the€Committee€expressed€the€view€that,€although€it€was€not€necessary€forÐ Ê   Ða€communication€to€be€made€in€writing€and€article€11€might€apply€in€principle,€the€Committee€couldÐ ³  Ðnot€adopt€a€procedure€contrary€to€the€categorical€reservation€of€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic.€€It€wasÐ œì  Ðpointed€out€that,€while€the€declaration€made€by€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic€when€ratifying€theÐ …Õ  ÐConvention€was€not€properly€speaking€a€reservation,€it€nevertheless€clearly€indicated€the€wish€of€thatÐ n¾  ÐState€not€to€establish€any€relationship€with€Israel.€€Furthermore,€the€representative€of€Syria€hadÐ W§  Ðclearly€stated€that€his€Government€was€not€invoking€article€11€of€the€Convention;€and€it€would€beÐ @ Ðpointless€to€try€to€impose€on€a€State€a€procedure€which€it€did€not€wish€to€invoke.€€Members€alsoÐ )y Ðstressed€that€it€was€quite€legitimate€that€Syria€should€refer€in€its€report€to€the€situation€in€theÐ b Ðoccupied€Golan€Heights,€since€that€territory€legally€and€undisputably€formed€part€of€that€State€andÐ ûK Ðoccupation€in€no€case€signified€transfer€of€sovereignty€to€the€occupying€Power.Ð ä4 ÐÌ173.€€Acting€under€rule€37€of€the€provisional€rules€of€procedure,€the€Chairman€made€a€ruling€on€theÐ ¶ Ðpoint€of€order€to€the€effect€that€paragraph€(8)€of€the€sixth€periodic€report€of€the€Syrian€Arab€RepublicÐ Ÿï Ðdid€not€constitute€a€communication€under€article€11€of€the€Convention€on€the€following€grounds:€Ð ˆØ Ð(a)€that€the€representative€of€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic€had€expressly€stated€that€his€country€was€notÐ qÁ Ðinvoking€article€11€of€the€Convention;€€(b)€that€States€parties€to€the€Convention€had€not€raised€anyÐ Zª Ðobjection€to€the€reservation€made€by€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic€at€the€time€of€its€accession€to€theÐ C“ ÐConvention,€namely,€that€while€its€ratification€would€not€imply€any€relationship€with€Israel;Ð ,| Ðhowever,€article€11,€paragraph€2,€clearly€implied€a€relationship€between€two€States€parties;€and€(c)Ð e Ðthat€in€paragraph€(8)€of€its€report,€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic€had€simply€requested€the€CommitteeÐ þN Ðto€study€the€conclusions€of€the€Special€Committee€to€Investigate€Israeli€Practices€Affecting€theÐ ç 7 ÐHuman€Rights€of€the€Population€of€the€Occupied€Territories,€which€were€contained€in€a€UnitedÐ Ð!   ÐNations€document,€and€it€would€be€difficult€to€treat€such€a€request€as€a€communication€within€theÐ ¹" ! Ðmeaning€of€article€11.€€An€appeal€was€submitted€against€the€ruling€of€the€Chairman,€whereby€theÐ ¢#ò" ÐChairman,€under€rule€37,€invite€the€Committee€to€vote€on€his€ruling.€€The€Chairmanððs€ruling€wasÐ ‹$Û# Ðmaintained€by€11€votes€to€2,€with€1€abstention.Ð t%Ä $ ÐÌ174.€€Beginning€its€consideration€of€the€sixth€periodic€report€of€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic,€theÐ F'–"& ÐCommittee€expressed€the€hope€that€the€revised€guide„lines€would€be€followed€by€the€GovernmentÐ /(#' Ðof€Syria€in€the€preparation€of€future€reports.€€Member€of€the€Committee€requested€information€onÐ )h$( Ðthe€ethnic€composition€of€the€population.Ð *Q%) ÐÌ175.€€In€connection€with€article€2€of€the€Convention,€information€was€requested€on€the€legal€statusÐ Ó+#'+ Ðof€foreigners€and€immigrants,€in€particular€as€regards€the€regulations€governing€the€situation€ofÐ ¼, (, Ðimmigrants€without€valid€passports€and€on€the€implementation€of€the€immigration€laws.€€ReferringÐ ¥-õ(- Ðto€a€report€submitted€to€the€United€Nations€Working€Group€on€Slavery€in€August€1980,€alleging€thatÐ ° Ðit€was€the€custom€of€some€Muslim€and€Christian€Arab€sects€in€the€Middle€East€to€sacrifice€womenÐ ™é Ðin€order€to€uphold€the€family€honour,€a€member€of€the€Committee€inquired€whether€there€were€anyÐ ‚Ò Ðinstances€of€that€practice€in€Syria€and€whether€there€were€any€laws€against€it.Ð k» ÐÌ176.€€The€Committee€took€note€of€the€fact€that€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic€had€no€relations€with€theÐ =  Ðracist€Ô_ÔrgimeÔ_Ô€of€South€Africa€and€that€it€had€scrupulously€observed€all€United€Nations€solutionsÐ & v Ðagainst€that€Ô_ÔrgimeÔ_Ô.Ð  _ ÐÌ177.€€With€reference€to€article€4€of€the€Convention,€it€was€observed€that€articles€307€and€308€of€theÐ á 1  ÐSyrian€Penal€Code€and€article€3€of€the€1958€Law€on€Associations€and€Private€Organizations€wereÐ Ê   Ðnot€sufficient€evidence€of€the€implementation€of€that€article.€€It€was€asked€whether€the€legislationÐ ³  Ðcited€covered€injury€to€a€person€or€group€of€persons€caused€by€an€agent€of€the€civil€authorities€onÐ œì  Ðaccount€of€ethnic€origin.€€More€information€was€requested€on€the€measures€taken€to€give€effect€toÐ …Õ  Ðarticle€4€of€the€Convention.Ð n¾  ÐÌ178.€€The€Committee€requested€the€Government€of€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic€to€submit€to€it€directlyÐ @ Ðthe€information€on€the€implementation€of€article€5€of€the€Convention,€which,€according€to€the€reportÐ )y Ðit€had€already€submitted€to€other€international€bodies.€€In€that€connection,€it€was€asked€whether€anyÐ b Ðdiscrimination€existed€with€regard€to€access€to€services€or€employment.Ð ûK ÐÌ179.€€With€reference€to€article€6€of€the€Convention,€it€was€observed€that€the€report€failed€to€showÐ Í Ðwhat€remedies€or€procedures€were€available€to€victims€of€racial€discrimination.€€Referring€to€theÐ ¶ Ðcompetence€of€the€Council€of€State,€a€member€asked€whether€that€body€had€the€power€to€nullify€actsÐ Ÿï Ðor€decisions€of€governmental€organs,€besides€those€of€the€Government€itself.Ð ˆØ ÐÌ180.€€Further€information€was€requested€on€the€implementation€of€article€7€of€the€Convention€in€theÐ Zª Ðfields€of€education,€culture€and€information.