’WPCM "²śž;øDøD[ä5dŖŸł ¾ÜJ[W¼~•"F®|ęrIŅ¹t»¹jŗ»”±@–g Ū”ӊē±ūs|’t…|ń¶oؐ1²6‘½Pūh£D¼’Ž|ė¦…U–ŠŠmS j2•¶Ls‰ßYhļUuŲą‚D­$hɝ•žFkÖ¹¾ āõ‘Õe.:•ļŗ™źģ~ ¦lČ"R µ”„Ķ^&u[įo'dr”xą6ūż*Āōģ¾ŚnO©=.¶D ¾īałšȒ]‰£fĻ»į7'}Ē]k%( Ž 5")Ė³#.·RDw,µyčigT¬°”Į)8G³ĮåØ 3ŪŸņȍņ–dH‰UQž¶ĮÓptZ ńŽ5(ģ$ƒ-¹ĪõėQą9°®jś`÷»Ģa_¢œ ^““4š0[\Ü£tŌ2C ”éŪwæVBŸ”ÕFÕ2ė»ČĶŁ}ĖN °`“=e4ł¬žūÖ)!œ’7Ų #ÉØUNq %æ 0:Å^ ’w 4#2 m4NK˜\\YORK_UNIVERSITY\q_hrts_hp4000tnŅV,,,,ŅV0(ÖĆ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(ö\$””ŌCEUS.,Ōם)0— ½”u/pū«3|x ’U‹’ĄĄĄŻ ƒö\!ŻŌCEUS.,ŌŻ  ŻŌ_Ōņ ņÓ  ÓHUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEEŠ ° ŠĢņņRandolph€v.€TogoóóŠ „Ō ŠĢCommunication€No.€910/2000Š XØ ŠĢ27€October€2003Š , | ŠĢŌ_ŌCCPRŌ_Ō/C/79/D/910/2000Š  P ŠĢĢVIEWSó óŠ ¾  ŠĢĢņņņņSubmitted€byóó:€Mr.€Ō_ŌAtiŌ_Ō€Antoine€Randolph€(represented€by€counsel,€Me€Ō_ŌOlivierŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌRussbachŌ_Ō)Š zŹ  ŠĢņņOn€behalf€ofóó:€The€victimŠ H˜ ŠĢņņState€partyóó:€TogoŠ f ŠĢņņDate€of€communicationóó:€22€December€1999€(date€of€initial€submission)Š ä4 ŠóóĢĢņņThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,€established€under€article€28€of€the€International€Covenant€on€CivilŠ ķ Šand€Political€Rights,Š †Ö ŠĢņņMeeting€onóó€27€October€2003Š XØ ŠĢņņHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€communication€No.€910/2000€submitted€to€the€Human€RightsŠ *z ŠCommittee€by€Mr.€Ō_ŌAtiŌ_Ō€Antoine€Randolph€under€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€International€CovenantŠ c Šon€Civil€and€Political€Rights,Š üL ŠĢņņHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€written€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€author€of€theŠ Ī!  Šcommunication€and€the€State€party,Š ·"! ŠĢņņAdopts€the€followingóó:Š ‰$Ł# ŠĢĢÓ@ÓÓ  Óņņņ ņViews€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Optional€Protocoló óóóŠ D'”"& ŠÓÓÓÓĢĢ1.1€€The€author€of€the€communication,€Mr.€Ō_ŌAtiŌ_Ō€Antoine€Randolph,€born€9€May€1942,€has€TogoleseŠ *P%) Šand€French€nationality.€He€is€in€exile€in€France€and€alleges€that€the€Togolese€Republic€has€violatedŠ é*9&* Šhis€rights€and€those€of€his€brother,€Emile€Randolph,€under€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a);€articles€7,€9€andŠ Ņ+"'+ Š10;€article€12,€paragraph€2;€and€article€14€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.Š », (, ŠThe€author€is€represented€by€counsel.Š ¤-ō(- Š‡1.2€€The€Togolese€Republic€became€a€party€to€the€Covenant€on€24€August€1984€and€to€the€OptionalŠ ° ŠProtocol€on€30€June€1988.Š ™é ŠĢņņFacts€as€submitted€by€the€authoróóŠ k» ŠĢ2.1€€Mr.€Randolph€first€relates€the€circumstances€surrounding€the€death€of€his€brother,€CounsellorŠ =  Što€the€Prime€Minister€of€Togo,€which€occurred€on€22€July€1998.€He€claims€that€the€death€resultedŠ & v Šfrom€the€fact€that€the€gendarmerie€did€not€renew€his€brother's€passport€quickly€enough€so€that€heŠ  _ Šcould€be€operated€on€in€France,€where€he€had€already€undergone€two€operations€in€1997.€HisŠ ų H Šdiplomatic€passport€having€expired€in€1997,€the€author's€brother€had€requested€its€renewal;€theŠ į 1  Šauthor€claims,€however,€that€the€gendarmerie€confiscated€the€document.€His€brother€later€submittedŠ Ź   Šanother€application,€supported€by€his€medical€file.€According€to€the€author,€no€doctor€in€Togo€hadŠ ³  Šthe€necessary€means€to€undertake€such€an€operation.€The€gendarmerie€issued€a€passport€on€21€AprilŠ œģ  Š1998,€but€the€applicant€did€not€receive€it€until€June€1998.Š …Õ  ŠĢ2.2€€The€author€believes€that€the€authorities€violated€his€brother's€freedom€of€movement,€which€wasŠ W§  Šguaranteed€under€article€12,€paragraph€2,€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,Š @ Šby€refusing€to€renew€his€passport€quickly€and€by€requiring€the€applicant's€physical€presence€and€hisŠ )y Šsignature€in€a€register€in€order€to€deliver€the€passport€to€him,€thereby€exacerbating€his€illness.€TheŠ b Šauthor€believes€that€it€was€as€a€result€of€these€events€that€his€brother,€in€a€very€weakened€conditionŠ ūK Šand€unable€to€fly€on€a€regularly€scheduled€airline,€died€on€22€July€1998.Š ä4 ŠĢ2.3€€The€author€of€the€communication€submits,€secondly,€facts€relating€to€his€arrest€on€14€SeptemberŠ ¶ Š1985,€together€with€about€15€others€including€his€sister,€and€their€1986€trial€for€possession€ofŠ Ÿļ Šsubversive€literature€and€insulting€the€head€of€State.€During€the€period€between€his€arrest€andŠ ˆŲ Šconviction,€the€author€claims,€he€was€tortured€by€electric€current€and€other€means€and€sufferedŠ qĮ Šdegrading,€humiliating€and€inhuman€treatment.€About€10€days€after€the€arrest,€the€author€wasŠ ZŖ Šreportedly€transferred€to€the€detention€centre€in€Ō_ŌLomŌ_Ō,€and€it€was€only€then,€according€to€the€author,Š C“ Šthat€he€discovered€he€had€been€accused€of€insulting€a€public€official,€a€charge€that€was€later€changedŠ ,| Što€insulting€the€head€of€State.€The€author€notes€in€this€respect€that€the€head€of€State€had€not€broughtŠ e Šcharges€against€anyone.Š žN ŠĢ2.4€€By€a€judgement€on€30€July€1986,€the€text€of€which€has€not€been€submitted€to€the€Committee,Š Š!   ŠMr.€Randolph€was€sentenced€to€five€years'€imprisonment.€The€trial,€he€claims,€was€unfair€becauseŠ ¹" ! Šit€violated€the€presumption€of€innocence€and€other€provisions€of€the€International€Covenant€on€CivilŠ ¢#ņ" Šand€Political€Rights.€He€has€attached€extracts€from€the€1986€report€of€Amnesty€International€inŠ ‹$Ū# Šsupport€of€his€claims.Š t%Ä $ ŠĢ2.5€€The€author€claims€that€he€did€not€have€any€effective€remedy€available€to€him€in€Togo.€Later,Š F'–"& Šhe€adds€that€he€did€not€exhaust€all€domestic€remedies€because€the€Togolese€justice€system€wouldŠ /(#' Šnot€allow€him€to€obtain,€within€a€reasonable€amount€of€time,€fair€compensation€for€injuriesŠ )h$( Šsustained.€He€claims€that,€even€if€he€or€his€family€had€filed€a€complaint,€it€would€have€been€in€vain,Š *Q%) Šfor€the€State€would€not€have€conducted€an€investigation.€He€adds€that€filing€a€criminal€suit€againstŠ ź*:&* Šthe€gendarmerie€would€have€exposed€him€and€his€whole€family€to€danger.€Moreover,€when€he€wasŠ Ó+#'+ Šarrested€and€tortured,€before€being€sentenced,€he€had€no€possibility€of€filing€a€complaint€with€theŠ ¼, (, Šauthorities,€who€were€the€very€ones€who€were€violating€human€rights,€nor€could€he€file€suit€againstŠ „-õ(- Šthe€court€that€had€unfairly€convicted€him.€Mr.€Randolph€believes€that,€in€these€conditions,€noŠ ° Šcompensation€for€injury€suffered€would€be€obtainable€through€the€Togolese€justice€system.Š ™é ŠĢ2.6€€After€the€death€of€the€author's€brother€in€the€conditions€described€above,€no€one€lodged€aŠ k» Šcomplaint,€according€to€the€author,€for€the€same€reasons€as€he€had€given€before.Š T¤ ŠĢ2.7€€Mr.€Randolph€believes€that,€since€his€release,€the€injuries€caused€by€the€violations€of€hisŠ & v Šfundamental€rights€persist€because€he€has€been€forced€into€exile€and€to€live€far€from€his€family€andŠ  _ Šloved€ones,€and€also€because€of€his€brother's€death,€which€was€due€to€the€failure€on€the€part€of€theŠ ų H ŠTogolese€Republic€to€respect€his€brother's€freedom€of€movement.Š į 1  ŠĢņņThe€complaintóóŠ ³  ŠĢ3.€The€author€invokes€the€violation€of€article€2,€paragraph€3;€articles€7,€9€and€10;€article€12,Š …Õ  Šparagraph€2;€and€article€14€of€the€Covenant.€He€requests€fair€compensation€for€the€injuries€sufferedŠ n¾  Šby€him€and€his€family€as€a€result€of€the€State's€action,€and€an€internationally€monitored€review€ofŠ W§  Šhis€trial.Š @ ŠĢņņThe€State€party's€observationsóóŠ b ŠĢ4.1€€In€its€observations€of€2€March€2000,€the€State€party€considers€the€substance€of€theŠ ä4 Šcommunication€without€addressing€the€question€of€its€admissibility.€The€State€party€rejects€all€theŠ Ķ Šauthor's€accusations,€in€particular€those€relating€to€torture,€contending€that€during€the€trial€theŠ ¶ Šaccused€did€not€lodge€any€complaint€of€torture€or€ill-treatment.€The€State€party€cited€the€statementsŠ Ÿļ Šmade€following€the€trial€by€the€author's€counsel,€Mr.€Ō_ŌDomenachŌ_Ō,€to€the€effect€that€the€hearing€hadŠ ˆŲ Šbeen€a€good€one€and€that€all€parties,€including€Mr.€Randolph,€had€been€able€to€express€their€viewsŠ qĮ Šon€what€had€happened.Š ZŖ ŠĢ4.2€€As€for€calling€the€trial€unfair€and€alleging€a€violation€of€the€presumption€of€innocence,€the€StateŠ ,| Šparty€again€cites€an€extract€from€a€statement€by€Mr.€Randolph's€counsel,€in€which€he€declares€thatŠ e Šover€the€10€months€that€he€has€been€defending€his€clients€in€Togo,€he€has€been€able€to€do€so€in€aŠ žN Šsatisfactory€manner,€with€the€assistance€and€encouragement€of€the€authorities.€He€adds€that€theŠ ē 7 Šhearing€was€held€in€accordance€with€the€rules€of€form€and€substance€and€in€the€framework€of€a€freeŠ Š!   Šdebate€in€conformity€with€international€law.Š ¹" ! ŠĢ4.3€€With€regard€to€the€violation€of€freedom€of€movement,€the€State€party€contends€that€it€cannot€beŠ ‹$Ū# Šreproached€for€having€prevented€the€author's€brother€from€leaving€the€country€by€holding€up€hisŠ t%Ä $ Šdiplomatic€passport,€since€the€authorities€had€issued€him€a€new€passport.€As€to€the€formalities€forŠ ]&­!% Špicking€up€his€passport,€it€is€considered€normal€to€require€the€physical€presence€of€the€interestedŠ F'–"& Šparty,€as€well€as€his€or€her€signature€on€the€passport€and€in€the€register€of€receipts;€this€procedureŠ /(#' Šis€in€the€interest€of€passport-holders€because€it€is€intended€to€prevent€documents€from€beingŠ )h$( Šdelivered€to€a€person€other€than€the€passport-holder.Š *Q%) ŠĢ4.4€€The€State€party€contends€that€no€legal€or€administrative€body€has€received€a€claim€forŠ Ó+#'+ Šcompensation€for€injury€suffered€by€Mr.€Ō_ŌAtiŌ_Ō€Randolph.Š ¼, (, ŠŠ „-õ(- ŠņņThe€author's€comments€on€the€observations€of€the€State€partyóóŠ ° ŠĢ5.1€€In€his€comments€of€22€August€2000,€the€author€accuses€Togo€of€having€presented€"a€tissue€ofŠ ‚Ņ Šlies".