€€It€was€asked,€in€particular,€what€provision€was€madeÐ C“ Ðin€the€curricula€of€Syrian€schools€for€instruction€relating€to€the€historical€background€and€culturalÐ ,| Ðvalues€of€the€various€ethnic€or€religious€groups€on€the€country€and€to€the€cultural€and€other€valuesÐ e Ðof€neighbouring€countries;€what€the€Governmentððs€policy€was€as€regards€familiarizing€each€of€theÐ þN Ðseveral€communities€in€the€country€with€the€culture€and€religion€of€the€others;€and€whether€culturalÐ ç 7 Ðagreements€had€been€concluded€with€the€other€countries.€€A€member€of€the€Committee€noted€thatÐ Ð!   Ðpositive€attitude€of€the€Government€regarding€article€7,€which€had€been€demonstrated€by€theÐ ¹" ! Ðconstant€and€systematic€activities€in€the€mass€media.Ð ¢#ò" ÐÌ181.€€Replying€to€some€of€the€questions€raised,€the€representative€of€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic€saidÐ t%Ä $ Ðthat€there€were€no€ethnic€groups€as€defined€in€the€Convention€in€his€country€and€no€statistics€wereÐ ]&­!% Ðavailable€on€the€ethnic€composition€of€the€population.€€Regarding€the€status€of€foreigners,€he€saidÐ F'–"& Ðthat€Syria€applied€the€principle€of€equality€of€rights,€but€foreigners€still€enjoyed€more€than€theÐ /(#' Ðminimum€rights€recognized€under€international€law.€€There€was€some€differentiation€in€regard€toÐ )h$( Ðemployment,€participation€in€elections,€investment€and€the€ownership€of€property.€€With€regard€toÐ *Q%) Ðmigrant€workers,€Syria€was€at€present€an€exporter€of€labour€and€the€question€of€problems€for€foreignÐ ê*:&* Ðworkers€did€not€arise.€€Agreements€for€the€protection€of€foreign€workers€had€been€concluded€withÐ Ó+#'+ Ðother€Arab€countries,€with€reciprocity€clauses€which€were€at€the€moment€largely€hypothetical.€€ThereÐ ¼, (, Ðwas€no€large€foreign€community€in€Syria€and€he€had€heard€of€no€complaint€regarding€the€treatmentÐ ¥-õ(- Ðof€foreigners.€€In€reply€to€a€question€regarding€allegations€that€sacrifices€of€women€were€Ô_ÔpracticedÔ_ÔÐ ° Ðin€Arab€families€to€defend€the€family€honour,€he€said€that€he€would€note€the€particulars€of€that€grossÐ ™é Ðmisrepresentation€in€order€to€reply€to€the€United€Nations.€€Replying€to€another€€question,€he€saidÐ ‚Ò Ðthat,€in€his€view,€articles€307€and€308€of€the€Penal€Code,€together€with€article€36,€paragraph€6,€ofÐ k» Ðthe€Law€on€Associations€and€Private€Organizations€fully€reflected€the€provisions€of€article€4€of€theÐ T¤ ÐConvention.€€Syria€respected€all€the€rights€specified€in€article€5,€but€would€submit€a€report€directlyÐ =  Ðto€the€Committee.€€All€Syrians€and€access€to€the€courts€under€the€Constitution€and€the€laws;€the€rightÐ & v Ðto€security€of€the€person€and€of€protection€by€the€State€against€violence€or€bodily€harm,€whetherÐ  _ Ðinflicted€by€government€officials€or€by€any€individual€group€or€institution,€could€be€applied€toÐ ø H Ðterrorism;€the€civil€rights€enumerated€in€the€article€had€been€codified€in€positive€law.€€As€to€theÐ á 1  ÐCouncil€of€State,€he€said€that€it€was€competent€to€invalidate€any€enactment€by€the€GovernmentÐ Ê   Ðwhich€contravened€the€legitimate€interests€of€another€party,€whether€a€corporation€or€an€individual.€Ð ³  ÐSyria€also€had€a€constitutional€tribunal€which€could€invalidate€laws€contrary€to€the€Constitution.€Ð œì  ÐTurning€to€questions€concerning€article€7€of€the€Convention,€€he€said€that€in€secondary€schools,Ð …Õ  Ðinstructions€were€given€on€the€civilizations€of€all€countries,€Syria€had€concluded€a€great€number€ofÐ n¾  Ðcultural€agreement,€mainly€with€the€socialist€countries.€€His€country€had€issued€an€official€statementÐ W§  Ðon€the€occasion€of€International€Day€for€the€Elimination€of€Racial€Discrimination,€pledgingÐ @ Ðcontinued€support€and€action€against€all€forms€of€racism.Ð  )y Ðò òÔ_ÔCERDÔ_Ô€€A/39/18€(1984)ó óÐ ° ÐÌÌ207.€€The€Committee€considered€the€seventh€periodic€report€of€the€Syrian€Arab€RepublicÐ l¼ Ð(Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/91/Add.36)€in€conjunction€with€the€introductory€statement€of€the€representative€of€theÐ U¥ Ðreporting€State,€who€highlighted€parts€of€the€report€and€draw€particular€attention,€as€requested€byÐ > Ž Ðhis€Government,€to€the€sections€of€the€report€of€the€Special€Committee€to€Investigate€IsraeliÐ ' w ÐPractices€Affecting€the€Human€Rights€of€the€Population€of€the€Occupied€Territories€(A/38/409,Ð  ` Ðparas.€156,€192€to€198,€267,€344€and€361€and€annex€I)€dealing€with€the€Golan€Heights.€€He€pointedÐ ù I Ðout€that€the€occupation€of€the€Golan€Heights€by€Israel€in€1967€and€its€annexation€in€1981€hadÐ â 2  Ðprevented€his€Government€from€giving€effect€to€the€provisions€of€the€Convention€in€that€part€of€theÐ Ë   ÐSyria€territory,€but€that€the€Government€of€Syria€was€not€invoking€articles€11,€12€or€13€of€theÐ ´  ÐConvention€in€connection€with€that€complaint.Ð í  ÐÌ208.€€The€Committee€expressed€satisfaction€with€the€comprehensive€report€submitted€by€the€SyrianÐ o¿  ÐArab€Republic,€particularly€in€view€of€the€problems€confronting€the€reporting€State,€and€welcomedÐ X¨  Ðthe€continuation€of€the€dialogue€with€the€Committeeððs€guidelines€in€the€preparation€of€its€report.€Ð A‘ ÐIt€took€note€of€the€general€approach€adopted€by€the€Government€to€the€effect€that€there€could€be€noÐ *z Ðenjoyment€of€the€right€to€equality€without€the€benefit€of€economic€and€social€progress.Ð c ÐÌ209.€€In€relation€to€the€procedure€for€considering€the€seventh€periodic€report€of€the€Syrian€ArabÐ å5 ÐRepublic€a€member€of€the€Committee€drew€attention€to€the€section€of€the€report€entitled€ð ðRacismÐ Î Ðand€racial€discrimination€in€the€occupied€Golan€Heightsðð,€and€stated€that,€under€the€terms€of€articleÐ · Ð11€of€the€Convention,€that€part€of€the€report€constituted€an€inter„State€complaint.€€However,€sinceÐ  ð Ðthe€Syrian€Government€had€made€it€clear€that€it€did€not€intend€to€invoke€the€procedure€under€articleÐ ‰Ù Ð11,€the€member€proposed€that€the€particular€section€of€the€report€be€excluded€from€the€CommitteeððsÐ r Ðconsideration€under€article€9€of€the€Convention.