€He€reaffirms€the€facts€as€already€submitted€and€insists€that€he€was€detained€in€police€custodyŠ k» Šfrom€14€to€25€September€1985,€while€the€legally€permissible€length€of€such€confinement€is€aŠ T¤ Šmaximum€of€48€hours.€During€that€period,€the€author€was€subjected€to€cruel,€degrading€and€inhumanŠ =  Štreatment,€torture€and€death€threats.€In€his€view,€the€presumption€of€his€innocence€was€not€respectedŠ & v Š-€he€was€removed€from€the€civil€service€list,€and€he€was€called€to€appear€before€the€head€of€State€andŠ  _ Šof€the€Central€Committee€of€the€only€political€party,€the€one€in€power.€His€eyeglasses€had€beenŠ ų H Šconfiscated€for€three€months€and€had€been€returned€to€him€only€after€the€intervention€of€AmnestyŠ į 1  ŠInternational.€The€author's€vehicles€had€also€been€confiscated.€He€claims,€in€that€regard,€that€one€ofŠ Ź   Šthe€vehicles,€which€was€returned€to€him€upon€his€release,€had€been€tampered€with€so€that€he€couldŠ ³  Šhave€died€when€trying€to€drive€it.€Lastly,€he€comments€on€various€government€officials€in€order€toŠ œģ  Šillustrate€the€undemocratic€nature€of€the€current€regime,€although€this€is€not€directly€related€to€hisŠ …Õ  Šcommunication.Š n¾  ŠĢ5.2€€From€25€September€1985€to€12€January€1987,€the€author€was€detained€in€the€Ō_ŌLomŌ_Ō€detentionŠ @ Šcentre,€where€he€was€subjected€to€cruel,€inhuman€and€degrading€treatment€and€death€threats.€In€aŠ )y Šstatement€addressed€to€the€Committee,€the€author's€sister€testifies€that,€in€that€connection,€and€underŠ b Špressure€from€international€humanitarian€organizations,€the€regime€was€forced€to€have€the€prisonerŠ ūK Šexamined€by€a€doctor.€Ms.€Randolph€claims€that€the€lawyers€and€doctors€chosen€were€loyal€to€theŠ ä4 Šregime€and€did€not€acknowledge€that€the€results€-€indicating€there€had€been€no€torture€-€had€beenŠ Ķ Šfalsified.Š ¶ ŠĢ5.3€€The€author's€trial€began€only€in€July€1986.€On€30€July€1986,€the€author€was€sentenced€to€fiveŠ ˆŲ Šyears€in€prison€for€insulting€the€head€of€State.€On€12€January€1987,€he€was€pardoned€by€the€latter.Š qĮ ŠĢ5.4€€Mr.€Randolph€insists€that€he€was€tortured€by€electric€shock€on€15€September€1985€in€theŠ C“ Ševening€and€on€the€following€morning.€He€claims€that€he€was€then€threatened€with€death€on€severalŠ ,| Šoccasions.€He€states€that€he€told€his€lawyers€about€this,€and€that€he€lodged€complaints€of€torture€withŠ e Šthe€court€on€two€occasions:€once€in€October€1985,€but€his€complaint€had€been€diluted€by€replacingŠ žN Š"torture"€by€"ill-treatment".€The€second€time,€in€January€1986,€he€lodged€his€complaint€in€writing.Š ē 7 ŠIn€response€to€this€action,€the€author€claims,€his€right€to€a€weekly€family€visit€was€suspended.€TheŠ Š!   Šauthor€also€states€that€during€the€trial€he€had€reported€the€torture€and€ill-treatment.€This€had€beenŠ ¹" ! Šthe€reason,€according€to€him,€for€the€postponement€of€his€trial€from€16€to€30€July,€supposedly€forŠ ¢#ņ" Šfurther€information;€he€does€not,€however,€offer€any€proof€of€these€allegations.Š ‹$Ū# ŠĢ5.5€€The€author€also€describes€the€conditions€of€his€detention,€for€example,€being€forced€to€stayŠ ]&­!% Švirtually€naked€in€a€mosquito-filled€room,€lying€directly€on€the€concrete,€with€the€possibility€ofŠ F'–"& Šshowering€every€two€weeks€at€the€start€and€spending€only€three€minutes€a€day€outside€his€cell,€andŠ /(#' Šhaving€to€shower€in€the€prison€courtyard€under€armed€guard.Š )h$( ŠĢ5.6€€As€for€the€trial,€the€author€states€that€the€President€of€the€court€-€Ms.€Nana€-€had€close€ties€to€theŠ ź*:&* Šhead€of€State.€She€had€even€participated€in€a€demonstration€demanding€the€execution€of€the€authorŠ Ó+#'+ Šand€the€others€charged€in€the€case,€and€the€confiscation€of€their€property.€Only€the€Association€ofŠ ¼, (, ŠAfrican€Jurists,€represented€by€a€friend€of€the€head€of€State,€had€been€authorized€to€attend€the€trial,Š „-õ(- Šwhile€a€representative€of€Amnesty€International€had€been€turned€away€at€the€airport.Š ° ŠĢ5.7€€The€author€maintains€that€no€incriminating€evidence€or€witnesses€had€been€produced€during€theŠ ‚Ņ Šcourse€of€the€trial.€The€case€involved€the€distribution€of€leaflets€to€defame€the€head€of€State.€Yet,Š k» Šaccording€to€the€author,€no€leaflet€was€submitted€in€evidence€and€the€head€of€State€had€not€enteredŠ T¤ Ša€defamation€complaint.Š =  ŠĢ5.8€€The€author€claims€that€during€the€trial€his€attorneys€had€demonstrated€that€his€rights€had€beenŠ  _ Šviolated.€He€states€that€he€himself€had€shown€the€court€the€still-visible€scars€from€having€been€burntŠ ų H Šwith€electricity.€But€in€his€view€the€attorneys€were€under€pressure€and€had€therefore€not€pursued€thatŠ į 1  Šargument.Š Ź   ŠĢ5.9€€Regarding€his€brother,€the€author€contests€the€State€party's€observations,€stating€that€hisŠ œģ  Šdiplomatic€passport€had€not€been€extended€but€that€it€had€taken€nine€months€to€issue€a€new€ordinaryŠ …Õ  Špassport.Š n¾  ŠĢņņThe€State€party's€further€observations€on€the€author's€commentsóóŠ @ ŠĢ6.1€€In€its€note€of€27€November€2000,€the€State€party€contests€the€admissibility€of€theŠ b Šcommunication.€It€requests€the€Committee€to€declare€the€communication€inadmissible€for€threeŠ ūK Šreasons:€failure€to€exhaust€domestic€remedies,€use€of€insulting€and€defamatory€terms€andŠ ä4 Šexamination€of€the€case€by€an€international€instance.Š Ķ ŠĢ6.2€€The€State€party€contends€that€in€Togo€any€person€considering€himself€or€herself€to€be€the€victimŠ Ÿļ Šof€human€rights€violations€can€have€recourse€to€the€courts,€to€the€National€Human€RightsŠ ˆŲ ŠCommission€and€to€the€non-governmental€institutions€for€the€defence€of€human€rights.€In€thatŠ qĮ Šconnection,€the€State€party€states€that€the€author€did€not€submit€an€appeal€to€the€courts,€did€not€askŠ ZŖ Šfor€a€review€of€his€trial€and€did€not€claim€compensation€for€damage€of€any€kind.€As€for€the€possibleŠ C“ Šrecourse€to€the€National€Human€Rights€Commission,€the€State€party€states€that€the€author€had€notŠ ,| Šapplied€to€it€even€though€he€acknowledged€the€Commission's€importance€in€his€communication.Š e ŠĢ6.3€€The€State€party€insists,€without€further€elaboration,€that€the€author€used€insulting€andŠ ē 7 Šdefamatory€terms€in€framing€his€allegations.Š Š!   ŠĢ6.4€€Concerning€examination€of€the€case€under€another€international€procedure,€the€State€partyŠ ¢#ņ" Šsubmits€that€the€United€Nations€Commission€on€Human€Rights,€in€its€resolution€1993/75€of€10Š ‹$Ū# ŠMarch€1993,€had€decided€to€monitor€the€situation€of€human€rights€in€Togo,€which€it€did€until€1996.Š t%Ä $ ŠThe€State€party€points€out€that€the€author's€case€was€among€those€considered€by€the€Commission€onŠ ]&­!% ŠHuman€Rights€during€the€period€of€monitoring.Š F'–"& ŠĢņņThe€author's€further€comments€on€the€State€party's€observationsóóŠ )h$( ŠĢ7.1€€The€author€submitted€his€comments€on€13€January€2001.€Once€again€criticizing€and€giving€hisŠ ź*:&* Šopinion€of€various€Togolese€authorities,€he€contests€the€legality€and€legitimacy€of€the€politicalŠ Ó+#'+ Šregime€in€power.€By€way€of€evidence€and€in€support€of€his€communication,€the€author€submitsŠ ¼, (, Šexcerpts€from€various€articles€and€books,€without€actually€adding€any€new€considerations€in€supportŠ „-õ(- Šof€his€previous€allegations€regarding€human€rights€violations€against€himself€personally€or€againstŠ ° Šmembers€of€his€family.Š ™é ŠĢ7.2€€He€reiterates€his€comments€of€22€August€2000€and€makes€further€accusations€against€theŠ k» Špolitical€regime€in€office:€corruption€and€denial€of€justice.€He€describes€the€current€conditions€forŠ T¤ Šthe€issuance€of€passports€by€Togo,€although€this€has€no€bearing€on€this€communication.Š =  ŠĢ7.3€€Concerning€the€Government's€argument€of€inadmissibility€because€of€the€use€of€insulting€andŠ  _ Šdefamatory€terms,€the€author€believes€that€the€terms€he€used€were€often€insufficient€to€describe€"theŠ ų H Šwhole€horror€in€which€the€Togolese€people€has€been€trapped€for€almost€35€years".€He€adds€that,€ifŠ į 1  Šthe€Government€still€believes€that€the€terms€he€used€were€insulting€and€defamatory,€he€stood€"readyŠ Ź   Što€defend€them€before€any€judicial€authority,€any€court€of€law,€and€to€furnish€irrefutable€proof€andŠ ³  Šincriminating€evidence,€producing€as€supporting€witness€the€Togolese€people".Š œģ  ŠĢ7.4€€The€author€also€cites€"the€denial€of€justice"€as€justification€for€his€failure€to€exhaust€domesticŠ n¾  Šremedies.€In€that€connection,€the€author€expounds€on€the€idea€that€General€Ō_ŌEyademaŌ_Ō's€conceptionŠ W§  Šof€justice€was€entirely€and€exclusively€self-serving.€The€author€refers€to€the€"fireworks€affair"€andŠ @ Šasks€the€head€of€State€"to€respond€immediately"€to€questions€regarding€the€discovery€and€orderingŠ )y Šof€the€explosives€and€also€to€explain€the€failure€to€produce€any€incriminating€evidence€in€that€case.Š b ŠĢ7.5€€The€author€gives€his€opinion€of€the€presiding€judge€of€the€court€that€convicted€him,€Ms.€Nana,Š ä4 Šas€someone€close€to€the€Government,€and€of€the€first€deputy€prosecutor,€who€did€not€investigateŠ Ķ Šallegations€of€torture,€as€well€as€of€others€in€high€positions.Š ¶ ŠĢ7.6€€Regarding€the€non-exhaustion€of€available€remedies,€the€author€contends€that€"any€attempt€toŠ ˆŲ Šsecure€a€remedy€that€presupposes€an€impartial€judicial€system€is€impossible€so€long€as€the€StateŠ qĮ Šparty€has€a€dictatorship€at€the€helm".€Regarding€the€National€Human€Rights€Commission,€his€viewŠ ZŖ Šis€that€none€of€the€applicants€who€had€submitted€complaints€to€it€in€1985€had€obtained€satisfaction.Š C“ ŠĢ7.7€€The€author€submits€that€the€fact€that€the€Commission€on€Human€Rights€had€concluded€itsŠ e Šconsideration€of€the€situation€of€human€rights€in€Togo€did€not€preclude€the€Committee€fromŠ žN Šconsidering€his€communication.