€€He€pointed€out,€in€this€connection,€that€theÐ [« ÐConvention€contained€provisions€which€obliged€the€Committee€to€hear€the€other€party€to€disputeÐ D” Ðwhenever€one€State€party€considered€that€another€State€party€was€not€giving€effect€to€theÐ -} ÐConvention,€irrespective€of€the€form€in€which€the€matter€was€brought€to€the€Committeeððs€attention.€Ð f ÐThe€Committee€would€be€setting€a€dangerous€precedent€if€it€acted€otherwise,€since€it€would€leaveÐ ÿO Ðthe€way€open€for€States€parties€to€submit€complaints€to€it€without€allowing€the€State€against€whichÐ è 8 Ða€complaint€was€made€to€state€its€case.Ð Ñ!!  ÐÌ210.€€Other€members,€however,€disagreed€with€the€interpretation€that€the€section€of€the€reportÐ £#ó" Ðdealing€with€the€situation€in€the€Golan€Heights€constituted€and€inter„State€complaint€under€articleÐ Œ$Ü# Ð11.€€They€said,€in€this€connection,€that€the€point€Syria€was€making€in€its€report€was€that€it€was€itselfÐ u%Å $ Ðbeing€prevented€from€complying,€in€a€part€of€its€national€territory,€with€the€obligations€laid€downÐ ^&®!% Ðin€the€Convention,€and€they€pointed€out€that€the€Committee€must€receive€a€formal€communicationÐ G'—"& Ðunder€article€11€in€order€to€set€in€motion€the€inter„State€complaint€procedures€envisaged€therein.€Ð 0(€#' ÐAlthough€the€problem€of€the€Golan€Heights€was€a€political€one€which€lay€outside€the€competenceÐ )i$( Ðof€the€Committee€and€there€were€other€forums€of€the€United€Nations€to€deal€with€it,€the€Syrian€ArabÐ *R%) ÐRepublic€was€entitled€to€raise€that€problem€in€its€report€to€the€Committee,€since€it€had€a€directÐ ë*;&* Ðbearing€on€the€discharge€of€the€Governmentððs€obligations€under€the€Convention€as€well€as€on€theÐ Ô+$'+ ÐCommitteeððs€work€of€monitoring€how€the€provisions€of€the€Convention€were€being€implemented.€Ð ½, (, ÐIt€was€regrettable€that€the€Government€of€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic€was€unable€to€implement€theÐ ¦-ö(- Ðprovisions€of€the€Convention€in€the€Golan€Heights€because€of€Israeli€occupation.€€Reference€wasÐ ° Ðmade€to€General€Assembly€resolution€37/88/E€which€condemned€the€occupation€of€the€GolanÐ ™é ÐHeights€and€reaffirmed€that€the€acquisition€of€territory€by€force€was€inadmissible€and€it€was€statedÐ ‚Ò Ðthat€the€Committee€must€condemn€the€illegal€acquisition€of€territory€as€well€as€the€illegal€measuresÐ k» Ðwhich€were€being€taken€by€the€occupying€Power€in€the€Syrian€territory€of€the€Golan€Heights.€€TheÐ T¤ Ðmatter€before€the€Committee€was€not€a€question€of€a€possible€settlement€of€a€dispute€between€twoÐ =  ÐStates€parties,€but€rather€the€elimination€of€the€consequences€of€an€act€of€aggression.€€Both€theÐ & v ÐCharter€and€the€Definition€of€Aggression€contained€provisions€stating€that€aggressions€did€not€conferÐ  _ Ðany€right€on€the€aggressor.€€If€article€11€of€the€Convention€was€invoked€in€the€present€instance,€thatÐ ø H Ðwould€place€the€aggressor€on€an€equal€footing€with€the€victim.€€The€Committee€could€not€avoidÐ á 1  Ðdiscussing€the€practices€of€the€occupying€Power€in€the€Golan€Heights.€€A€country,€a€portion€ofÐ Ê   Ðwhose€territory€was€being€illegally€occupied€by€another€Power,€still€retained€legitimate€sovereigntyÐ ³  Ðover€that€territory€and€had€the€legal€right€and€the€moral€duty€not€to€close€its€eyes€to€what€was€goingÐ œì  Ðon€in€the€illegally€occupied€area.€€In€this€connection,€it€was€recalled€that€the€information€providedÐ …Õ  Ðby€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic€indicated€that€135,000€of€its€citizens€had€been€evicted€and€31Ð n¾  Ðsettlements€had€been€established€in€the€Golan€Heights€and€that€12,000€Syrians€were€being€forcedÐ W§  Ðto€relinquish€their€Syrian€citizenship€and€to€acquire€Israeli€citizenship:€€those€were€flagrantÐ @ Ðviolations€of€the€Convention.Ð )y ÐÌ211.€€The€Committee€took€note€of€the€fact€that€the€Syrian€Government€was€prevented€from€carryingÐ ûK Ðout€its€obligations€under€the€Convention€fully€because€of€the€illegal€occupation€of€a€part€of€itsÐ ä4 Ðterritory;€that€the€Syrian€Government€was€perfectly€entitled€to€draw€the€attention€of€the€CommitteeÐ Í Ðto€information€relating€to€the€situation€in€the€occupied€Gold€Heights€and€was€fully€justified€in€doingÐ ¶ Ðso;€and€that€the€Syrian€Government€did€not€intend€to€file€a€complaint€under€article€11€of€theÐ Ÿï ÐConvention.Ð ˆØ ÐÌ212.€€In€relation€to€the€demographic€composition€of€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic€although€theÐ Zª ÐCommittee€understood€the€approach€of€the€Government€which€made€no€distinction€between€theÐ C“ Ðvarious€groups€of€society,€it€pointed€out€that€it€would€welcome€information€on€the€different€ethnicÐ ,| Ðcommunities€in€the€country.€€Members€of€the€Committee€requested€clarification€as€to€the€measuresÐ e Ðthat€were€being€taken€to€eliminate€the€residues€of€inequalities€from€the€past,€mentioned€in€the€report.€Ð þN ÐThe€Government€was€also€asked€to€provide€information€on€the€legal€status€of€individuals€who€didÐ ç 7 Ðnot€belong€to€the€ethnic€groups€mentioned€in€the€report€and€to€indicate€whether€the€category€ofÐ Ð!   Ðð ðunspecifiedðð€included€Bedouin€and€other€nomadic€tribes.€€Further€information€was€requested€onÐ ¹" ! Ðthe€status€of€the€Kurdish€minority€and€why€it€did€not€form€one€compact€ethnic€group€as€distinct€fromÐ ¢#ò" Ðthe€majority€of€the€Syrian€population,€and€about€the€problems€encountered€by€that€minority€in€viewÐ ‹$Û# Ðof€the€displacements€it€had€been€subjected€to€in€1973.Ð t%Ä $ ÐÌ213.€€With€regard€to€article€3,€members€of€the€Committee€commended€the€Government€for€itÐ F'–"& Ðimpeccable€record.Ð /(#' ÐÌ214.