Š ē 7 ŠĢņņDecision€of€the€Committee€on€admissibilityóóŠ ¹" ! ŠĢ8.1€€Before€considering€any€claims€contained€in€a€communication,€the€Human€Rights€CommitteeŠ ‹$Ū# Šmust,€in€accordance€with€rule€87€of€its€rules€of€procedure,€decide€whether€or€not€it€is€admissibleŠ t%Ä $ Šunder€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€Covenant.Š ]&­!% ŠĢ8.2€€At€its€seventy-first€session€in€April€2001,€the€Committee€considered€the€admissibility€of€theŠ /(#' Šcommunication.Š )h$( ŠĢ8.3€€The€Committee€noted€that€the€part€of€the€communication€concerning€the€author's€arrest,€tortureŠ ź*:&* Šand€conviction€refers€to€a€period€in€which€the€State€party€had€not€yet€acceded€to€the€OptionalŠ Ó+#'+ ŠProtocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€i.e.€prior€to€30€June€1988.Š ¼, (, ŠHowever,€the€Committee€observed€that€the€grievances€arising€from€that€part€of€the€communication,Š „-õ(- Šalthough€they€referred€to€events€that€pre-dated€the€entry€into€force€of€the€Optional€Protocol€for€Togo,Š ° Šcontinued€to€have€effects€which€could€in€themselves€constitute€violations€of€the€Covenant€after€thatŠ ™é Šdate.Š ‚Ņ ŠĢ8.4€€The€Committee€noted€that€the€examination€of€the€situation€in€Togo€by€the€Commission€onŠ T¤ ŠHuman€Rights€could€not€be€thought€of€as€being€analogous€to€the€consideration€of€communicationsŠ =  Šfrom€individuals€within€the€meaning€of€article€5,€paragraph€2€(a),€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€TheŠ & v ŠCommittee€referred€to€its€previous€decisions,€according€to€which€the€Commission€on€Human€RightsŠ  _ Šwas€not€a€body€of€international€investigation€or€settlement€within€the€meaning€of€article€5,€paragraphŠ ų H Š2€(a),€of€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.Š į 1  Š€Ģ8.5€€The€Committee€further€noted€that€the€State€party€contested€the€admissibility€of€theŠ ³  Šcommunication€on€the€ground€of€non-exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies,€given€that€no€remedy€hadŠ œģ  Šbeen€sought€by€the€author€in€respect€of€alleged€violations€of€rights€under€the€Covenant.€TheŠ …Õ  ŠCommittee€found€that€the€author€had€not€put€forward€any€argument€to€justify€the€non-exhaustion€ofŠ n¾  Šavailable€domestic€remedies€in€respect€of€his€late€brother.€Consequently,€the€Committee€decided€thatŠ W§  Šthis€part€of€the€communication€was€inadmissible.Š @ ŠĢ8.6€€However,€regarding€the€allegations€about€the€author's€own€case€(paragraphs€2.5,€5.6€and€5.8Š b Šabove),€the€Committee€considered€that€the€State€party€had€not€responded€satisfactorily€to€the€author'sŠ ūK Šcontention€that€there€was€no€effective€remedy€in€domestic€law€with€respect€to€the€alleged€violationsŠ ä4 Šof€his€rights€as€enshrined€in€the€Covenant,€and€consequently€it€found€the€communication€to€beŠ Ķ Šadmissible€on€5€April€2001.Š ¶ ŠĢņņObservations€by€the€State€partyóóŠ ˆŲ ŠĢ9.1€€In€its€observations€of€1€October€2001€and€2002,€the€State€party€endorses€the€Committee'sŠ ZŖ Šdecision€on€the€inadmissibility€of€the€part€of€the€communication€concerning€the€author's€brother,€butŠ C“ Šcontests€the€admissibility€of€the€remainder€of€the€communication€in€respect€of€the€author€himself.Š ,| ŠĢ9.2€€Referring€to€paragraph€2.5€of€the€decision€on€admissibility,€the€State€party€reiterates€itsŠ žN Šsubmission€that€the€author€has€failed€to€exhaust€domestic€remedies,€stressing€in€particular€theŠ ē 7 Šopportunities€to€seek€a€remedy€through€the€Court€of€Appeal€and,€if€need€be,€the€Supreme€Court.€TheŠ Š!   ŠState€party€notes€that€it€fully€shares€the€individual€opinion€of€one€member€of€the€Committeeņņņ ņ€1ó óóó€andŠ ¹" ! Šrequests€the€Committee€to€take€this€opinion€into€account€when€re-examining€the€communication.Š ¢#ņ" ŠĢ9.3€€With€reference€to€paragraph€5.6€of€the€decision€on€admissibility,€the€State€party€says€that€theŠ t%Ä $ Šregime€has€always€respected€the€principle€of€the€independence€of€the€judiciary€and€that€the€author'sŠ ]&­!% Šdoubts€about€the€President€of€the€court€are€gratuitous€and€unfounded€claims€made€with€the€soleŠ F'–"& Špurpose€of€defaming€her.€The€State€party€reiterates€that€the€author's€case€was€tried€fairly€and€openly,Š /(#' Šin€complete€independence€and€impartiality,€as€the€author's€own€counsel€has€noted€(so€the€State€partyŠ )h$( Šclaims).Š *Q%) ŠĢ9.4€€In€connection€with€paragraph€5.8€of€the€decision€on€admissibility,€the€State€party€again€refersŠ Ó+#'+ Što€its€observations€of€2€March€2000.Š ¼, (, ŠŠ „-õ(- ŠņņAuthor's€comments€on€observations€by€the€State€partyóóŠ ° ŠĢ10.1€€In€his€comments€of€3€April,€7€June€and€14€July€2002,€the€author€restates€his€arguments,Š ‚Ņ Šespecially€that€of€the€failure€by€the€State€party€to€respect€human€rights,€institutions€and€legalŠ k» Šinstruments,€and€the€de€facto€lack€of€independence€of€the€judiciary€in€Togo.Š T¤ ŠĢņņRe-examination€of€the€decision€on€admissibility€and€consideration€of€the€meritsóóŠ & v ŠĢ11.1€€The€Human€Rights€Committee€has€considered€the€present€communication€in€the€light€of€all€theŠ ų H Šinformation€made€available€to€it€by€the€parties,€in€accordance€with€the€provisions€of€article€5,Š į 1  Šparagraph€1,€of€the€Optional€Protocol.Š Ź   ŠĢ11.2€€The€Committee€has€taken€note€of€the€observations€of€the€State€party€of€1€October€2001€andŠ œģ  Š2002€regarding€the€inadmissibility€of€the€communication€on€the€ground€of€failure€to€exhaustŠ …Õ  Šdomestic€remedies.€It€notes€that€the€State€party€has€adduced€no€new€or€additional€elementsŠ n¾  Šconcerning€inadmissibility,€other€than€the€observations€which€it€made€earlier€at€the€admissibilityŠ W§  Šstage,€which€would€prompt€the€Committee€to€re-examine€its€decision.€The€Committee€thereforeŠ @ Šconsiders€that€it€should€not€review€its€finding€of€admissibility€of€5€April€2001.Š )y ŠĢ11.3€€The€Committee€passes€immediately€to€consideration€of€the€merits.Š ūK ŠĢ12.€€Noting€the€fact€that€the€Optional€Protocol€entered€into€force€for€the€State€party€on€30€June€1988,Š Ķ Šthat€is,€subsequent€to€the€release€and€exile€of€the€author,€the€Committee€recalls€its€admissibilityŠ ¶ Šdecision€according€to€which€it€would€need€to€be€decided€on€the€merits€whether€the€alleged€violationsŠ Ÿļ Šof€articles€7,€9,€10€and€14€continued,€after€the€entry€into€force€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€to€haveŠ ˆŲ Šeffects€that€of€themselves€constitute€a€violation€of€the€Covenant.€Although€the€author€claims€that€heŠ qĮ Šhas€been€forced€into€exile€and€to€live€apart€from€his€family€and€relatives,€and€although€he€has€afterŠ ZŖ Šthe€Committee's€admissibility€decision€provided€some€additional€arguments€why€he€believes€thatŠ C“ Šhe€cannot€return€to€Togo,€the€Committee€is€of€the€view€that€insofar€as€the€author's€submission€couldŠ ,| Šbe€understood€to€relate€to€such€continuing€effects€of€the€original€grievances€that€in€themselves€wouldŠ e Šamount€to€a€violation€of€article€12€or€other€provisions€of€the€Covenant,€the€author's€claims€have€notŠ žN Šbeen€substantiated€to€such€a€level€of€specificity€that€would€enable€the€Committee€to€establish€aŠ ē 7 Šviolation€of€the€Covenant.Š Š!   ŠĢ13.€The€Human€Rights€Committee,€acting€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Optional€Protocol€toŠ ¢#ņ" Šthe€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€as€found€by€theŠ ‹$Ū# ŠCommittee€do€not€reveal€any€violation€of€the€Covenant.Š t%Ä $ ŠĢ[Adopted€in€English,€French€and€Spanish,€the€French€text€being€the€original€version.€SubsequentlyŠ F'–"& Što€be€issued€also€in€Arabic,€Chinese€and€Russian€as€part€of€the€Committee's€annual€report€to€theŠ /(#' ŠGeneral€Assembly.]Š )h$( ŠĢ*€The€following€members€of€the€Committee€participated€in€the€examination€of€the€presentŠ ź*:&* Šcommunication:€Mr.€Ō_ŌAbdelfattahŌ_Ō€Amor,€Mr.€Ō_ŌNisukeŌ_Ō€Ando,€Mr.€Ō_ŌPrafullachandraŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌNatwarlalŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌBhagwatiŌ_Ō,Š Ó+#'+ ŠMr.€Alfredo€Ō_ŌCastilleroŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌHoyosŌ_Ō,€Ms.€Christine€Ō_ŌChanetŌ_Ō,€Mr.€Franco€Ō_ŌDepasqualeŌ_Ō,€Mr.€Maurice€Ō_ŌGllŌ_ŌŠ ¼, (, ŠŌ_ŌAhanhanzoŌ_Ō,€Mr.€Walter€Ō_ŌKlinŌ_Ō,€Mr.€Ahmed€Ō_ŌTawfikŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌKhalilŌ_Ō,€Mr.€Rafael€Ō_ŌRivasŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌPosadaŌ_Ō,€Mr.€NigelŠ „-õ(- ŠŌ_ŌRodleyŌ_Ō,€Mr.€Ivan€Shearer,€Mr.€Ō_ŌHipš;šlitoŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌSolariŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌYrigoyenŌ_Ō,€Ms.€Ruth€Wedgwood,€Mr.€RomanŠ ° ŠŌ_ŌWieruszewskiŌ_Ō€and€Mr.€Maxwell€Ō_ŌYaldenŌ_Ō.Š ™é ŠĢThe€texts€of€two€individual€opinions€signed€by€Committee€members€Mr.€Ō_ŌAbdelfattahŌ_Ō€Amor€Ō_ŌamdŌ_Ō€Mr.Š k» ŠŌ_ŌHipš;šlitoŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌSolariŌ_Ō-Ō_ŌYrigoyenŌ_Ō€are€appended€to€the€present€document.Š T¤ ŠĢĢÓ€ÓÓ  Óņņņ ņAppendixó óóóŠ  _ ŠÓć|ÓÓÓĢĢņņIndividual€opinion€of€Mr.€Ō_ŌAbdelfattahŌ_Ō€Amor€with€regard€to€the€decision€on€admissibility€of€5€AprilŠ Ė   Š2001óóŠ “  ŠĢWhile€sharing€the€conclusion€of€the€Committee€regarding€the€inadmissibility€of€the€part€of€theŠ †Ö  Šcommunication€relating€to€the€author's€brother,€I€continue€to€have€reservations€about€theŠ oæ  Šadmissibility€of€the€rest€of€the€communication.€There€are€a€number€of€legal€reasons€for€this:Š XØ  ŠĢ1.€€Article€5,€paragraph€2€(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€andŠ *z ŠPolitical€Rights€states€that:€"The€Committee€shall€not€consider€any€communication€from€anŠ c Šindividual€unless€it€has€ascertained€that€the€individual€has€exhausted€all€available€domestic€remedies.Š üL ŠThis€shall€not€be€the€rule€where€the€application€of€the€remedies€is€unreasonably€prolonged."