€€In€connection€with€the€implementation€of€article€4€one€member€asked€whether€persons€foundÐ *Q%) Ðguilty€of€financing€racist€activities€were€punished€in€any€way€under€the€Syrian€Penal€Code.€€It€wasÐ ê*:&* Ðpointed€out€that€article€4€of€the€Convention€was€particularly€important€for€preventing€situations€inÐ Ó+#'+ Ðwhich€a€hostile€State€could€support€subversive€activities€by€inciting€racial€prejudice€among€differentÐ ¼, (, Ðgroups.Ð ¥-õ(- Ї215.€€As€regards€the€implementation€of€article€5€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€noted€withÐ ° Ðsatisfaction€that€the€report€contained€detailed€information€on€the€rights€enumerated€in€that€article.€Ð ™é ÐIt€was€asked,€however,€whether€the€provisions€contained€in€article€25€of€the€Syrian€ConstitutionÐ ‚Ò Ðconcerning€the€right€of€equality€before€the€law€were€in€fact€directly€enforceable€by€the€courts.€€TheÐ k» ÐCommittee€wished€to€know€whether€the€state€of€emergency€proclaimed€20€years€earlier€remainedÐ T¤ Ða€fundamental€characteristic€of€the€juridical€order€of€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic€and€what€impact€thatÐ =  Ðsituation€had€on€the€implementation€of€the€Convention,€particularly€the€political€and€civil€rights€setÐ & v Ðforth€in€article€5€(c)€and€(d),€such€as€freedom€of€thought,€expression€and€opinion.€€ClarificationsÐ  _ Ðwere€requested€regarding€the€statement€that€a€citizen€could€leave€the€country€provided€he€or€she€hadÐ ø H Ðfulfilled€obligations€arising€from€contracts€with€the€State,€and€how€that€policy€applied€to€the€manyÐ á 1  ÐJews€who€had€sought€to€emigrate€from€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic.€€Information€was€requested€on€theÐ Ê   Ðcases€in€which€Syrian€citizens€could€be€deprived€of€their€nationality.€€Clarification€was€requestedÐ ³  Ðas€to€certain€incidents€regarding€the€right€to€freedom€of€religion€which,€according€to€AmnestyÐ œì  ÐInternational,€had€taken€place€in€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic€in€1980.€€Information€was€also€requestedÐ …Õ  Ðregarding€the€application€of€Legislative€Decree€No.€84€in€1968€as€well€as€details€relating€to€tradeÐ n¾  Ðunions€and€agricultural€co„operatives;€and€it€was€asked€whether€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic€offeredÐ W§  Ðpolitical€asylum€to€refugees€other€than€Palestinians.Ð @ ÐÌ216.€€With€reference€to€article€7,€the€Committee€wished€to€know€to€what€extent€the€population€wasÐ b Ðinformed€about€the€content€of€the€Convention,€whether€education€was€given€only€in€Arabic€and€whatÐ ûK Ðefforts€were€being€made€to€preserve€the€traditions€and€cultures€of€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic.€Ð ä4 ÐÌ217.€€Referring€to€the€discussion€concerning€the€situation€in€the€Golan€Heights,€the€representativeÐ ¶ Ðof€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic€welcomed€the€understanding€which€prevailed€in€the€CommitteeÐ Ÿï Ðconcerning€his€countryððs€position,€in€the€light€of€the€incapacitating€conditions,€which€prevented€hisÐ ˆØ ÐGovernment€from€applying€the€provisions€of€the€Convention,€resulting€from€the€annexation€by€IsraelÐ qÁ Ðof€the€Golan€Heights,€an€action€which€the€Security€Council€had€declared€null€and€void.€€He€stressedÐ Zª Ðthat€the€information€given€in€his€Governmentððs€report€regarding€the€situation€in€the€Golan€Heights,Ð C“ Ðwhich€had€been€appropriately€characterized€by€a€member€of€as€òòsui€generisóó,€did€not€represent€aÐ ,| Ðcomplaint€by€one€State€against€another,€but€rather,€a€complaint€before€experts€regarding€the€inabilityÐ e Ðof€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic€to€provide€its€citizens€with€the€protection€they€should€have€if€it€was€toÐ þN Ðimplement€the€Convention.Ð ç 7 ÐÌ218.€€Regarding€the€demographic€composition€of€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic€he€stated€that,€whileÐ ¹" ! Ðcompact€ethnic€groups€of€Kurds€did€exist€in€neighbouring€countries,€that€was€not€the€case€in€hisÐ ¢#ò" Ðcountry€where€Kurds€had€been€Ô_ÔarabizedÔ_Ô.€€The€Syrian€Arab€Republic€represented€a€mixture€ofÐ ‹$Û# Ðcivilizations€rather€than€ethnic€groups.€€There€were€no€different€nationalities€in€this€country,€onlyÐ t%Ä $ Ðdifferent€religious€denominations.€€All€Syrians€considered€themselves€Arabs€and€would€have€greatÐ ]&­!% Ðdifficulty€in€identifying€their€ethnic€origin.€€The€terms€ð ðaliens€and€unspecifiedðð€used€in€the€reportÐ F'–"& Ðreferred€to€the€few€foreigners€working€in€his€country€as€teachers€and€experts€or€to€persons€withoutÐ /(#' Ða€nationality.Ð )h$( ÐÌ219.€€Replying€to€the€question€whether€the€provisions€concerning€the€right€to€equal€treatment€beforeÐ ê*:&* Ðthe€tribunals,€referred€to€in€article€25€of€the€Constitution,€were€enforceable€in€the€courts,€theÐ Ó+#'+ Ðrepresentative€stated€that€in€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic,€as€in€any€other€country,€the€Constitution€hadÐ ¼, (, Ðto€be€respected.Ð ¥-õ(- Ї220.€€In€relation€to€civil€and€political€rights€and€the€question€of€the€state€of€emergency,€he€pointedÐ ° Ðout€that€his€country€was€constantly€threatened€by€Israel€aggression€and€had€been€defending€the€ArabÐ ™é Ðcause€against€the€aggression€since€independence.€€The€Syrian€Arab€Republic€had€taken€stepsÐ ‚Ò Ðderogating€from€some€of€its€obligations€under€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€PoliticalÐ k» ÐRights€but€not€under€the€International€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€RacialÐ T¤ ÐDiscrimination.€€He€added,€however,€that€the€question€relating€to€the€state€of€emergency€was€notÐ =  Ðwithin€the€Committeeððs€competence,€for€a€state€of€emergency€had€nothing€to€do€with€the€eliminationÐ & v Ðof€racial€discrimination.Ð  _ ÐÌ221.€€As€to€the€question€concerning€the€right€of€Syrians€to€leave€their€country€and€to€return,€he€statedÐ á 1  Ðthat€his€country€respected€that€right€and€explained€that,€whereas€in€1948€there€had€been€betweenÐ Ê   Ð30,000€and€35,000€Jews€in€Syria,€there€were€currently€5,000.€€Persons€wishing€to€leave€the€country,Ð ³  Ðhe€said,€must€have€fulfilled€their€obligations€to€the€State,€which€included€military€service€from€whichÐ œì  Ðno€Syrian€was€exempt.€€Education€was€free€at€all€levels.€€The€term€ð ðcontractsðð€in€the€report€referredÐ …Õ  Ðto€Syrians€who€had€received€higher€education,€such€as€doctors€or€engineers,€and€were€required€toÐ n¾  Ðserve€in€the€rural€areas.Ð W§  ÐÌ222.€€With€regard€to€the€Hama€episode,€referred€to€in€the€report€of€Amnesty€International,€he€saidÐ )y Ðthat€those€incidents€had€been€exaggerated€out€of€all€proportion€by€the€Western€press.€€He€stated€thatÐ b Ða€distinction€should€be€made€between€a€religious€conflict€„€which€could€not€exist€in€the€Syrian€ArabÐ ûK ÐRepublic€€since€freedom€of€religion€was€guaranteed€by€the€Constitution€„€and€the€exploitation€ofÐ ä4 Ðreligious€differences€for€political€purposes.€€The€Hama€incident,€in€which€hundreds€of€governmentÐ Í Ðofficials€and€their€families€had€been€massacred,€had€been€an€attempt,€instigated€from€abroad,€toÐ ¶ Ðdivide€the€country.€€The€Governmentððs€response€had€been€entirely€appropriate€and€not€at€allÐ Ÿï Ðexcessive.Ð ˆØ ÐÌ223.€€Replying€to€the€request€for€details€as€to€how€a€Syrian€could€lose€his€nationality,€he€said€thatÐ Zª ÐÔ_ÔthatÔ_Ô€could€occur€when€a€person€left€the€country€with€the€intention€of€not€returning.€€In€addition,Ð C“ Ðanyone€who€acquired€foreign€nationality€contrary€to€the€law€without€Government€consent,€whoÐ ,| Ðserved€in€a€foreign€army€without€the€permission€of€the€Minister€of€Defence,€or€who€served€a€foreignÐ e ÐGovernment,€could€be€deprived€of€his€nationality€by€an€act€of€Government.Ð þN ÐÌ224.€€In€connection€with€the€question€whether€efforts€were€being€made€to€preserve€the€countryððsÐ Ð!   Ðtraditions€and€cultures,€he€stated€that,€since€independence€in€1946,€education€was€in€Arabic,€that€aÐ ¹" ! Ðstudent€could€take€either€English€or€French€as€a€foreign€language,€and€that€Aramaic€was€still€spokenÐ ¢#ò" Ðin€the€Syrian€Church€and€efforts€were€being€made€to€preserve€that€language.Ð  ‹$Û# Ðò òÔ_ÔCERDÔ_Ô€€A/43/18€(1988)ó óÐ ° ÐÌÌ62.€€The€eighth€periodic€report€of€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic€(Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/118/Add.32)€was€consideredÐ l¼ Ðby€the€Committee€at€its€817th€meeting,€held€on€2€August€1988€(Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/SR.817).Ð U¥ ÐÌ63.€€The€report€was€introduced€by€the€representative€of€the€reporting€State,€who€said€that€in€theÐ ' w Ðeighth€periodic€report,€which€supplemented€the€information€contained€in€previous€reports,€theÐ  ` ÐGovernment€of€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic€had€wished€to€draw€attention€to€the€constitutionalÐ ù I Ðprovisions€regarding€the€freedom,€dignity€and€equality€of€citizens,€respect€for€all€religions€andÐ â 2  Ðfreedom€of€worship€and€expression.€€Having€indicated€that€the€policy€of€opposition€to€any€form€ofÐ Ë   Ðracial€discrimination€or€racial€ideology€had€been€fundamentally€reoriented€when€the€Arab€SocialistÐ ´  ÐÔ_ÔBaððathÔ_Ô€Party€had€come€to€power€in€1963,€he€pointed€out€that€since€then€the€Syrian€Arab€RepublicÐ í  Ðhad€given€its€full€support€to€international€movements€of€all€types€that€condemned€racialÐ †Ö  Ðdiscrimination€and€racism€in€general.€€Within€that€context,€it€was€emphasized€that€the€Syrian€ArabÐ o¿  ÐRepublic€had€been€the€first€country€to€sign€the€International€Convention€on€the€Suppression€andÐ X¨  ÐPunishment€of€the€Crime€of€ò òó óòòApartheidóó€and€that€Syrian€laws€prevented€any€co„operation€with€theÐ A‘ Ðòòapartheidóó€Ô_ÔrgimeÔ_Ô€and€with€other€racist€Ô_ÔrgimesÔ_Ô€which€co„operated€with€it.€€The€Syrian€Arab€RepublicÐ *z Ðwas€also€Ô_ÔcombatingÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔzionismÔ_Ô€which€it€considered€a€racist€ideology.€€He€drew€the€attention€of€theÐ c ÐCommittee€to€his€Governmentððs€inability€to€apply€the€International€Convention€on€the€EliminationÐ üL Ðof€All€Forms€of€Racial€Discrimination€to€the€Syrian€citizens€living€in€the€Syrian€Arab€Golan,€whoÐ å5 Ðwere€subject€to€all€kinds€of€racist€practices€by€the€occupation€forces.Ð Î ÐÌ64.€€Members€of€the€Committee€welcomed€the€introductory€Statement€made€by€the€representativeÐ  ð Ðof€the€reporting€State€and€noted€that€consistent€legislative€and€practical€efforts€made€by€theÐ ‰Ù ÐGovernment€to€combat€any€form€of€racial€discrimination€were€most€commendable.€€Some€membersÐ r Ðof€the€Committee€expressed€regret€that€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic€was€unable€to€apply€the€provisionsÐ [« Ðof€the€Convention€throughout€its€territory€because€part€of€that€territory€was€illegally€occupied€byÐ D” Ðanother€State.€€The€hope€was€expressed€that€future€periodic€reports€from€the€Syrian€Arab€RepublicÐ -} Ðwould€follow€the€Committeeððs€guidelines€for€the€preparation€of€reports.€Ð f ÐÌ65.€€With€reference€to€article€4€of€the€Convention€and€to€paragraph€2€of€the€eighth€periodic€report,Ð è 8 Ðit€was€asked€how€many€cases€dealing€with€incitement€to€racial€discrimination€had€been€dealt€withÐ Ñ!!  Ðby€the€courts€and€how€severe€the€penalties€imposed€had€been.Ð º" ! ÐÌ66.€€With€regard€to€article€5€of€the€Convention,€members€wished€to€know€what€machinery€existedÐ Œ$Ü# Ðin€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic€to€secure€the€rights€of€national€minorities,€in€particular€of€the€KurdishÐ u%Å $ Ðminority€and,€with€reference€to€the€state€of€emergency€which€had€been€in€force€in€the€Syrian€ArabÐ ^&®!% ÐRepublic€for€some€time.€€It€was€asked€what€rights€affecting€the€implementation€of€the€ConventionÐ G'—"& Ðhad€been€suspended.Ð 0(€#' ÐÌ67.