Š å5 ŠĢPoint€number€one:€the€onus€is€on€the€Committee€to€satisfy€itself€that€the€individual€has€exhaustedŠ · Šall€domestic€remedies.€The€Committee's€role€in€the€case€is€to€ascertain€rather€than€to€assess.€TheŠ  š Šauthor's€allegations,€unless€they€focus€on€an€unreasonable€delay€in€proceedings,€insufficientŠ ‰Ł Šexplanations€offered€by€the€State€party,€or€manifest€inaccuracies€or€errors,€are€not€such€as€toŠ rĀ Šnecessitate€a€change€in€the€Committee's€role.Š [« ŠĢPoint€number€two:€article€5,€paragraph€2€(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol€is€quite€unambiguous€andŠ -} Šrequires€no€interpretation.€It€is€perfectly€clear€and€restrictive.€It€is€not€necessary€to€go€beyond€theŠ f Štext€to€make€sense€of€it,€which€would€mean€twisting€it€and€changing€its€meaning€and€scope.Š ’O ŠĢPoint€number€three:€the€sole€exception€to€the€rule€of€exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies€concernsŠ Ń!!  Šunreasonable€delay€in€proceedings,€which€is€clearly€not€applicable€in€the€present€instance.Š ŗ" ! ŠĢ2.€It€is€undeniable€that€the€sentencing€of€the€author€to€five€years'€imprisonment€in€1986€was€neverŠ Œ$Ü# Šappealed,€either€before€the€author's€pardon€in€January€1987€or€at€any€time€afterwards.€In€other€words,Š u%Å $ Šfrom€the€standpoint€of€the€criminal€law,€no€remedy€was€ever€explored,€let€alone€applied.Š ^&®!% ŠĢ3.€From€the€standpoint€of€the€civil€law€and€an€action€to€seek€compensation,€the€author€has€never,Š 0(€#' Šeither€as€a€principal€party€or€in€any€other€capacity,€gone€to€court€to€claim€damages,€with€the€resultŠ )i$( Šthat€his€case€has€been€referred€to€the€Committee€for€the€first€time€as€an€initial€action.Š *R%) ŠĢ4.€The€author€could€have€referred€the€case€to€the€Committee€with€effect€from€August€1988,€the€dateŠ Ō+$'+ Šon€which€the€Optional€Protocol€came€into€force€with€respect€to€the€State€party.€The€fact€that€he€hasŠ ½, (, Šwaited€more€than€11€years€to€take€advantage€of€the€new€procedure€available€to€him€cannot€fail€toŠ ¦-ö(- Šraise€questions,€including€that€of€a€possible€abuse€of€the€right€of€submission€referred€to€in€article€3Š ° Šof€the€Optional€Protocol.Š ™é ŠĢ5.€The€Committee€lacks€accurate,€consistent€and€systematic€evidence€that€would€enable€it€toŠ k» Šcorroborate€the€author's€allegations€about€the€State€party's€judicial€system€as€a€whole,€either€asŠ T¤ Šregards€its€criminal€or€its€civil€side.€By€basing€its€position€on€the€general€absence€of€effectiveŠ =  Šremedies,€as€claimed€by€the€author,€the€Committee€has€made€a€decision€which,€legally€speaking,€isŠ & v Šquestionable€and€could€even€be€contested.Š  _ ŠĢ6.€It€is€to€be€feared€that€this€decision€will€constitute€a€vexatious€precedent,€in€the€sense€that€it€couldŠ į 1  Šbe€taken€to€condone€a€practice€that€lies€outside€the€scope€of€article€5,€paragraph€2€(b),€of€theŠ Ź   ŠOptional€Protocol.Š ³  ŠĢTo€sum€up,€I€am€of€the€view€that,€considering€the€circumstances€described€in€the€communication,Š …Õ  Šthe€author's€doubts€about€the€effectiveness€of€the€domestic€remedies€do€not€absolve€him€fromŠ n¾  Šexhausting€them.€The€Committee€should€have€concluded€that€the€provision€contained€in€article€5,Š W§  Šparagraph€2€(a),€of€the€Optional€Protocol€had€not€been€satisfied€and€that€the€communication€wasŠ @ Šinadmissible.Š )y ŠĢ(Signed):€Ō_ŌAbdelfattahŌ_Ō€AmorŠ ūK ŠĢ[Done€in€English,€French€and€Spanish,€the€French€text€being€the€original€version.]Š Ķ ŠĢĢņņIndividual€opinion€by€Committee€member€Ō_ŌHipolitoŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌsolariŌ_Ō-Ō_ŌyrigoyenŌ_Ōóó€(dissenting)Š ˆŲ ŠĢI€disagree€with€the€present€communication€on€the€grounds€set€forth€below.Š ZŖ ŠĢ12.€The€Committee€notes€the€fact€that€the€Optional€Protocol€entered€into€force€for€the€State€party€onŠ ,| Š30€June€1988,€that€is,€subsequent€to€the€release€and€exile€of€the€author.€At€the€same€time€theŠ e ŠCommittee€recalls€its€admissibility€decision€according€to€which€it€would€need€to€be€decided€on€theŠ žN Šmerits€whether€the€alleged€violations€of€articles€7,€9,€10€and€14€continued,€after€the€entry€into€forceŠ ē 7 Šof€the€Optional€Protocol,€to€have€effects€that€of€themselves€constitute€a€violation€of€the€Covenant.Š Š!   ŠIn€this€regard,€the€author€says€that€he€has€been€forced€into€exile€and€to€live€apart€from€his€family€andŠ ¹" ! Šrelatives.€In€the€view€of€the€Committee,€this€claim€should€be€understood€as€referring€to€the€allegedŠ ¢#ņ" Šviolations€of€the€author's€rights€in€1985-1987,€which€relate€to€such€continuing€effects€of€the€originalŠ ‹$Ū# Šgrievances€that€in€themselves€would€amount€to€a€violation€of€article€12€and€other€related€provisionsŠ t%Ä $ Šof€the€Covenant€which€permanently€prevent€his€safe€return€to€Togo.Š ]&­!