€€Replying€to€the€questions€raised,€the€representative€of€the€reporting€State€informed€theÐ *R%) ÐCommittee€that€no€case€of€criminal€proceedings€on€incitement€to€racial€discrimination€had€beenÐ ë*;&* Ðreported,€because€racial€discrimination€did€not€exist€in€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic.€€He€pointed€outÐ Ô+$'+ Ðthat€his€country€had€a€homogeneous€population€in€which€there€were€no€ethnic€groups.€€In€the€1970'sÐ ½, (, Ðsome€Kurds€had€sought€refuge€in€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic,€but€most€of€them€had€since€returnedÐ ¦-ö(- Ðhome.€€The€few€that€had€remained€had€been€voluntarily€assimilated€in€the€Arab€population.Ð ° ÐÌ68.€€With€reference€to€the€question€concerning€the€state€of€emergency,€the€representative€stated€thatÐ ‚Ò Ðit€was€in€force€as€a€result€of€the€constant€threat€posed€by€Israel.€€It€had€led€to€certain€proceedingsÐ k» Ðbeing€transferred€to€special€courts;€that€matter€had€been€dealt€with€in€previous€reports,€but€a€moreÐ T¤ Ðdetailed€reply€would€be€given€in€the€next€periodic€report.€€He€also€emphasized€that,€in€any€case,€theÐ =  Ðstate€of€emergency€had€nothing€to€do€with€racial€discrimination,€and€his€Government€felt€that€it€wasÐ & v Ðnot€a€proper€subject€for€discussion€in€the€Committee.Ð  _ ÐÌ69.€€Indicating€that€the€eighth€periodic€report€was€in€fact€a€supplementary€report€to€the€previous€one,Ð á 1  Ðthe€representative€of€the€reporting€State€said€that€in€future€his€Government€would€do€its€best€toÐ Ê   Ðfollow€the€Committeeððs€guidelines.Ð  ³  Ðò òÔ_ÔCERDÔ_Ô€€A/46/18€Ô_Ô(1991)ó óÔ_ÔÐ ° ÐÌÌ389.€€The€ninth,€tenth€and€eleventh€periodic€reports€of€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic,€submitted€in€oneÐ l¼ Ðconsolidated€document€(Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/197/Add.6)€were€considered€by€the€Committee€at€its€932ndÐ U¥ Ðmeeting,€on€16€August€1991€(see€Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/SR/932).Ð > Ž ÐÌ390.€€The€reports€were€introduced€by€the€representative€of€the€State€party,€who€emphasized€that€thereÐ  ` Ðwas€€no€form€of€racial€discrimination€in€his€country€and€that€successive€Syrian€constitutions€hadÐ ù I Ðguaranteed€equality€before€the€law€of€all€citizens.€€Article€207€of€the€Penal€Code€provided€that€anyÐ â 2  Ðact€of€racial€discrimination€or€constituting€incitement€to€or€encouragement€of€such€discriminationÐ Ë   Ðwas€punishable€by€law.€€Furthermore,€all€citizens€had€the€right€to€participate€in€the€countryððsÐ ´  Ðpolitical,€economic,€social€and€cultural€life.€€Similarly,€the€right€to€liberty€and€security€of€the€personÐ í  Ðas€well€as€freedom€of€religion€and€belief€were€protected€under€the€Constitution.Ð †Ö  ÐÌ391.€€Members€of€the€Committee€commended€the€Government€for€reporting€regularly€andÐ X¨  Ðmaintaining€its€dialogue€with€the€Committee.€€It€regretted,€however,€that€the€report,€which€was€tooÐ A‘ Ðsuccinct€and€too€categorical€in€its€assertions,€had€not€provided€sufficient€information€concerning€theÐ *z Ðpractical€implementation€of€constitutional€or€legislative€provisions.€€It€was€also€pointed€out€that€inÐ c Ðpreparing€the€countryððs€next€periodic€report,€account€should€be€taken€of€the€consolidated€guidelinesÐ üL Ðfor€the€initial€part€of€the€reports€of€States€parties€(Ô_ÔHRIÔ_Ô/1991/1).Ð å5 ÐÌ392.€€Members€of€the€Committee€wished€to€know€whether€all€five€factors€mentioned€in€article€1,Ð · Ðparagraph€1,€of€the€Convention,€namely,€race,€colour,€descent€and€national€and€ethnic€origin,€wereÐ  ð Ðcovered€by€Syrian€legislation€and€whether€Ô_ÔintegrationistÔ_Ô€multiracial€organizations€and€movementsÐ ‰Ù Ðwere€encouraged€by€the€authorities.€€Further€information€was€also€requested€on€practicalÐ r Ðarrangements€made€to€implement€article€2,€paragraph€1€(c),€of€the€Convention.Ð [« ÐÌ393.€€Members€of€the€Committee€commended€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic€on€its€policy€regarding€theÐ -} Ðimplementation€of€article€3€of€the€Convention.Ð f ÐÌ394.€€With€reference€to€article€4€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€wished€to€knowÐ è 8 Ðwhether€article€207€of€the€Penal€Code€had€ever€been€invoked€before€the€courts;€whether€thatÐ Ñ!!  Ðprovision€related€to€both€public€authorities€and€private€persons;€and€whether€domestic€legislationÐ º" ! Ðprovided€for€the€prohibition€mentioned€in€article€4€(b)€of€the€Convention.€€Further€information€wasÐ £#ó" Ðalso€requested€concerning€the€organization€of€the€judiciary€and,€in€particular,€on€the€competence€ofÐ Œ$Ü# Ðspecial€courts€during€states€of€emergency.Ð u%Å $ ÐÌ395.€€Members€of€the€Committee€wished€to€receive€detailed€information€on€the€implementation€ofÐ G'—"& Ðarticles€5€(b)€and€5€(d)€(ii)€(iii)€and€(ix)€of€the€Convention.€€It€was€asked€whether€there€were€specificÐ 0(€#' Ðlaws€governing€the€exercise€of€the€political,€economic,€social€and€cultural€rights€embodied€in€theÐ )i$( ÐConstitution€and€whether€these€rights€were€available€without€discrimination.€€Further€informationÐ *R%) Ðwas€sought€regarding€the€number€of€Palestinians€living€in€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic,€and€it€wasÐ ë*;&* Ðasked€whether€they€could€vote€or€acquire€Syrian€nationality€and€obtain€a€visa€to€travel€abroadÐ Ô+$'+ Ðwithout€difficulty.€€It€was€further€asked€whether€it€was€true€that€Jews€were€excluded€from€the€armedÐ ½, (, Ðforces€and€that€they€were€only€minority€whose€passports€and€identity€cards€mentioned€their€religionÐ ¦-ö(- Ðand,€if€so,€how€these€provisions€could€be€reconciled€with€article€5€(d)€of€the€Convention.Ð ° ÐÌ396.€€In€connection€with€article€6€of€the€Convention,€members€of€the€Committee€wished€to€knowÐ ‚Ò Ðwhat€measures€had€been€taken€to€inform€the€general€public€about€remedies€available€in€cases€ofÐ k» Ðracial€discrimination.€€Clarification€was€requested€of€the€claim€that€no€racial€discrimination€existedÐ T¤ Ðin€the€country€and,€in€that€regard,€it€was€pointed€out€that€even€in€countries€with€a€pattern€of€non„Ð =  Ðdiscrimination,€cases€of€racial€discrimination€did€occur€or€might€occur€in€the€future€as€a€result€ofÐ & v Ðchanges€in€social€conditions.€€Further€information€was€also€requested€regarding€the€situation€ofÐ  _ Ðpersons€of€Kurdish€ethnic€origin.Ð ø H ÐÌ397.€€In€his€reply,€the€representative€of€the€State€party€said€that€all€groups€covered€by€article€1,Ð Ê   Ðparagraph€1,€of€the€Convention€enjoyed€the€same€protection€before€the€law€and€that€no€distinctionÐ ³  Ðwas€made€in€that€respect€between€visitors€and€residents.€€Furthermore,€all€government€bodies€wereÐ œì  Ðrequired€by€law€to€comply€with€the€provisions€of€the€Convention.€€There€were€no€Ô_ÔintegrationistÔ_ÔÐ …Õ  Ðmultiracial€organizations€in€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic,€since€there€was€no€racial€discrimination€inÐ n¾  Ðthe€country.Ð W§  ÐÌ398.€€Responding€to€questions€raised€in€connection€with€article€4€of€the€Convention,€theÐ )y Ðrepresentative€of€the€State€party€explained€that€article€207€of€the€Penal€Code€was€applicable€by€theÐ b Ðcourts€whenever€a€case€involving€racial€discrimination€was€brought€before€them€and€that€no€suchÐ ûK Ðcases€had€ever€been€brought,€since€all€citizens€were€equal€before€the€law.€€€The€state€of€emergencyÐ ä4 Ðprevailing€is€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic€since€1948€had€not€restricted€the€rights€of€citizens.Ð Í ÐÌ399.€€Referring€to€article€5€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€stated€that€the€political,€economic,Ð Ÿï Ðsocial€and€cultural€rights€listed€in€that€provision€were€covered€and€regulated€by€various€laws.€€ArticleÐ ˆØ Ð28.3€of€the€Constitution€specifically€provided€for€the€punishment€of€any€acts€of€physical€or€moralÐ qÁ Ðtorture,€and€particular€attention€was€attached€to€the€rights€of€trade€unions.€€In€that€latter€regard,€anyÐ Zª Ðgroup€of€workers€in€the€same€occupation€could€set€up€its€own€union.€€Furthermore,€the€Syrian€ArabÐ C“ ÐRepublic€had€ratified€ILO€Conventions€Nos.€87€and€98.€€Concerning€the€specific€situation€ofÐ ,| ÐPalestinians€living€in€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic,€he€explained€that€they€were€refugees€who€had€beenÐ e Ðexpelled€from€Palestine€following€violence,€torture€and€terrorism€and€had€left€their€lands€andÐ þN Ðpossessions.€€Their€presence€in€the€country€was€provisional€and,€as€guests,€they€naturally€did€notÐ ç 7 Ðtake€part€in€elections,€their€Palestinian€identity€and€passports€being€thus€protected.€€Any€PalestinianÐ Ð!   Ðwho€wished€to€travel€abroad€was€able€to€obtain€a€special€travel€document.€Ð ¹" ! ÐÌ400.€€Responding€to€other€questions€relating€to€article€5,€the€representative€stated€that,€although€thereÐ ‹$Û# Ðwas€no€Jewish€community€as€such€in€his€country,€some€Syrian€citizens€were€Jews.€€They€were€ableÐ t%Ä $ Ðto€practice€any€profession€they€chose,€could€engage€in€any€form€of€trade€and€were€exempt€fromÐ ]&­!% Ðmilitary€service.€€Their€freedom€of€movement€had€not€been€restricted€since€1976€and€they€benefitedÐ F'–"& Ðfrom€wide€educational€opportunities.€€Furthermore,€their€passports€did€not€refer€to€their€religiousÐ /(#' Ðbelief.Ð )h$( ÐÌ401.€€In€reply€to€questions€raised€under€article€6€of€the€Convention,€the€representative€of€the€StateÐ ê*:&* Ðparty€emphasized€that€Kurdish€Syrians€were€fully€and€willingly€integrated€into€Syrian€society€andÐ Ó+#'+ Ðwere€treated€without€discrimination.Ð ¼, (, ÐÐ ¥-õ(- ÐòòConcluding€observationsóóÐ ° ÐÌ402.€€The€Committee€expressed€its€appreciation€to€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic€for€maintaining€itsÐ ‚Ò Ðdialogue€with€the€Committee.€€The€Committee€welcomed€the€assurance€that€certain€gaps€in€theÐ k» Ðinformation€that€had€been€supplied€would€be€remedied€in€the€twelfth€periodic€report,€which€wouldÐ T¤ Ðbe€more€comprehensive€in€character.Ð  =  Ðò òÔ_ÔCERDÔ_Ô€€A/54/18€Ô_Ô(1999)ó óÔ_ÔÐ ° ÐÌÌÔUSUK.,Ô167.€€The€Committee€considered€the€twelfth€to€fifteenth€periodic€reports€of€the€Syrian€Arab€RepublicÐ l¼ Ð(Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/338/Add.1/Rev.1)€at€its€1319th€and€1320th€meetings€(see€Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/SR.1319€and€1320),Ð U¥ Ðon€10€and€11€March€1999.€€At€its€1332nd€meeting€(see€Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/SR.1332),€on€19€March€1999,€itÐ > Ž Ðadopted€the€following€concluding€observations.€Ð ' w ÐÌòòIntroduction€Ð ù I ÐóóÌ168.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€twelfth,€thirteenth,€fourteenth€and€fifteenth€periodic€reportsÐ Ë   Ðsubmitted€by€the€Government€of€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic€in€one€document€and€the€introductoryÐ ´  Ðpresentation€made€by€the€delegation€as€well€as€the€opportunity€thus€offered€to€recommence€itsÐ í  Ðdialogue€with€the€State€party€after€eight€years.€€Nevertheless,€the€Committee€regrets€that€the€reportÐ †Ö  Ðdid€not€follow€the€guidelines;€the€information€was€too€concise€and€did€not€take€into€considerationÐ o¿  Ðthe€Committee's€concluding€observations€relating€to€the€previous€report€of€the€State€party€for€theÐ X¨  Ðsubmission€of€a€comprehensive€report.€€The€Committee€expresses€its€appreciation€for€theÐ A‘ Ðconstructive€dialogue€with€the€delegation€and€the€additional€information€provided€in€response€to€theÐ *z Ðquestions€asked.€Ð c ÐÌòòFactors€and€difficulties€impeding€the€implementation€of€the€Conventionóó€Ð å5 ÐÌ169.€€The€Committee€notes€that€the€State€party,€as€a€result€of€the€Israeli€occupation€of€part€of€itsÐ · Ðterritory,€is€not€in€a€position€to€exercise€control€over€all€its€territory€and€consequently€cannot€ensureÐ  ð Ðthe€implementation€of€the€Convention€in€the€Golan€Heights.