% ŠĢ12.1€€The€Committee€observes€that€in€its€first€presentation,€on€2€March€2000,€the€State€party€deniedŠ /(#' Šthat€the€author€had€been€forced€into€exile,€but€that€subsequently,€after€his€detailed€and€specificŠ )h$( Šcomments€made€on€22€August€2000,€it€has€not€provided€any€explanation€or€made€any€statementŠ *Q%) Šwhich€would€clarify€the€matter,€in€accordance€with€its€obligations€under€article€4.2€of€the€OptionalŠ ź*:&* ŠProtocol.€By€means€of€a€simple€statement€it€could€have€rebutted€the€author's€claim€that€he€is€unableŠ Ó+#'+ Što€return€safely€to€Togo€and€offered€assurances€regarding€his€return,€but€it€did€not€do€so.€It€shouldŠ ¼, (, Šbe€borne€in€mind€that€only€the€State€party€could€offer€such€guarantees€to€put€an€end€to€the€ongoingŠ „-õ(- Šeffects€which€underlie€the€author's€exile€by€arbitrarily€depriving€him€of€his€right€to€return€to€his€ownŠ ° Šcountry.€In€its€presentations€made€on€27€November€2000€and€1€October€2001€and€2002,€the€StateŠ ™é Šparty€confined€itself€to€rejecting€the€admissibility€of€the€complaint€as€far€as€the€author€is€concerned.Š ‚Ņ ŠIt€should€be€borne€in€mind€that€the€State€has€supplied€no€new€elements€which€would€indicate€thatŠ k» Šthe€continuing€effects€of€the€events€which€occurred€before€30€June€1988€have€ceased.Š T¤ ŠĢ12.2€€It€is€necessary€to€ask€whether€the€time€which€elapsed€between€the€date€when€the€OptionalŠ & v ŠProtocol€entered€into€force€for€the€State€party€and€the€date€when€the€complaint€was€submitted€mightŠ  _ Šundermine€or€nullify€the€argument€relating€to€continuing€effects€which€mean€that€the€author's€exileŠ ų H Šis€involuntary.€The€answer€is€no,€since€exiles€have€no€time€limits€as€long€as€the€circumstances€whichŠ į 1  Šprovoked€them€persist,€which€is€the€case€with€the€State€party.€In€many€cases€these€circumstancesŠ Ź   Šhave€persisted€longer€than€the€normal€human€life€span.€Moreover,€it€cannot€be€forgotten€that€forcedŠ ³  Šexile€imposes€a€punishment€on€the€victim€with€the€aggravating€factor€that€no€judge€has€provided€theŠ œģ  Šaccused€with€all€the€guarantees€of€due€process€before€imposing€the€punishment.€The€punishment€ofŠ …Õ  Šexile,€in€short,€is€an€administrative€punishment.€It€is€in€addition€a€manifestly€cruel€one,€as€societyŠ n¾  Šhas€considered€since€the€remotest€times€because€of€the€effects€on€the€victim,€his€family€and€hisŠ W§  Šemotional€and€other€ties€when€he€is€forcibly€uprooted.Š @ ŠĢ12.3€€Article€12€of€the€Covenant€prohibits€forced€exile,€stating€that€no€one€shall€be€arbitrarilyŠ b Šdeprived€of€the€right€to€enter€his€own€country.€In€General€Comment€No.€27,€the€Committee€statedŠ ūK Šthat€the€reference€to€the€concept€of€arbitrariness€covers€all€State€action,€legislative,€administrativeŠ ä4 Šand€judicial.€Moreover,€the€possibility€that€the€author€may€have€dual€nationality€is€of€no€importance,Š Ķ Šsince,€as€also€mentioned€in€the€General€Comment,€"the€scope€of€'his€own€country'€is€broader€thanŠ ¶ Šthat€of€'his€own€nationality'.€Thus€the€persons€entitled€to€exercise€this€right€can€be€identified€onlyŠ Ÿļ Šby€interpreting€the€meaning€of€the€phrase€'his€own€country'",€which€gives€recognition€to€a€person'sŠ ˆŲ Šspecial€links€with€that€country.Š qĮ ŠĢ13.€The€Human€Rights€Committee€is€of€the€view€that€the€original€grievances€suffered€by€the€authorŠ C“ Šin€Togo€in€1985-1987€have€a€continuing€effect€in€that€they€prevent€him€from€returning€in€safety€toŠ ,| Šhis€own€country.€Consequently,€there€has€been€a€violation€of€article€12,€paragraph€4,€of€theŠ e ŠCovenant,€read€in€conjunction€with€articles€7,€9,€10€and€14.Š žN ŠĢ14.€€In€accordance€with€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€Committee€considers€that€theŠ Š!   Šauthor€is€entitled€to€an€effective€remedy.Š ¹" ! ŠĢ15.€Bearing€in€mind€that,€by€becoming€a€party€to€the€Optional€Protocol,€the€State€has€recognized€theŠ ‹$Ū# Šcompetence€of€the€Committee€to€determine€whether€there€has€been€a€violation€of€the€Covenant€orŠ t%Ä $ Šnot€and€that,€pursuant€to€article€2€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€has€undertaken€to€ensure€to€allŠ ]&­!% Šindividuals€within€its€territory€or€subject€to€its€jurisdiction€the€rights€recognized€in€the€Covenant€andŠ F'–"& Što€provide€an€effective€and€enforceable€remedy€when€a€violation€has€been€established,€theŠ /(#' ŠCommittee€wishes€to€receive€from€the€State€party,€within€90€days,€information€about€the€measuresŠ )h$( Štaken€to€give€effect€to€the€Committee's€Views.€The€State€party€is€also€requested€to€publish€theŠ *Q%) ŠCommittee's€Views.Š ź*:&* ŠĢ(Signed):€Ō_ŌHipš;šlitoŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌSolariŌ_Ō-Ō_ŌYrigoyenŌ_ŌŠ ¼, (, ŠŠ „-õ(- Š4€December€2003Š ° ŠĢ[Adopted€in€English,€French€and€Spanish,€the€Spanish€text€being€the€original€version.€SubsequentlyŠ ‚Ņ Što€be€issued€also€in€Arabic,€Chinese€and€Russian€as€part€of€the€Committee's€annual€report€to€theŠ k» ŠGeneral€Assembly.]Š T¤ ŠÓ(}ÓĢĢņņNoteóóŠ  _ ŠĢ1.€See€appendix.€