€€The€Committee€also€takes€note€of€theÐ ‰Ù Ðdifficulties€caused€by€the€fact€that€the€State€party€has€hosted€a€great€number€of€refugees€for€severalÐ r Ðdecades.€€It€is€also€noted€that€the€state€of€emergency,€which€continues€to€be€in€force€in€the€StateÐ [« Ðparty,€militates€against€the€unrestricted€implementation€of€some€of€the€provisions€of€article€5€of€theÐ D” ÐConvention.Ð -} ÐÌòòPositive€aspectsóó€Ð ÿO ÐÌ170.€€The€Committee€expresses€its€satisfaction€at€the€fact€that€the€international€conventions€to€whichÐ Ñ!!  Ðthe€State€party€has€acceded,€including€the€International€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€FormsÐ º" ! Ðof€Racial€Discrimination,€have€become€an€integral€part€of€its€domestic€legislation€and€are€bindingÐ £#ó" Ðon€the€judicial€and€other€authorities€of€the€State.€Ð Œ$Ü# ÐÌ171.€€Efforts€made€by€the€State€party€to€host€Palestinian€refugees,€of€whom€351,189€have€beenÐ ^&®!% Ðregistered,€and€let€them€retain€their€identity€are€also€noted€with€satisfaction.€Ð G'—"& ÐÌ172.€€The€Committee€notes€with€satisfaction€that€the€State€party's€Penal€Code€(arts.€305,€307€andÐ )i$( Ð109)€reflects€most€of€the€provisions€enshrined€in€article€4€of€the€Convention.€Ð *R%) ÐÌ173.€€The€Committee€welcomes€the€information€contained€in€the€report€concerning€educationalÐ Ô+$'+ Ðmeasures€which€provide€for€the€inclusion€of€the€teaching€of€human€rights,€including€the€need€toÐ ½, (, Ðcombat€and€condemn€racial€discrimination,€in€school€curricula.€€Satisfaction€is€also€expressed€inÐ ¦-ö(- ÐÔ_Ôrelation€to€the€efforts€undertaken€by€the€State€party€to€raise€awareness€and€promote€action€againstÐ ° Ðall€forms€of€racial€discrimination;€the€Committee€notes,€in€this€regard,€the€establishment€of€a€humanÐ ™é Ðrights€committee€in€every€school€in€order€to€promote€the€principles€of€tolerance€and€peacefulÐ ‚Ò Ðcoexistence€among€different€ethnic€groups€in€the€State€party.€Ð k» ÐÌ174.€€The€Committee€also€notes€with€satisfaction€that€the€State€party€has€ratified€the€amendmentsÐ =  Ðto€article€8,€paragraph€6,€of€the€Convention,€adopted€on€15€January€1992€at€the€fourteenth€meetingÐ & v Ðof€States€parties€to€the€Convention.€Ð  _ ÐÌòòPrincipal€subjects€of€concern€Ð á 1  ÐóóÌ175.€€While€the€Committee€acknowledges€the€State€party's€efforts€to€protect€the€rights€of€ethnicÐ ³  Ðnational€minorities,€particularly€Armenians,€Palestinians€and€Jews,€it€is€still€concerned€about€theÐ œì  Ðstateless€status€of€a€large€number€of€persons€of€Kurdish€origin,€who€are€alleged€to€have€entered€theÐ …Õ  ÐSyrian€Arab€Republic€from€neighbouring€countries€from€1972€to€1995€and€who€are€said€to€numberÐ n¾  Ð75,000.€Ð W§  ÐÌ176.€€The€Committee€is€concerned€about€Syrian-born€Kurds,€who€are€considered€either€as€foreignersÐ )y Ðor€as€òòmaktoumeenóó€(unregistered)€by€the€Syrian€authorities€and€who€face€administrative€and€practicalÐ b Ðdifficulties€in€acquiring€Syrian€nationality,€although€they€have€no€other€nationality€by€birth.€Ð ûK ÐÌòòSuggestions€and€recommendations€Ð Í ÐóóÌ177.€€The€Committee€encourages€the€State€party€to€continue€to€explore€ways€of€providing€protectionÐ Ÿï Ðto€all€ethnic€or€national€groups€living€in€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic€and€recommends€that€the€StateÐ ˆØ Ðparty€include€in€its€next€report€data€on€the€ethnic€composition€of€the€population€and€on€personsÐ qÁ Ðresiding€in€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic€who€are€non-Palestinian€refugees.€€Information€on€theirÐ Zª Ðsocio-economic€situation€would€also€be€appreciated.€Ð C“ ÐÌ178.€€In€the€light€of€article€3€of€the€Convention€and€general€recommendation€XIX,€the€CommitteeÐ e Ðencourages€the€State€party€to€monitor€developments€which€may€give€rise€to€racial€segregation€andÐ þN Ðto€work€for€the€eradication€of€any€negative€consequences€that€ensue€from€such€developments.€Ð ç 7 ÐÌ179.€€In€order€to€be€able€to€evaluate€the€implementation€of€articles€4€and€6€of€the€Convention,€theÐ ¹" ! ÐCommittee€requests€the€State€party€to€present€information€on€the€number€of€complaints,€judgementsÐ ¢#ò" Ðand€compensation€awards€arising€from€acts€of€racial€discrimination.€Ð ‹$Û# ÐÌ180.€€The€Committee€recommends€further€action€to€protect€the€rights€of€all€persons€belonging€toÐ ]&­!% Ðethnic€and€national€groups€to€enjoy,€without€discrimination,€the€civil€and€political€rights€listed€inÐ F'–"& Ðarticle€5€of€the€Convention,€notably€the€right€to€nationality€and€cultural€self-expression.€€InÐ /(#' Ðparticular,€the€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€review€its€legislation€on€nationality€inÐ )h$( Ðorder€to€find€an€expeditious€solution€to€the€situation€of€Syrian-born€Kurds€and€refugee€children€bornÐ *Q%) Ðin€the€Syrian€Arab€Republic.€Ð ê*:&* ÐÌ181.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€undertake€preventive€measures,€such€asÐ ¼, (, Ðtraining€programmes€for€law€enforcement€officials€and€security€authorities,€which€will€strengthenÐ ¥-õ(- Ðthe€implementation€of€the€Convention,€in€accordance€with€article€7€of€the€Convention€and€generalÐ ° Ðrecommendation€XIII€of€the€Committee,€with€a€view€to€preventing€human€rights€violations€such€asÐ ™é Ðarbitrary€arrests,€detention,€and€disappearances€of€stateless€refugees€and€foreigners.€Ð ‚Ò ÐÌ182.€€Some€members€of€the€Committee€requested€that€the€State€party€consider€the€possibility€ofÐ T¤ Ðmaking€the€declaration€provided€for€in€article€14€of€the€Convention.€Ð =  ÐÌ183.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party's€next€periodic€report,€due€on€21€May€2000,Ð  _ Ðbe€a€comprehensive€report,€following€the€reporting€guidelines€established€by€the€Committee.€Ð ø H ÐÌ184.€€The€Committee€suggests€to€the€State€party€that€the€report€and€the€present€concludingÐ Ê   Ðobservations€be€widely€distributed€to€the€public.ÔUK.,US.,ážÔÐ ³  ÐÐ  œì  Ð